Aaron BurrVice President Aaron Burr
Aaron Burr, Jr. (February 6, 1756 – September 14, 1836) was an American politician and adventurer. He was a major formative member of the Democratic-Republican party in New York and a strong supporter of Governor George Clinton. He is remembered not so much for his tenure as the third Vice President, under Thomas Jefferson, as for his duel with Alexander Hamilton and his trial and acquittal on charges of treason. Early life and familyBurr was born in Newark, New Jersey, to the Rev. Aaron Burr, Sr., who was the second president of the College of New Jersey, now Princeton University; his mother Esther Edwards was the daughter of Jonathan Edwards, the famous Calvinist theologian. He originally studied theology, but abandoned it two years later and began the study of law in the celebrated law school conducted by his brother-in-law, Tapping Reeve, at Litchfield, Connecticut. His studies were put on hold while he served during the Revolutionary War, under Gens. Benedict Arnold, George Washington and Israel Putnam. Military serviceDuring the American Revolutionary War, Burr accompanied Gen. Benedict Arnold's expedition into Canada in 1775, and on arriving before the Battle of Quebec, he disguised himself as a Roman Catholic priest, making a dangerous journey of 120 miles to Montreal through British lines to notify General Richard Montgomery of Arnold's arrival. Burr is said to have carried the fallen Montgomery for a short distance during the retreat from Quebec. Burr's courage earned him a place on George Washington's staff, but the general, reportedly, never quite trusted Major Burr. Nevertheless, Israel Putnam took Burr under his wing, and by his vigilance in the retreat from Long Island Burr saved an entire brigade from capture. Alexander Hamilton was an officer of this group. On becoming lieutenant colonel in July 1777, Burr assumed the command of a regiment. During the harsh winter encampment at Valley Forge he guarded the Gulf, a pass commanding the approach to the camp, and necessarily the first point that would be attacked. In the Battle of Monmouth (June 28, 1778), he commanded the Malcolms, a brigade in Lord Stirling's division. The Malcolms were decimated by British artillery, and Burr suffered a stroke in the terrible heat from which he would never quite recover. In January 1779, Burr was assigned to the command of the lines of Westchester County, a region between the British post at Kingsbridge and that of the Americans about 15 miles to the north. In this district there was much turbulence and plundering by the lawless elements of both Whigs and Tories, and by bands of ill-disciplined soldiers from both armies. Burr established a thorough patrol system, rigorously enforced martial law, and quickly restored order. He resigned from the Continental Army in March 1779 on account of ill health, renewing his study of law. Burr did perform occasional intelligence missions for Continental generals such as Arthur St. Clair, and he rallied a group of Yale students at New Haven when Benedict Arnold, by then a traitor, led a British assault in 1780. Burr was admitted to the bar at Albany in 1782, and began to practice in New York City after its evacuation by the British in the following year. MarriageThat same year, Burr married Theodosia Bartow Prevost, the widow of a British army officer who had died in the West Indies during the American Revolutionary War. They had two daughters. While their younger daughter, Sarah, died at age three, their older daughter Theodosia Burr, born in 1783, became widely known for her beauty and accomplishments. She married Joseph Alston of South Carolina in 1801, and died either due to piracy or in a shipwreck off the Carolinas in the winter of 1812 or early 1813. Aaron Burr and his first wife were married for twelve years, until her death from cancer. In 1833, at age 77, Burr married again, this time to Eliza Bowen Jumel, the extremely wealthy widow of Stephen Jumel. When she realized her fortune was dwindling from her husband's land speculation, they separated after only four months. During the month of their first anniversary, she sued for divorce, citing infidelity, and it was granted on the day of his death. Those papers were served to Burr on his deathbed by Alexander Hamilton's elder son, whose father Burr killed in a famous duel, an irony which was surely not lost on the younger Hamilton. Legal and early political careerBurr's main rival for dominance of the New York bar was Alexander Hamilton. He served in the New York State Assembly from 1784 to 1785, but Burr became seriously involved in politics in 1789, when George Clinton appointed him Attorney General of New York. He was commissioner of Revolutionary War claims in 1791, and that same year he defeated a favored candidate -- Alexander Hamilton's father-in-law, General Philip Schuyler -- for a seat in the United States Senate, and served in the upper house of the US Congress until 1797. While Burr and Jefferson served during the Washington administration, the Federal Government was resident in Philadelphia. They both roomed for a time at the boarding house of a Mrs. Payne. Her daughter Dolley, an attractive young widow, was being squired by, among others, Hamilton. It is believed that Burr introduced her to James Madison, whom she subseqently married. Whether he did this to thwart Hamilton may never be known. Although Hamilton and Burr had long been on good personal terms, often dining with one another, Burr's defeat of General Schuyler marks the beginning of their personal quarrel. Hamilton felt Burr’s victory to be tantamount to betrayal, although some have argued that Burr did not seek the senatorial nomination. Nevertheless, Hamilton masked his dislike of Burr for a decade, remaining outwardly friendly toward his rival. As a U.S. Senator, Burr continued to fall from grace in President George Washington's eyes. He sought to write an official Revolutionary history, but Washington blocked Burr's access to the archives, possibly because the former colonel had been a noted critic of his leadership, and because he regarded Burr as a schemer. Washington also passed over Burr for the ministry to France. After being appointed commanding general of American forces by President John Adams in 1798, Washington turned down Burr's application for a brigadier general's commission during the Quasi-war with France. Washington wrote, "By all that I have known and heard, Colonel Burr is a brave and able officer, but the question is whether he has not equal talents at intrigue?" Burr later told Hamilton that "he despised Washington as a man of no talents and one who could not spell a sentence of common English." Burr was not reelected to the Senate in 1797, and instead went into the New York state legislature, serving from 1798 through 1801. During John Adams's term as President, national parties became clearly defined. Burr loosely associated himself with the Democratic-Republicans, though he had moderate Federalist allies, such as Sen. Jonathan Dayton of New Jersey. Burr quickly became a key player in New York politics, more powerful in time than Hamilton, largely because of the Tammany Society, later to become the