Albert Einstein

He simply admired the beauty of nature and the universe. The defense mechanisms include, denial, reaction formation, displacement, repression/suppression (the proper term), projection, intellectualisation, rationalisation, compensation, sublimation and regressive emotionality.. Although he was raised Jewish, he was not a believer in Judaism. His daughter, Anna Freud, had done the most significant work on this field, yet credited Sigmund with Defense Mechanisms as he began the work. He was also the stereotypical "absent-minded professor"; he was often forgetful of everyday items, such as keys, and would focus so intently on solving physics problems that he would often become oblivious to his surroundings. The use of defense mechanisms, may attenuate the conflict between the id and superego, but their overuse or reuse rather than confrontation can lead to either anxiety or guilt which may result in psychological disorders such as depression. He occasionally had a playful sense of humor, and enjoyed sailing and playing the violin. The use of the mechanisms required eros, and they are helpful if moderately used.

He was modest about his abilities, and had distinctive attitudes and fashions—for example, he minimized his wardrobe so that he would not need to waste time in deciding on what to wear. According to Freud, the defense mechanisms are the method by which the ego can solve the conflicts between the superego and the id. Albert Einstein was much respected for his kind and friendly demeanor rooted in his pacifism. But he also argued that the dynamic changes in the context of changing social relationships. The inferior parietal region is responsible for mathematical thought, visuospatial cognition, and imagery of movement. Freud argued that the dynamic is driven by innate drives. Harvey found nothing unusual with his brain, but in 1999 further analysis by a team at McMaster University revealed that his parietal operculum region was missing and, to compensate, his inferior parietal lobe was 15% wider than normal [8]. Freud was especially concerned with the dynamic relationship between these three parts of the mind.

Thomas Stoltz Harvey, the pathologist who performed the autopsy on Einstein. The general claim that the mind is not a monolithic or homogeneous thing continues to have an enormous influence on people outside of psychology. His brain was preserved in a jar by Dr. A healthy ego provides the ability to adapt to reality and interact with the outside world in a way that accommodates both Id and Superego. His ashes were scattered at an undisclosed location. The Ego (ich) stands in between both to balance our primitive needs and our moral/ethical beliefs. He was cremated without ceremony on the same day he died at Trenton, New Jersey, in accordance with his wishes. Freud based the term Id on the work of Georg Groddeck.

The only person present at his deathbed, a hospital nurse, said that just before his death he mumbled several words in German that she did not understand. The Superego (überich in German) represented our conscience and counteracted the Id with moral and ethical thoughts. He died at a hospital in Princeton, New Jersey, on April 18, 1955, leaving the Generalized Theory of Gravitation unsolved. The Id (Latin, = "it" = es in the original German) represented primary process thinking — our most primitive need gratification type thoughts. On March 30, 1953, Einstein released a revised unified field theory. He proposed that the unconscious was divided into three parts: Id, Ego, and Superego. He declined the offer, and remains the only United States citizen to ever be offered a position as a foreign head of state. Freud sought to explain how the unconscious operates by proposing that it has a particular structure.

In 1952, the Israeli government proposed to Einstein that he take the post of second president. Freud's views are still being questioned by people concerned about women's equality. A portrait of Einstein was taken by Yousuf Karsh on February 11 of that same year. On the other hand, feminist theorists such as Juliet Mitchell, Nancy Chodorow, Jessica Benjamin, and Jane Flax have argued that psychoanalytic theory is essentially related to the feminist project and must, like other theoretical traditions, be adapted by women to free it from vestiges of sexism. In 1948, Einstein served on the original committee which resulted in the founding of Brandeis University. Terms such as "penis envy" and "castrating" (both used to describe women who attempted to excel in any field outside the home) contributed to discouraging women from obtaining education or entering any field dominated by men, until the 1970s. Einstein became increasingly isolated in his research on a generalized theory of gravitation and was ultimately unsuccessful in his attempts. Believing as he did that women were a kind of mutilated male, who must learn to accept her deformity (the lack of a penis) and submit to some imagined biological imperative, he contributed to the vocabulary of misogyny.

