Tour de France

[4] IMDB link. Nevertheless, the form "daylight savings time" appears without remark as to its nonstandardness in some dictionaries, including The American Heritage Dictionary. The film is directed by Pepe Danquart who won an Academy Award for Live Action Short Film in 1993 for Black Rider (Schwarzfahrer). Most compound adjectives are joined with a hyphen, but "daylight-saving time," too, is nonstandard. It is a record of the 90th Tour de France in 2003, the centenary year, from the perspective of Team Telekom. In the standard form of the name, "daylight saving" is a compound adjective (part of which is a participle) that modifies "time." A common variant is daylight savings time. Although this alternate form is frequently heard in speech, it is nonstandard and appears rarely in edited writing. In 2005 a film titled Hell on Wheels was released. This is especially important in autumn, just before the heating season causes an increase in home fires.

[3]. For example, the Country Fire Authority of Victoria in Australia has been running a program called "Change Your Clock, Change Your Smoke Alarm Battery" for several years. Noted personalities such as Daniel Baal and Lance Armstrong have denounced probable doping. Fire safety officials in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United States encourage citizens to use the two annual time changes as a reminder to check the batteries in home and office fire alarms and smoke detectors. They attribute those speed increases to better performance-enhancing drugs, possibly not detected by current anti-doping investigations. Another common mnemonic of equal meaning is "spring ahead, fall behind.". Many commentators have remarked that the average speed at which the Tour is run has continued to rise, whereas improvements in training methods, bicycles etc., on a fairly mature sport, should only yield marginal improvements. This uses the word "fall" to mean "autumn"; while this usage has died out in British English, it is still very common in North American English.

Although they intend to test the samples once the new test is ready, it is not clear what actions will be taken if the tests come back positive. The mnemonic "spring forward, fall back" tells us how to reset clocks when the time changes, regardless of hemisphere (although it has to be remembered that spring and autumn occur during different months in the northern and southern hemispheres). However the samples were not tested for EPO, as the test was not ready for use and would not be until after the race completed. Different people start their day at different times (office workers start their day later than factory workers, who start their day later than farm workers), regardless of daylight saving time. In 2004, the UCI introduced a somewhat more rigorous testing program, taking urine samples a few times during the race. Other critics suggest that DST is, at its heart, government paternalism and that people rise in the morning as a matter of choice because many people enjoy nighttime hours and their jobs do not require them to make the most of daylight. Furthermore, it is claimed that EPO is already passé and that other potent blood replacement products that do not increase the hematocrit rates are already in use in the cycling world. DST is particularly unpopular among people working in agriculture because the animals do not observe it, and thus the people are placed out of synchronization with the rest of the community, including school times, broadcast schedules, and the like.

This fear is surfacing in other sports, as Major League Baseball and track and field have been dogged by steroid controversies as well in recent years. Opponents point to the longer hours of darkness on winter mornings, especially in Scotland, the north of England and Northern Ireland which might well cause an increase in road accidents. The UCI appears to be too afraid to lose popular Tour riders, and would rather operate under continued controversy than lower participation. This would make winter evenings longer, thereby reducing traffic accidents and cases of seasonal affective disorder. The UCI has done little to address these problems, taking a sort of "don't ask, don't tell" attitude, and running only a small and semi-voluntary drug testing program that is considered trivial to beat. Alternatively, some would like Britain to adopt Central European Time and jump forward another hour during the summer (adopting a Single/Double Summer Time from Britain's perspective). Some claim that EPO use is almost universal. Some campaigners in Britain would like the country to stay on British Summer Time (BST) all year round, or in other words, adopt Central European Time and abolish BST.

In particular there is continued controversy over the use of EPO, a hormone that increases the amount of red blood cells in the blood and thus offers increased cardiovascular endurance. Some studies do show that changing the clock increases the traffic accident rate.^[1] Following the spring shift to daylight saving time (when one hour of sleep is lost) there is a measurable increase in the number of traffic accidents that result in fatalities. Professional cycling in general has a reputation for being one of the most doped sports. For example, during a North American time change, an autumn night where clocks are reset from 3 AM summer to 2 AM winter time, times between 2AM and 3AM will occur twice, causing confusion in transport schedules, payment systems, etc. However, during the official announcement of the 2006 Tour route in October 2005, an event that typically highlights the previous year's winner, the Tour management scrubbed all mention of Armstrong from the program. No formal studies have been performed, but an enormous amount of time has been spent by software developers to deal with the fact that 2400 hours past 2pm is not necessarily 2pm 100 days later. Armstrong denied using EPO, and because there was no "counter-sample" to test, the UCI would not sanction him. It is also speculated that one of the benefits—more afternoon sun—would also actually increase energy consumption as people get into their cars to enjoy more time for shopping and the like.

