This page will contain videos about videogames, as they become available.Computer and video gamesA computer game is a computer-controlled game that players may interact with. A video game is a computer game where a video display such as a monitor or television is the primary feedback device. These terms are not always interchangeable as some games, particularly older games, do not use a video display. Usually there are rules and goals, but in more open-ended games the player may be free to do whatever they like within the confines of the virtual universe. The phrase interactive entertainment is the formal reference to computer and video games. To avoid ambiguity, this game software is referred to as "computer and video games" throughout this article, which explores things common to both types of game. In common usage, "computer game" or "PC game" refers specifically to games played on a personal computer, "console game" refers to games played on specifically-designed set top box, that play through a TV and "video game" (or "videogame") refers to any game played on a device that plays through your TV but also includes PC, Console, Mobile Phone or PDA or other handheld device.
HistoryThe first primitive computer and video games were developed in the 1960s and 1970s and ran on platforms such as oscilloscopes, university mainframes and EDSAC computers. The first video game was Space War created at MIT in 1962. Arcade games were developed in the 1970s (Pac-man to Frogger) and led to the so-called "Golden Age of Arcade Games". One of the best-known of these games is Pong, a simple game simulating Ping Pong. The paddles were white bars with a dot moving between them. The 1970s also saw the release of the first home video game consoles. The first home console video games, were created by Ralph Baer who is now known as the creator of video games. He created a system with limited capabilities called the brown box, which paved the way for the next wave of home consoles. The late 1970s to early 1980s brought about the improvement of home consoles and the release of the Atari 2600, Intellivision and Colecovision. The video game crash of 1983, however, produced a dark age in the market that was not filled until the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) reached North America in 1985.This presented Americans with games such as Mario Bros. and many others of today's popular Nintendo genre. The last two decades of game history have been marked by separate markets for games on video game consoles, home computers and handhelds. See the article on Console wars for additional information on that facet of game history. In 1989, Nintendo released the Game Boy, the first handheld console since the ill-fated Microvision ten years before. Included with the system was Tetris, a popular puzzle game. Several rival handhelds also made their debut around that time, including the Sega Game Gear and Atari Lynx. Although most other systems were more technologically advanced, they were hampered by higher battery consumption and less third-party developer support. While some of the other systems remained in production until the mid-90s, the Game Boy remained at the top spot in sales throughout its lifespan. The North American market was dominated by the Sega Genesis early on after its debut in 1989, with the Nintendo Super NES proving a strong, roughly equal rival in 1991. The NEC TurboGrafx 16 was the first 16-bit system to be marketed in the region, but did not achieve a large following, partly due to a limited library of English games and effective marketing from Sega. In Japan, the PC Engine's (Turbografx 16) 1987 success against the Famicom and CD drive peripheral allowed it to fend off the Mega Drive (Genesis) in 1988, which never really caught on to the same degree as outside Japan. The PC Engine eventually lost out to the Super Famicom, but retained enough of a user base to support new games well into the late 1990s. CD-ROM drives were first seen in this generation, as add-ons for the PC Engine in 1988 and the Megadrive in 1991. Basic 3D graphics entered the mainstream with flat-shaded polygons enabled by additional processors in game cartridges like Virtua Racing and Starfox. Super Mario 64 became a defining title for 3D platformersIn 1994-1995, Sega released Sega Saturn and Sony made its debut to the video gaming scene with the PlayStation. Both consoles used 32-bit technology; the door was open for 3D games. After many delays, Nintendo released its 64-bit console, the Nintendo 64 in 1996, selling more than 1.5 million units in only three months. The flagship title, Super Mario 64, became a defining title for 3D platform games. Nintendo's choice to use cartridges instead of CD-ROMs for the Nintendo 64, unique among the consoles of this period, proved to have negative consequences. In particular, SquareSoft, which had released all previous games in its Final Fantasy series for Nintendo consoles, now turned to the PlayStation; Final Fantasy VII (1997) was a huge success, establishing the popularity of role-playing games in the west and making the PlayStation the primary console for the genre. By the end of this period, Sony had dethroned Nintendo, the PlayStation outselling the Nintendo 64. The Saturn was successful in Japan but a failure in North America, leaving Sega outside of the main competition. 1998 saw the releases of the Sega Dreamcast in Japan (1999 in the US) and the Game Boy Color from Nintendo. In 2000 Sony released the widely anticipated PlayStation 2. The Sims was also released. It was an instant hit and became the best-selling computer game of all time, surpassing Myst. In 2001 Microsoft entered the videogame console industry by releasing its new home console, the Xbox. Its flagship game, Halo: Combat Evolved, is also available at the system's launch. Nintendo released their successor to the Nintendo 64, the GameCube, and the first all new Game Boy since the consoles inception, the Game Boy Advance. Sega realised they could no longer compete, and announced they would discontinue the Dreamcast and no longer manufacture hardware. Sega became a third-party developer for Nintendo, Sony and Microsoft in 2002. Nokia entered the handheld market with its N-Gage game-phone hybrid on October 7 2003. It was criticized for being poorly designed, and flopped. In 2004 Nokia released a re-tooled N-Gage, the N-Gage QD which didn't fare much better. The other two more technically advanced handhelds to be released in 2004, the Nintendo DS and the PlayStation Portable (PSP), didn't help the N-Gage. The Nintendo DS (DS stands for Dual-Screen) is a highly innovative console, and the PSP is much more powerful and also includes limited media capabilities. In Western countries the consoles have had similar levels of success,the PSP sales being slightly bigger, but in Japan the DS has been a huge hit, vastly outselling the PSP. The future of console gamingThe end of 2005 and first and second quarters of 2006 will see the next generation of console gaming in the form of continuing advances in processor technology, graphics technology, design innovation, and even platform specific gaming community infrastructure. Sony with the PlayStation 3, Nintendo with the codenamed Nintendo Revolution, and Microsoft with the Xbox 360 are all participating in this coming year's "technology race". The second generation Microsoft offering, the Xbox 360, will be powered by a multi-core CPU, the PlayStation 3 will be powered by Cell processor technology, and the Nintendo Revolution will allow the gamer to interact with the game via a wireless motion sensing controller and promises more innovations, although full technical specifications are yet to be revealed. GameplayIn computer and video gaming, gameplay (sometimes called "Game mechanics") is a general term that describes player interaction with a game. It includes direct interaction, such as controls and interface, but also design aspects of the game, such as levels and graphics. Although the use of this term is often disputed, as it is considered too vague for the range of concepts it describes, it is currently the most commonly used and accepted term for this purpose when describing video games. GenresGames, like most other forms of media, may be categorized into genres based on gameplay, atmosphere, and various other factors. The most common genres in use today include platformer, adventure, role-playing game (RPG), first person shooter (FPS), third person shooter (both these are sometimes refered to as shoot-'em-ups), sports, racing, fighting, action (note that this term is abused often), puzzle, simulation, and real time strategy (RTS). Most games nowadays are a combination of two or more genres (e.g action/RPG). The increase in the popularity of online gaming has also resulted in sub-genres being formed, such as massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG). Gaming platformsGrand Theft Auto III is an example of a game that is popular as a console game as well as a computer game.Today there are many different devices, or platforms, on which games may be played. Personal computers, consoles, handheld systems, and arcade machines are all common. Games are not interchangeable between platforms so, for example, Xbox games will not work in your PC. The 3 main home video game platform companies are Nintendo, Microsoft, and Sony, who between them have created seven of the eight home platforms most commonly used today. The final home platform is the PC. Many games intended for PCs are now just as prevalent on consoles, with many developers creating versions for more than one platform. During the last generation of gaming, most major PC game releases have coincided