He researched a way to delineate the equations and systems to be derived from a variational principle. Some feminists, however, have argued that at worst his views of women's sexual development set the progress of women in Western culture back decades and that at best they lent themselves to the ideology of female inferiority. Einstein also investigated a natural generalization of symmetrical tensor fields, treating the combination of two parts of the field as being a natural procedure of the total field and not the symmetrical and antisymmetrical parts separately. Freud was an early champion of both sexual freedom and education for women (Freud, "Civilized Sexual Morality and Modern Nervousness"). Einstein treated subatomic particles as objects embedded in the unified field, influencing it and existing as an essential constituent of the unified field but not of it. No discussion of Sigmund Freud is complete without some mention of his highly influential and controversial views on the role and psychology of women. Particles appear in his research as a limited region in space in which the field strength or the energy density are particularly high. He also turned to anthropological studies of totemism and argued that totemism reflected a ritualized enactment of a tribal Oedipal conflict.

Einstein assumed a four-dimensional space-time continuum expressed in axioms represented by five component vectors. The Oedipus conflict was described as a state of psychosexual development and awareness. Einstein tried to unify gravity and electromagnetism in a way that also led to a new subtle understanding of quantum mechanics. Freud used the Greek tragedy by Sophocles Oedipus Rex to point out how much he believed that people (young boys in particular) desire incest, and must repress that desire. He investigated reducing the different phenomena by the process of logic to something already known or evident. He thus turned to ancient mythology and contemporary ethnography for comparative material. Einstein's generalized theory of gravitation is a universal mathematical approach to field theory. Freud hoped to prove that his model was universally valid.

Einstein was guided by a belief in a single statistical measure of variance for the entire set of physical laws, and he investigated the similar properties of the electromagnetic and gravity forces, as they are infinite and obey inverse-square laws. (see Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality.). In 1950, he described his work in a Scientific American article. Each stage is a progression into adult sexual maturity, characterized by a strong ego and the ability to delay gratification. Einstein began to form a generalized theory of gravitation with the universal law of gravitation and the electromagnetic force in his first attempt to demonstrate the unification and simplification of the fundamental forces. Freud sought to anchor this pattern of development in the dynamics of the mind. Einstein's goal survives in the current drive for unification of the forces, embodied most notably by string theory. I now consider this to be a universal event in childhood,” Freud said.

His attempt was in a way doomed to failure because the strong and weak nuclear forces were not understood independently until around 1970, fifteen years after Einstein's death. Freud named his new theory the Oedipus Complex after the famous Greek tragedy by Sophocles.“I found in myself a constant love for my mother, and jealousy of my father. He attempted to construct a model, under the appropriate conditions, which described all of the fundamental forces as different manifestations of a single force. Freud argued that children then passed through a stage where they fixated on the parent of the opposite sex and thought the same-sexed parent a rival. His work at the Institute for Advanced Study focused on the unification of the laws of physics, which he referred to as the Unified Field Theory. He further argued that, as humans developed, they fixated on different and specific objects through their stages of development—first in the oral stage (exemplified by an infant's pleasure in nursing), then in the anal stage (exemplified by a toddler's pleasure in controlling his or her bowels), then in the phallic stage. (See the section below on Einstein's political views for more details). He argued that humans are born "polymorphously perverse," meaning that any number of objects could be a source of pleasure.

Roosevelt started a small investigation into the matter which eventually became the massive Manhattan Project. Freud also believed that the libido developed in individuals by changing its object. In 1939, under the encouragement of Szilárd, Einstein sent a letter to President Franklin Delano Roosevelt urging the study of nuclear fission for the military purposes, under fears that the Nazi government would be first to develop atomic weapons. In other words, the unconscious was for Freud both a cause and effect of repression. He became an American citizen in 1940, though he still retained Swiss citizenship. Freud supposed that what people repressed was in part determined by their unconscious. He accepted a position at the newly founded Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton Township, New Jersey. Moreover, Freud observed that the process of repression is itself a non-conscious act (in other words, it did not occur through people willing away certain thoughts or feelings).

Einstein renounced his German citizenship and fled to the United States, where he was given permanent residency. Although Freud later attempted to find patterns of repression among his patients in order to derive a general model of the mind, he also observed that individual patients repress different things. Nazi physicists (notably including the Nobel laureates Johannes Stark and Philipp Lenard) continued the attempts to discredit his theories and to blacklist politically those German physicists who taught them (such as Werner Heisenberg). Thus they come to constitute the unconscious. He was accused by the National Socialist regime of creating "Jewish physics" in contrast with Deutsche Physik—German or "Aryan physics". Such thoughts and feelings—and associated memories—could not, Freud argued, be banished from the mind, but could be banished from consciousness. After Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933, expressions of hatred for Einstein reached new levels. Crucial to the operation of the unconscious is "repression." According to Freud, people often experience thoughts and feelings that are so painful that people cannot bear them.