This claim was based on a newer test on frozen urine samples that had been kept at the French national dope testing laboratory. It was for this reason that Arizona rejected DST and opted to stay on standard time all year. In late August 2005, one month after Armstrong's seventh consecutive victory in the Tour, the French sports newspaper L'Equipe claimed to have uncovered evidence that Lance Armstrong used EPO in 1999, before any EPO test had yet been invented. Air conditioning often uses more energy than artificial lighting. While Armstrong had been subjected to urine testing after nearly every stage he raced in the Tour, a urine test for EPO was not available until 2002, and even then the test was unable to detect EPO usage after more than a few days. When air conditioning was not widely available, the change did save energy; however, air conditioning is much more widespread now than it was several decades ago. Armstrong, wearing the yellow jersey at the time, took umbrage. While many people use more sunlight under DST, most people also experience more heat, which prompts many people to turn on the air conditioner during the warmer afternoon hours.

While he stopped short of directly accusing Armstrong of doping, Christophe Bassons (who is widely cosidered to be one of the few members of the 1998 Festina team who did not dope, and a known opponent of doping) wrote a newspaper diary during the 1999 Tour in which he implied that it was impossible to win the Tour without doping. There is also a question whether the decrease in lighting costs justifies the increase in summertime air conditioning costs. Other athletes have suggested that Armstrong's performances are unnatural without doping. It is also noted that much effort is spent reminding everyone twice a year of the change, and thousands are inconvenienced by showing up at the wrong time when they forget. Simeoni's defamation suit against Armstrong is currently scheduled to be argued in the Spring of 2006. The disruption in sleep patterns associated with setting clocks either forward or backward correlates with a spike in the number of severe auto accidents, as well as lost productivity as sleep-disrupted workers adjust to the schedule change. Although Simeoni has since signed with the Amore e Vita team, the team that also signed Jesus Manzano, it appears unlikely that he will again ride on a major ProTour team. Opponents claim that there is not enough benefit to justify the need to adjust clocks twice every year.

Simeoni and Armstrong then rejoined the peloton. DST is not universally accepted; many localities do not observe it. Having the race leader in an early break dooms their chances, so the members of the leading group pleaded with Simeoni to return to the peloton and, by implication, to take Armstrong with him. (Stats from this article). In a highly unusual move for a wearer of the yellow jersey, Armstrong himself chased Simeoni and they rode together to join the break. $28 million in traffic costs. Shortly thereafter, during the 18th stage of the 2004 Tour, Simeoni broke free of the peloton in an attempt to join a "break" that was up the road. went on extended DST in 1974 and 1975 in response to the 1973 energy crisis, Department of Transportation studies found that observing DST in March and April saved 10,000 barrels of oil a day, and prevented about 2,000 traffic injuries and 50 fatalities saving about U.S.

In a 2003 interview with the French paper Le Monde, Armstrong said that Simeoni was a liar ("menteur absolu"), eventually leading to Simeoni suing him for defamation. When the U.S. Armstrong had admitted to using Ferrari's services just before Simeoni's disclosure, leading to questions about whether Armstrong had used EPO. Other benefits cited include prevention of traffic injuries (by allowing more people to return home from work or school in daylight), and crime reduction (by reducing people's risk of being targets of crimes that are more common in dark areas). He also stated that Ferrari had developed a program for EPO use that would remain undetected. Most people plan outdoor activities during the increased hours of sunlight. Michele Ferrari as his source of EPO. Another perceived benefit of DST is increased opportunities for outdoor activities.

In 2002, Italian cyclist Filippo Simeoni, while under suspension for doping, began to cooperate with prosecutors and implicated Dr. During the summer most people would wake up after the sun rises, regardless of whether daylight saving time is in effect or not, so there is no increased need for morning lighting to offset the afternoon drop in energy usage. Controversy continues to surround Lance Armstrong. Part of the reason that it is normally observed in the late spring, summer, and early autumn is because during the winter months the amount of energy saved by moving sunset one hour later is negated by the increased need for morning lighting by moving sunrise by the same amount. Other members of Cofidis were also implicated by the testimony of fellow rider Philippe Gaumont, who told investigators and the press that doping with steroids, human growth hormones, EPO, and amphetamines was systematic on the team. United States Department of Transportation studies showed that DST reduces the country's electricity usage by one percent while DST is in effect. Millar later admitted to doping with EPO before the 2003 World Championships -- his title was stripped from him, and he was suspended from professional cycling for two years. Because people tend to observe the same bedtime year-round, by artificially moving sunset one hour later, the amount of energy used is theoretically reduced.

