Wrestling

Wrestling is a safe way to achieve these above goals since it does not use dangerous objects. Outside of these three main groups we can find:. 8. This area consists of: Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, the Czech Republic, the Republic of Macedonia, Poland, Russia, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovakia, Slovenia and Ukraine. Camraderie, diversion and entertainment. The main religions are Orthodox Christianity and Catholicism, with large Muslim populations in some parts formerly ruled by the Ottoman Empire. 7. This area corresponds, more or less, to Central and Eastern Europe.

Aggressiveness and improved reaction time. Slavic Europe, where Slavic languages are spoken. 6. This area consists of: Italy, Spain, Portugal, France, Romania, Moldova, French-speaking Belgium, Romandy, Romansh-speaking Switzerland, and Italian-speaking Switzerland. Physical skills to control prisoners, or to carry wounded comrades. The major religion is Catholicism, except in Romania and Moldova. 5. This area corresponds more or less to south-western Europe, with the exception of Romania and Moldova which are situated in Eastern Europe.

Improved stamina, endurance and strength. Latin Europe, where the Romance languages are spoken. 4. This region consists of: United Kingdom, Ireland, Iceland, Germany, Austria, Netherlands, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Luxembourg, Liechtenstein, the Faroe Islands, German speaking part of Switzerland, the Flemish part of Belgium, the Swedish-speaking municipalities of Finland, and the South Tyrol part of Italy. The ability to get up quickly if fallen down: a very important survival skill on the battlefield. The main religion of the region is Protestantism, (except for `France and Ireland) but the further south you go, you encounter more countries with a Catholic majority (particularly Austria but also Belgium). 3. This area corresponds more or less to north-western Europe and some parts of central Europe.

In wrestling, one must keep forward pressure on one's opponent often, and in combat one must also smash or thrust weapons forward at one's enemies. Germanic Europe, where Germanic languages are spoken. Focused and powerful pushing-power. There are three main groups:. 2. The sub-division in several linguistic and cultural regions is much less subjective than the geographical sub-division, since they correspond to people's cultural connections. In war, falling to the ground made one terribly vulnerable to weapon thrusts. Notes:
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Superior balance developed from trying to keep one's balance while at the same time trying to upset the opponent's. These regions have declared, and de facto achieved, independence; however, they are not recognised de jure by other independent states. 1. Following are breakaway regions of independent states. There are several benefits wrestling provided for the soldiers that would be of use to them in hand-to-hand combat:. Dependencies located in other continents are listed elsewhere. This may come as a surprise, since wrestling does not use weapons whereas war does. Note that this is not a list of all dependencies of all European countries.

Until recent times, most armies trained their soldiers, particularly shock troops, in wrestling. In the list below, each territory is followed by its legal status. Besides the United States, Mexico (Lucha-Libre) and Japan (Puroresu) have garnered the greatest percentage of spectator commercialism under the "professional" label. Most have a degree of autonomy. This led to the scripted shows of World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) and other companies which in a 1980s court decision that would have led to the same industry regulations as for other professional sports, conceded the open secret that the "sport" was actually a highly physical theatrical performance. The European territories listed below are recognised as being culturally and geographically defined. Also, the carnival director would often place one of his showmen in the audience to answer the challenge, and the two would provide a predetermined spectacle with the intent of providing an entertaining show for the spectators. ¹ Armenia and Cyprus are not a part of Europe geographically, but may be considered to be European culturally.
² Azerbaijan and Georgia have territory in Europe north of the crest of the Caucasus and the Kura River.
³ Some integral parts of France are located outside Europe.
⁴ Russia and Kazakhstan have territory in Europe west of the Ural Mountains and both the Ural and Emba Rivers.
⁵ The name of this state is a matter of international dispute; see Republic of Macedonia.
⁶ Netherlands and two entites outside Europe (Aruba and the Netherlands Antilles, in the Caribbean) form the Kingdom of the Netherlands.
⁷ The Portuguese Madeira Islands are located in the North Altantic Ocean near the African mainland.
⁸ State union of Republic of Serbia and the Republic of Montenegro.
⁹ The Spanish Canary Islands are located in the North Atlantic Ocean; plazas de soberanía (exclaves) are located on the African mainland.
¹⁰ Turkey has territory in Europe west and north of the Bosporus and the Dardanelles.
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These showmen were well-versed in methods of "hooking" their unknowing opponents into submission using painful holds. The following independent states may be considered to be in Europe:. Modern-day professional wrestling has its roots in early traveling carnivals, where showmen would challenge local spectators to compete with them in a ring and offer prizes to anybody who could beat them. Europe passed well over 600 million people before the turn of the 20th century, but now is entering a period of population decline due to a variety of social factors. Such theatrical winning often occurs with the full knowledge of the audience. In contemporary times Europe has one of the lowest inbreeding rates in the world because of an extensive transport network paired with open borders. This is not unlike the often vulgar gladiatorial "competitions" of ancient Rome which included death at the whim or political mindedness of an emperor and his "thumbs-up". Roman road building helped with the interbreeding of the native Europeans' genetics.

