Alexander Graham Bell

Bell was well known as a kindly father and loving family man who took great pleasure playing with his many grandchildren. The men among Magellan's expedition were also the first Europeans to observe the following:. Together they had children, none of whom were deaf. Magellan's expedition was the first to circumnavigate the globe and the first to navigate the strait in South America connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. He was a personal and longtime friend of Helen Keller, and his wife Mabel, a former student of his, was deaf. Four crewmen of the original 55 on the Trinidad finally returned to Spain in 1525. Although he supported what many would consider harsh policies today, he was not unkind to deaf individuals. The expedition actually eked out a small profit, but the crew were not paid their full wages.

Although this attitude is widely seen as paternalistic and arrogant today, it was accepted in that era. On September 6, 1522, Juan Sebastián de Elcano and the remaining crew of Magellan's voyage and the last ship of the fleet, Victoria, arrived in Spain, almost exactly three years after leaving. His avowed goal was to eradicate the language and culture of the deaf so as to force them to integrate into the hearing culture for their own long-term benefit and for the benefit of society at large. Twenty crewmen died of starvation before Elcano put in to the Cape Verde Islands, a Portuguese holding, where he abandoned 13 more crewmen July 9 in fear of losing his cargo of 26 tons of spices (cloves and cinnamon). In addition to advocating sterilization of the deaf, Bell wished to prohibit deaf teachers from being allowed to teach in schools for the deaf, he worked to outlaw the marriage of deaf individuals to one another, and he was an ardent supporter of oralism over manualism. By May 6, 1522, the Victoria, commanded by Juan Sebastián Elcano, rounded the Cape of Good Hope, with only rice for rations. Much of his thoughts about people he considered defective centered on the deaf because of his long contact with them in relation to his work in deaf education. The Victoria set sail via the Indian Ocean route home on December 21, 1521.

Organizations such as these advocated passing laws (with success in some states) that established the compulsory sterilization of people deemed to be, as Bell called them, a "defective variety of the human race". This attempt failed; the ship was captured by the Portuguese, and was eventually wrecked in a storm while at anchor under Portuguese control. In 1921 he was the honorary president of the Second International Congress of Eugenics held under the auspices of the American Museum of Natural History in New York. Several weeks later, Trinidad left the Moluccas to attempt to return to Spain via the Pacific route. From 1912 until 1918 he was the chairman of the board of scientific advisors to the Eugenics Record Office associated with Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory in New York, and regularly attended meetings. As a result, Victoria with some of the crew sailed west for Spain. Along with many very prominent thinkers and scientists of the time, Bell was connected with the eugenics movement in the United States. The small Victoria was not large enough to accommodate all the surviving crewmembers.

This record stood for ten years. They concluded that the Trinidad would need to spend considerable time being overhauled. On September 9, 1919 the HD-4 set a world's marine speed record of 70.86 miles per hour. The crew tried to discover and repair the leak, but failed. Bell's report to the navy permitted him to obtain two 350 horsepower (260 kW) engines in July 1919. As they left the Moluccas, however, Trinidad was found to be taking on water. Using Renault engines a top speed of 54 miles per hour was achieved accelerating rapidly, taking wave without difficulty, steering well, showing good stability. The two remaining ships, laden with valuable spices, attempted to return to Spain by sailing west.

On returning to Baddeck a number of designs were tried culminating in the HD-4. They managed to trade with the Sultan of Tidore, a rival of the Sultan of Ternate, who was the ally of the Portuguese. Baldwin described it was as smooth as flying. After reaching the Moluccas (the Spice Islands) November 6, 1521, 115 crew were left. They had rides in the Forlanini hydrofoil boat over Lake Maggiore. Pigafetta mentions some of the technology of the court, such as porcelain (which was not yet widely available in Europe), and spectacles (eye-glasses were only just becoming available in Europe). During his world tour of 1910–1911 Bell and Baldwin met with Forlanini in Italy. Brunei disdained the cloves which were to prove more valuable than gold, upon the return to Spain.

This lead him and Bell to the development of practical hydrofoil watercraft. In addition, Brunei boasted tame elephants and armament of 62 cannon, more than 5 times the armament of Magellan's ships. Baldwin studied the work of the Italian inventor Enrico Forlanini and began testing models. They anchored off the Brunei breakwater for 35 days, where the Venetian Pigafetta mentions the splendor of Rajah Siripada's court (gold, two pearls the size of hens' eggs, etc.). Bell and Casey Baldwin began hydrofoil experimentation in the summer of 1908 as a possible aid to airplane takeoff from water. They left that island on June 21, 1521, and were guided to Brunei, Borneo by Moro pilots, who could navigate the shallow seas. Based on information gained from that article he began to sketch concepts of what is now called a hydrofoil boat. The fleet, now reduced to Trinidad and Victoria, fled westward to Palawan.