In 2004, British cylist David Millar of Cofidis, then the reigning time trial World Champion, was taken in for questioning by French police. Theoretically, the amount of residential electricity needed in the evening hours is dependent both on when the sun sets and when people go to bed. Kelme had refused to renew Manzano's contract after the 2003 season, citing both lack of results and behavioral problems -- Manzano had been kicked out of the 2003 Vuelta a Espana by Kelme, ostensibly for having a girl in his room during the race. One of the major reasons given for observing DST is energy conservation. In the Spring of 2004, Jesus Manzano, a Spanish rider who had ridden for Kelme from 2000 to 2003, told Madrid sports newspaper As that he had been forced by his former team to take banned substances, and went into considerable technical detail about how riders avoid detection. Starting and ending dates are variable: normally, Brazilian DST starts at 00:00 on an October (rarely November) Sunday and ends at 00:00 on a February Sunday. Use of prescriptions unmotivated by medical needs, particularly external corticoids which cannot be distinguished from (prohibited) injected ones, has been described by some cycling insiders as a widespread trick. Brazil adopted DST for the first time in 1931, but uninterruptedly since 1985 in southern states (south, southeast regions and states of Goiás and Mato Grosso do Sul).

However, sports authorities decided not to apply this article and cleared Armstrong. In specific years the starting and ending dates have been modified for political or climatic reasons. Although the amount detected both was well below the "positive" threshold and was consistent with the amount that would be used for a topical skin cream, prescriptions must be shown to sports authorities in advance of use (UCI Rules Title XIV Chapter 4 Article 43). The current law which affects the entire country was enacted in 1970, but it had observed the practice as early as 1927 when the country had been divided into two distinct time zones. Armstrong explained he had used an external "cortisone" ointment in order to treat a saddle sore, and produced a prescription for it. Chile switches to DST at 24:00 on the second Saturday in October and reverts to Local Standard Time (LST) at 24:00 on the second Sunday the following March. An accusation was made against Lance Armstrong during the 1999 Tour, when a glucocorticosteroid was detected in his urine. Standard Time Zone Boundary in the State of Indiana (a 139 KB pdf file) has some history, public comments from each county, the final DOT determination, and the resulting time zone boundary.

While Virenque was not sentenced (but had penalties imposed on him by sports authority), the management of Festina, the aides, the doctors, and some pharmacists were found guilty and handed down fines and suspended jail sentences. Currently, Pulaski and Martin counties are reconsidering their bid to join the Central time zone. During the trial, he confessed to doping himself. These counties are: Starke and Pulaski Counties in the Northwest, and Daviess, Dubois, Knox, Martin, Perry, and Pike in the Southwest. In 2000, he and the management of the Festina team were tried. As a result of the review, the United States Department of Transportation moved eight more counties to the Central time zone, effective when DST begins on April 2, 2006. This denial sounds as convoluted in French as it does in English, and the mock news show Les Guignols de l'Info quickly catapulted the phrase into French popular culture. The bill to observe DST also required the governor to request federal review of the time zone divisions in the state.

Richard Virenque denied doping himself and said that if he had been doped, it was not willfully (literally, "à l'insu de mon plein gré"). On April 29, 2005, the Indiana legislature voted to begin observing daylight saving time statewide in 2006. (Daniel Baal, Droit dans le mur). From 1991 until April 1, 2006 the state had three kinds of time zones and DST observances:. Polemics ensued, especially alleging the weakness of UCI's measures compared to the measures decided by the French cycling federation. Opponents claimed that daylight saving time created costs and inconvenience associated with changing clocks twice a year and had little or no real value. In the end the "Tour of Shame" continued after the UCI backed down and promised to limit the heavy-handed actions, although several teams were forced to withdraw from the race. Some supporters claimed that some businesses had located out-of-state due to the time-related confusion.

UCI, the international sport body for cycling, promised tough measures. Being out of sync with neighboring states and the national changing of clocks, supporters argued, had a negative economic impact on the state. The Spanish teams quit the Tour in a show of solidarity led by the ONCE team. In the past, neighboring communities sometimes ended up one or even two hours apart. In response the riders started a "sit-down strike" and refused to ride, thereby putting millions of dollars of endorsements and advertising revenue in jeopardy. DST has been a long-standing controversy in Indiana, not only as an agricultural state, but also because the border separating the Eastern and Central time zones divides the state. On July 23, 1998, French police forces acting on search warrants raided several teams in their hotels and found significant quantities of doping products in the hotel and cars of the TVM (cycling team) team. Hawaii does not observe DST.