Historically, many spectators have been as interested in observing spectacular "fights" or competitions as in finding out who was the better wrestler. Neanderthal man and modern man coexisted during at least some of this time. Other styles of sport wrestling include:. 10,000 years ago. A similar style, commonly called Collegiate or Folkstyle, is practiced in secondary schools, colleges, and younger age groups in the United States of America. Almost all of Europe was possibly settled before or during the last ice age ca. Two amateur wrestling styles are performed in the Olympic Games: Freestyle and Greco-Roman. Some animals live in caves, for example proteus and bats.

Most wrestling is an amateur sport but some forms, such as sumo, have long professional traditions. Important animals that live in European seas are zooplankton, molluscs, echinoderms, different crayfish, squids and octopuses, fish, dolphins, and whales. A totally whimsical form of wrestling has evolved in the USA, referred to as "negative-wrestling", whereby schoolboy opponents work for the opposite of the "pin" with one opponent attempting to pin himself and the other opponent trying to keep a pin from occurring. The sea flora is mainly phytoplankton. Often the winner of commercial contests is determined in advance but Sumo, Shoot-Wrestling (also in Japan) and Ultimate/Extreme Fighting Championships remain true sporting contests while including many commercial aspects. Sea creatures are also an important part of European flora and fauna. Such show-wrestling has continued to this day in "professional" wrestling spectaculars — choreographed for maximum visual (and even auditory) effects. Important European herbivores are snails, amphibians, fish, different birds, and mammals, like rodents, deers and roe deers, boars, and living in the mountains, marmots, steinbocks, chamoises among others.

Circus shows worldwide have historically included sideshow wrestling matches involving wagered monies and even people fighting animals (particularly bears). Other important European carnivores are Eurasian lynx, European wild cat, foxes (especially the red fox), jackal and different species of martens, hedgehogs, different species of snakes (vipers, grass snake...), different birds (owls, hawks and other birds of prey). In addition to its sporting nature, wrestling has often been utilized as the basis for popular spectacle, or theatrical drama. The wolf, the second largest predator in Europe after the brown bear, can be found primarily in Eastern Europe and in the Balkans, with a handful of packs in Spain and Scandinavia. Wrestling is possibly the oldest sport known to man and is shown in ancient wall-paintings of man struggling versus man and in the story of Jacob wrestling an angel in the Book of Genesis. In addition, polar bears may be found on Svalbard, an autonomous Norwegian island region far north of Scandinavia. Wrestling is often categorized as one of the martial arts; its virile image and usefulness as military training doubtlessly helped generate such multi-cultural evolutions. Today, the brown bear lives primarily in the Balkan peninsula, Scandinavia, and Russia; a small number also persist in other countries across Europe (Austria, Pyrenees etc.), but in these areas brown bear populations are fragmented and marginalised because of the destruction of their habitat.

Styles include sumo in Japan and yağlı güreş (oiled wrestling) in Turkey. By the Middle Ages the bears' habitats were limited to more or less inaccessible mountains with sufficient forest cover. There are almost as many wrestling "styles" as there are national traditions. However, deforestation caused these animals to withdraw further and further. The aim of a wrestling contest depends upon it's style, but common aims are:-. Once they were found in most parts of Europe. . Today wolves (carnivores) and bears (omnivores) are endangered.

Wrestling is primarily a grappling sport, although some styles do allow limited striking. The woolly mammoth and aurochs were extinct before the end of the Neolithic period. Wrestling is an ancient sport and has developed into many different styles and formats with events ranging from highly-commercialised stadium events to competitions to gain higher moral and social status. As for the animals, in many parts of Europe most large animals and top predator species have been hunted to extinction. Wrestling is a grappling sport in which two competitors attempt to throw, immobolize or pin an opponent. Glaciation during the most recent ice age and the presence of man affected the distribution of European fauna. Ancient Greek Wrestling. A narrow east-west tongue of Eurasian grassland—the steppe—extends eastwards from Ukraine and southern Russia and ends in Hungary and traverses into taiga to the north.