with the release of console versions, and titles initially developed for a single platform are often ported to others if they prove to be successful. Personal ComputerPersonal computer games are commonly referred to as "computer games" or "PC games". They are played on the personal computer with standard computer interface devices such as the keyboard and mouse, or additional peripherals, such as joysticks. Video feedback is received by the user through the computer screen, sound through speakers or headphones. PC games are often more detailed than console games because of early market releases of their external architecture and graphics cards. Today, most major PC games require a recent version of the Windows operating system to be installed on the computer. There is, however, a continuing movement to get the most popular games to run under the Mac and Linux operating systems, although it is still small. According to the Entertainment Software Association, console games have outsold computer games roughly four units to one in 2003 and 2004 [1]. For more information, see sales. One possible explanation for the declining sales of personal computer games in relation to that of consoles can be found within the PC itself: a computer must meet certain minimum requirements such as CPU speed, Random access memory (RAM), system clock speed (MHz or GHz), video card memory, hard drive space, operating system, Internet connection speed (for online games) and other criteria. Without the proper hardware, the game may perform poorly or not run at all, as opposed to console software, in which the software is designed based on the set hardware configuration of the console. Ease of software piracy is also a much greater threat with PC games, although console hardware modifications do make it possible to play pirated games on them as well. InternetOnline Games are those which are played over the Internet. Online gaming began with PC games, but has expanded over time to include most modern consoles. The first console to incorporate this feature was the Sega Dreamcast. It is now a key feature of modern games, with the inclusion of Internet connectivity in consoles such as the PlayStation 2, Xbox and Gamecube (although it was only fully exploited on the Xbox); portable consoles such as the PSP or DS that use Wi-Fi, and in mobile/cellular phones. Online games need to allow several people to play at the same time, so not all genres are suitable; the most popular genres include MMORPGs, FPSs, racing/driving games, strategy games, and sports titles. The Internet is also host to thousands of small web-based games, written using formats like Flash and Javascript. These games generally do not share the same magnitude of development costs, depth, or seriousness of PC and console games, and are generally quick to complete by comparison. Some are on going user-based games that have no ending. Some of these games, such as Runescape, however, have expanded far beyond this, and can often be considered on the same level as "mainstream" PC games. ConsoleConsole games are played on a video game console,or "home console", a specialized computer specifically designed to play games of a certain format. The player usually interacts with the game through a controller, and video and sound are typically delivered to the player via a television through composite A/V cables, although most modern consoles support additional outputs, such as surround sound, progressive scan, and High Definition setups through the use of component cables. Consoles themselves branched off from personal computers around two decades ago, a fact which is still evident not only in the name, but also in many of the peripherals available for many consoles, like the keyboard and mouse peripherals released for the Sony PlayStation 2 and the Sega Dreamcast. HandheldHandheld games are played on handheld game consoles, such as the Nintendo Game Boy line, the Nintendo DS and the Sony PSP. Handheld consoles act as their own controllers, which the player uses to interact with the game, as well as having in-built display and audio output devices. Because they are designed to be played on the go, they were traditionally small enough to carry conveniently in a bag or jacket (the Virtual Boy being an exception to this), but due to their small size, handheld consoles have reduced processing power compared to larger consoles, meaning that games are shorter, and until the release of the Nintendo DS, were largely limited to 2D. ArcadeArcade games, traditionally, are "coin-operated games", played on a standalone device originally leased to commercial entertainment venues. These are programmed, equipped, and decorated for a specific game, consisting of a video display, a set of controls, and the coin slot. Controls are similar to those available for many consoles (albeit usually as peripherals) and range from the classic joystick and buttons (Pac-Man), to light guns (Duck Hunt), to pads on the ground that sense pressure (Dance Dance Revolution). Arcade games that are no longer profitable to lease can be purchased by private individuals, many of whom then explore the game dynamics by altering the programs in minor ways. This term has now expanded to include any game that has more direct action, with fewer long term objectives, focuses on time limits and, for the most part, shorter in-game levels. PopularityThe popularity of computer and video games, as a whole, has been increasing steadily ever since the 1984-1987 drop-off caused by the video game crash of 1983, and the popularity appears to be continuing to increase. The average age of the video game player is now 30 [2], belying the myth that video games are largely a diversion for teenagers. SalesA typical retail display (in Geneva, Switzerland) with a large selection of games for several major consolesThe four largest markets for computer and video games are the United States, Japan, Canada and the United Kingdom. Other significant markets include Spain, Germany, South Korea, France, and Italy. China is not considered a significant market, most likely because an estimated 95% of video games sold in the country are pirated. [3] Sales of different types of games vary widely between these markets due to local preferences. Japanese consumers avoid computer games and instead buy video games, with a strong preference for games created in Japan, that run on Japanese consoles (1 reason the Xbox series is less popular). In South Korea, computer games are preferred, especially MMORPG games and real-time strategy games; there are over 20,000 PC bang Internet cafes where computer games can be played for an hourly charge. The NPD Group tracks computer and video game sales in the United States. It reported that as of 2004:
These figures are sales in dollars, not units; unit shipments for each category were higher than the dollar sales numbers indicate, as more software and hardware was sold at reduced prices compared to 2003. Retail PC game sales have been declining slightly each year since about 1998, but this fact should be taken with a grain of salt: the retail sales numbers from NPD do not include sales from online downloads, nor subscription revenue for games like MMORPGs. There is a commonly repeated, mistaken belief that video game sales now exceed the revenues of the movie industry. This is untrue; in the United States, video game sales have exceeded the movies' total box office revenue each year since about 1996, but the movie studios trounce the video game publishers when the movies' "ancillary revenue" is counted, meaning sales of DVDs, sales to foreign distributors, and sales to cable TV, satellite TV, and broadcast television networks. The game and film industries are also becoming increasingly intertwined, with companies like Sony having significant stakes in both. A large number of summer blockbuster films spawn a companion game, often launching at the same time in order to share the marketing costs. Computer and video games in the broader cultureComputer games are huge business worldwide. Take for example South Korea. Developers there boast MMORPGs such as Lineage and Ragnarok Online with millions of subscribers and a third of the world's MMOG revenue. StarCraft gosu (expert players) are celebrities in a game that some have called the country's national sport. The success of computer and online gaming there is usually credited to South Korea's push for broadband Internet connections in the home and earlier bans on Japanese products (these restrictions were removed by the late 1990s). Numerous websites and publications devoted solely to games have been created, including Official Xbox Magazine, Nintendo Power, Official U.S. PlayStation Magazine, GamePro, GameSpot, GameSpy, IGN, Amped News, and GameFAQs. Video gaming is now ingrained in popular culture in the United States. Many T-shirts are available that directly reference video games, such as one with a picture of an NES controller with the text 'Know Your Roots.' Also, video games have also become a major part in cross marketing platforms, such as in Pokémon or Yu-Gi-Oh, where a child can watch the television show, buy the trading cards, and play the various video games available. Video game properties have had mixed success when migrating to the movies. One of the first films based on a video game property was The Wizard, which some criticized as a 90-minute ad for Super Mario Brothers 3. In the mid-90s, films for Super Mario Brothers, Street Fighter, Wing Commander and Mortal Kombat were released. Reviews have generally been poor. Despite the ultimately poor performance of these movies, many studios still want to turn big games into movies, hoping that the popularity