The team's lawyer was Thibault de Montbrial. However, the large Navajo Indian Reservation within it does. Well-known riders on the 1998 Festina team included Laurent Brochard, Christophe Moreau, Didier Rous, Richard Virenque, and Alex Zülle. Most of Arizona does not observe DST. It was argued that doping was generalized inside the cycling world, at least for racers who wanted to achieve major results. Certain types of information systems (those that schedule future events with reference to UTC, for example) are almost guaranteed to encounter serious desynchronization problems unless both computers and databases are carefully updated—in some cases by hand. In the 2000 criminal trial that ensued, it became apparent that the management of the Festina team had deliberately organized doping inside the team, including the hiring of a physician (Doctor Eric Rijkaert) because, the director sportif of the team Bruno Roussel later said, it was thought safer for the athletes than if they were left to their own individual doping schemes without competent medical advice. More difficult to quantify is the amount of labor and money that may be spent correcting errors that arise due to a failure to update computers.

He later revealed many common practices of the cycling world in his book, Massacre à la Chaîne. A two-minute procedure for updating a computer, multiplied by a hundred million computers, represents nearly 1700 years of full-time labor. On July 8, 1998, a major scandal erupted when French Customs arrested Willy Voet, one of the soigneurs for the Festina cycling team, for the possession of illegal quantities of prescription drugs and narcotics, including erythropoietin (EPO), growth hormones, testosterone and amphetamines. In order to change the dates and times at which the automatic jump to or from DST occurs, these tables must be modified, which requires some sort of manual intervention by a human being in the great majority of cases. The 1998 Tour de France was perhaps the most scandal-ridden Tour in recent memory. Most computers are programmed to adjust automatically for DST, but they do so based on static tables stored directly on the computer itself. On July 13, 1967, British cyclist Tom Simpson died climbing Mont Ventoux following excessive usage of amphetamines, probably complicated by the now defunct practice of limiting daily water intake to only four bidons, circa 2 litres. An additional issue raised by this extension is that it requires reconfiguration of virtually every computer in the United States.

As time went by, riders began using substances as a means of increasing performance rather than dulling the senses, and organizing bodies such as the Tour and the International Cycling Union (UCI), as well as government bodies, enacted policies to combat this practice. The extension was greeted by criticism from the airline industry and those concerned for the safety of children traveling to school in the dark before the late sunrise. Early tour riders have been said to have consumed alcohol and used ether among other substances as a means of dulling the agonizing pain of competing in endurance cycling. (See this article, for example.). Analysis of the 2005 competitors shows that:. There is very little recent research on what the actual positive effects, if any, might be. That said, even a rider who is chosen to ride but does not finish the race will have had to have been very fit to be selected. Department of Energy information from the 1970s, the accuracy and relevance of which the DoE no longer stands by.

To finish the Tour de France, a cyclist must be in a very good physical state. Proponents claimed that the extension would save "the equivalent of" 10,000 barrels of oil per day, but this figure was based on U.S. In terms of nationality, riders from France have won most Tours (36), followed by Belgium (18), United States (10), Italy (9), Spain (8), Luxembourg (4), Switzerland and the Netherlands (2 each) and Ireland, Denmark and Germany (1 each). The change was introduced by the Energy Policy Act of 2005; the House had originally approved a motion that would have extended DST even further. Gino Bartali holds the record of longest time span between titles, having earned his first and last Tour victories 10 years apart (in 1938 and 1948 respectively). Starting March 11, 2007, daylight saving time will be extended another four to five weeks, from the second Sunday of March to the first Sunday of November. Three other riders have managed to win the Tour three times:. In response to the 1973 energy crisis, daylight saving in the United States was begun earlier in both 1974 and 1975, commencing on the first Sunday in January (January 6) in the former year and the last Sunday in February (February 23) in the latter.

Four other riders have managed to win the Tour five times:. The law was amended again in 1986 to begin daylight saving time on the first Sunday in April, to take effect the following year. Lance Armstrong (United States) holds the record as the only rider to have won the Tour seven times (consecutively 1999–2005); he retired after the 2005 Tour. The law was amended in 1972 to permit states that straddle a time zone boundary to exempt the entire area of the state lying in one time zone.
. Any state that wanted to be exempt from daylight saving time could do so by passing a state law, provided that it exempt the entire state. . federal Uniform Time Act of 1966 mandated that daylight saving time begin nationwide on the last Sunday of April and end on the last Sunday of October.

For the upcoming tour, a route description is given. The U.S. For previous tours this includes detailed results. This resulted in a patchwork where some areas observed DST while adjacent areas did not, and it was not unheard of to have to reset one's clock several times during a relatively short trip (e.g., bus drivers operating between Moundsville, West Virginia, and Steubenville, Ohio had to reset their watches seven times over 35 miles). Note: Hyperlinked tour numbers point to more information on that particular tour. States and localities were free to observe daylight saving time or not. Terms specific to the Tour de France include:. federal law did not address daylight saving time.