Mizo Inchai. The semi-arid Mediterranean region hosts much scrub forest. Mukna. Coniferous forests prevail at higher altitudes up to the forest boundary and as one moves north within Russia and Scandinavia, giving way to tundra as the Arctic is approached. Mallayuddha. Another common species in Southern Europe is the cypress. Great Britain.A form of Celtic Wrestling. In the Mediterranean, many olive trees have been planted, which are very well adapted to its arid climate.

Fianna - Ancient. In the north, where taiga grows, a very common tree species is the birch tree. Dumog. The most important species are beech, birch and oak. Devonshire Wrestling. In "mainland" Europe, deciduous forest prevails. Shuai jiao. The country with the smallest forest-covered area is Ireland (eight per cent), while the most forested country is Finland (72 %).

Khuresh. The amount of original forests in Western Europe is just two to three per cent (in the European part of Russia five to ten per cent). Glima. The plantations and monocultures now cover vast areas of land and this offers very poor habitats for European forest dwelling species. yağlı güreş. However, in many cases conifers have been preferred over original deciduous trees, because these grow quicker. Pehlwani. During recent times, deforestation has been stopped and many trees were planted.

sumo. Though over half of Europe's original forests disappeared through the centuries of colonisation, Europe still has over one quarter of the world's forests - spruce forests of Scandinavia, vast pine forests in Russia, chestnut rainforests of the Caucasus and the cork oak forests in the Mediterranean. hook wrestling. It stretched from the Mediterranean Sea to the Arctic Ocean. catch wrestling. Eighty to ninety per cent of Europe was once covered by forest. Gaining control over an opponents body. Few corners of mainland Europe have not been grazed by livestock at some point in time, and the cutting down of the pre-agricultural forest habitat caused disruption to the original plant and animal ecosystems.

Throwing an opponent to the floor, and. Others are oriented south-north (Scandinavian Mountains, Dinarides, Carpathians, Apennines) and because the rain falls primarily on the side of mountains that is oriented towards sea, forests grow well on this side, while on the other side, the conditions are much less favourable. Raising an opponent over ones head,. Some of these (Alps, Pyrenees) are oriented east-west and allow the wind to carry large masses of water from the ocean in the interior. Maneuvering an opponents shoulders toward the ground to earn points,. Mountain ridges also affect the conditions. Gaining a submission by choking, stranglin or locking the limbs of an oppononent,. There are frequent summer droughts in this region.

Pinning the shoulders of an opponent to the ground for a defined time,. Southern Europe could be described as having a warm, but mild climate. In the north, the Gulf Stream and North Atlantic Drift warm the continent. The conditions for growth are very favourable. The main natural vegetation cover in Europe is forest.

With the exception of Scandinavia and northern Russia, few areas of untouched wilderness are today to be found in Europe, except for different natural parks. Having lived side-by-side with agricultural peoples for millennia, Europe's animals and plants have been profoundly affected by the presence and activities of man. Due to the few generalisations that can be made about the relief of Europe, it is less than surprising that its many separate regions provided homes for many separate nations throughout history. The former is a land unto itself in the northern ocean which is counted as part of Europe, while the latter are upland areas that were once joined to the mainland until rising sea levels cut them off.

Iceland and the British Isles are special cases. Sub-regions such as Iberia and Italy contain their own complex features, as does mainland Europe itself, where the relief contains many plateaus, river valleys and basins that complicate the general trend. This description is simplified. An arc of uplands also exists along the northwestern seaboard, beginning in the western British Isles and continuing along the mountainous, fjord-cut spine of Norway.

This extended lowland is known as the Great European Plain, and at its heart lies the North German Plain. The southern regions, however, are more mountainous, while moving north the terrain descends from the high Alps, Pyrenees and Carpathians, through hilly uplands, into broad, low northern plains, which are vast in the east. Land relief in Europe shows great variation within relatively small areas. Eastward, mainland Europe widens much like the mouth of a funnel, until the boundary with Asia is reached at the Ural Mountains.