of the game will help the movie. However, after the initial bunch, many projects materialized that were never finished, but the success of films like Lara Croft: Tomb Raider has led to more films materializing. Doom, a game which film makers were trying to cross over since the mid '90s, finally hit theatres 12 years after its initial release. John Woo also has producing rights on a movie based on the popular Nintendo game Metroid. There is still debate in the movie industry on whether video games can consistently be turned into good, profitable movies. Films like Final Fantasy: The Spirits Within, which has received mixed responses from audiences, with some saying it is a great movie, and others saying it is a very bad movie with excellent computer-generated imagery, but ultimately flopped in the box office, and Uwe Boll's House of the Dead and Alone in the Dark, which both ended up being horrible flops both in fan reactions and box office success and both ending up on the IMDB's bottom 100 movies, do not, in turn, give much confidence in whether these movies will be handled seriously. The recently released Final Fantasy VII: Advent Children may change some people's minds though, even though it's a straight to DVD affair. On the other hand, video games get much more success when adapted into cartoons/anime. Some notable examples of major success includes the various Mario Bros. cartoons, Sonic SatAM, Captain N: The Game Master and Earthworm Jim while Sonic Underground, the American Mega Man cartoon and 4Kids Entertainment's dubs (although this isn't limited to their video game-based dubs) are cited as being poor. Sometime, they even "help" more obscure/Japan-only games pick up popularity in America although rarely; To Heart would be the best example of such thing. Movies have had far more success moving the other direction, onto video games. Most summer blockbuster films now have a simultaneous video game release; some of the most lucrative video games of recent times are based on movies, such as Electronic Arts' and Stormfront Studios' The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers and the series of EA LotR games that followed it, and Activision's two Spider-Man movie games. Even though movies have had more success in game conversion, not all movie games are popular amongst the gaming community. Some publishers believe that the success of the movie will help the game sell, and so may not have as lengthy a development schedule as needed to make a compelling game. Some examples of this are the Catwoman and King Arthur movie games along with the entire television-to-game franchise. Also, video games have found themselves on MTV2, in a popular show called Video Mod, where characters from popular video games perform songs from hit artists, such as characters from The Sims 2 performing the song "Stacy's Mom" by Fountains Of Wayne. On the Internet, gaming has also become a popular subject of many webcomics. Currently there are two varieties. The first one is the sprite comic, such as 8 Bit Theatre, in which the artist uses sprites from the earlier Final Fantasy games to tell stories. Sometimes these are original stories, but are often parodies of the game in which the sprite came from. The other is a more traditional comic strip, containing original art, like Penny Arcade. Here, the storylines or jokes revolve around current events in video gaming. The success of Penny Arcade has attracted many people in the industry, including Ubisoft. Other parodies have come in the form of amateur videos on Tetris or Ghosts and Goblins, such as those of Mega 64. Online shows are fast becoming the place to view live action gaming broadcasts such as Gamespot's 'On the Spot' ControversyComputer and video games have been the subject of frequent controversy and censorship, due to the depiction of graphic violence, sexual themes, advertising, consumption of illegal drugs, consumption of alcohol or tobacco, propaganda or profanity in some games. Among others, critics of video games sometimes include parents' groups, politicians, organized religion groups, and other special interest groups, even though all these can be found in all forms of entertainment and media. Video game censorship is defined as the use of state or group power to control the playing, distribution, purchase, or sale of video games or computer games. Video game controversy comes in many forms, and censorship is a controversial subject, as well as a popular topic of debate. Proponents and opponents of censorship are often very passionate about their individual views. Historically, this type of controversy and criticism is not unique to video games. The same situation has been applied to Comic books, music, and motion pictures. Moreover, it appears to be a question of age. Since these art forms have been around longer, the backlash against them occurred farther in the past, beyond the remembrance of today's youth. In both cases, the attempts at censorship in the United States were struck down as a violation of First Amendment rights, and they have gone on to become fully integrated facets of society. It's only a matter of time before video games will be as accepted as other forms of media and entertainment. DevelopmentVideo games are made by developers, who used to do this as individuals or small teams in the 80's. Now, development commonly requires a large team consisting of designers, graphic designers and other artists, programmers, sound designers, musicians, and other technicians; all of which are managed by producers. The visionary for any game may come from any of the roles outlined. Development by committee rarely works. Video games are developing fast in all areas, but the problem is of cost, and how developers intend to keep the costs low enough to attract publisher investment. Most video game console development teams number anywhere from 20 to 50 people, with some teams exceeding 100. The average team size as well as the average development time of a game have grown along with the size of the industry and the technology involved in creating games. This has led to regular occurrences of missed deadlines and unfinished products; Duke Nukem Forever is the quintessential example of these problems. See also: video game industry practices. Game modificationsGames running on a PC are often designed with end-user modifications in mind, and this consequently allows modern computer games to be modified by gamers without much difficulty. These mods can add an extra dimension of replayability and interest. The Internet provides an inexpensive medium to promote and distribute mods, and they have become an increasingly important factor in the commercial success of some games. Developers such as id, Valve, and Epic ship their games with the very development tools used to make the game in the first place, along with documentation to assist mod developers, which allows for the kind of success seen by popular mods such as Counter-Strike. Popular mods are very occasionally bought by the developers of the game. This was the case with Valve's Half-Life. Valve bought a number of popular mods including Counter-Strike and Day of Defeat. After the release of Half-Life 2 Valve developed these mods for the sequel and sold them through their Internet digital distribution software, Steam. Recently, computer games have also been used as a digital art medium. See artistic computer game modification and Machinima. NamingNon-gamers use several umbrella terms for console, PC, arcade, handheld, and similar games since they do not agree on the best name. For many, either "computer game" or "video game" describes these games as a whole. Other commonly used terms include "entertainment software," "interactive entertainment media," "electronic interactive entertainment," "electronic game," "software game," and "videogame" (as one word). Gamers are quite happy to use the vague term "games", or "videogame/video game" to distinguish them from board games and card games when necessary. Computer and video games are a subset of interactive media, which includes virtual reality, flight and engineering simulation, multimedia and the World Wide Web. This page about videogames includes information from a Wikipedia article. Additional articles about videogames News stories about videogames External links for videogames Videos for videogames Wikis about videogames Discussion Groups about videogames Blogs about videogames Images of videogames |