The refrigeration cycle used ammonia, butane, and water. Thus for Freud the ideals of the Enlightenment, positivism, and rationalism could be achieved through understanding, transforming, and mastering the unconscious, rather than through denying or repressing it. The patent covered a thermodynamic refrigeration cycle providing cooling with no moving parts, at a constant pressure, with only heat as an input. The Preconscious was described as a layer between conscious and unconscious thought—that which we could access with a little effort. Patent 1,781,541 was awarded to Albert Einstein and Leó Szilárd. In The Interpretation of Dreams Freud both developed the argument that the unconscious exists and described a method for gaining access to it. [6] [7] On November 11, 1930, U.S. The concept of the unconscious was groundbreaking in that he proposed that awareness existed in layers and that there were thoughts occurring "below the surface." Dreams, which he called the "royal road to the unconscious", provided the best access to our unconscious life and the best illustration of its "logic", which was different than the logic of conscious thought.

Einstein and former student Leó Szilárd co-invented a unique type of refrigerator (usually called the Einstein Refrigerator) in 1926. While Freud shared these beliefs and goals, his work emphasized that in everyday life these claims were often delusions; that we are not entirely aware of what we even think, and often act for reasons that have nothing to do with our conscious thoughts. Einstein also assisted Erwin Schrödinger in the development of the Quantum Boltzmann distribution, a mixed classical and quantum mechanical gas model—although he realized that this was less significant than the Bose-Einstein model, and declined to have his name included on the paper. During the 19th century the dominant trend in Western thought was positivism, the claim that people could accumulate real knowledge about themselves and their world, and exercise rational control over both. At this university Einstein was an extraordinary professor (1920 - 1949) (see website with original manuscript: [5]). Perhaps the most significant contribution Freud has made to modern thought is his conception of the unconscious. Einstein's original sketches on this theory were recovered in August 2005 in the library of Leiden University. Through this process, called "transference," the patient can reenact and resolve repressed conflicts, especially childhood conflicts with (or about) parents.

The first such condensate was produced by Eric Cornell and Carl Wieman in 1995 at the University of Colorado at Boulder. Another important element of psychoanalysis is a relative lack of direct involvement on the part of the analyst, which is meant to encourage the patient to project thoughts and feelings onto the analyst. The Bose-Einstein condensate phenomenon was predicted in the 1920s by Bose and Einstein, based on Bose's work on the statistical mechanics of photons, which was then formalized and generalized by Einstein. Classically, the bringing of unconscious thoughts and feelings to consciousness is brought about by encouraging the patient to talk in "free association" and to talk about dreams. Bose-Einstein statistics now describe any assembly of these indistinguishable particles known as bosons. The goal of Freudian therapy, or psychoanalysis, was to bring to consciousness repressed thoughts and feelings, in order to allow the patient to develop a stronger ego. Einstein realized that the same statistics could be applied to atoms, and published an article in German (then the lingua franca of physics) which described Bose's model and explained its implications. Freud hoped that his research would provide a solid scientific basis for his therapeutic technique.

In 1924, Einstein received a short paper from a young Indian physicist named Satyendra Nath Bose describing light as a gas of photons and asking for Einstein's assistance in publication. Emma Eckstein underwent disastrous nasal surgery by Fleiss. However, there is still space for controversial discussions about the interpretation of quantum mechanics. He wrote several articles on the antidepressant qualities of the drug, and he was influenced by his friend and confident, Wilhelm Fleiss, who recommended cocaine for the treatment of the "nasal reflex neurosis." Fleiss operated on Freud and a number of Freud's patients whom he believed to be suffering from the disorder. Experimental evidence against this belief has been found only much later with the discovery of Bell's Theorem and Bell's inequality. Freud was an early user and proponent of cocaine (see Freud and Cocaine). It was not a rejection of probabilistic theories per se—Einstein had used statistical analysis in his work on Brownian motion and photoelectricity, and in papers published before the miraculous year 1905, and had even discovered Gibbs ensembles on his own—but he believed that, at the core, physical reality behaved deterministically. It was not until the 1980s that his speculations were confirmed by more modern research.