Three smaller peninsulas (Iberia, Italy and the Balkans) emerge from the southern margin of the mainland into the Mediterranean Sea, which separates Europe from Africa. The two largest of these are "mainland" Europe and Scandinavia to the north, divided from each other by the Baltic Sea. In terms of shape, Europe is a collection of connected peninsulas. This definition, however, excludes non-members such as Russia and Switzerland.

In another usage, Europe is increasingly being used as a short-form for the European Union (EU) and its members, currently consisting of 25 member states and the candidate countries negotiating for membership, and several other countries expected to begin negotiations in the future (see Enlargement of the European Union). In the past concepts such as Christendom were deemed more important. Some non-European geographical texts refer to the continent of Eurasia, or to the European peninsula, given that Europe is not surrounded by sea. The idea of the European continent is not held across all cultures.

Almost all European countries are members of the Council of Europe, the exceptions being Belarus, and the Holy See (Vatican City). Therefore, in some sources, some countries are not included in Europe, while the other sources do include them. Because of political, cultural and geographical differences, there are various descriptions of Europe's boundary. For detailed description of the boundary between Asia and Europe see here..

There is ongoing debate on where the geographical centre of Europe is. The western boundary is the Atlantic Ocean, but Iceland, much farther away than the nearest points of Africa, is also often included in Europe. The Mediterranean Sea to the south separates Europe from Africa. However, numerous geographers consider Azerbaijan's and Armenia's southern border with Iran and Turkey's southern and eastern border with Syria, Iraq and Iran as the boundary between Asia and Europe because of political and cultural reasons.

The boundary continues to the Caspian Sea, the crest of the Caucasus Mountains or, alternatively, the Kura River in the Caucasus, and on to the Black Sea; the Bosporus, the Sea of Marmara, and the Dardanelles conclude the Asian boundary. Most commonly the Ural or, alternatively, the Emba River serve as possible boundaries. The southeast boundary with Asia is not universally defined. The continent begins at the Ural Mountains in Russia, which define Europe's eastern boundary with Asia.

Geographically Europe is a part of the larger landmass known as Eurasia. Around 1990, with the fall of the Berlin Wall, the Eastern bloc disintegrated. From the end of World War II through the end of the Cold War, Europe was divided into two major political and economic blocks: Communist nations in Eastern Europe (with the exceptions of Turkey and Greece) and capitalist countries in Western Europe and Southern Europe. Many of the states in Europe took their present form in the aftermath of World War I.

The Industrial Revolution started in the United Kingdom in the late 18th century, leading to a move away from agriculture, much greater general prosperity and a corresponding increase in population. After these conquests Europe stabilised, but the old foundations were already beginning to crumble. The most famous of these conflicts was when Napoleon Bonaparte rose to power and set out on a conquest, forming a new French Empire that soon collapsed. The rise of democracy led to increased tensions within Europe on top of the tensions already existing due to competition within the New World.

This led to vast upheaval in Europe as these revolutionary ideas propagated across the continent. Struggles for independence arose, most notably in France during the period known as the French Revolution. After the age of discovery, the ideas of democracy took hold in Europe. They were later joined by France, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom in building large colonial empires with vast holdings in Africa, the Americas, and Asia.

In the 15th century Portugal opened the age of discoveries, soon followed by Spain. The Renaissance and the New Monarchs marked the start of a period of discovery, exploration, and increase in scientific knowledge. Isolated monastic communities in Ireland and elsewhere carefully safeguarded and compiled written knowledge accumulated previously. During this time, the Ottoman Empire conquered Istanbul formerly known as Constantinople and finished the Byzantine Empire and became the most important power of all Europe.

That period has been known as the "Dark Ages" to Renaissance thinkers. Following the decline of the Roman Empire, Europe entered a long period of changes arising from what is known as the Age of Migrations. The Roman Empire divided the continent along the Rhine and Danube for several centuries. The origins of Western democratic and individualistic culture are often attributed to Ancient Greece, though numerous other distinct influences, in particular Christianity, can also be credited with the spread of concepts like egalitarianism and universality of law.

The recent discovery at Monte Poggiolo, Italy, of thousands of hand-shaped stones, tentatively carbon-dated to 800,000 years ago, may prove to be of particular importance. Europe has a long history of cultural and economic achievement, starting as far back as the Palaeolithic, although this is true for the rest of the Old World as well. Likewise, Asia is sometimes thought to have derived from the Akkadian word asu, meaning "sunrise", and is the land to the east from a Mesopotamian perspective. From the Middle Eastern vantagepoint, the sun does set over Europe, the lands to the west.