infamous Tammany Hall, which Burr converted from a social club into a political machine. During the French Revolution, French diplomat Charles Maurice de Talleyrand, in need of sanctuary to escape the Terror, stayed in Burr's home in New York City. Later, when Burr fled the United States after the Hamilton duel and treason trial, Talleyrand refused him entrance into France. Talleyrand had been an ardent admirer of Alexander Hamilton. Vice PresidencyBecause of his control of the crucial New York legislature, Burr was placed on the Democratic-Republican presidential ticket in the 1800 election with Thomas Jefferson. At the time, state legislatures chose the members of the U.S. Electoral College, and New York was crucial to Jefferson. Though Jefferson did win New York and the election, so did Burr; they tied with 73 electoral votes each. It was well understood that the party intended that Jefferson should be President and Burr Vice President, but owing to a defect (later remedied) in the U.S. Constitution, the responsibility for the final choice was thrown upon the House of Representatives. The attempts of a powerful faction among the Federalists to secure the election of Burr failed, partly because of the opposition of Alexander Hamilton and partly, it would seem, because Burr himself did little to obtain votes in his own favor. Ultimately, the election devolved to the point where it took three days and 36 ballots before James A. Bayard, a Delaware Federalist, submitted a blank vote. Federalist abstentions in the Vermont and Maryland delegations led to Jefferson's election as President, and Burr’s moderate Federalist supporters conceded his defeat. Upon confirmation of Jefferson’s election, Burr became Vice President of the United States. His fair and judicial manner as president of the Senate, recognized even by his bitterest enemies, fostered traditions in regard to that position. However, Burr's refusal to yield the victory to Jefferson, as he had promised, cost him the trust of his own party and that of Jefferson: for the rest of the administration, Burr remained an outsider. The duelAlexander Hamilton fights his fatal duel with Aaron Burr.When it became clear that Jefferson would drop Burr from his ticket in the 1804 election, the Vice President ran for the governorship of New York instead. Burr lost the election largely due to a personal smear campaign orchestrated by his own party rivals, the Clintons of New York. Alexander Hamilton also opposed Burr, due to his belief (still controversial) that Burr had entertained a Federalist secession movement in New York. But Hamilton exceeded himself at one political dinner, where he expressed a "still more despicable opinion" of Burr. Novelist Gore Vidal speculated Hamilton might have accused Burr of having an incestuous relationship with his beautiful daughter Theodosia, but most historians discount this as fiction. After a letter regarding the incident written by Dr. Charles D. Cooper circulated in a local newspaper, Burr sought an explanation from his erstwhile friend. Hamilton had written so many letters, and made so many private tirades against Burr, that he could not reliably comment on Cooper's vaguely-worded statement. Burr demanded that Hamilton recant or deny everything he had ever said regarding Burr’s character, but Hamilton, having already been disgraced by the Maria Reynolds scandal, could not afford to make this gesture. Burr responded by challenging Hamilton to personal combat under the code duello, the formalized but largely antiquated rules of dueling. Hamilton accepted, and as the challenged party chose to settle the matter of honor with pistols at ten paces. Both men had been involved in duels in the past, usually on the periphery, but Hamilton had particular qualms because his beloved son, Philip, had rashly entered into a fatal duel in 1802. Hamilton had also developed some religious scruples against dueling. The two would nevertheless use the same pistols owned by Hamilton's brother-in-law, which are now preserved by JPMorgan Chase & Co. On July 11, 1804, Aaron Burr shot and fatally wounded Hamilton in their duel in Weehawken, New Jersey. The bullet entered Hamilton's abdomen above his right hip, and he died the following day. Some have debated who fired first; Hamilton's shot went upward and to Burr's right, striking a tree branch. Burr later learned that Hamilton intended to hold his fire during the duel. His response: "Contemptible, if true." Burr was later charged with murder in New York and New Jersey, but was never tried in either jurisdiction. He escaped to South Carolina, where his daughter lived with her family, but soon returned to Washington, D.C. to complete his term of service as Vice President. He presided over the Samuel Chase impeachment trial with the "impartiality of an angel and the rigor of a devil." Aaron Burr's heartfelt farewell speech in March 1805 moved some of his harshest critics in the Senate to tears. Conspiracy and trialAfter the expiration of his term as Vice President on March 4, 1805, broken in fortune and virtually an exile from New York and New Jersey, Burr fled to Philadelphia. There he met Jonathan Dayton, with whom he is alleged to have formed a conspiracy, the goal of which is still somewhat unclear. At its grandest, the plan may have been for Burr to make a massive new nation in the west, forged from conquered provinces of Mexico and territory west of the Appalachian Mountains. Burr was to have been the leader of this Southwestern republic. Burr's detractors claim that it was his dream to create a Latin American empire that could control much of the farms and commerce of North America. Had he suceeded, the United States could have fallen into a full-scale civil war. General James Wilkinson, a conspirator secretly in the pay of the Kingdom of Spain, had his own reasons for aiding the so-called Burr conspiracy. As territorial governor of Louisiana, he could have seized power for himself, as he had attempted in earlier plots in Kentucky. Burr enlisted Wilkinson and others to his plan in a reconnaissance mission to the West in April 1805. Another member of the Burr conspiracy was the Anglo-Irish aristocrat Harman Blennerhassett. After marrying his niece, Blennerhassett had been forced out of Ireland. He came to live as a quasi-feudal lord, owning an island now bearing his name on the Ohio River. It was there that he met Burr and agreed to help finance the imperial ambitions of Burr's group. Burr may have anticipated a war with Spain, a distinct possibility had someone other than Wilkinson commanded U.S. troops on the Louisiana border. In case of a war declaration, Andrew Jackson stood ready to help Colonel Burr, who had purchased land shares from the Bastrop Grant in Texas. His expedition of perhaps eighty men carried modest arms for hunting, and no war materiel ever came to light, even when Blennerhassett Island was seized by Ohio militia. After a near-incident with Spanish forces at Natchitoches, Wilkinson decided he could best serve his conflicting interests by betraying Burr's plans to President Jefferson — and his Spanish paymasters. Jefferson's passivity throughout most of 1806 remains baffling to this day, but he finally