To this, Bohr, who sparred with Einstein on quantum theory, retorted, "Stop telling God what He must do!" The Bohr-Einstein debates on foundational aspects of quantum mechanics happened during the Solvay conferences. Instead, he suggested that complications in birth were only a symptom of the problem. In a 1926 letter to Max Born, Einstein made a remark that is now famous:. He also suggested that William Little, the man who first identified cerebral palsy, was wrong about lack of oxygen during the birth process being a cause. He could not abandon the belief that physics described the laws that govern "real things", the belief which had led to his successes with atoms, photons, and gravity. He also showed that the disease existed far before other researchers in his day began to notice and study it. Einstein agreed that the theory was the best available, but he looked for a more "complete" explanation, i.e., more deterministic. He published several medical papers on the topic.

In the mid-1920s, as the original quantum theory was replaced with a new quantum mechanics, Einstein balked at the Copenhagen interpretation of the new equations because it settled for a probabilistic, non-visualizable account of physical behavior. He was an early researcher on the topic of cerebral palsy, then known as "cerebral paralysis". In 1909, Einstein presented his first paper to a gathering of physicists and told them that they must find some way to understand waves and particles together. A lesser known interest of Freud's was neurology. His idea of light quanta, now known as photons, marked a landmark break with the classical physics. He simultaneously developed a theory of the human mind and human behavior, and clinical techniques for attempting to help neurotics. He was the first to say that quantum theory was revolutionary. Freud has been influential in two related, but distinct ways.

Einstein's relationship with quantum physics was quite remarkable. It is said that he would smoke an entire box of cigars daily. Though he is now most famous for his work on relativity, it was for his earlier work on the photoelectric effect that he was given the Prize, because his work on relativity was still disputed and the Nobel committee decided that citing his less-contested theory would be a better political move. Freud was a smoker of Churchill-style cigars for most of his life; even after having his jaw removed due to malignancy, he continued to smoke until his death on September 23, 1939 of cancer of the mouth at the age of 83. In the same year, he was finally awarded the Nobel Prize. Bernays's father, Ely Bernays, was brother to Sigmund's wife, Martha Bernays Freud. On March 30, 1921, Einstein went to New York to give a lecture on his new theory. Bernays's mother, Anna Freud Bernays, was sister to Sigmund.

In the early 1920s, Einstein was the lead figure in a famous weekly physics colloquium at the University of Berlin. Sigmund Freud was also both a blood uncle and an uncle-in-law to public relations and propaganda wizard Edward Bernays. Einstein's public fame which followed the 1919 article created resentment among these scientists, some of which lasted well into the 1930s. Sigmund is the grandfather of painter Lucian Freud and comedian, politician and writer Clement Freud, and the great-grandfather of journalist Emma Freud, and fashion designer Bella Freud. In Einstein's view, many of them simply could not understand the mathematics involved. Freud's daughter Anna Freud was also a distinguished psychologist, particularly in the fields of child and developmental psychology. However, many scientists were still unconvinced for various reasons, ranging from disagreement with Einstein's interpretation of the experiments, to not being able to tolerate the absence of an absolute frame of reference. An oft-repeated, but apocryphal anecdote claims that Freud complied, but then added at the bottom the sarcastic note: "I can heartily recommend the Gestapo to anyone." The actual document contains no such comment.

On November 7, The Times reported the confirmation, cementing Einstein's fame. As he was leaving Germany, Freud was asked to sign a statement that he had been treated respectfully by the Nazis. But in 1919, predictions made using the theory were confirmed by Arthur Eddington's measurements (during a solar eclipse), of how much the light emanating from a star was bent by the Sun's gravity when it passed close to the Sun. On June 4th, 1938 they were allowed across the border into France and then they traveled from Paris to Hampstead, London, England, where they lived at 20 Maresfield Gardens, now the Freud Museum. Initially, scientists were skeptical because the theory was derived by mathematical reasoning and rational analysis, not by experiment or observation. Following the Nazi German Anschluss, with the financial help of his patient and friend Princess Marie Bonaparte, Freud fled Austria with his family. A truly revolutionary theory, general relativity has so far passed every test posed to it and become a method of perceiving all of physics. For example, he attempted to expel those who disagreed with the movement (Corey, 2001).