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Computer and video games are a subset of interactive media, which includes virtual reality, flight and engineering simulation, multimedia and the World Wide Web. The turpial is fairly appreciated due to its singing and was declared the National Bird on 23 May 1958. Non-gamers use several umbrella terms for console, PC, arcade, handheld, and similar games since they do not agree on the best name. Rómulo Gallegos referred to these months as "La primavera de oro de los araguaneyes" (the golden spring of the araguaneyes). See artistic computer game modification and Machinima. The araguaney flourishes within the period following a rainy season, mostly on the first months of the year. Recently, computer games have also been used as a digital art medium. It can reach a height between 6 and 12 m. After the release of Half-Life 2 Valve developed these mods for the sequel and sold them through their Internet digital distribution software, Steam. Called aravanei by the caribes, it can be found mostly in regions with temperate weather. Valve bought a number of popular mods including Counter-Strike and Day of Defeat. Was given the status of National Flower on 23 May 1951. This was the case with Valve's Half-Life. Was first discovered in the northern land in 1839. Popular mods are very occasionally bought by the developers of the game. This kind of orchid is also known as Flor de Mayo (May Flower). Developers such as id, Valve, and Epic ship their games with the very development tools used to make the game in the first place, along with documentation to assist mod developers, which allows for the kind of success seen by popular mods such as Counter-Strike. The governments through history have officially declared these as national symbols:. The Internet provides an inexpensive medium to promote and distribute mods, and they have become an increasingly important factor in the commercial success of some games. Other elements relative to the typical flora and fauna of the territory are remarkable. These mods can add an extra dimension of replayability and interest. Venezuela's national symbols include the Flag, the Coat of Arms, and the National Anthem. Games running on a PC are often designed with end-user modifications in mind, and this consequently allows modern computer games to be modified by gamers without much difficulty. See also:. See also: video game industry practices. Although baseball is tremendously popular (it's the national pastime), football (soccer) is also gaining popularity, due to the increasing performance of the Venezuela national football team. This has led to regular occurrences of missed deadlines and unfinished products; Duke Nukem Forever is the quintessential example of these problems. Venezuela is also a reference for their world famous baseball players, such as Luis Aparicio, David Concepción, Oswaldo Guillén, Andrés Galarraga, Omar Vizquel, Luis Sojo, Bobby Abreu, and Johan Santana, winner of the Cy Young Award in 2004. The average team size as well as the average development time of a game have grown along with the size of the industry and the technology involved in creating games. Teresa Carreño was a world famous piano virtuosa during late 19th century. Most video game console development teams number anywhere from 20 to 50 people, with some teams exceeding 100. The national dance is the joropo. Video games are developing fast in all areas, but the problem is of cost, and how developers intend to keep the costs low enough to attract publisher investment. The gaitas is also a popular style, played generally on Christmas, typical of Zulia State. Development by committee rarely works. The national songs are mainly from the llanos area and its environment, so is the case of the Alma Llanera (by Pedro Elias Gutierrez and Rafael Bolivar), Florentino y el Diablo (by Alberto Arvelo Torrealba) and Caballo Viejo (by Simón Díaz). The visionary for any game may come from any of the roles outlined. The national musical instrument is the cuatro. Now, development commonly requires a large team consisting of designers, graphic designers and other artists, programmers, sound designers, musicians, and other technicians; all of which are managed by producers. Autoctonal music styles are sort of a crisol of the Venezuelan cultural inheritages, most noted in groups like Un Solo Pueblo and Serenata Guayanesa. Video games are made by developers, who used to do this as individuals or small teams in the 80's. Venezuelan architecture examples are the National Pantheon, the Baralt Theatre, the Teatro Teresa Carreño,and the General Rafael Urdaneta Bridge. It's only a matter of time before video games will be as accepted as other forms of media and entertainment. The great architect of the Venezuelan Modern era was Carlos Raúl Villanueva, who designed and built the Universidad Central de Venezuela, (World Heritage Site) and its Aula Magna. In both cases, the attempts at censorship in the United States were struck down as a violation of First Amendment rights, and they have gone on to become fully integrated facets of society. Other philosophers and intellectuals, like Laureano Vallenilla Lanz and José Gil Fortoul, along with many other writers, sustained the theory of the Venezuelan positivism. Since these art forms have been around longer, the backlash against them occurred farther in the past, beyond the remembrance of today's youth. Another great poet and humanist was Andrés Bello, besides being and educator and an intellectual. Moreover, it appears to be a question of age. Major writers and novelists are Rómulo Gallegos, Teresa de la Parra, Arturo Uslar Pietri, Adriano González León, Miguel Otero Silva and Mariano Picón Salas. The same situation has been applied to Comic books, music, and motion pictures. Although mainly focused on narrative, poets figure with great importance, being Andrés Eloy Blanco the most famous of them, aside Fermín Toro. Historically, this type of controversy and criticism is not unique to video games. Following the rise of political literature during the Independence War, was the Romanticism, the first important genre in the region, whose great exponent was Juan Vicente González. Proponents and opponents of censorship are often very passionate about their individual views. Venezuelan literature began developing soon after Spanish conquest, and it was dominated by Spanish culture and thinking. Video game controversy comes in many forms, and censorship is a controversial subject, as well as a popular topic of debate. Some very remarkable Venezuelan artists include Arturo Michelena, Cristóbal Rojas, Armando Reverón, Jesús-Rafael Soto, Carlos Cruz-Diez (who both contributed greatly to kinetic art), and Manuel Cabré. Video game censorship is defined as the use of state or group power to control the playing, distribution, purchase, or sale of video games or computer games. Modernism took over in the 20th century. Among others, critics of video games sometimes include parents' groups, politicians, organized religion groups, and other special interest groups, even though all these can be found in all forms of entertainment and media. Firstly dominated by religious motives, in the late 19th century changed to historical and heroic representations, led by Martín Tovar y Tovar. Computer and video games have been the subject of frequent controversy and censorship, due to the depiction of graphic violence, sexual themes, advertising, consumption of illegal drugs, consumption of alcohol or tobacco, propaganda or profanity in some games. Venezuelan art is gaining attention within and outside the country. Online shows are fast becoming the place to view live action gaming broadcasts such as Gamespot's 'On the Spot'. Aboriginal culture was subsequently assimilated by Spaniards; over the years, the hybrid culture had diversified by region. Other parodies have come in the form of amateur videos on Tetris or Ghosts and Goblins, such as those of Mega 64. Before this period, indigenous cultural manifestations were expressed in art (petroglyphs), crafts, architecture (shabonos) and social organization. The success of Penny Arcade has attracted many people in the industry, including Ubisoft. The Venezuelan culture comes from a wide variety of heritages, mainly of the indigenous populations, Spanish and African provenance, dating from the Colony. Here, the storylines or jokes revolve around current events in video gaming. [1]. The other is a more traditional comic strip, containing original art, like Penny Arcade. Around 4% of the population adheres to other faiths. Sometimes these are original stories, but are often parodies of the game in which the sprite came from. 96% of the population is at least nominally Roman Catholic. The first one is the sprite comic, such as 8 Bit Theatre, in which the artist uses sprites from the earlier Final Fantasy games to tell stories. The national and official language is Spanish, but numerous indigenous languages also exist (Wayu, Pemon, Warao, etc), as do languages introduced by immigrants. Currently there are two varieties. While almost half of Venezuela's land area lies south of the Orinoco river, this region contains only 5% of the population. On the Internet, gaming has also become a popular subject of many webcomics. About 85% of the population live in urban areas in the northern portion of the country. Also, video games have found themselves on MTV2, in a popular show called Video Mod, where characters from popular video games perform songs from hit artists, such as characters from The Sims 2 performing the song "Stacy's Mom" by Fountains Of Wayne. The historically present Amerindians, Spanish colonists and Africans were joined by Italians, Portuguese, Arabs, Germans, and others from neighbouring countries in South America during waves of immigration in the 20th century. Some examples of this are the Catwoman and King Arthur movie games along with the entire television-to-game franchise. The Venezuelan people comprise a rich combination of heritages. Some publishers believe that the success of the movie will help the game sell, and so may not have as lengthy a development schedule as needed to make a compelling game. Most summer blockbuster films now have a simultaneous video game release; some of the most lucrative video games of recent times are based on movies, such as Electronic Arts' and Stormfront Studios' The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers and the series of EA LotR games that followed it, and Activision's two Spider-Man movie games. The idea itself (an international oil cartel) was the initiative of Juan Pablo Pérez Alfonzo, who proposed it as a response to low domestic and international oil prices in August 1960. Movies have had far more success moving the other direction, onto video games. Venezuela is one of the five founding members of OPEC. Sometime, they even "help" more obscure/Japan-only