Much of the terminology used to describe the Tour de France is frequently used in bicycle racing across the world. From 1945 to 1966, U.S. As the Tour becomes ever more international and commercial, it remains to be seen whether the customs of the past will continue to be observed. This remained in effect until World War II began winding down and the requirement was removed on September 30, 1945. Other riders may just be ill or slightly injured and unwillingly end up as the lanterne rouge. Daylight saving time was reinstated in the United States on February 9, 1942, again as a wartime measure to conserve resources. Thus, in the past many riders have attempted to engineer themselves into last place by artificial means. Beginning in 2007, it will start DST on the second Sunday in March, and change back to standard time on the first Sunday in November.

The money a rider can generate through publicity is much greater if he finishes last than second from last. Through the end of 2006, the United States starts its DST on the first Sunday in April, and changes back to standard time on the last Sunday in October. The rider may just be a lowly domestique, but such is the sympathy of the French public that finishing last is actually very prestigious. state of Arizona, which also does not observe DST. The lanterne rouge is the rider ranked last in the general classification, who may wind up in Paris with an overall time five or more hours longer than that of the winner. The Mexican state of Sonora does not observe DST because it borders on the U.S. Unless the final stage is a time trial--or in the case of Pedro Delgado attacking the yellow jersey of Stephen Roche in 1987 on the Champs-Elysées--riders generally do not launch attacks on the leader of the tour on the final stage, giving the leader one final day to bask in the glory of winning the yellow jersey. Mexico has adopted DST nationwide, even in its tropical regions, because of its increasing economic ties to the United States.

One does not attack a leading rider who has suffered a mechanical breakdown or other misfortune, one who is eating in the feed zone or one who is enjoying un besoin naturel (roughly translated to a natural need, the practice of answering nature's call). Since April 2004, Cuba has remained on DST. Whenever reasonably possible, one allows a rider to lead the peloton when the race passes through his home village or on his birthday, and it often happens that the winner of the stage held on Bastille Day is French. Cuba always starts its DST on April 1 but the end date varies. The riders, unlike some of their fans, have traditionally tempered their competitiveness and enthusiasm with an elaborate but unwritten code of honor. Saskatchewan Government Relations gives further details on Saskatchewan's time policies. As word passes that the riders are approaching, the fans begin to encroach on the road until they are often just an arm’s length from the riders. Lloydminster and its immediately surrounding region in Saskatchewan use the same timekeeping routine used by Alberta, DST with Mountain Standard Time.

Any amateur rider or, in fact, just about anyone, is free to attempt the course on his bicycle in the morning, and after that there begins a garish cavalcade of advertising vehicles blaring music and tossing hats, souvenirs, sweets and free samples of all sorts. The charter of the city of Lloydminster, which is bisected by the Saskatchewan–Alberta border, gives it a special exception (among areas in Saskatchewan) to use DST. In the hours before the riders pass, a carnival atmosphere prevails. Observationally, this is equivalent to the province being on Mountain Daylight Time year-round, though officially the province is considered to be part of the Central time zone. Millions of spectators line the route every year to see the Tour first-hand, some of them having encamped a week in advance to get the best views. (This policy was implemented when the Saskatchewan Time Act was passed in 1966, to solve the problems that arose when time zones varied from town to town.) Thus, in the summer months Saskatchewan is in sync with Mountain Daylight Time and in the winter months it is in sync with Central Standard Time. It is said that any rider who has worn the yellow jersey, even for a day, will never go hungry or thirsty again in France. Saskatchewan is bisected by 105° west meridian, the central meridian of the Mountain Standard Time Zone (UTC−7), yet clocks are kept at UTC−6 all year long.

Any Frenchman who has won the Tour becomes an object of public adoration in his native land. The province of Saskatchewan is the largest part of that country that does not use DST, that is, it does not adjust clocks in spring and fall. The Tour is immensely popular and important in France, not only as a sporting event but also as a matter of national identity and pride. The remaining provinces and territories will continue change time on the first Sunday of April and last Sunday of October unless they change their legislation. The Tour alternates between starting inside and outside France; traditionally, the first few stages are in a neighbouring country. In 2007, their DST will start on the second Sunday of March, and return to standard time on the first Sunday in November. In some years, like 2005, there is no prologue. rules (The Calgary Sun).

Usually one town will host the prologue (which is too short to go between towns) and also the start of stage 1. The governments of Ontario, Manitoba, Quebec, and Alberta have pledged to change their daylight saving rules to match the new U.S. The prologue and first stage of the Tour are particularly prestigious to host. In Canada, time is under provincial and territorial jurisdiction, not federal. Sometimes the Tour will jump very long distances between stages, requiring a rest day to allow riders to be transported. Also, in 1988, they experimented with Double Daylight Time, when the clocks went ahead by two hours, instead of the usual one hour. Whereas formerly each stage would start at the preceding stage's finish line, making a continuous course for the race, nowadays each stage can often start some distance from the previous day's finish, to allow more towns to share in the glory. The Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador is an exception in that the time changes take place at 00:01 local standard time and 00:01 local daylight time respectively.