issued a proclamation for Burr's arrest. Burr read this in a newspaper in the Orleans Territory on January 10, 1807. He turned himself in to the Federal authorities, but soon jumped bail and fled for Spanish Florida; he was intercepted in Alabama on February 19, 1807. Burr's secret correspondence with Anthony Merry and the Marquis of Casa Yrujo, the British and Spanish ministers at Washington, was eventually revealed. It had been, it would seem, to secure money and to conceal his real designs, which were probably to overthrow Spanish power in the Southwest, and perhaps to found an imperial dynasty in Mexico. This seems to have been a misdemeanor, based on the Neutrality Act passed to block filibuster expeditions like those questionable enterprises of George Rogers Clark and William Blount. But Jefferson sought the highest charges against his former lieutenant, even though his informant Wilkinson was notoriously corrupt. In 1807, on a charge of treason, Burr was brought to trial before the United States circuit court at Richmond, Virginia. His defense lawyers were John Wickham and Luther Martin. Burr was arraigned four times for treason before a grand jury; the fourth time, May 22, sufficient evidence was found to indict him. His trial, presided over by Chief Justice of the United States John Marshall, began August 3. Due to lack of the constitutionally-required two witnesses, Burr was acquitted on September 1, in spite of the fact that the full force of the political influence of the Jefferson administration had been thrown against him. Immediately afterwards, he was tried on a more appropriate misdemeanor charge, but was again acquitted on a technicality. Later lifeBy this point all of Burr's hopes for a political comeback had been dashed, and he fled America and his creditors for Europe, where he tried to regain his fortunes. He lived abroad from 1808 to 1812, passing most of his time in England, Scotland, Denmark, Sweden and France. He tried to secure aid in the prosecution of his filibustering schemes but was met with numerous rebuffs. He was ordered out of England and Napoleon Bonaparte refused to receive him. He had numerous affairs. He returned quietly to New York in 1812, intending to visit his daughter, but the ship she had been traveling on from South Carolina was lost at sea (either due to piracy or shipwreck), along with all of Burr's important papers. Burr lived in New York as a moderately successful attorney until his death in a Port Richmond, Staten Island, New York hotel in 1836. He maintained an interest in Western expansion until his death, and lived to see the Texas Revolution. He noted with pleasure: "What was treason in me thirty years ago, is patriotism now." Character and miscellanyBurr could be unscrupulous, insincere, devious and amoral, but towards his friends he was pleasing in his manners and generous to a fault. Although he proved irresistible to many women, few historians doubt Burr’s devotion to his first wife and daughter, while they lived. When his first wife died, Burr lost any stabilizing influence he had in life and his character took a marked turn for the worse. He once said he considered it an honor if a woman claimed him as the father of her child, even if the claim were false. He was profligate in his personal finances, and gave lip service to abolitionism even as he bought and sold slaves. John Quincy Adams said after the former Vice President's death, "Burr's life, take it all together, was such as in any country of sound morals his friends would be desirous of burying in quiet oblivion." Late in life, Burr sometimes went by Aaron Edwards (his mother's maiden name) because it was less associated with past scandals. Burr by Gore Vidal is an oblique biographical take on the politician, but it should be taken as historical fiction. Primary sources
References
Further reading
This page about Aaron Burr includes information from a Wikipedia article. Additional articles about Aaron Burr News stories about Aaron Burr External links for Aaron Burr Videos for Aaron Burr Wikis about Aaron Burr Discussion Groups about Aaron Burr Blogs about Aaron Burr Images of Aaron Burr |
|
Burr by Gore Vidal is an oblique biographical take on the politician, but it should be taken as historical fiction. He was the first President to have two middle names, and the first President to be born in June. Late in life, Burr sometimes went by Aaron Edwards (his mother's maiden name) because it was less associated with past scandals. presidents to date. John Quincy Adams said after the former Vice President's death, "Burr's life, take it all together, was such as in any country of sound morals his friends would be desirous of burying in quiet oblivion.". Bush was nearly 6 feet, 3 inches tall in his prime, making him one of the tallest U.S. He was profligate in his personal finances, and gave lip service to abolitionism even as he bought and sold slaves. In the wake of Hurricane Katrina and the devastation it wrought over the Gulf coast, Bush and Clinton have again teamed up to respond to this disaster. He once said he considered it an honor if a woman claimed him as the father of her child, even if the claim were false. [6]. When his first wife died, Burr lost any stabilizing influence he had in life and his character took a marked turn for the worse. In June 2005 Bush had Clinton over as a guest, and the two even spent a weekend together in Maine boating. Although he proved irresistible to many women, few historians doubt Burr’s devotion to his first wife and daughter, while they lived. Despite their history as political opponents in the 1992 United States Presidential Election, the two former presidents have become friends. Burr could be unscrupulous, insincere, devious and amoral, but towards his friends he was pleasing in his manners and generous to a fault. They both appeared on the Super Bowl XXXIX pregame show on Fox in support of their effort to raise money for relief of the 2004 tsunami in southeast Asia through the USA Freedom Corps, an action which Bush described as "transcending politics." Thirteen days later, they both traveled to the affected areas to see how the relief efforts were going. He noted with pleasure: "What was treason in me thirty years ago, is patriotism now.". Bush named him and Bill Clinton to lead a nationwide campaign to help the victims of Asian tsunamis. He maintained an interest in Western expansion until his death, and lived to see the Texas Revolution. On January 3, 2005, President George W. Burr lived in New York as a moderately successful attorney until his death in a Port Richmond, Staten Island, New York hotel in 1836. Bush lacks his father's middle name Herbert—so they are not known as "senior" and "junior.". He returned quietly to New York in 1812, intending to visit his daughter, but the ship she had been traveling on from South Carolina was lost at sea (either due to piracy or shipwreck), along with all of Burr's important papers. Although the names of the two men are similar, they are not identical—George W. He had numerous affairs. He is now referred to by various nicknames and titles, including "Former President Bush," "Bush the Elder," "the first President Bush," "Bush 