games pick up popularity in America although rarely; To Heart would be the best example of such thing. Venezuela also depends highly on the agricultural sector; both coffee and cocoa are crops with major potential for export-led growth. cartoons, Sonic SatAM, Captain N: The Game Master and Earthworm Jim while Sonic Underground, the American Mega Man cartoon and 4Kids Entertainment's dubs (although this isn't limited to their video game-based dubs) are cited as being poor. The oil sector operates through the government-owned Petroleos de Venezuela (PDVSA), which among other things owns the US-based distributor CITGO, which has 14,000 service stations in the US. Some notable examples of major success includes the various Mario Bros. The petroleum sector dominates the economy, accounting for roughly a third of Venezuela's GDP, around 80% of export earnings, and more than half of government revenues. On the other hand, video games get much more success when adapted into cartoons/anime. (more). The recently released Final Fantasy VII: Advent Children may change some people's minds though, even though it's a straight to DVD affair. Venezuela is one of the seventeen megadiverse countries, for the great number of animal and vegetable species that habitate there. Films like Final Fantasy: The Spirits Within, which has received mixed responses from audiences, with some saying it is a great movie, and others saying it is a very bad movie with excellent computer-generated imagery, but ultimately flopped in the box office, and Uwe Boll's House of the Dead and Alone in the Dark, which both ended up being horrible flops both in fan reactions and box office success and both ending up on the IMDB's bottom 100 movies, do not, in turn, give much confidence in whether these movies will be handled seriously. Other major cities include Maracaibo, Barquisimeto, Valencia, Maracay, and Ciudad Guayana. There is still debate in the movie industry on whether video games can consistently be turned into good, profitable movies. The capital, Caracas is also the country's largest city. John Woo also has producing rights on a movie based on the popular Nintendo game Metroid. The local climate is tropical and generally hot and humid, though more moderate in the highlands. Doom, a game which film makers were trying to cross over since the mid '90s, finally hit theatres 12 years after its initial release. Other important rivers are the Caroní and the Apure. However, after the initial bunch, many projects materialized that were never finished, but the success of films like Lara Croft: Tomb Raider has led to more films materializing. The Orinoco River is the largest and most important river of the country, originating one of the biggest watersheds in Latin America. Despite the ultimately poor performance of these movies, many studios still want to turn big games into movies, hoping that the popularity of the game will help the movie. The last geographical region is the Deltaic System forms a pantanous triangle, covering Delta Amacuro State, with the Atlantic platform branching off the coast. Reviews have generally been poor. The Insular Region is formed by the Nueva Esparta State and the Federal Dependencies. In the mid-90s, films for Super Mario Brothers, Street Fighter, Wing Commander and Mortal Kombat were released. Under it, is the South Orinoco Region (the Guianas, above described). One of the first films based on a video game property was The Wizard, which some criticized as a 90-minute ad for Super Mario Brothers 3. The Llanos Region involves a third part of the country's area, above the Orinoco River. Video game properties have had mixed success when migrating to the movies. The Central Range is tied up with the coast and the hills surrounding Caracas, while the Eastern Range, separated from the Central by the Gulf of Cariaco, covers all of Sucre State and northern Monagas. Many T-shirts are available that directly reference video games, such as one with a picture of an NES controller with the text 'Know Your Roots.' Also, video games have also become a major part in cross marketing platforms, such as in Pokémon or Yu-Gi-Oh, where a child can watch the television show, buy the trading cards, and play the various video games available. The Coro System, a mountainous block in the northern occidental territory, is the fount of several sierras and valleys. Video gaming is now ingrained in popular culture in the United States. The Lake Maracaibo region comprehends the lowlands near the Gulf of Venezuela. PlayStation Magazine, GamePro, GameSpot, GameSpy, IGN, Amped News, and GameFAQs. The country can also be divided into nine geographical areas, some corresponding to the natural regions, one being the Andes Range. Numerous websites and publications devoted solely to games have been created, including Official Xbox Magazine, Nintendo Power, Official U.S. This is a classical division, however. The success of computer and online gaming there is usually credited to South Korea's push for broadband Internet connections in the home and earlier bans on Japanese products (these restrictions were removed by the late 1990s). To the south are found the dissected Guiana Highlands, home to Angel Falls, the world's highest waterfall, and the northern edge of Amazonia. StarCraft gosu (expert players) are celebrities in a game that some have called the country's national sport. The centre of the country is characterised by extensive plains known as the llanos that stretch from the Colombian border to the river delta of the Orinoco east. Developers there boast MMORPGs such as Lineage and Ragnarok Online with millions of subscribers and a third of the world's MMOG revenue. Venezuela is home to a wide variety of landscapes, such as the north-easternmost extensions of the Andes mountains in the northwest and along the northern Caribbean coast, of which the highest point is the Pico Bolívar at 5,007 m. Take for example South Korea. The country is also divided into ten administrative regions (regiones administrativas), the administrative regions were established by presidential decrees. Computer games are huge business worldwide. Venezuela is subdivided into 23 states (estados), a Capital District (Distrito Capital) correspondent to the city of Caracas, and the Federal Dependencies (Dependencias Federales). A large number of summer blockbuster films spawn a companion game, often launching at the same time in order to share the marketing costs. government, via institutions such as the National Endowment for Democracy and the United States Agency for International Development, has provided opposition groups with monetary support. The game and film industries are also becoming increasingly intertwined, with companies like Sony having significant stakes in both. - - The Chávez administration has so far presented no evidence supporting these accusations, however, although it has been documented that the U.S. This is untrue; in the United States, video game sales have exceeded the movies' total box office revenue each year since about 1996, but the movie studios trounce the video game publishers when the movies' "ancillary revenue" is counted, meaning sales of DVDs, sales to foreign distributors, and sales to cable TV, satellite TV, and broadcast television networks. of being involved in plots to kill him and to destabilize his government with terrorist actions. There is a commonly repeated, mistaken belief that video game sales now exceed the revenues of the movie industry. - President Chávez and members of his government have repeatedly accused the U.S. Retail PC game sales have been declining slightly each year since about 1998, but this fact should be taken with a grain of salt: the retail sales numbers from NPD do not include sales from online downloads, nor subscription revenue for games like MMORPGs. A day earlier, officials discovered 24 kilos of C-4 and various weapons and grenades in Zulia state, in western Venezuela. These figures are sales in dollars, not units; unit shipments for each category were higher than the dollar sales numbers indicate, as more software and hardware was sold at reduced prices compared to 2003. Authorities later explained that the explosion was caused by C-4 plastic explosive. It reported that as of 2004:. The night before the election, an explosion destroyed a part of the oil pipeline that supplies Venezuela’s Paraguaná oil refining complex, one of the largest in the world. The NPD Group tracks computer and video game sales in the United States. - - The explosion of two small devices known in Venezuela as "niple," a few days before the election, and the sabotage of a major oil pipeline on election eve were part of the plan, said the lawmakers. In South Korea, computer games are preferred, especially MMORPG games and real-time strategy games; there are over 20,000 PC bang Internet cafes where computer games can be played for an hourly charge. It is worth noting that this announcement was not made by any of the State's judicial bodies, but by the aforementioned group of congresspeople, who presented the alleged physical evidence to the media. Japanese consumers avoid computer games and instead buy video games, with a strong preference for games created in Japan, that run on Japanese consoles (1 reason the Xbox series is less popular). The recordings allegedly included the voices of various retired officers who were involved in the April 2002 events and are currently being sought by the police. Sales of different types of games vary widely between these markets due to local preferences. According to the lawmakers, the CIA supported this plan. [3]. They presented recordings allegedly involving active and retired