To host a stage start or finish brings prestige, and a lot of business, to a town. In 2007, the starting and ending dates for DST will change in the United States and parts of Canada (see below). The Tour usually features only one of these two climbs in a year. North America generally follows the same procedure, going by local time in each zone, each time zone switching at 02:00 LST (local standard time) to 03:00 LDT (local daylight time) on the first Sunday in April, and again from 02:00 LDT to 01:00 LST on the last Sunday in October. Another famous mountain stage is the climb of the Mont Ventoux, often claimed to be the hardest climb in the Tour due to the harsh conditions there. Polar or near-polar locations such as Iceland often opt out, as summer in these locations usually brings nearly uninterrupted daylight. This seems less likely to be repeated, following complaints from the riders. With Iceland observing UTC all year round, despite being at a longitude which would indicate UTC-1, the country may be said to be on continuous DST.

In 2004, in another experiment, the mountain time trial ended at Alpe d'Huez. Thus in Moscow (local time = UTC+3 in winter, UTC+4 in summer), daylight-saving time commences at 23:00 UTC on the day before the last Sunday in March, and ends at 23:00 UTC on the day before the last Sunday in October. The particularly tough climb of Alpe d'Huez is a favourite, providing a stage finish in most Tours. In Russia, however, although the changeover dates are the same, clocks are moved forward or back at 02:00 winter time in all zones. It is unlikely that this would be repeated in the future. (See also: European Summer Time). Most famously, the final stage of the 1989 Tour saw Greg LeMond overtake Laurent Fignon's overall lead by just 8 seconds, the closest winning margin in the Tour's history. from local times of 01:00/02:00/03:00 to 02:00/03:00/04:00 in March, and vice versa in October.

In recent years the Tour organisers have experimented with holding the final time trial as the final, rather than as the penultimate, stage. In the West European (UTC), Central European (UTC+1), and East European (UTC+2) time zones the change is simultaneous: on both dates the clocks are changed everywhere at 01:00 UTC, i.e. (In fact he was caught, he and Roche both finished in the peloton, and Roche thereby won the Tour.). All countries in Europe, except Iceland as noted below, observe daylight-saving time and change on the same date: moving clocks forward one hour on the last Sunday in March and back one hour on the last Sunday in October. In 1987, with Stephen Roche leading Pedro Delgado by only 40 seconds after the final time trial, Delgado broke away from the peloton on the Champs-Elysées, threatening to snatch victory at the last minute. The Department of Internal Affairs gives further historical information on their website. There have been exceptions, however. In New Zealand, daylight saving time begins at 2am (standard time) on the first Sunday in October each year, and ends at 2am (standard time) on the third Sunday of March.

This stage is not usually competitive in terms of the overall lead since it is a flat sprinters' stage, and the leader is likely to have a sufficiently large margin to be unchallengeable. See the Australian time zones article or this site for maps and further information on standard and daylight saving time in Australia. The race takes multiple turns over the avenue, which is lined with enormous spectator crowds. Queensland experimented with it for a year or two in the early 1970s, but it was not popular and was abandoned. Since 1975, the final stage always finishes on the Champs-Élysées in Paris, which, being cobbled, is an unpleasant surface to cycle on, though not as much as the famous Paris-Roubaix. Western Australia, Northern Territory and Queensland do not have daylight saving. Jan Ullrich on Team Bianchi in the 2003). Tasmania starts DST earlier than the others, usually near the beginning of October.

There is, however, no evidence that indicates this is true, and it is more reasonable to conclude that the new rules are simply designed to limit how much time any legitimate contender for the overall win could lose in the TTT stage due to being on a weak team (e.g. New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania, Australian Capital Territory and South Australia apply daylight saving time. Some people speculate that the motivation behind the TTT rule change was an attempt by the race organisers to "Lance-proof" the Tour, limiting how much time Lance Armstrong could gain in this stage. Some states/territories implement it and some do not. If they finished in sixth place (still assuming two minutes behind the winning team), they would lose only one minute (per the table). In Australia, daylight saving time is a state/territory-based initiative. However, if they finished two minutes behind (still assuming 14th place), they would only lose the two minutes. It has not used DST since then.

For example, riders on a team that finished in 14th place, six minutes behind the winning team, would lose only two minutes and 20 seconds in the General Classification relative to the winners of the TTT. Pakistan experimented with DST in 2002 going from +5:00 to +6:00. The following table indicates the time penalty added to the winning team's time that a member finishing with his team will receive, according to his team's placing, if their actual time is greater than the winning team's time plus this penalty. For more on this subject, see Israeli Daylight Saving Law. However, since the 2004 Tour, the only riders that necessarily receive actual time are those on the winning team; members on trailing teams (who finish ahead of or with the fifth member of their team) receive either the fifth member's actual time, or a computed time based on the winning team's time plus a penalty based on their team's placing in that stage, whichever is lower. Israel's Daylight Saving Time rules have changed repeatedly in recent years; there has been trouble reaching a consensus regarding Gregorian calendar end dates for DST as they are dependant on Jewish Holidays, which follow the lunar Hebrew calendar. Traditionally, riders received the actual time recorded by the fifth member of their team in that stage. Israel adopts Daylight Saving Time on the last Friday before April 2 at 02:00, and returns to standard time at 02:00 of the Sunday of the month of Tishrei between Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur.

