Aladdin

For other uses, see Aladdin (disambiguation). Aladdin in the Magic Garden, an illustration by Max Liebert from Ludwig Fulda's Aladdin und die Wunderlampe

Aladdin (a corruption of the Arabic name Alauddin/ʿAlāʾu d-Dīn, Arabic: علاء الدين, Chinese: 阿拉丁) is one of the tales with a Syrian origin in the collection 1001 Nights and one of the most famous in Western culture.

The story concerns an impoverished young man named Aladdin living in Arabia, who is recruited by a sorcerer to retrieve a wonderful oil lamp from a booby trapped magic cave. After the sorcerer attempts to double-cross him, Aladdin keeps the lamp for himself, and discovers that it summons a surly djinn that is bound to do the bidding of the person holding the lamp. With the aid of the djinn, Aladdin becomes rich and powerful and marries princess Badroulbadour.

The sorcerer returns and is able to get his hands on the lamp by tricking Aladdin's wife, who is unaware of the lamp's importance. Aladdin discovers a lesser, polite djinn is summoned by a ring loaned to him by the sorcerer but forgotten during the double-cross. Assisted by the lesser djinn, Aladdin recovers his wife and the lamp.

The theme of the wily trickster of lowly birth who outfoxes the trickster himself is a widespread motif in fables.

The story of Aladdin is a classic example of one of the seven basic plots in story-telling i.e. an example of the "rags-to-riches" story. This type of story presents in three parts: from lowly beginnings, a protagonist achieves an initial success in life, traverses a major crisis in which all seems lost, and finally triumphs over adversity to achieve more stable and enduring success. This final success is only possible because the hero has learned a degree of inner maturity by going through the crisis. Aladdin's first success came too easily and was not based on his own efforts, but the genie's who helped him; his despair at losing the princess and the palace to the evil sorcerer takes him to a spiritual place at which he needs to arrive before he can develop true strength and wholeness by making his own efforts to succeed. The wholeness he finally achieves is symbolised by the re-establishment of the relationship with the princess. One of the reasons for the enduring interest of the Aladdin story lies in our often unconscious recognition of the importance of its underlying meaning. We recognize our own struggles to grow and develop in Aladdin's journey.


Sources

No medieval Arabic source has been traced for the tale, which was incorporated into The Book of One Thousand and One Nights by its French translator, Antoine Galland, who heard it from a Syrian Christian storyteller from Aleppo. Galland's diary (March 25, 1709) records that he met the Maronite scholar, by name Youhenna Diab ("Hanna"), who had been brought from Aleppo to Paris, France by Paul Lucas, a celebrated French traveller. Galland's diary also tells that his translation of "Aladdin" was made in the winter of 1709–10. It was included in his volumes ix and x of the Nights, published in 1710.

John Payne, Alaeddin and the Enchanted Lamp and Other Stories, (London 1901) gives details of Galland's encounter with the man he referred to as "Hanna" and the discovery in the Bibliotheque Nationale in Paris of two Arabic manuscripts containing Aladdin (with two more of the "interpolated" tales). One is a jumbled late 18th century Syrian version. The more interesting one, in a manuscript that belonged to the scholar M. Caussin de Perceval, is a copy of a manuscript made in Baghdad in 1703. It was purchased by the Bibliothèque Nationale at the end of the 19th century.

In the United Kingdom, the story of Aladdin is a popular subject for pantomimes. The traditional Aladdin pantomime (which is set in China, unlike many adaptations of the story) is the source of the well-known pantomime character Widow Twankey.

Note that although it is listed as an Arabic tale either because of its source, or because it was included in The Book of One Thousand and One Nights, the characters in the story are neither Arabs nor Persians, but rather are from China and Africa.

This tale has been adapted to film a number of times, including Aladdin and His Wonderful Lamp, the 1939 Popeye the Sailor cartoon, and Aladdin, the 1992 animated feature by Walt Disney Feature Animation. There is also a hotel and casino in Las Vegas named Aladdin.


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There is also a hotel and casino in Las Vegas named Aladdin. Women generally run the same distances as men although hurdles and steeplechase barriers are lower and the weights of the shot, discus, javelin and hammer are less. This tale has been adapted to film a number of times, including Aladdin and His Wonderful Lamp, the 1939 Popeye the Sailor cartoon, and Aladdin, the 1992 animated feature by Walt Disney Feature Animation. Men and women do not compete against each other. Note that although it is listed as an Arabic tale either because of its source, or because it was included in The Book of One Thousand and One Nights, the characters in the story are neither Arabs nor Persians, but rather are from China and Africa. With the exception of the mile run, races based on imperial distances are rarely run on the track anymore since most tracks have been converted from a quarter mile (402.3 m) to 400 meters; all recordkeeping for imperial distances has been discontinued. The traditional Aladdin pantomime (which is set in China, unlike many adaptations of the story) is the source of the well-known pantomime character Widow Twankey. 300 m) are run much less often.