dissident military officers talking about causing 15,000 deaths, chaos, and attacks on government institutions. China is not considered a significant market, most likely because an estimated 95% of video games sold in the country are pirated. - - On December 9, 2005, National Assembly President Nicolas Maduro, MVR party leader Cilia Flores, and National Assembly Vice President Pedro Carreño claimed that Venezuelan state intelligence forces thwarted a plot to destabilize Venezuela during last Sunday’s parliamentary election. Other significant markets include Spain, Germany, South Korea, France, and Italy. Re-elected MVR congressman, and current Assembly president Nicolás Maduro, has proposed to make voting mandatory in response to December's abstention. The four largest markets for computer and video games are the United States, Japan, Canada and the United Kingdom. If we compare the voter turnout with the most recent election, which included the opposition (the August 2005 municipal elections), the abstention campaign accounted for only a 6 per cent increase in citizens who chose not to vote (69 per cent to 75 per cent). The average age of the video game player is now 30 [2], belying the myth that video games are largely a diversion for teenagers. The argument that the level of turnout calls into question the legitimacy of the elections would, if applied to any US "off-year" election, de-legitimize many congressional, municipal and gubernatorial elections. The popularity of computer and video games, as a whole, has been increasing steadily ever since the 1984-1987 drop-off caused by the video game crash of 1983, and the popularity appears to be continuing to increase. His critics argue that the election is illegitimate, since a parliament majority of 65% elected by 25% of eligible voters cannot truly represent the electorate. This term has now expanded to include any game that has more direct action, with fewer long term objectives, focuses on time limits and, for the most part, shorter in-game levels. Chávez condemned the boycott as an attempt, largely backed by the United States, to destabilize both his government and its reforms as well as the election. Arcade games that are no longer profitable to lease can be purchased by private individuals, many of whom then explore the game dynamics by altering the programs in minor ways. This gives Chavez extremely broad latitude to enact his social and economic policies, and his overwhelming majority in the legislature allows him to easily draft amendments to Venezuela's constitution. Controls are similar to those available for many consoles (albeit usually as peripherals) and range from the classic joystick and buttons (Pac-Man), to light guns (Duck Hunt), to pads on the ground that sense pressure (Dance Dance Revolution). Venezuela now no longer has a coherent, elected political opposition to Chavez's Bolivarian Revolution. These are programmed, equipped, and decorated for a specific game, consisting of a video display, a set of controls, and the coin slot. Chávez’s party, the Movement for the Fifth Republic (MVR), won 114 or 68% of the 167 seats in the new National Assembly, with the rest going to allied parties. Arcade games, traditionally, are "coin-operated games", played on a standalone device originally leased to commercial entertainment venues. In the elections on December 4th 2005, the six parties in the Chávez alliance received 21% support of the electoral universe of 13.9 million voters or approximately 2.9 million votes (official results have not been released, but it is estimated that 25% of voters participated, with the opposition parties effectively having less than 1% of the votes). Because they are designed to be played on the go, they were traditionally small enough to carry conveniently in a bag or jacket (the Virtual Boy being an exception to this), but due to their small size, handheld consoles have reduced processing power compared to larger consoles, meaning that games are shorter, and until the release of the Nintendo DS, were largely limited to 2D. In the 2000 elections, the Chavez Fifth Republic Movement won control of the National Assembly with 17% or 1.98 million votes of the electoral universe of 11.7 million voters (56.50% of registered voters participated). Handheld consoles act as their own controllers, which the player uses to interact with the game, as well as having in-built display and audio output devices. This party received 1.24 million votes. Handheld games are played on handheld game consoles, such as the Nintendo Game Boy line, the Nintendo DS and the Sony PSP. Historical figures of voter support for the winners of the parliamentary elections: in 1998, the Democratic Action Party won control of the then Congress with 11.24% of voter support (or 24.09% of cast ballots, with the remaining opposition parties taking 51.15% of the vote) from an electoral universe of approximately 10.9 million voters (52.70% of voters participated). Consoles themselves branched off from personal computers around two decades ago, a fact which is still evident not only in the name, but also in many of the peripherals available for many consoles, like the keyboard and mouse peripherals released for the Sony PlayStation 2 and the Sega Dreamcast. As a result of the partial boycott and the opinion polls, these parliamentary elections were marked by a low voter turnout of 25% (estimated 3 out of 14 million registered voters), compared to an historical turnout figure of around 45% in such elections, parliamentary elections being held separately from presidential elections. The player usually interacts with the game through a controller, and video and sound are typically delivered to the player via a television through composite A/V cables, although most modern consoles support additional outputs, such as surround sound, progressive scan, and High Definition setups through the use of component cables. The last opinion polls prior to the elections had indicated that the Chávez alliance would have won around 150 of the 167 seats in the National Assembly, an indication that the opposition may have tried to avoid an historical defeat. Console games are played on a video game console,or "home console", a specialized computer specifically designed to play games of a certain format. - - On December 4, 2005, five of Venezuela's major opposition parties boycotted the elections (half of the candidates of these five parties actually withdrew from the elections, representing 10% of the total number of candidates), charging that they were not being administered fairly; a random verification of 45% of the electronic votes (verified open source software was used) with paper ballots proved that the results of these elections were accurate. Some of these games, such as Runescape, however, have expanded far beyond this, and can often be considered on the same level as "mainstream" PC games. - - ===Parlimentary elections of 2005=== -. Some are on going user-based games that have no ending. Although the Organization of American States and the Carter Center certified the referendum, disillusioned protests continued. These games generally do not share the same magnitude of development costs, depth, or seriousness of PC and console games, and are generally quick to complete by comparison. Leaders and supporters of the opposition refused to accept the results of the election claiming fraud, despite international observers that endorsed the election as free and fair. The Internet is also host to thousands of small web-based games, written using formats like Flash and Javascript. Nonetheless, a recall election was held on 15 August 2004, and Chávez won (that is, he was permitted to stay in office) with approximately 60% of the vote. Online games need to allow several people to play at the same time, so not all genres are suitable; the most popular genres include MMORPGs, FPSs, racing/driving games, strategy games, and sports titles. - - The following two years were marked by massive protests by the opposition, who managed in 2004 to obtain more than 3 million signatures to call for a referendum on Chávez, who in turn accused many of the signatures of being fraudulent. It is now a key feature of modern games, with the inclusion of Internet connectivity in consoles such as the PlayStation 2, Xbox and Gamecube (although it was only fully exploited on the Xbox); portable consoles such as the PSP or DS that use Wi-Fi, and in mobile/cellular phones. -. The first console to incorporate this feature was the Sega Dreamcast. -. Online gaming began with PC games, but has expanded over time to include most modern consoles. - - ===Mass protests and recall referendum=== -. Online Games are those which are played over the Internet. Diosdado Cabello, Vice President of Venezuela, exerted his constitutional rights and temporarily assumed the position of president, until Chávez was restored to the Presidency. Ease of software piracy is also a much greater threat with PC games, although console hardware modifications do make it possible to play pirated games on them as well. Though initially supported by the high-ranking military that had rebelled against Chávez, he lost support after he proceeded to dissolve all democratic institutions formed under the Chávez regime - and part of the military that remained loyal to Chávez brought him back. Without the proper hardware, the game may perform poorly or not run at all, as opposed to console software, in which the software is designed based on the set hardware configuration of the console. During the confusion that followed the power void, Fedecámaras President Pedro Carmona Estanga was placed in power. One possible explanation for the