The theory provided the foundation for the study of cosmology and gave scientists the tools for understanding many features of the universe that were discovered well after Einstein's death. Freud had little tolerance for colleagues who diverged from his psychoanalytic doctrines. In general relativity, gravity is no longer a force (as it is in Newton's law of gravity) but is a consequence of the curvature of space-time. The work of Jeffrey Moussaieff Masson shed some light on the nature of the suppressed material. This theory considered all observers to be equivalent, not only those moving at a uniform speed. Additionally, his later papers were closely guarded in the Sigmund Freud Archives and only available to Ernest Jones, his official biographer, and a few other members of the inner circle of psychoanalysis. The final lecture climaxed with his introduction of an equation that replaced Newton's law of gravity. Overall, little is known of Freud's early life as he destroyed his personal papers at least twice, once in 1885 and again in 1907.

In November 1915, Einstein presented a series of lectures before the Prussian Academy of Sciences in which he described his theory of general relativity. Corey (2001) considers this time of emotional difficulty to be the most creative time in Freud's life. The trip also took them to other ports including Singapore, Hong Kong and Shanghai. 67). In 1922, Einstein and his wife Elsa boarded the SS Kitano Maru bound for Japan. During this self-analysis, he came to realize the hostility he felt towards his father (Jacob Freud), and "he also recalled his childhood sexual feelings for his mother (Amalia Freud), who was attractive, warm, and protective" (Corey 2001, p. They later had two sons: Eduard intended to practice as a Freudian analyst but was institutionalized for schizophrenia and died in an asylum, while his older brother, Hans, became a professor of hydraulic engineering at the University of California, Berkeley, having little interaction with his father. He explored his own dreams, childhood memories, and the dynamics of his personality development.

The fate of Albert and Mileva's first child, Lieserl, is unknown: some believe she died in infancy, while others believe she was given out for adoption. During this time Freud was involved in the task of self-analysis. There were no children from this marriage. 67). She was three years older than Albert, and had nursed him to health after he had suffered a partial nervous breakdown combined with a severe stomach ailment. In his 40's, Freud "had numerous psychosomatic disorders as well as exaggerated fears of dying and other phobias" (Corey 2001, p. Elsa was Albert's first cousin (maternally) and his second cousin (paternally). He went on to attend the University of Vienna at 17, in 1873-1881 despite the anti-Semitism in Austria which was so intense that famed composer Gustav Mahler felt compelled to convert from Judaism to Roman Catholicism.

Einstein divorced Mileva on February 14, 1919, and married his cousin Elsa Löwenthal (née Einstein: Löwenthal was the surname of her first husband, Max) on June 2, 1919. Sigmund was ranked first in his class in 6 of 8 years of schooling. He was also an extraordinary professor at the Leiden University from 1920 till officially 1946, where he regulary gave guest lectures. His family had limited finances and lived in a crowded apartment, but his parents made every effort to foster his intellect (often favoring Sigmund over his siblings), which was apparent from an early age. From 1914 to 1933, he served as director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics in Berlin, and it was during this time that he was awarded his Nobel Prize and made his most groundbreaking discoveries. In 1877 at the age of 21, he abbreviated his given name to "Sigmund." Although he was the first-born of three brothers and five sisters among his mother's children, Sigmund had older half-brothers from his father's previous marriage. After he became world-famous, nationalistic hatred of him grew and for the first time he was the subject of an organized campaign to discredit his theories. Freud was born as "Sigismund Freud," into a Jewish family in Freiberg (Příbor), Moravia, the Austrian Empire (now the Czech Republic) on May 6, 1856.

His pacifism and Jewish origins irritated German nationalists. . He took German citizenship. He is commonly referred to as "the father of psychoanalysis.". In 1914, just before the start of World War I, Einstein settled in Berlin as professor at the local university and became a member of the Prussian Academy of Sciences. See International Phonetic Alphabet." class="IPA" style="white-space: nowrap; font-family:'Code2000', 'Chrysanthi Unicode', 'Doulos SIL', 'Gentium', 'GentiumAlt', 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Bitstream Vera', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro'; font-family /**/:inherit; text-decoration: none">frɔɪt/ in German. In 1912, Einstein started to refer to time as the fourth dimension. See International Phonetic Alphabet." class="IPA" style="white-space: nowrap; font-family:'Code2000', 'Chrysanthi Unicode', 'Doulos SIL', 'Gentium', 'GentiumAlt', 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Bitstream Vera', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro'; font-family /**/:inherit; text-decoration: none">fɹɔɪd/ in English and /