Bell considered the invention of the hydroplane as a very significant achievement. Accordingly, on May 2, 1521, they abandoned Concepcion, burning the ship to make sure it could not be used against them. Meacham explained the basic principle of hydrofoils. The casualties suffered in the Philippines left the expedition with too few men to sail the three remaining ships. The March 1906 Scientific American article by American hydrofoil pioneer William E. However, Antonio Pigafetta had been making notes about the language, and was apparently able to continue communications during the rest of the voyage. However, a series of Canadian flights failed to interest the Canadian military in developing the airplane. Enrique escaped his indenture on May 1, with the aid of Rajah Humabon, amid the deaths of almost 30 crewmen.

In 1909, Bell's Silver Dart made the first controlled powered flight in Canada. However, after Mactan, the remaining ship's masters refused to free Enrique. (Note that the aileron was also invented independently by Robert Esnault-Pelterie.). Enrique was indentured by Magellan during his earlier voyages to Malacca, and was at his side during the battles in Africa, during Magellan's disgrace at the King's court in Portugal, and during Magellan's successful raising of a fleet. One of the project's inventions, the aileron, is a standard component of aircraft today. Thus Enrique became the first man to circumnavigate the globe (in multiple voyages). government. His interpreter, who was baptized Enrique (Henry) in Malacca 1511, had been captured by Sumatran slavers from his home islands.

McCurdy; and Lieutenant Thomas Selfridge, an official observer of the U.S. Magellan had provided in his will that his Malay interpreter was to be freed upon his death. "Casey" Baldwin, the first Canadian and first British subject to pilot a public flight in Hammondsport, New York; J.A.D. Antonio Pigafetta, a wealthy tourist who paid to be on the Magellan voyage, provided the only extant eyewitness account of the events culminating in Magellan's death, as follows:. Curtiss, a motorcycle manufacturer who would later be awarded the Scientific American Trophy for the first official one-kilometre flight in the Western hemisphere and later be world-renowned as an airplane manufacturer; Frederick W. Magellan was killed in the Battle of Mactan, against indigenous forces led by Lapu-Lapu, on April 27, 1521. The founding members were four young men, American Glenn H. The initial peace with the Philippine natives proved misleading.

It was headed by the inventor himself. Rajah Humabon of Cebu was friendly to them, and even agreed to accept Christianity. Mabel Bell and with her financial support. They traded gifts with Rajah Kolambu of Limasawa, who guided them to Cebu, on April 7. The Association was officially formed at Baddeck, Nova Scotia in October 1907 at the suggestion of Mrs. Magellan was able to communicate with the native peoples because his Malay interpreter could understand their language. Bell was also interested in aircraft and was a supporter of aerospace engineering research through the Aerial Experiment Association. On 6 March, they reached the Marianas and on 16 March, the island of Homonhon in the Philippines, with 150 crewmen left.

Bell gave a full account of his experiments in a paper read before the American Association for the Advancement of Science in August 1882. Heading northwest, the crew reached the equator on 13 February 1521. The metal detector worked, but didn't find the bullet because the metal bedframe the President was lying on confused the instrument. Magellan named the waters the Mar Pacifico (Pacific Ocean) because of its apparent stillness. President James Garfield. On November 28, the three remaining ships entered the South Pacific. The device was hurriedly put together in an attempt to find the bullet in the body of U.S. Magellan first assigned Concepcion and San Antonio to explore the strait, but the latter, commanded by Gomez, deserted and returned to Spain.