41," "Papa Bush," or simply "41" in order avoid confusion between his presidency and that of his son. He was ordered out of England and Napoleon Bonaparte refused to receive him. Bush was simply known as President George Bush, since his son had never held elective office and was not especially well-known to the public. He tried to secure aid in the prosecution of his filibustering schemes but was met with numerous rebuffs. W. He lived abroad from 1808 to 1812, passing most of his time in England, Scotland, Denmark, Sweden and France. During his term of office, George H. By this point all of Burr's hopes for a political comeback had been dashed, and he fled America and his creditors for Europe, where he tried to regain his fortunes. Bush, his son, then Texas governor, was elected president of the United States. Immediately afterwards, he was tried on a more appropriate misdemeanor charge, but was again acquitted on a technicality. In 2000, he became the first president since John Adams to be father of another president when George W. Due to lack of the constitutionally-required two witnesses, Burr was acquitted on September 1, in spite of the fact that the full force of the political influence of the Jefferson administration had been thrown against him. Bush when it is launched in 2009. His trial, presided over by Chief Justice of the United States John Marshall, began August 3. W. Burr was arraigned four times for treason before a grand jury; the fourth time, May 22, sufficient evidence was found to indict him. The tenth Nimitz-class aircraft carrier will be named USS George H. His defense lawyers were John Wickham and Luther Martin. George Bush Intercontinental Airport in Houston, Texas was renamed after the former president in 1997. In 1807, on a charge of treason, Burr was brought to trial before the United States circuit court at Richmond, Virginia. The George Bush Presidential Library and Museum is located on the Southwest corner of the campus of Texas A&M University in College Station, Texas. But Jefferson sought the highest charges against his former lieutenant, even though his informant Wilkinson was notoriously corrupt. He has given a number of paid speeches and participated in business ventures with the Carlyle Group. This seems to have been a misdemeanor, based on the Neutrality Act passed to block filibuster expeditions like those questionable enterprises of George Rogers Clark and William Blount. He has, however, published a book containing a series of collected letters (All The Best, George Bush, 1999), and co-authored a book on recent foreign policy issues with his former National Security Advisor, Brent Scowcroft (A World Transformed, 1998). It had been, it would seem, to secure money and to conceal his real designs, which were probably to overthrow Spanish power in the Southwest, and perhaps to found an imperial dynasty in Mexico. Bush has never written a memoir of his political life, and says he does not plan to. Burr's secret correspondence with Anthony Merry and the Marquis of Casa Yrujo, the British and Spanish ministers at Washington, was eventually revealed. He holds his own fishing tournament in Islamorada, an island in the Florida Keys. He turned himself in to the Federal authorities, but soon jumped bail and fled for Spanish Florida; he was intercepted in Alabama on February 19, 1807. The Bushes live in Houston, Texas and their summer home in Kennebunkport, Maine. Burr read this in a newspaper in the Orleans Territory on January 10, 1807. Since his final election campaign, Bush has largely retired from public life and still hates broccoli, an old joke from his days in the Oval Office. Jefferson's passivity throughout most of 1806 remains baffling to this day, but he finally issued a proclamation for Burr's arrest. Bush appointed the following Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States:. After a near-incident with Spanish forces at Natchitoches, Wilkinson decided he could best serve his conflicting interests by betraying Burr's plans to President Jefferson — and his Spanish paymasters. In case of a war declaration, Andrew Jackson stood ready to help Colonel Burr, who had purchased land shares from the Bastrop Grant in Texas. Bush left office in 1993 with a 56 percent job approval rating. troops on the Louisiana border. Despite his defeat, George H.W. Burr may have anticipated a war with Spain, a distinct possibility had someone other than Wilkinson commanded U.S. Fiers Jr., all of whom had been indicted and/or convicted of charges by the Independent Counsel. It was there that he met Burr and agreed to help finance the imperial ambitions of Burr's group. McFarlane, Elliott Abrams, and Alan G. He came to live as a quasi-feudal lord, owning an island now bearing his name on the Ohio River. George, Robert C. After marrying his niece, Blennerhassett had been forced out of Ireland. Clarridge, Clair E. Another member of the Burr conspiracy was the Anglo-Irish aristocrat Harman Blennerhassett. In addition to Weinberger, Bush pardoned Duane R. Burr enlisted Wilkinson and others to his plan in a reconnaissance mission to the West in April 1805. Bush responded that the Walsh probe constituted an attempt to criminalize a policy dispute between the legislative and executive branches. As territorial governor of Louisiana, he could have seized power for himself, as he had attempted in earlier plots in Kentucky. Lawrence Walsh, the Independent Counsel assigned to the case, charged that "the Iran-contra cover-up, which has continued for more than six years, has now been completed." Walsh likened the pardons to President Nixon's Saturday Night Massacre. General James Wilkinson, a conspirator secretly in the pay of the Kingdom of Spain, had his own reasons for aiding the so-called Burr conspiracy. Weinberger's indictment stated that Weinberger's notes contradicted Bush's assertions that he had only peripheral knowledge of the arms for hostages deal. Had he suceeded, the United States could have fallen into a full-scale civil war. As Weinberger's private notes contained references to Bush's endorsement of the secret shipments to Iran, some believe that Bush's pardon was an effort to prevent an order for Bush to appear before a grand jury or possibly to avoid an indictment. Burr's detractors claim that it was his dream to create a Latin American empire that could control much of the farms and commerce of North America. Weinberger had been scheduled to stand trial on January 5, 1993 for lying to Congress regarding his knowledge of arms sales to Iran and concealing 1700 pages of his personal diary detailing discussions with other officials about the arms sales. Burr was to have been the leader of this Southwestern republic. Bush's last controversial act in office was his pardon of six former government employees implicated in the Iran-Contra scandal on December 24, 1992, most prominently former Secretary of Defense Caspar Weinberger. At its grandest, the plan may have been for Burr to make a massive new nation in the west, forged from conquered provinces of Mexico and territory west of the Appalachian Mountains. Perot won 19% of the popular vote, and Clinton, still a largely unknown quantity in American