In 1906, Einstein was promoted to technical examiner second class. Initially he became interested in hypnotism and how it could be used to help the mentally ill, but later abandoned hypnotism in favor of free association and dream analysis in developing what is now known as "the talking cure." These became the core elements of psychoanalysis. A fourth paper, "Does the Inertia of a Body Depend Upon Its Energy Content?", ("Ist die Trägheit eines Körpers von seinem Energieinhalt abhängig?") published late in 1905, showed one further deduction from relativity's axioms, the famous equation that the energy of a body at rest (E) equals its mass (m) times the speed of light (c) squared. Sigmund Freud (May 7, 1856 – September 23, 1939) was an Austrian psychiatrist and the founder of the psychoanalytic school of psychology, based on his discovery that unconscious motives control much behavior, that particular kinds of unconscious thoughts and memories, especially sexual and aggressive ones, are the source of neurosis, and that neurosis could be treated through bringing these unconscious thoughts and memories to consciousness in psychoanalytic treatment. This paper introduced the special theory of relativity, a theory of time, distance, mass and energy which was consistent with electromagnetism, but omitted the force of gravity. Moses and Monotheism, 1939. While developing this paper, Einstein wrote to Mileva about "our work on relative motion", and this has led some to ask whether Mileva played a part in its development. Civilization and Its Discontents, 1929.

Einstein's third paper that year, "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies" ("Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper"), was published on June 30, 1905. The Future of an Illusion, 1927. His second article in 1905, named "On the Motion—Required by the Molecular Kinetic Theory of Heat—of Small Particles Suspended in a Stationary Liquid", ("Über die von der molekularkinetischen Theorie der Wärme geforderte Bewegung von in ruhenden Flüssigkeiten suspendierten Teilchen") covered his study of Brownian motion, and provided empirical evidence for the existence of atoms. The Ego and the Id, 1923. This paper was specifically cited for his Nobel Prize. Beyond the Pleasure Principle, 1920. The first paper, named "On a Heuristic Viewpoint Concerning the Production and Transformation of Light", ("Über einen die Erzeugung und Verwandlung des Lichtes betreffenden heuristischen Gesichtspunkt") proposed the idea of "energy quanta" (which underlies the concept of what are now called photons) and showed how it could be used to explain such phenomena as the photoelectric effect. On Narcissism, 1914.

The International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP) plans to commemorate the 100th year of the publication of Einstein's extensive work in 1905 as the 'World Year of Physics 2005'. Totem and Taboo, 1913. They are commonly referred to as the "Annus Mirabilis Papers" (from Annus mirabilis, Latin for 'year of wonders'). Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality, 1905. Einstein submitted the series of papers to the "Annalen der Physik". The Psychopathology of Everyday Life (1901). What makes these papers remarkable is that, in each case, Einstein boldly took an idea from theoretical physics to its logical consequences and managed to explain experimental results that had baffled scientists for decades. The Interpretation of Dreams (1900).

This is ironic, not only because Einstein is far better-known for relativity, but also because the photoelectric effect is a quantum phenomenon, and Einstein became somewhat disenchanted with the path quantum theory would take. Gustav Mahler (1860-1911). Only the paper on the photoelectric effect would win one. Emma Eckstein. Most physicists agree that three of those papers (on Brownian motion, the photoelectric effect, and special relativity) deserved Nobel Prizes. (1886-1961). That same year, he wrote four articles that provided the foundation of modern physics, without much scientific literature to which he could refer or many scientific colleagues with whom he could discuss the theories. H.D.

He obtained his doctorate after submitting his thesis "A new determination of molecular dimensions" ("Eine neue Bestimmung der Moleküldimensionen") in 1905. Daniel Paul Schreber (1842-1911). In 1904, Einstein's position at the Swiss Patent Office was made permanent. Wolf Lucas = Sergius Pankejeff (1887-1979). On May 14, 1904, the couple's first son, Hans Albert Einstein, was born. Rat Man = Ernst Lanzer (1878-1914). Martínez of the Center for Einstein Studies at Boston University, Joffe only ascribed authorship to Einstein, as he believed that it was a Swiss custom at the time to append the spouse's last name to the husband's name.[4] Whatever the truth, the extent of her influence on Einstein's work is a highly controversial and debated question. Little Hans = Herbert Graf (1903-1973).

However, according to Alberto A. Fräulein Lucy R. a bureaucrat at the Patent Office in Bern, Einstein-Marić" and this has recently been taken as evidence of a collaborative relationship. Fräulein Katharina = Aurelia Kronich. Abram Joffe, a Soviet physicist who knew Einstein, in an obituary of Einstein, wrote, "The author of [the papers of 1905] was .. Fräulein Elizabeth von R. Clark, a biographer of Einstein, claimed that Einstein depended on the distance that existed in his and Mileva's marriage in order to have the solitude necessary to accomplish his work. = Fanny Moser.