Bell is also credited with the invention of the metal detector in 1881. Now, the strait is named the Strait of Magellan. The photophone was patented on December 18, 1880, but the quality of communication remained poor and the research was not pursued by Bell. Four ships began an arduous passage through the 373-mile long passage that Magellan called the Estreito (Canal) de Todos los Santos, or "All Saints' Channel," because All Saints' Day, 1 November, occurred while the fleet traveled through it. With this setup, Bell and Tainter succeeded to communicate clearly. At 52° South latitude on 21 October 1520, the fleet reached Cape Virgenes and concluded they had found the passage, because the waters were brine and deep inland. The sender consisted of a mirror directing sunlight onto the mouthpiece, where the light beam was modulated by a vibrating mirror, focused by a lens and directed at the receiver, which was simply a parabolic reflector with the selenium cells in the focus and the telephone attached. After this experience, Magellan decided to wait for a few weeks more before again resuming the voyage.

the sender and the receiver were placed on in different buildings some 700 feet (213 metres) apart. Two of them returned, overland, to inform Magellan of what had happened, and bring rescue to their comrades. In one experiment in Washington, D.C. All of its crewmembers survived and made it safely to shore. Bell and Tainter, however, were apparently the first to perform a successful experiment, by no means any easy task, as they even had to produce the selenium cells with the desired resistance characteristics themselves. Santiago, sent down the coast on a scouting expedition, was wrecked in a sudden storm. Browne of London with the independent discovery in 1878—the same year Bell became aware of the idea. Magellan, behind schedule, was impatient to make up for lost time, and set out again while the weather still posed problems.

C. On 24 August the journey resumed. In his paper on the photophone, Bell credited one A. Quesada and Mendoza were executed, and Cartagena and a priest were marooned on the coast. from Kew described such an arrangement in Nature in a column appearing on June 13, asking the readers whether any experiments in that direction had already been done. It was unsuccessful, mainly because the crew remained loyal. In 1878, one writer with the initials J.F.W. A mutiny involving three of the five ship captains broke out.

Selenium had been discovered by Jöns Jakob Berzelius in 1817, and the peculiar properties of crystalline or granulate selenium were discovered by Willoughby Smith in 1873. On 31 March the crew established a settlement that they called Puerto San Julian. This idea was by no means new. Magellan decided to spend the winter in Patagonia. The modulation was done either by means of a vibrating mirror, or a rotating disk periodically obscuring the light beam. It was already late in the season, however, and the southern winter struck while they were still on the Argentinian coast. The basic principle was to modulate a beam of light directed at a receiver made of crystalline selenium, to which a telephone was attached. The fleet reached Río de la Plata on January 10, 1520.

The device employed light-sensitive cells of crystalline selenium, which has the property that its electrical resistance varies inversely with the illumination (i.e., the resistance is higher when the material is in the dark, and lower when it is lighted). Afterwards, they continued to sail south along South America's east coast, looking for the strait that Magellan believed would lead to the Spice Islands. Another of Bell's inventions was the photophone, a device enabling the transmission of sound over a beam of light, which he developed together with Charles Sumner Tainter. There the fleet was resupplied, but these good conditions caused them to delay. Now, dB is commonly used as a unit for measuring the sound intensity. Since Brazil was Portuguese territory at the time, Magellan avoided it, and on December 13 anchored near present-day Rio de Janeiro, where the weather and the natives were generally friendly. The bel was too large for everyday use, so the decibel (dB), equal to 0.1 B, became more commonly used. On November 20, the equator was crossed; on December 6, the crew sighted Brazil.

The bel is a unit of measurement invented by Bell Labs and named after Bell. Augustine in Brazil. AT&T became the overall holding company for all the Bell ventures, and remains active today. After a brief stop at the Canary Islands, Magellan arrived at the Cape Verde Islands, where they set course for Cape St. On March 3, 1885, American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) was formed to manage the expanding long-distance business of the American Bell Telephone Company. Upon hearing of his departure, King Manuel ordered a naval detachment to pursue him, but Magellan eluded the Portuguese. Along with Thomas Edison, Bell formed the Oriental Telephone Company on January 25, 1881. Spanish authorities were wary of the Portuguese admiral and almost prevented Magellan from sailing, but on September 20, Magellan set sail from Sanlúcar de Barrameda with 270 men.

In 1879, it merged with the New England Telephone Company forming the National Telephone Company, which was renamed the American Bell Telephone Company in 1880. On 10 August 1519, the fleet of five ships under Magellan's command left Seville and traveled south from the Guadalquivir River to San Lucar de Barrameda at the mouth of the rivers, where they remained more than five weeks. Bell and others formed the Bell Telephone Company in July 1877. Trinidad was Magellan's flagship, and besides Faleiro the captains for the other four were Juan de Cartegena, Gomez, Gaspar de Quesada and Luis de Mendoza, respectively. Meucci was eventually recognised as the original inventor of the telephone by the Congress of the United States in Resolution 269, dated June 11, 2002. With the money that Magellan and Faleiro had received from the king, the pair obtained five ships: Trinidad (tonnage 110, crew 55), San Antonio (tonnage 120, crew 60), Concepcion (tonnage 90, crew 45), Victoria (tonnage 85, crew 42), and Santiago (tonnage 75, crew 32). It forms a speaking telegraph without the necessity of any hollow tube" . Magellan also took an oath of allegiance in the church of Santa María de la Victoria de Triana, giving money to the monks of the monastery so they would pray for his success.