In the United Kingdom, the story of Aladdin is a popular subject for pantomimes. There are other variations besides the ones listed below but races of unusual length (e.g. It was purchased by the Bibliothèque Nationale at the end of the 19th century. They also consist of the javelin, hammer and discus throws; however, often these are outside of the stadium because they take up a large amount of space and may damage grass fields. Caussin de Perceval, is a copy of a manuscript made in Baghdad in 1703. Field events consist of the high jump, pole vault, long jump, triple jump and shot put. The more interesting one, in a manuscript that belonged to the scholar M. Recently these fields have been made out of astro turf or field turf instead of grass.

One is a jumbled late 18th century Syrian version. Often schools will place a field in the middle of the track, usually football/soccer/lacrosse, due to their size and shape. John Payne, Alaeddin and the Enchanted Lamp and Other Stories, (London 1901) gives details of Galland's encounter with the man he referred to as "Hanna" and the discovery in the Bibliotheque Nationale in Paris of two Arabic manuscripts containing Aladdin (with two more of the "interpolated" tales). This can be inside or outside the track, making for a tighter turn or a wider turn. It was included in his volumes ix and x of the Nights, published in 1710. The track consists of 6-10 lanes and for the bigger collegiate tracks, a steeplechase lane with a water pit. Galland's diary also tells that his translation of "Aladdin" was made in the winter of 1709–10. Usually the tracks are 400 meters, however, some old tracks are still measured in yards, so they measure 440 yards.

Galland's diary (March 25, 1709) records that he met the Maronite scholar, by name Youhenna Diab ("Hanna"), who had been brought from Aleppo to Paris, France by Paul Lucas, a celebrated French traveller. The outdoor track and field season begins in the spring and may last through the summer. No medieval Arabic source has been traced for the tale, which was incorporated into The Book of One Thousand and One Nights by its French translator, Antoine Galland, who heard it from a Syrian Christian storyteller from Aleppo. For multi-event athletes there is the Pentathlon for women (consisting of 60m hurdles, high jump, shot put, long jump and 800m) and heptathlon for men (consisting of 60m, long jump, shot put, high jump, 60m hurdles, pole vault and 1000m).
. In some countries, notably Norway, standing long jump and standing high jump are also contested. We recognize our own struggles to grow and develop in Aladdin's journey. weight throw.

One of the reasons for the enduring interest of the Aladdin story lies in our often unconscious recognition of the importance of its underlying meaning. Other events unique to indoor meets (especially in the United States) are the 300m, 600m, 1000m and 35 lb. The wholeness he finally achieves is symbolised by the re-establishment of the relationship with the princess. The longer throws of javelin, hammer and discus are reserved for outdoor meetings, as there is normally not enough space in an indoor stadium to house these events. Aladdin's first success came too easily and was not based on his own efforts, but the genie's who helped him; his despair at losing the princess and the palace to the evil sorcerer takes him to a spiritual place at which he needs to arrive before he can develop true strength and wholeness by making his own efforts to succeed. In the field events, indoor meetings only feature the high jump, pole vault, long jump, triple jump and shot put. This final success is only possible because the hero has learned a degree of inner maturity by going through the crisis. Indoor meets also have the addition of a 3,000 m run , normally instead of the 5000m(at both the collegiate and elite level).

This type of story presents in three parts: from lowly beginnings, a protagonist achieves an initial success in life, traverses a major crisis in which all seems lost, and finally triumphs over adversity to achieve more stable and enduring success. In an indoor track meet athletes contest the same events as an outdoor meet with the exception of the 100 m and 110 m/100 m hurdles (replaced by the 60 m sprint and 60 m hurdles at all levels), and the 10,000 m run and 3,000 m steeplechase. an example of the "rags-to-riches" story. Often an indoor track will have banked turns to compensate for the tight bends. The story of Aladdin is a classic example of one of the seven basic plots in story-telling i.e. The indoor track consists of four to six lanes instead of the eight to ten on an outdoor track. The theme of the wily trickster of lowly birth who outfoxes the trickster himself is a widespread motif in fables. Most indoor tracks are 200 meters, however, less frequently, there are smaller and larger tracks that measure from between 180 to 300 meters.

Assisted by the lesser djinn, Aladdin recovers his wife and the lamp. There is an indoor season, run during the winter and an outdoor season, run during the spring and summer. Aladdin discovers a lesser, polite djinn is summoned by a ring loaned to him by the sorcerer but forgotten during the double-cross. There are two seasons for track and field. The sorcerer returns and is able to get his hands on the lamp by tricking Aladdin's wife, who is unaware of the lamp's importance. Both organizations allow athletes to receive money for racing putting an end to the "shamateurism" that existed before. With the aid of the djinn, Aladdin becomes rich and powerful and marries princess Badroulbadour. An additional, less structured organization, the Road Runners Club of America (RRCA) also exists in the USA to promote road racing.