A minority, however, suggest this Greek popular etymology is really based on a Semitic word such as the Akkadian erebu meaning "sunset" (see also Erebus). The Greek term Europe has been derived from Greek words meaning broad (eurys) and face (ops) -- broad having been an epitheton of Earth herself in the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European religion; see Prithvi (Plataia). Later Europa stood for mainland Greece, and by 500 BC its meaning had been extended to lands to the north. For Homer, Europé (Greek: Ευρωπη; see also List of traditional Greek place names) was a mythological queen of Crete, not a geographical designation.

In Greek mythology, Europa was a Phoenician princess who was abducted by Zeus in bull form and taken to the island of Crete, where she gave birth to Minos. . In terms of population, it is the third-largest continent (Asia and Africa are larger) with a population of more than 705,000,000, or about 11% of the world's population. Europe is the world's second-smallest continent in terms of area, covering around 10,430,000 km² (4,020,000 sq mi) or 2.0% of the Earth's surface, and is only larger than Australia.

Europe's boundary to the east is vague, but has traditionally been given as the Ural Mountains and Caspian Sea to the southeast: the Urals are considered by most to be a geographical and tectonic landmark separating Asia from Europe. Europe is bounded to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the west by the Atlantic Ocean and to the south by the Mediterranean and the Caucasus. Physically and geologically, Europe is a subcontinent or large peninsula, forming the westernmost part of Eurasia. Europe is conventionally considered one of the seven continents which, in this case, is more a cultural and political distinction than a physiogeographic one.

These countries are referred as "Baltic countries", a term that (in its modern sense) indicates the states around the Baltic Sea, which gained their independence from Russia after WWI and came under Soviet rule in 1940, including Estonia. Baltic languages are dominant in Lithuania and Latvia. The Armenian language is spoken in Armenia and other European countries with Armenian communities (such as France, Greece, Belgium, Russia, Germany etc.). Armenia, although not considered as part of Europe geographically, has a language that constitutes a separate branch of Indo-European family of languages and the nation is considered to be European culturally.

Finland is, due to cultural ties, considered part of the Nordic countries and Estonia is associated with Balticum. They are normally associated with northern European countries. Finland and Estonia, whose languages are distantly related to Hungarian. Due to its location, Hungary is normally grouped with Central or Eastern European countries.

Hungary, having a language not of Indo-European origin and distantly related to Finnish and Estonian. Moreover, it is mainly a Muslim country, as opposed to the rest of Europe where many denominations of Christianity prevail. Turkey, with the Turkish language, classified as Altaic and not of Indo-European origin. This group includes Georgians, Abkhaz, Chechens, Balkars, and a number of other smaller ethnic groups that reside in the Caucasus.

Ibero-Caucasian languages are not linked to the Indo-European languages. Ibero-Caucasian, a group that includes ethnic groups throughout the Caucasus region (both North and South). It is often associated with the Latin countries, due to the geographical and cultural ties to the Mediterranean Sea, and sometimes to the Slavic-Orthodox part of Europe due to the importance of Orthodoxy in Greece. In Hellenic Europe we can consider also the Greek Cypriot community.

Greece, the only country of "Hellenic Europe". Also considered Celtic nations are both Galicia (Spain) and Asturias, (within Spain), whose own Celtic language died out a millennium years ago, and England where Celtic culture persists, and Celtic dialect remains in many regional dialects (see Cumbric), although England's Celtic languages died out as recently as the 18th century in Devon. These are all nations where a Celtic language is spoken, or was spoken into modern times, and there is a degree of shared culture (see Pan Celticism). The Celtic nations: Scotland, Wales, Cornwall (within the United Kingdom); the Isle of Man (a British Crown dependency); Ireland; Brittany (within France).

Guernsey, Isle of Man, and Jersey are crown dependencies affiliated with the United Kingdom.
. ^ –5. ^  Russia is generally considered a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe (UN region) and Asia; population and area figures are for European portion only.
. Depending on definitions, various territories cited below (notes 2, 6-8, 10-15) may be in one or both of Europe and Asia, Africa, or Oceania.
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^  Continental regions as per UN categorisations/map. Kosovo and Metohia (province of Serbia, administrated by UNMIK as per Security Council resolution 1244). Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (from Cyprus; recognised only by Turkey). Nagorno-Karabakh (from Azerbaijan; recognised only by Armenia).