In the caveat of 1871, he says "I employ the well-known conducting effect of continuous metallic conductors as a medium for sound, and increase the effect by electrically insulating both the conductor and the parties who are communicating. Under the contract, Magellan and Faleiro, as joint captains-general, would receive one-twentieth of all profits and they and their heirs would gain the government of any lands discovered, with the title of Adelantados. But his evidence showed lack of electrical understanding and incomplete models. On 22 March 1518, King Charles approved Magellan's plan and granted him generous funds. Meucci's experimental apparatus was exhibited at the Philadelphia Exhibition of 1884 and attracted much attention. Ruy Faleiro, an astronomer and Portuguese exile, aided him in his planning, and he found an invaluable financial ally in Christopher de Haro, a member of a great Antwerp firm who had a grudge against the king of Portugal. Ill health and poverty, from injuries of an explosion on board the Staten Island ferry boat Westfield, retarded his experiments and prevented him from completing his patent. He allegedly declared himself ready to sail southwards to 75° to realize his project.

In 1871, he filed a caveat in the United States Patent Office and tried to get Mr Grant, President of the New York District Telegraph Company, to give the apparatus a trial. He decided to pioneer this route to reach the Moluccas (Spice Islands), the key to the strategic and tremendously lucrative spice trade. He continued his research in 1852-1853, and subsequently at Staten Island, U.S.; and in 1860 deputed a friend visiting Europe to interest people in his invention. Having brought the Portuguese cartographical knowledge to the Spanish court, Magellan pointed out that there would exist a passage from South America, which he thought to be the Rio de la Plata, to the Pacific Ocean, forming a large bay-like river delta. Of the people who have challenged Bell's patent and claimed to have invented the telephone, the most interesting case was that of Antonio Meucci, an Italian emigrant, who produced a mass of evidence to show that in 1849, while in Havana, Cuba, he experimented with the view of transmitting speech by the electric current. Acquiring great influence in Seville, he gained the ear of Charles and the powerful Juan Rodriguez de Fonseca, bishop of Burgos and the persistent enemy of Christopher Columbus. [1]. With the help of Juan de Aranda, one of the three chief officials of Seville's India House, and of other friends, especially Diogo Barbosa, a Portuguese and father of Duarte Barbosa, Magellan became naturalized as a Spaniard.

Reis' telephone was fairly crude and roused little interest in the scientific community, but his work appears to have been used by Bell when designing the telephone. Magellan reached Seville, the main port of Spain, on 20 October 1517, and from there went to Valladolid to see the teenage king, Charles I (later Holy Roman Emperor Charles V). Philipp Reis, a German self-taught scientist and inventor, also worked on a version of the telephone many years before Bell. Magellan formally renounced his nationality and went to offer his services to the court of Spain, changing his name from "Fernão de Magalhães" to "Hernándo de Magallanes.". However, when Bell achieved an unmistakable success, Gray brought a suit against him, which resulted in a compromise, one public company acquiring both patents. The King also told Magellan that he would have no further employment in his country's service after May 15, 1514. Gray never knew this. Several of the accusations were subsequently dropped, but Magellan fell into disfavor with King Manuel I, who refused to raise Magellan's pension.

An official at the patent office later admitted to selling Gray's idea to Bell's lawyers for money. He had also been involved in conflict with Almeida: after Magellan took a leave of the army without permission, Almeida gave a poor report on the sailor to the Portuguese court. But Gray allowed his idea to slumber, whereas Bell continued to perfect the apparatus designed by Gray. Although wounded and the recipient of several medals, Magellan was accused of illegal trade with the Islamic Moors. His receiver was an electromagnet having an iron plate as an armature capable of vibrating under the attractions of the varying current. In 1511, Magellan was sent to Morocco where he fought in the Battle of Azamor (August 28 and 29, 1513) and received a severe knee wound while fighting against the Moorish-Moroccan stronghold. As the current passed from the probe through the liquid to the line a greater or less thickness of liquid intervened as the probe vibrated up and down, and thus the strength of the current was regulated by the resistance offered to the passage of the current. However, after secretly sailing a ship east without permission, he lost his command and was forced to return to Portugal.