declining sales of personal computer games in relation to that of consoles can be found within the PC itself: a computer must meet certain minimum requirements such as CPU speed, Random access memory (RAM), system clock speed (MHz or GHz), video card memory, hard drive space, operating system, Internet connection speed (for online games) and other criteria. During the chaos that ensued, high-ranking military officials reported that Chávez had resigned (though, later on, Chávez said he had been taken hostage by the military and forced to sign a letter of resignation). For more information, see sales. To this day, the responsibility for these deaths has not been established. According to the Entertainment Software Association, console games have outsold computer games roughly four units to one in 2003 and 2004 [1]. Television broadcasts at the time showed people firing guns into the general direction of the demonstrators, but footage allegedly shot from another camera-angle disputes this. There is, however, a continuing movement to get the most popular games to run under the Mac and Linux operating systems, although it is still small. - - Although the exact circumstances are unknown, many unarmed protesters were shot, resulting in 18 deaths. Today, most major PC games require a recent version of the Windows operating system to be installed on the computer. In April 11th 2002, during massive opposition demonstrations that unexpectedly began to march towards the Presidential Palace, high-ranking members within the Armed Forces refused Chávez's order to carry out the Plan Avila. PC games are often more detailed than console games because of early market releases of their external architecture and graphics cards. It was a first in the history of labour relations; owners, executives, managers and a few rank-and-file workers joined together to protest Chávez's economic policies. Video feedback is received by the user through the computer screen, sound through speakers or headphones. - In December 2001, the umbrella group of the nation's largest business organizations, Fedecamaras, several workers' groups, the Confederación de Trabajadores de Venezuela and the petroleum workers' union, PDVSA, called the country to a general strike. They are played on the personal computer with standard computer interface devices such as the keyboard and mouse, or additional peripherals, such as joysticks. - - ===Coup and worker strike=== -. Personal computer games are commonly referred to as "computer games" or "PC games". (see Transparency International). During the last generation of gaming, most major PC game releases have coincided with the release of console versions, and titles initially developed for a single platform are often ported to others if they prove to be successful. The government has often had to create new grassroots public services in the form of "missions." The government's claim is that this is necessary to avoid going through a "corrupt bureaucracy," but after six years in power, and with an almost absolute control of the several governmental branches, it has begun to raise questions as to its indifference - or powerlessness - to eradicate corruption. Many games intended for PCs are now just as prevalent on consoles, with many developers creating versions for more than one platform. Although political parties supporting Chávez have consistently won a majority of seats in parliament, Chávez has slowly made party policy to garner control of most branches of the government. The final home platform is the PC. - - Chávez has enacted a number of socialist reforms in Venezuela, fostering close ties with Cuban President Fidel Castro, including expropriation of plantations that owner-occupants claim are private property. The 3 main home video game platform companies are Nintendo, Microsoft, and Sony, who between them have created seven of the eight home platforms most commonly used today. In November 2000, the National Assembly granted Chávez the right to rule by decree for one year, and in November 2001, Chávez made a set of 49 decrees, including large reforms in oil and agrarian policy which made him even more popular with the poor. Games are not interchangeable between platforms so, for example, Xbox games will not work in your PC. Chávez was re-elected in 2000 under the new constitution with 59% of the vote. Personal computers, consoles, handheld systems, and arcade machines are all common. His platform, (Bolivarian revolution), called for the signing of a new constitution written by a Constituent Assembly and approved by referendum in 1999. Today there are many different devices, or platforms, on which games may be played. - - Chávez was elected president in 1998 with 56% of the vote as part of a new political party, the Movement for the Fifth Republic. The increase in the popularity of online gaming has also resulted in sub-genres being formed, such as massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG). - ===Presidential elections and new constitution=== -. Most games nowadays are a combination of two or more genres (e.g action/RPG). Chávez's role in the coup made him popular amongst the lower classes leading him to run for president in 1998. The most common genres in use today include platformer, adventure, role-playing game (RPG), first person shooter (FPS), third person shooter (both these are sometimes refered to as shoot-'em-ups), sports, racing, fighting, action (note that this term is abused often), puzzle, simulation, and real time strategy (RTS). President Pérez was eventually impeached and convicted of corruption and his successor Rafael Caldera released the coup leaders from jail in 1994. Games, like most other forms of media, may be categorized into genres based on gameplay, atmosphere, and various other factors. The coup, which resulted in the deaths of 80 civilians and 17 members of the armed forces, failed and its supporters were jailed for treason. Although the use of this term is often disputed, as it is considered too vague for the range of concepts it describes, it is currently the most commonly used and accepted term for this purpose when describing video games. - Members of the Venezuelan military, including Hugo Chávez, attempted a coup d'état in 1992 to remove the democratically elected president, Carlos Andrés Pérez from power. It includes direct interaction, such as controls and interface, but also design aspects of the game, such as levels and graphics. - ===Chávez and the 1992 coup attempt=== -. In computer and video gaming, gameplay (sometimes called "Game mechanics") is a general term that describes player interaction with a game. -. The second generation Microsoft offering, the Xbox 360, will be powered by a multi-core CPU, the PlayStation 3 will be powered by Cell processor technology, and the Nintendo Revolution will allow the gamer to interact with the game via a wireless motion sensing controller and promises more innovations, although full technical specifications are yet to be revealed. -. Sony with the PlayStation 3, Nintendo with the codenamed Nintendo Revolution, and Microsoft with the Xbox 360 are all participating in this coming year's "technology race". - ==Current political events==. The end of 2005 and first and second quarters of 2006 will see the next generation of console gaming in the form of continuing advances in processor technology, graphics technology, design innovation, and even platform specific gaming community infrastructure. The National Electoral Council (CNE) is in charge of electoral processes; it is formed by five main directors elected by the National Assembly. In Western countries the consoles have had similar levels of success,the PSP sales being slightly bigger, but in Japan the DS has been a huge hit, vastly outselling the PSP. The highest judicial body is the Supreme Tribunal of Justice or Tribunal Supremo de Justicia, whose magistrates are elected by parliament for a single 12-year term. The Nintendo DS (DS stands for Dual-Screen) is a highly innovative console, and the PSP is much more powerful and also includes limited media capabilities. They are elected by popular vote through a combination of party lists and single member constituencies. The other two more technically advanced handhelds to be released in 2004, the Nintendo DS and the PlayStation Portable (PSP), didn't help the N-Gage. Its 165 deputies, of which three are reserved for indigenous peoples, serve five-year terms and may be re-elected for a maximum of two additional terms. In 2004 Nokia released a re-tooled N-Gage, the N-Gage QD which didn't fare much better. The unicameral Venezuelan parliament is the National Assembly or Asamblea Nacional. It was criticized for being poorly designed, and flopped. The president can ask the legislature to reconsider portions of laws he finds objectionable, but a simple parliamentary majority can override these objections. Nokia entered the handheld market with its N-Gage game-phone hybrid on October 7 2003. The president appoints the vice-president and decides the size and composition of the cabinet and makes appointments to it with the involvement of the legislature. Sega became a third-party developer for Nintendo, Sony and Microsoft in 2002. The term of office is six years, and a president may be re-elected to a single consecutive term. Sega realised they could no longer compete, and announced they would discontinue the Dreamcast and no longer manufacture hardware. The Venezuelan president is elected by a popular vote, with direct and universal suffrage, and functions as both head of state and head of government. Nintendo released their successor to the Nintendo 64, the GameCube, and the first all new Game Boy since the consoles inception, the Game Boy Advance. See also: Discoverer of the Americas, List of Presidents of Venezuela. Its flagship game, Halo: Combat Evolved, is also available at the system's launch. (more). In 2001 Microsoft entered the videogame console industry by releasing its new home console, the Xbox. Venezuela is member of the South American Community of Nations (SACN). It was an instant hit and became the best-selling computer game of all time, surpassing Myst. Since that year, Venezuela has enjoyed an unbroken tradition of democratic civilian rule, though not without conflict. The Sims was also released. Much of Venezuela's 19th and early 20th century history was characterized by political instability, political struggle, and dictatorial rule.