politics, won the election. There he met Jonathan Dayton, with whom he is alleged to have formed a conspiracy, the goal of which is still somewhat unclear. Another major factor, which may have helped Bill Clinton defeat Bush in the 1992 election was the candidacy of Ross Perot. After the expiration of his term as Vice President on March 4, 1805, broken in fortune and virtually an exile from New York and New Jersey, Burr fled to Philadelphia. In doing so, Bush alienated many members of his conservative base, losing their support for his re-election. He presided over the Samuel Chase impeachment trial with the "impartiality of an angel and the rigor of a devil." Aaron Burr's heartfelt farewell speech in March 1805 moved some of his harshest critics in the Senate to tears. Several other factors were key in his defeat, including siding with Congressional Democrats in 1990 to raise taxes despite his famous "Read my lips: No new taxes" pledge not to institute any new taxes. to complete his term of service as Vice President. The tail end of the late 1980s recession, that had dogged most of Bush's term in office, was a contributing factor to his defeat in the 1992 Presidential election. He escaped to South Carolina, where his daughter lived with her family, but soon returned to Washington, D.C. President Bush's popularity rating in America soared during and immediately after the apparent success of the military operations, but later fell due to an economic recession. His response: "Contemptible, if true." Burr was later charged with murder in New York and New Jersey, but was never tried in either jurisdiction. It would have been disastrous." fas.org. Burr later learned that Hamilton intended to hold his fire during the duel. We're going to be an occupying power — America in an Arab land — with no allies at our side. Some have debated who fired first; Hamilton's shot went upward and to Burr's right, striking a tree branch. [3][4] In explaining to Gulf War veterans why he chose not to pursue the war further, he said, "whose life would be on my hands as the commander-in-chief because I, unilaterally, went beyond the international law, went beyond the stated mission, and said we're going to show our macho? We're going into Baghdad. The bullet entered Hamilton's abdomen above his right hip, and he died the following day. We would have been forced to occupy Baghdad and, in effect, rule Iraq". On July 11, 1804, Aaron Burr shot and fatally wounded Hamilton in their duel in Weehawken, New Jersey. His Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney noted that invading the country would get the United States "bogged down in the quagmire inside Iraq." [2] Bush later explained that he did not give the order to overthrow the Iraqi government because it would have "incurred incalculable human and political costs.. The two would nevertheless use the same pistols owned by Hamilton's brother-in-law, which are now preserved by JPMorgan Chase & Co. In a foreign policy move that would later be questioned, President Bush achieved his stated objectives of liberating Kuwait and forcing Iraqi withdrawal, then ordered a cessation of combat operations —allowing Saddam Hussein to stay in power. Hamilton had also developed some religious scruples against dueling. This is war against aggression.". Both men had been involved in duels in the past, usually on the periphery, but Hamilton had particular qualms because his beloved son, Philip, had rashly entered into a fatal duel in 1802. Bush's position was summed up succinctly when he said, "This aggression will not stand," and "this is not a war for oil. Hamilton accepted, and as the challenged party chose to settle the matter of honor with pistols at ten paces. The broad coalition sought to remove Iraqi forces from Kuwait and ensure that Iraq did not invade Saudi Arabia. Burr responded by challenging Hamilton to personal combat under the code duello, the formalized but largely antiquated rules of dueling. In 1990, led by Saddam Hussein, Iraq invaded its oil-rich neighbor to the south, Kuwait. Burr demanded that Hamilton recant or deny everything he had ever said regarding Burr’s character, but Hamilton, having already been disgraced by the Maria Reynolds scandal, could not afford to make this gesture. As President, Bush is perhaps best known for leading the United Nations coalition in the 1990–1991 Gulf War. Hamilton had written so many letters, and made so many private tirades against Burr, that he could not reliably comment on Cooper's vaguely-worded statement. In his January 20, 1989 Inaugural Address upon taking the Presidency, Bush said:. Cooper circulated in a local newspaper, Burr sought an explanation from his erstwhile friend. Foreign policy drove the Bush presidency from its first days. Charles D. Novak and Rove deny that Rove was the leaker of the information to discredit Mosbacher, but Mosbacher maintains that "Rove is the only one with a motive to leak this.". After a letter regarding the incident written by Dr. Novak provided some evidence of motive in his column describing the later firing of Mosbacher by former Senator Phil Gramm, "Also attending the session was political consultant Karl Rove, who had been shoved aside by Mosbacher". Novelist Gore Vidal speculated Hamilton might have accused Burr of having an incestuous relationship with his beautiful daughter Theodosia, but most historians discount this as fiction. It was smoked out, and he was summarily ousted" (Esquire Magazine, January 2003). But Hamilton exceeded himself at one political dinner, where he expressed a "still more despicable opinion" of Burr. campaign after he planted a negative story with columnist Robert Novak about dissatisfaction with campaign fundraising chief and Bush loyalist Robert Mosbacher, Jr. Alexander Hamilton also opposed Burr, due to his belief (still controversial) that Burr had entertained a Federalist secession movement in New York. In 1992, "Sources close to the former president [said] Karl Rove was fired from the .. Burr lost the election largely due to a personal smear campaign orchestrated by his own party rivals, the Clintons of New York. Although his victory was a landslide, Bush in 1988 was the last Republican to carry certain states, including Maryland, Illinois, Pennsylvania, and California, which have since gained the reputation as "blue states" that favor the Democratic Party in presidential elections. When it became clear that Jefferson would drop Burr from his ticket in the 1804 election, the Vice President ran for the governorship of New York instead. The Bush-Quayle ticket beat Michael Dukakis and Lloyd Bentsen soundly in the Electoral College, by 426 to 111 (Lloyd Bentsen received one vote). However, Burr's refusal to yield the victory to Jefferson, as he had promised, cost him the trust of his own party and that of Jefferson: for the rest of the administration, Burr remained an outsider. The Horton case, and Dukakis's unconditional opposition to the reinstatement of capital punishment in the United States, played a role in creating the impression that Dukakis was "soft on crime." These images helped enhance Bush's stature as a possible Commander-in-Chief compared to the Massachusetts governor. His