Members who finish clearly behind the fifth member of their team receive their individual actual time for the stage. Thus, DST in Iran starts on the first day of Farvardin (around 21-22 March) and ends on the first day of Mehr (around 22 September). Each member of the team who crosses the finish line ahead of or with the fifth (or last, if the team has less than five riders) member of the team is credited with the time of the fifth (last) team member to cross the finish line; this is the middle member of a nine-person team. Iran uses the Persian calendar. Often in the first week of the Tour there is a team time trial (TTT). India used DST briefly during its wars with Pakistan and China. Although other riders had used aerodynamic aids in previous tours, LeMond's aero handlebars and helmet were considered a major factor in his victory. The PRC now uses one universal time zone for all of the nation from Urumqi in the northwest to Fujian in the southeast; the size of the nation was a major factor why DST was not considered practical in China.

Fignon wore the yellow jersey for the final stage, with a narrow lead of 50 seconds, and was beaten by LeMond's superior time trial performance. The People's Republic of China experimented with DST from 1986, but abandoned it in the 1990s. The most recent occasion on which this was done, in 1989, yielded the closest ever finish in Tour history, when Greg LeMond beat Laurent Fignon by eight seconds overall. Egypt operates Daylight-Saving Time between the last Friday in April and the last Thursday in September when the clocks are 3 hours ahead of Greenwich Mean Time (GMT+3). On a few occasions, the race organisers made the final stage into Paris a time trial. In the Southern Hemisphere, the beginning and ending dates are switched (thus the time difference between, e.g., the United Kingdom and Chile may be three, four, or five hours). Traditionally the final time trial has been the penultimate stage, and effectively determines the winner before the final ordinary stage which is not ridden competitively. DST commonly begins in the Northern Hemisphere on either the first Sunday in April or the last Sunday in March, and ends on the last Sunday in October.

One of these may be a team time trial (see below). With a few exceptions, switchovers between standard time and daylight saving time generally occur in the early morning hours of a Sunday morning, presumably because doing so then causes less disruption than a change on a weekday would. There are usually three or four time trials during the Tour. The dates of the beginning and ending of DST also vary by country. The purpose of the prologue is to decide who gets to wear yellow on the opening day, and provide a large and prestigious spectacle for one lucky city. The amount of the time shift varies, but one hour is the most common. Here, riders start in reverse order of race number, meaning the weakest rider on the lowest ranked team will be first off, with the final rider being the defending champion, wearing Number 1. state in the tropics, does not observe DST.

The first stage of the tour is often a time trial, known as a prologue. Hawaii, the only U.S. In an individual time trial each rider rides individually. Daylight saving time is generally a temperate zone practice; day lengths in the tropics do not vary enough to justify DST. With the exception of the now traditional finish at the Champs-Elysées all famous stages, like Alpe d'Huez and Mont Ventoux, are mountain stages, and these often bring out the most spectators who line up the roads by the thousands to cheer and encourage the cyclists and support their favorites. The law, however, proved so unpopular (mostly because people rose and went to bed earlier than in current times) that the law was later repealed. The so called mountain stages are often the deciding factor in determining the winner of the Tour de France. It was observed for seven months in 1918 and 1919.

On ordinary stages that do not have extended mountain climbs, most riders can manage to stay together in the peloton all the way to the finish; during mountain stages, however, it is not uncommon for some riders to lose 40 minutes to the winner of the stage. Congress established several time zones (which were already in use by railroads and most cities since 1883) and made daylight saving time official (which went into effect on March 31) for the remainder of World War I. Some ordinary stages take place in the mountains, almost always causing major shifts in the General Classification. Then on March 19, 1918, the U.S. The final kilometre is indicated in the race course by a red triangular pennant - known as the flamme rouge - raised above the road^[2]. Shortly afterward, the United Kingdom followed suit, first adopting DST between May 21 and October 1, 1916. A crashed sprinter inside the final kilometre will not win the sprint, but avoids being penalised in the overall classification. The idea of daylight saving time was first put into practice by the German government during the First World War between April 30 and October 1, 1916.