Gray employed electricity, and varied the strength of the current in conformity with the voice by causing the diaphragm in vibrating to dip a metal probe attached to its centre more or less deep into a well of conducting liquid in circuit with the line. In 1510, Magellan was promoted to the rank of captain. Gray's transmitter is supposed to have been suggested by the very old device known as the "lovers' telephone," in which two diaphragms are joined by a taut string and in speaking against one the voice is conveyed through the string, solely by mechanical vibration, to the other. Magellan next journeyed to the East Indies in 1506, taking part in expeditions to the Spice Islands. Elisha Gray applied on the same day for patent caveat (a preliminary notice of a patent application) of a similar kind only 2 hours after Bell had filed for his patent. It was here that Magellan would also first experience battle: when a local king refused to pay tribute, Almeida's party attacked, conquering the Muslim city of Kilwa in present-day Tanzania. Bell filed an application to patent his speaking telephone in the United States on February 14, 1876, and by a strange coincidence, Mr. In 1505 he was sent to India to install Francisco de Almeida as a Portuguese viceroy there and establish military and naval bases along the way.

Bell was a prolific inventor, and had a keen interest in many fields. At age 20, Magellan first went to sea. In a testament to Bell's internationality, he was named one of the top ten Greatest Canadians, Greatest Britons, and "American Greats". In 1496, Magellan became a squire. He was survived by two of their four children. Some speculate that he may even have been taught by Martin Behaim. He died at his estate at Beinn Bhreagh, near Baddeck, Nova Scotia, in 1922 and is buried alongside his wife atop Beinn Bhreagh Mountain overlooking Bras d'Or Lake. Here, with his cousin Francisco Serrano, Magellan continued his education, becoming interested in geography and astronomy.

Bell married Mabel Hubbard, who was one of his pupils at Boston University, on July 11, 1877. At 12, Magellan became a page to King John II and Queen Eleonora at the royal court at the capital of Lisbon, where his brother had gone two years before. He was awarded the AIEE's Edison Medal in 1914 for "For meritorious achievement in the invention of the telephone.". Magellan's parents died when he was ten. The French Government conferred on him the decoration of the Légion d'honneur (Legion of Honor), the Académie française bestowed on him the Volta Prize of 50,000 francs, the Royal Society of Arts in London awarded him the Albert medal in 1902, and the University of Würzburg, Bavaria, granted him a Ph.D. The son of Pedro Rui de Magalhães, the mayor of the town, and Alda de Mesquita, Magellan had two siblings: his brother Diogo de Sousa, named after his grandmother, and his sister Isabel. He was the recipient of many honors. Magellan was born in Sabrosa (near Vila Real, in the province of Trás-os-Montes of north Portugal) or in Porto.

In 1888, he was one of the founding members of the National Geographic Society and became its second president. . In 1882, he became a naturalized citizen of the United States. Eighteen members of his crew and one ship of the fleet did return to Spain in 1522, having circumnavigated the globe. These included fourteen for the telephone and telegraph, four for the photophone, one for the phonograph, five for aerial vehicles, four for hydroairplanes, and two for a selenium cell. Though Magellan is often credited with being the first to circle the globe, he himself died in the Philippines and never returned to Europe. The range of Bell's inventive genius is represented only in part by the eighteen patents granted in his name alone and the twelve he shared with his collaborators. He was the first to sail from Europe westwards to Asia, the first European to sail the Pacific Ocean, and the first to lead an expedition for the purpose of circumnavigating the globe.

He also worked in medical research and invented techniques for teaching speech to the deaf. Ferdinand Magellan (Spring 1480 – April 27, 1521; Portuguese: Fernão de Magalhães; Spanish: Fernando or Hernando de Magallanes) was a Portuguese sea explorer who sailed for Spain. After obtaining the patent for the telephone, Bell continued his many experiments in communication, which culminated in the invention of the photophone-transmission of sound on a beam of light — a precursor of today's optical fiber systems. Richard Humble, The Voyage of Magellan, (1988) Franklin Watts, ISBN 0-531-10638-1. by causing electrical undulations, similar in form to the vibrations of the air accompanying the said vocal or other sound", the telephone. W.D.Brownlee, The First Ships around the World, (1977) Lerner Publications Co., Minneapolis ISBN 0-8225-1204-1. Patent Office granted him Patent Number 174,465 covering "the method of, and apparatus for, transmitting vocal or other sounds telegraphically .. For student readers