fair and judicial manner as president of the Senate, recognized even by his bitterest enemies, fostered traditions in regard to that position. Another, produced and placed by an independent group supporting Bush, referred to murderer Willie Horton who committed a rape and assault while on a furlough from a life sentence being served in Massachusetts. Upon confirmation of Jefferson’s election, Burr became Vice President of the United States. Army tank. Federalist abstentions in the Vermont and Maryland delegations led to Jefferson's election as President, and Burr’s moderate Federalist supporters conceded his defeat. One advertisement run by the Bush campaign showed Dukakis awkwardly riding in a U.S. Bayard, a Delaware Federalist, submitted a blank vote. The campaign was noted as particularly bitter compared to previous ones and became famous for its highly negative advertisements. Ultimately, the election devolved to the point where it took three days and 36 ballots before James A. Bush's acceptance speech and a generally well managed Convention catapulted him ahead of Dukakis in the polls, and he held the lead for the rest of the race. The attempts of a powerful faction among the Federalists to secure the election of Burr failed, partly because of the opposition of Alexander Hamilton and partly, it would seem, because Burr himself did little to obtain votes in his own favor. Bush, often criticized for his lack of eloquence compared to Reagan, surprised many by giving possibly the best speech of his public career, widely known as the "Thousand points of light" speech[1] for his use of that phrase to describe his vision of American community. Constitution, the responsibility for the final choice was thrown upon the House of Representatives. On the eve of the convention, Bush trailed Democratic nominee Michael Dukakis, then Massachusetts governor, by double digits in most polls. It was well understood that the party intended that Jefferson should be President and Burr Vice President, but owing to a defect (later remedied) in the U.S. Senator Dan Quayle of Indiana. Though Jefferson did win New York and the election, so did Burr; they tied with 73 electoral votes each. In a move anticipated by few and later criticized by many, Bush chose little-known U.S. Electoral College, and New York was crucial to Jefferson. Leading up to the 1988 Republican National Convention, there was much speculation as to Bush's choice of running mate. At the time, state legislatures chose the members of the U.S. However, Bush went on to win New Hampshire and the nomination. Because of his control of the crucial New York legislature, Burr was placed on the Democratic-Republican presidential ticket in the 1800 election with Thomas Jefferson. Senator Bob Dole and runner-up televangelist Pat Robertson. Talleyrand had been an ardent admirer of Alexander Hamilton. Though considered the early frontrunner for the nomination, Bush came in third in Iowa, beaten by winner U.S. Later, when Burr fled the United States after the Hamilton duel and treason trial, Talleyrand refused him entrance into France. In 1988, after 8 years as Vice President, Bush ran for President. During the French Revolution, French diplomat Charles Maurice de Talleyrand, in need of sanctuary to escape the Terror, stayed in Burr's home in New York City. Bush served as Acting President for approximately eight hours, most of which he passed playing tennis. Burr quickly became a key player in New York politics, more powerful in time than Hamilton, largely because of the Tammany Society, later to become the infamous Tammany Hall, which Burr converted from a social club into a political machine. During his second term as Vice President, Bush had the distinction of becoming the first Vice President to become Acting President when, on July 13, 1985, President Reagan underwent surgery to remove polyps from his colon. Jonathan Dayton of New Jersey. The Reagan/Bush ticket won again in 1984, against the Democrats' Walter Mondale/Geraldine Ferraro ticket. Burr loosely associated himself with the Democratic-Republicans, though he had moderate Federalist allies, such as Sen. In the nomination fight against Reagan, Bush referred to Reagan's supply side-influenced plans for massive tax cuts as "voodoo economics.". During John Adams's term as President, national parties became clearly defined. Bush was also more moderate in his economic positions and political philosophy than Reagan. Burr was not reelected to the Senate in 1797, and instead went into the New York state legislature, serving from 1798 through 1801. Bush had been many things Reagan had not been - a life-long Republican, and an internationalist with UN, CIA, and China experience. Washington wrote, "By all that I have known and heard, Colonel Burr is a brave and able officer, but the question is whether he has not equal talents at intrigue?" Burr later told Hamilton that "he despised Washington as a man of no talents and one who could not spell a sentence of common English.". After nearly choosing former President Gerald Ford as his running mate, Reagan selected Bush as his Vice President, placing him on the winning Republican Presidential ticket of 1980. After being appointed commanding general of American forces by President John Adams in 1798, Washington turned down Burr's application for a brigadier general's commission during the Quasi-war with France. In 1980, Bush ran for President, losing the Republican Party nomination to Ronald Reagan, the former Governor of California. Washington also passed over Burr for the ministry to France. Bush has since commented that he did not paticuarly enjoy this string of jobs, saying he never wanted to be a "career bureaucrat." However, had Bush not received the succession of appointments after his Senate defeat in 1970, it is unlikely he would have risen to a level of national prominence in politics. He sought to write an official Revolutionary history, but Washington blocked Burr's access to the archives, possibly because the former colonel had been a noted critic of his leadership, and because he regarded Burr as a schemer. Throughout the 1970s, under Presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford, Bush briefly served in a number of positions, including Chairman of the Republican National Committee, United States Ambassador to the United Nations (1971-1973), US Envoy to Communist China, Director of the Central Intelligence Agency and board member of the Committee on the Present Danger. Senator, Burr continued to fall from grace in President George Washington's eyes. Bentsen proceeded to become the Democratic Party nominee for Vice President in the 1988 presidential election, and Secretary of the Treasury in the Clinton Administration. As a U.S. He later lost his second attempt at a Senate seat in 1970 to Democrat Lloyd Bentsen who defeated the incumbent Yarborough in the Democratic primary. Nevertheless, Hamilton masked his dislike of Burr for a decade, remaining outwardly friendly toward his rival. He was later elected in 1966 and 1968 to the House of Representatives from the 7th District of Texas. Hamilton felt Burr’s victory to be tantamount to betrayal, although some have argued that