[1] Following the death of Juan Vicente Gómez in 1935 and the demise of caudillismo (authoritarian oligarchical rule), democratic struggles eventually forced the military to withdraw from direct involvement in national politics in 1958. In 2000 Sony released the widely anticipated PlayStation 2. Páez became the first president of Venezuela. 1998 saw the releases of the Sega Dreamcast in Japan (1999 in the US) and the Game Boy Color from Nintendo. Venezuela became, after the war of independence, along with Colombia and Ecuador part of the Republic of Gran Colombia (República de Gran Colombia) until 1830, when the country separated through a rebellion led by the aforementioned Jose Antonio Páez and declared itself as a sovereign republic. The Saturn was successful in Japan but a failure in North America, leaving Sega outside of the main competition. Antonio José de Sucre, who won many battles for Bolivar, was to become his natural successor until he was murdered. By the end of this period, Sony had dethroned Nintendo, the PlayStation outselling the Nintendo 64. He then led the army towards the south liberating Peru, and Bolivia (whose name comes after the Libertador) from the Spaniards. In particular, SquareSoft, which had released all previous games in its Final Fantasy series for Nintendo consoles, now turned to the PlayStation; Final Fantasy VII (1997) was a huge success, establishing the popularity of role-playing games in the west and making the PlayStation the primary console for the genre. New Granada's congress gave Bolívar control of the Granadian army who then led several countries to freedom and created a new republic called Colombia (also known as Great Colombia to differentiate it to the actual Republic of Colombia) conformed by what are now Colombia, Panama, Ecuador and Venezuela. Nintendo's choice to use cartridges instead of CD-ROMs for the Nintendo 64, unique among the consoles of this period, proved to have negative consequences. Nevertheless, the full control over Venezuelan territory was achieved after Bolivar, with the help of General José Antonio Páez and especially the then General Grand Marshall Antonio José de Sucre, whose battle plan Bolívar chose to follow, won the Battle of Carabobo in June 24th 1821, and after José Prudencio Padilla won the Naval Battle of Lake Maracaibo on July 24th 1823. The flagship title, Super Mario 64, became a defining title for 3D platform games. After several unsuccessful uprisings, the country declared independence from Spain on July 5th 1811 under the leadership of its most famous son, Simón Bolívar. After many delays, Nintendo released its 64-bit console, the Nintendo 64 in 1996, selling more than 1.5 million units in only three months. Parts of what is now eastern Venezuela became New Andalusia. Both consoles used 32-bit technology; the door was open for 3D games. Venezuela was the site of one of the first permanent Spanish settlements in South America in 1522, and most of the territory eventually became part of the viceroyalty of New Granada. In 1994-1995, Sega released Sega Saturn and Sony made its debut to the video gaming scene with the PlayStation. . Basic 3D graphics entered the mainstream with flat-shaded polygons enabled by additional processors in game cartridges like Virtua Racing and Starfox. It has been claimed that Christopher Columbus was so enthralled by Venezuela's landscape, when arriving to its coast in 1498, that he referred to the land as Tierra de Gracia (Land of Grace), which has become the country’s nickname. CD-ROM drives were first seen in this generation, as add-ons for the PC Engine in 1988 and the Megadrive in 1991. To this day, Venezuela is known for its petroleum industry, the environmental diversity of its territory, and its sheer natural beauty. The PC Engine eventually lost out to the Super Famicom, but retained enough of a user base to support new games well into the late 1990s. This issue is not yet resolved. In Japan, the PC Engine's (Turbografx 16) 1987 success against the Famicom and CD drive peripheral allowed it to fend off the Mega Drive (Genesis) in 1988, which never really caught on to the same degree as outside Japan. Historically, Venezuela has had territorial disputes with Guyana, largely concerning the Essequibo area. The NEC TurboGrafx 16 was the first 16-bit system to be marketed in the region, but did not achieve a large following, partly due to a limited library of English games and effective marketing from Sega. A former Spanish colony, Venezuela is a Federal Republic. The North American market was dominated by the Sega Genesis early on after its debut in 1989, with the Nintendo Super NES proving a strong, roughly equal rival in 1991. North of the Venezuelan coast lie the islands of Aruba, the Netherlands Antilles, and Trinidad and Tobago. While some of the other systems remained in production until the mid-90s, the Game Boy remained at the top spot in sales throughout its lifespan. Venezuela borders Brazil to the south, Guyana to the east, and Colombia to the west. Although most other systems were more technologically advanced, they were hampered by higher battery consumption and less third-party developer support. IPA [re'puβlika boliβaɾiana de benesu'ela]) is a country on the northern tropical Caribbean coast of South America. Several rival handhelds also made their debut around that time, including the Sega Game Gear and Atari Lynx. The Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (IPA: [ˌvɛnəˈzwelə]; Spanish: República Bolivariana de Venezuela, pron. Included with the system was Tetris, a popular puzzle game. Note 2: The flag and coat of arms were recently modified; the old versions are depicted. In 1989, Nintendo released the Game Boy, the first handheld console since the ill-fated Microvision ten years before. The turpial (Icterus icterus). See the article on Console wars for additional information on that facet of game history. The araguaney (Tabebuia chrysantha). The last two decades of game history have been marked by separate markets for games on video game consoles, home computers and handhelds. The orchid (Cattleya mossiae). and many others of today's popular Nintendo genre. List of players from Venezuela in Major League Baseball. The video game crash of 1983, however, produced a dark age in the market that was not filled until the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) reached North America in 1985.This presented Americans with games such as Mario Bros. List of Venezuelans. The late 1970s to early 1980s brought about the improvement of home consoles and the release of the Atari 2600, Intellivision and Colecovision. Venezuelan Spanish. He created a system with limited capabilities called the brown box, which paved the way for the next wave of home consoles. Cuisine of Venezuela. The first home console video games, were created by Ralph Baer who is now known as the creator of video games. Music of Venezuela. The 1970s also saw the release of the first home video game consoles. The paddles were white bars with a dot moving between them. One of the best-known of these games is Pong, a simple game simulating Ping Pong. Arcade games were developed in the 1970s (Pac-man to Frogger) and led to the so-called "Golden Age of Arcade Games". The first video game was Space War created at MIT in 1962. The first primitive computer and video games were developed in the 1960s and 1970s and ran on platforms such as oscilloscopes, university mainframes and EDSAC computers. . In common usage, "computer game" or "PC game" refers specifically to games played on a personal computer, "console game" refers to games played on specifically-designed set top box, that play through a TV and "video game" (or "videogame") refers to any game played on a device that plays through your TV but also includes PC, Console, Mobile Phone or PDA or other handheld device. To avoid ambiguity, this game software is referred to as "computer and video games" throughout this article, which explores things common to both types of game. The phrase interactive entertainment is the formal reference to computer and video games. Usually there are rules and goals, but in more open-ended games the player may be free to do whatever they like within the confines of the virtual universe. These terms are not always interchangeable as some games, particularly older games, do not use a video display. A video game is a computer game where a video display such as a monitor or television is the primary feedback device. A computer game is a computer-controlled game that players may interact with. PC game sales: $1.1 billion, down 2% from 2003 [6]. Console and portable hardware and accessory sales: $3.7 billion, down 35% from 2003 [5]. Console and portable software sales: $6.2 billion, up 8% from 2003 [4]. For specific information regarding "console games" or, see console game.. For specific information regarding "computer games", see personal computer game.. |