Ronald W. Frau Emmy von N. Einstein's marriage to Marić, who was a mathematician, was both a personal and intellectual partnership: Einstein referred to Mileva as "a creature who is my equal and who is as strong and independent as I am". Dora = Ida Bauer (1882-1945). Einstein married Mileva Marić on January 6, 1903. = Anna von Lieben. He occasionally rectified their design errors while evaluating the practicality of their work. Cäcilie M.

He also learned how to discern the essence of applications despite sometimes poor descriptions, and was taught by the director how "to express myself correctly". = Bertha Pappenheim (1859 - 1936). There, Einstein judged the worth of inventors' patent applications for devices that required a knowledge of physics to understand. Anna O. The father of a classmate helped him obtain employment as a technical assistant examiner at the Swiss Patent Office [3] in 1902. For example, someone may engage in violence against another race because, he claims, they are inferior, when unconsciously it is he himself who feels inferior. Upon graduation, Einstein could not find a teaching post, mostly because his brashness as a young man had apparently irritated most of his professors. Reaction formation takes place when someone takes the opposite approach consciously compared to what he wants unconsciously.

Lieserl, at the time, was considered illegitimate because the parents were unwed. For instance, the use of a dark, gloomy poem to describe life by such poets as Emily Dickinson. He and Mileva had a daughter Lieserl, born in January 1902. Sublimation is the channeling of impulses to socially accepted behaviours. During this time Einstein discussed his scientific interests with a group of close friends, including Mileva. For example, the second born child may clown around to get attention since the older child is already an accomplished scholar. He kept his Swiss passport for his whole life. Compensation occurs when someone takes up one behavior because one cannot accomplish another behavior.

In 1900, he was granted a teaching diploma by the Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH Zurich) and was accepted as a Swiss citizen in 1901. Intellectualisation is often accomplished through rationalisation rather than accepting reality, one may explain it away to remove one's self. Einstein's relationship with Mileva developed into romance over the next few years. Intellectualisation involves removing one's self, emotionally, from a stressful event. In the spring of 1896, the Serbian Mileva Marić (an acquaintance of Nikola Tesla) started initially as a medical student at the University of Zurich, but after a term switched to the same section as Einstein, and as the only woman that year, to study for the same diploma. Repression occurs when someone cannot remember a past traumatic experience, while suppression is a conscious effort to do the same. The same year, he renounced his Württemberg citizenship, becoming stateless. For example, a student may have received a bad grade on a report card but tells himself that grades don't matter.

Albert's sister Maja was to later marry their son Paul, and his friend Michele Besso married their other daughter Anna.^[2] Einstein subsequently enrolled at the Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule in October and moved to Zurich, while Marie moved to Olsberg for a teaching post. Denial means that someone will not (deliberately) admit to the truth. During this time he lodged with Professor Jost Winteler's family and became enamoured with Marie, their daughter, his first sweetheart. Despite excelling in the mathematics and science portion, his failure of the liberal arts portion of the Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, in Zurich) entrance exam the following year was a setback; his family sent him to Aarau, Switzerland, to finish secondary school, where he received his diploma in September 1896. He quit without telling his parents and a year and a half prior to final examinations, Einstein convinced the school to let him go with a medical note from a friendly doctor, but this meant he had no secondary-school certificate.^[1].

Albert remained behind in Munich lodgings to finish school, completing only one term before leaving the gymnasium in spring 1895, before rejoining his family in Pavia. During this year, Einstein's first scientific work was written (called "The Investigation of the State of Aether in Magnetic Fields"). In 1894, following the failure of Hermann's electrochemical business, the Einsteins moved from Munich to Pavia, Italy (near Milan). Two of his uncles fostered his intellectual interests during his late childhood and early adolescence by suggesting and providing books on science and mathematics.

There is a recurring rumor that he failed mathematics later in his education, but this is untrue; a change in the way grades were assigned caused confusion years later. Einstein began to learn mathematics around age twelve. See, Speculation of famous people who might have autism. He later credited his development of the theory of relativity to this slowness, saying that by pondering space and time later than most children, he was able to apply a more developed intellect.Another, more recent, theory about his mental development is that he had Asperger's syndrome, a condition related to autism.