Burr did not seek the senatorial nomination. Bush lost in the 1964 Democratic landslide. Although Hamilton and Burr had long been on good personal terms, often dining with one another, Burr's defeat of General Schuyler marks the beginning of their personal quarrel. Bush called Yarborough an "extremist" and a "left wing demagogue" while Yarborough said Bush was a "carpetbagger" trying to buy a Senate seat "just as they would buy a seat on the New York Stock Exchange". Whether he did this to thwart Hamilton may never be known. John Tower of Texas) opposed the legislation. It is believed that Burr introduced her to James Madison, whom she subseqently married. At the time many Southern politicians (including the Republican Sen. Her daughter Dolley, an attractive young widow, was being squired by, among others, Hamilton. In 1964, Bush ventured into conventional politics by running against Texas' Democratic Senator Ralph Yarborough, making an issue of Yarborough's support of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Payne. Bush's Secretary of Defense and, as of 2005, Vice President of the United States. They both roomed for a time at the boarding house of a Mrs. W. While Burr and Jefferson served during the Washington administration, the Federal Government was resident in Philadelphia. Dresser Industries, decades later, merged with Halliburton, whose former CEOs include Dick Cheney, George H. He was commissioner of Revolutionary War claims in 1791, and that same year he defeated a favored candidate -- Alexander Hamilton's father-in-law, General Philip Schuyler -- for a seat in the United States Senate, and served in the upper house of the US Congress until 1797. His son, Neil Mallon Bush, is named after his employer at Dresser, Neil Mallon, who became a close family friend. He served in the New York State Assembly from 1784 to 1785, but Burr became seriously involved in politics in 1789, when George Clinton appointed him Attorney General of New York. He secured a position with Dresser Industries. Burr's main rival for dominance of the New York bar was Alexander Hamilton. Bush ventured into the highly speculative Texas oil exploration business after World War II with considerable success. Those papers were served to Burr on his deathbed by Alexander Hamilton's elder son, whose father Burr killed in a famous duel, an irony which was surely not lost on the younger Hamilton. ambassador to Hungary. During the month of their first anniversary, she sued for divorce, citing infidelity, and it was granted on the day of his death. Bush's first cousin George Herbert Walker III is the U.S. When she realized her fortune was dwindling from her husband's land speculation, they separated after only four months. is the current head of the company. In 1833, at age 77, Burr married again, this time to Eliza Bowen Jumel, the extremely wealthy widow of Stephen Jumel. Bush's uncle George Herbert Walker, Jr. Aaron Burr and his first wife were married for twelve years, until her death from cancer. Walker & Co. She married Joseph Alston of South Carolina in 1801, and died either due to piracy or in a shipwreck off the Carolinas in the winter of 1812 or early 1813. Bush's maternal grandfather was George Herbert Walker Sr., the founder of G.H. While their younger daughter, Sarah, died at age three, their older daughter Theodosia Burr, born in 1783, became widely known for her beauty and accomplishments. The Bush political "dynasty" has been compared to that of John Adams and the Kennedy family. They had two daughters. Bush's Governorship of Texas and subsequent election as president, and his son Jeb Bush's election as Governor of Florida. That same year, Burr married Theodosia Bartow Prevost, the widow of a British army officer who had died in the West Indies during the American Revolutionary War. Prescott Bush, with his son George W. Burr was admitted to the bar at Albany in 1782, and began to practice in New York City after its evacuation by the British in the following year. The family has built on Bush's political successes, and those of his father Sen. Clair, and he rallied a group of Yale students at New Haven when Benedict Arnold, by then a traitor, led a British assault in 1780. Their marriage produced six children: George W., Pauline Robinson ("Robin") (1949–1953, died of leukemia), John (Jeb), Neil, Marvin, and Dorothy Walker. Burr did perform occasional intelligence missions for Continental generals such as Arthur St. He married Barbara Pierce on January 6, 1945. He resigned from the Continental Army in March 1779 on account of ill health, renewing his study of law. Throughout their lives, they remained friends despite political disagreement, as Coffin became a notable anti-war activist of the political left. Burr established a thorough patrol system, rigorously enforced martial law, and quickly restored order. Joining the Skull and Bones a year after him at Bush's request was William Sloane Coffin, a fellow classmate from the Phillips Academy. In this district there was much turbulence and plundering by the lawless elements of both Whigs and Tories, and by bands of ill-disciplined soldiers from both armies. Bush (1917), inducted into the Skull and Bones secret society in 1948, helping him to build friendships and political support. In January 1779, Burr was assigned to the command of the lines of Westchester County, a region between the British post at Kingsbridge and that of the Americans about 15 miles to the north. Bush (1968) and his father Prescott S. The Malcolms were decimated by British artillery, and Burr suffered a stroke in the terrible heat from which he would never quite recover. As a Senior he was, like his son George W. In the Battle of Monmouth (June 28, 1778), he commanded the Malcolms, a brigade in Lord Stirling's division. While at Yale, he joined the Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity and was elected President. During the harsh winter encampment at Valley Forge he guarded the Gulf, a pass commanding the approach to the camp, and necessarily the first point that would be attacked. With the surrender of Japan, he was honorably discharged in September 1945 and then entered Yale University. On becoming lieutenant colonel in July 1777, Burr assumed the command of a regiment. He was later assigned as a naval aviator in a new torpedo squadron, VT-153. Alexander Hamilton was an officer of this group. Because of his valuable combat experience, Bush was reassigned to Norfolk Navy Base and put in a training wing for new torpedo pilots. Nevertheless, Israel Putnam took Burr under his wing, and by his vigilance in the retreat from Long Island Burr saved an entire brigade from capture. Through 1944 he had flown 58 combat missions for which he received the Distinguished Flying Cross, three Air Medals, and the Presidential Unit Citation awarded aboard the San Jacinto. Burr's courage earned him a place on George Washington's staff, but the general, reportedly, never quite trusted Major Burr. When San Jacinto returned to Guam, the squadron, which had suffered 50 percent casualties of its pilots, was replaced and sent to the United States. Burr is said to have carried the fallen Montgomery for a short distance during