After the sorcerer attempts to double-cross him, Aladdin keeps the lamp for himself, and discovers that it summons a surly djinn that is bound to do the bidding of the person holding the lamp. A new governing body called The Athletics Congress (TAC) was formed, it was later renamed USA Track and Field (USATF or USA T&F). The story concerns an impoverished young man named Aladdin living in Arabia, who is recruited by a sorcerer to retrieve a wonderful oil lamp from a booby trapped magic cave. The AAU (Amateur Athletic Union) was the governing body in the United States until it collapsed under pressure from advancing professionalism in the late 1970s. Aladdin (a corruption of the Arabic name Alauddin/ʿAlāʾu d-Dīn, Arabic: علاء الدين, Chinese: 阿拉丁) is one of the tales with a Syrian origin in the collection 1001 Nights and one of the most famous in Western culture. The IAAF established separate outdoor World Championships in 1983. An international governing body, the IAAF was founded in 1912.

Women were not allowed to participate in track and field events in the Olympics until 1928. Athletics was included in the first modern Olympic Games in 1896 and has been part of the program ever since, providing the backbone of the Olympics. Many athletic events have an ancient origin and were already conducted in competitive form by the ancient Greeks. Field events (jumping and throwing) often take place in the field in the centre of the running track.

Modern athletic events are usually organized around a 400 metre running track, on which most of the running events take place. There are details of the meeting in a series of letters written 60 years later by CT Robinson who was a pupil there from 1838 to 1841. The earliest recorded meeting was organised at Shrewsbury, Shropshire in 1840 by the Royal Shrewsbury School Hunt. The Royal Military College, Sandhurst has claimed to be the first to adopt this in 1812 and 1825 but without any supporting evidence.

This included the incorporation of regular sports and exercise into school regimes. After this ban was lifted in the 17th century sports began to flourish once more, but it was not until the 19th century that organization began to appear. However, at least in Britain, they fell out favour between the 13th and 16th centuries due to government restrictions on sports aiming to reduce the practice of archery. Many athletic sports have found favour in Europe throughout the ages.

Contests between rivals and friends may have been common on both official and unofficial grounds. In the Middle Ages the sons of noblemen would be trained in running, leaping and wrestling, in addition to riding, jousting and arms-training. However these were often related to training to war, and were not very well organized. Other peoples enjoyed athletic contests, such as the Celts, Teutons and Goths who succeeded the Romans.

There were several other "Games" held throughout Europe in later eras:. The earliest recorded win was at these games in the stade race. Athletics was the original sport at the first Olympics back in 776 BC where the only event held was the stadium-length foot race or "stade". .

The word is derived from the Greek word "athlos" meaning "contest". Athletics, also known, especially in American English, as track and field or track and field athletics, is a collection of sport events, which can roughly be divided into running, throwing, and jumping. Decathlon. Heptathlon.

Pentathlon. Composite events

    . Standing triple jump. Standing pole vault.

    Standing long jump. Standing high jump. Triple jump. Pole vault.

    Long jump. High jump. Jumping events

      . Discus throw.

      Javelin throw. Hammer throw. Shot put. Throwing events

        .

        Field events

          . Common events are 10 km, 20 km and 50 km. Race walking: usually conducted on open roads. Common events are half-marathon and marathon.

          Road running: conducted on open roads, but often finishing on the track. Some events, such as medley relays, are rarely run except at large relay carnivals. Relays: 4 x 100 metres relay, 4 x 400 metres relay, 4 x 200 m, 4 x 800 m, etc. Hurdling: 110 m high hurdles (100 m for women) and 400 m intermediate hurdles (300 m in high school).

          Common events are 5000 m and 10000 m. Long distance: runs over 5000 m. steeplechase - a race (usually 3000 m) in which runners must negotiate barriers and water jumps. Middle distance: events from 800 m to 3000 m, especially 800 metres, 1500 metres, mile and 3000 m.

            .

            Common events are 60 m (indoors only), 100 metres, 200 metres and 400 metres. Sprints: events up to and including 400 m. Track events - running events conducted on a 400 meter track.

              . Many themes of the Roman Circus (chariot races, gladiatorial combats and wild animal displays) were incorporated into the Roman Games asides from athletic sports.

              The Roman Games — a direct imitation of the Greek Olympics, however was a much more popularized spectacle, with most competitors likely to have been professional athletes (the Greek Olympics was more a common-man's fare). The Isthmian (founded 523 BC) held on the Isthmus of Corinth every two years (one year being that which followed the Olympics). The Nemean Games (founded 516 BC) held in Argolid every two years. The Pythian Games (founded 527 BC) held in Delphi every four years.