Though he built models and mechanical devices for fun, he was considered a slow learner, possibly due to dyslexia, simple shyness, or the significantly rare and unusual structure of his brain (examined after his death). At age five, his father showed him a pocket compass, and Einstein realized that something in "empty" space acted upon the needle; he would later describe the experience as one of the most revelatory of his life. The family was Jewish (and non-observant); Albert attended a Catholic elementary school and, at the insistence of his mother, was given violin lessons. They were married in Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt.

His parents were Hermann Einstein, a featherbed salesman who later ran an electrochemical works, and Pauline, whose maiden name was Koch. Einstein was born at Ulm in Baden-Württemberg, Germany, about 100 km east of Stuttgart. . To this day Einstein receives popular recognition unprecedented for a scientist.

Einstein's reverence for all creation, his belief in the grandeur, beauty, and sublimity of the universe (the primary source of inspiration in science), his awe for the scheme that is manifested in the material universe—all of these show through in his work and philosophy. An individual of monumental intellectual achievement, he remains the most influential theoretical physicist of the modern era. Einstein himself was deeply concerned with the social impact of scientific discovery. In his later years, his fame exceeded that of any other scientist in history, and in popular culture, Einstein has become a byword for great intelligence or even genius.

After his general theory of relativity was formulated in November 1915, Einstein became world famous, an unusual achievement for a scientist. He was awarded the 1921 Nobel Prize for Physics for his explanation of the photoelectric effect in 1905 (his "miracle year") and "for his services to Theoretical Physics". He proposed the theory of relativity and also made major contributions to the development of quantum mechanics, statistical mechanics, and cosmology. Albert Einstein (March 14, 1879 – April 18, 1955) was a German-born Jewish theoretical physicist of Swiss and American citizenship, who is widely regarded as the greatest scientist of the 20th century.

April, 1950. "On the Generalized Theory of Gravitation". "Why Socialism," Monthly Review, May, 1949. 1916.

Annalen der Physik, 49. "The Foundation of the General Theory of Relativity ". [PDF]. 1914.

"Inaugural Lecture to the Prussian Academy of Sciences". September 27, 1905. Annalen der Physik. "Does the Inertia of a Body Depend Upon Its Energy Content?".

June 30, 1905. "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies" Annalen der Physik. Relativity: The Special and General Theory ISBN 0517884410 (Project Gutenberg E-text). The World As I See It ISBN 080650711X (translation of "Mein Weltbild").

Ideas & Opinions ISBN 0517003937. (PDF). The Investigation of the State of Aether in Magnetic Fields. Jeffery (1923), Dover Publications, NY.

B. Perrett and G. and Minkowski H., The Principle of Relativity, translation by W. A., Weyl H.

Einstein A., Lorenz H. ISBN 1890572179. Smart Publications. Sex, Drugs, Einstein, and Elves: Sushi, Psychedelics, Parallel Universes, and the Quest for Transcendence (Discusses the final disposition of Einstein's brain, hair, and eyes as well as the importance of Einstein and his work in the shaping of science and culture).

Pickover (August, 2005). Clifford A. ISBN 0312110472). ISBN 0-571-17170-2 (US ed.

faber and faber, London, Boston. The Private Lives of Albert Einstein. ^ ^  Roger Highfield, Paul Carter (1993). The Origins of the Russell-Einstein Manifesto, by Sandra Ionno Butcher, March 2005.

"Arguing about Einstein's wife". Physics World, April 2004. Martinez, Alberto A. Smith, Einstein (Life & Times Series), Haus Publishing Ltd, 2003, ISBN 1904341152.

Peter D. John Stachel, Einstein's Miraculous Year: Five Papers That Changed the Face of Physics, Princeton University Press, 1998, ISBN 0691059381. Hart, The 100, Carol Publishing Group, July 1992, paperback, 576 pages, ISBN 0806513500. Michael H.

ISBN 0-380-44123-3. Einstein: The Life and Times. (1971). Clark, Ronald W.

Einstein Defiant: Genius versus Genius in the Quantum Revolution. ISBN 0309089980. Bolles, Edmund Blair (2004). the Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University was named after Einstein upon his death in 1955. the Albert Einstein Peace Prize.

the asteroid 2001 Einstein. the chemical element 99, einsteinium. a unit used in photochemistry, the einstein. The year 2005 was designated as the "World Year of Physics" by UNESCO for its coinciding with the centennial of the "Annus Mirabilis" papers, celebrated at the Einstein Symposium.

In 1999, he was named "Person of the Century" by TIME magazine.