the retreat from Quebec. Bush subsequently returned to San Jacinto in November 1944 and participated in operations in the Philippines. Benedict Arnold's expedition into Canada in 1775, and on arriving before the Battle of Quebec, he disguised himself as a Roman Catholic priest, making a dangerous journey of 120 miles to Montreal through British lines to notify General Richard Montgomery of Arnold's arrival. During the month he remained on Finback Bush participated in the rescue of other pilots. During the American Revolutionary War, Burr accompanied Gen. For this action Bush received the Distinguished Flying Cross. Benedict Arnold, George Washington and Israel Putnam. Finback. His studies were put on hold while he served during the Revolutionary War, under Gens. While Bush anxiously waited four hours in his inflated raft, several fighters circled protectively overhead until he was rescued by the lifeguard submarine U.S.S. He originally studied theology, but abandoned it two years later and began the study of law in the celebrated law school conducted by his brother-in-law, Tapping Reeve, at Litchfield, Connecticut. Both Delaney and White were killed in action. Aaron Burr, Sr., who was the second president of the College of New Jersey, now Princeton University; his mother Esther Edwards was the daughter of Jonathan Edwards, the famous Calvinist theologian. It was never determined which man bailed out with Bush. Burr was born in Newark, New Jersey, to the Rev. However, the other man's parachute did not open, and he fell to his death. . With his engine on fire, Bush flew several miles from the island, where he and one other crew member on the TBM Avenger bailed out of the aircraft. He is remembered not so much for his tenure as the third Vice President, under Thomas Jefferson, as for his duel with Alexander Hamilton and his trial and acquittal on charges of treason. He completed his attack and released the bombs over his target, scoring several damaging hits. He was a major formative member of the Democratic-Republican party in New York and a strong supporter of Governor George Clinton. While starting the attack, Bush's aircraft was hit and his engine caught on fire. Aaron Burr, Jr. (February 6, 1756 – September 14, 1836) was an American politician and adventurer. During their attack four TBM Avengers from VT-51 encountered intense antiaircraft fire. (For a slightly fictionalized view of Burr's life during and after the American Revolution). For this mission his crew included Radioman Second Class John Delaney and Lieutenant Junior Grade William White, who substituted for Bush's regular gunner. New York. On September 2, 1944, Bush piloted one of four aircraft from VT-51 that attacked the Japanese installations on Chichi Jima. Vidal, Gore, "Burr". After Bush's promotion to Lieutenant Junior Grade on August 1, San Jacinto commenced operations against the Japanese in the Bonin Islands. (For the traditional view of Burr's conspiracy.). On July 25 Bush and another pilot received credit for sinking a small cargo ship off Palau. New York, 1890. A submarine rescued the young pilot, although the plane was lost as well as the life of his navigator. iii. On his return from the mission Bush's aircraft made a forced water landing. Adams, Henry, History of the United States, vol. On June 19 the task force triumphed in one of the largest air battles of the war. Jenkinson, Aaron Burr, Richmond, Indiana, 1902. San Jacinto was part of Task Force 58 that participated in operations against Marcus and Wake Islands in May, and then in the Marianas during June. I. San Jacinto in the spring of 1944. McCaleb, W.F., The Aaron Burr Conspiracy, New York, 1903. As part of Air Group 51, his squadron was based on U.S.S. (2 vols.). After finishing flight training he was assigned to Torpedo Squadron (VT-51) as photographic officer in September 1943. Parton, James, The Life and Times of Aaron Burr, Boston and New York, 1898. Naval Reserve on June 9, 1943, several days before his 19th birthday, which made him the youngest naval aviator to that date. New York, 1979, 1983. After completing the 10-month course, he was commissioned as an ensign in the U.S. Lomask, Milton, "Aaron Burr," 2 Vols. Navy on his 18th birthday to become an aviator. This article incorporates text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica, which is in the public domain.. After graduating from Phillips Academy in June, 1942, he joined the U.S. 2. It was at Phillips Academy that Bush learned of the surprise attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. 1, Vol. Hooker. Full text of Memoirs of Aaron Burr from Project Gutenberg: Vol. His roommate at the boarding school was a young man named Edward G. Bush attended Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts from 1936 to 1942, where he demonstrated early leadership, captaining the baseball team, and was a member of an exclusive fraternity called the A.U.V, or "Auctoritas, Unitas, Veritas" – Latin for "Authority, Unity, Truth". George Bush began his formal education at the Greenwich Country Day School in Greenwich, Connecticut. Senator from Connecticut and was a partner in the prominent investment banking firm Brown Brothers Harriman. His father served as a U.S. George Herbert Walker Bush was born to Prescott Bush and Dorothy Walker. . Bush. He is the father of the current president George W. congressman from Texas (1967–1971), ambassador to the United Nations (1971–1973), Republican National Committee chairman (1973–1974), director of the CIA (1976–1977), and the 43rd Vice President of the United States under President Ronald Reagan (1981–1989). Previously, he had served as U.S. George Herbert Walker Bush (born June 12, 1924) was the 41st President of the United States (1989–1993). New York: Simon and Schuster. Hell of a Ride: Backstage at the White House Follies, 1989-1993. 1993. Podhoretz, John. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovic Publishers. Flight of the Avenger: George Bush at War. 1991. Hyams, Joe. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas. The Presidency of George Bush. 2000. Green, John Robert. New York: Simon and Schuster. Marching in Place: The Status Quo Presidency of George Bush. Duffy, Michail & Dan Goodgame 1992. New York: Scribner. All the Best: George Bush: My Life and Other Writings. W., 1999. Bush, George H. Boston: Beacon Press. The Wimp Factor. 2004. Ducat. Stephen J. New York: Praeger Publishers, 1992. Leadership and the Bush Presidency: Prudence or Drift in an Era of Change. Stuckey, eds. and Mary E. Barilleaux, Ryan J. Tree of life publications. George Bush: The Unauthorized Biography. 2004. and Chaitkin, Anton. Tarpley, Webster G. On November 22, 2004, New York Republican Governor George Pataki named Bush and the other living former presidents (Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter, and Bill Clinton) as honorary members of the board rebuilding the World Trade Center. The day before, he and his son both took part in eulogizing his predecessor, Ronald Reagan, at the latter's state funeral. On June 12, 2004, he went skydiving in honor of his 80th birthday, his first skydive since World War II. Clarence Thomas – 1991. David Souter – 1990. |