This prevents riders from being penalised for accidents that do not accurately reflect their performance on the stage as a whole given that crashes in the final kilometre can be huge pileups that are hard to avoid for a rider farther back in the peloton. It was first seriously proposed by William Willett in the "Waste of Daylight", published in 1907, but he was unable to get the British government to adopt it despite considerable lobbying. Riders who crash within the last kilometer of the stage are credited with the finishing time of the group that they were with when they crashed. (Read the full text.) However, the article was humorous; Franklin was not proposing DST, but rather that people should get up and go to bed earlier. These bonuses generally are a maximum of 20 seconds, and can allow a good sprinter to qualify for the Yellow Jersey early in the Tour. It is sometimes asserted that DST was first proposed by Benjamin Franklin in a letter to the editors of the Journal of Paris. Time bonuses are awarded at some intermediate sprints and stage finishes to the first three riders who reach the specified point. .

It is not unusual for the entire field to finish in a single group, taking some time to cross the line, but being credited with the same time as the stage winner. Note that the term commonly used in the United States, daylight savings time, is incorrect, for both historic (the correct name as provided by the act which inaugurated it in the United States is daylight saving time) and grammatical reasons. This avoids what would otherwise be dangerous mass sprints. DST is most commonly used in temperate regions, due to the considerable variation in the amount of daylight versus darkness through the seasons in those regions. While only finishers are awarded sprint points, all riders finishing in an identifiable group (with no significant gap to the rider in front, as determined by race officials) are deemed to have finished the stage in the same time as the lead rider of that group for overall classification purposes. This is intended to provide a better match between the hours of daylight and the active hours of work and school. In the first week of the Tour, this usually leads to spectacular mass sprints. The official time is adjusted forward, (usually) one hour from its official standard time, remaining that way for the duration of the spring and summer months.

The one who crosses the finish line first wins. Daylight saving time (also called DST) is a term used for a system intended to "save" daylight (It is also known as summer time in both Britain and Europe). The latter is called drafting and is an essential technique. American Journal of Public Health 85, 92–95. Riders are permitted to touch (but not push or nudge) and to shelter behind each other, in slipstream ^[1]. (1995) Daylight saving time and motor vehicle crashes: the reduction in pedestrian and vehicle occupant fatalities. The real start (départ réel) usually is some 2 to 5 km away from the starting point, and is announced by the Tour director in the officials' car waving a white flag. et al.

In an ordinary stage, all riders start simultaneously and share the road. ^  Ferguson, S.A. Its King of the Mountains wears a green jersey. Their observance of DST was unofficial in this case, as a strict reading of the Uniform Time Act would not allow for this situation, but by observing DST, they remained synchronized with the greater Louisville and Cincinnati metropolitan areas. The Giro d'Italia notably differs in awarding the overall leader a pink jersey, having been organized and sponsored by La Gazzetta dello Sport, an Italian sports daily newspaper with pink pages. 2 counties near Cincinnati, Ohio and 3 counties near Louisville, Kentucky were on Eastern Standard time but did observe DST. For example, the Tour of Britain has yellow, green, and polka-dot jerseys with the same meaning as in the Tour de France. 5 northwestern counties near Chicago, Illinois and 5 southwestern counties near Evansville, Indiana were on Central Standard Time and did use DST.

The Tour's jersey colours have been adopted by other cycling stage races, and have thus come to have meaning within cycling generally, rather than solely in the context of the Tour. 77 counties — most of the state — were on Eastern Standard Time but did not use DST. No jerseys are exchanged in this situation. Sometimes a rider takes the overall lead during a stage and gets sufficiently far ahead of the yellow jersey wearer such that his current time lead is greater than his time deficit to the yellow jersey in the general classification; when this happens, this rider may be referred to as being "the yellow jersey on the road". They also get a high-quality jersey to keep as a souvenir: the ones that are worn get dirty and are sometimes damaged by the day's cycling.

Overnight, a high-quality jersey is printed to be worn the next day. The jersey bears their team logo, and the copy that they are awarded immediately after the stage end must have the logo attached in a matter of minutes, so this is done by a rapid process that can be done in the field but which yields an inferior jersey. A rider who leads a classification for a stage of the Tour gets three copies of the coloured jersey. At the end of the tour an award is given to the rider who was thought to be the most aggressive bike racer throughout the entire three week tour.

While this is usually is given to the winner of the previous stage, it is not always, especially during a mass sprint. Not an actual jersey, a red number is given to and worn by the rider who a panelist of judges deemed the most aggressive bike racer the day before. In this case the leading rider will wear the yellow jersey and the rider placed second in the points competition will wear the green jersey. For example, in the first week it is common for the overall classification (yellow jersey) and points (sprint) competition (green jersey) to be led by the same rider.

Where a single rider leads in the competition for more than one jersey, they wear the most prestigious jersey to which they are entitled, and the second-placed rider in each of the other classifications becomes entitled to wear the corresponding jersey. Jerseys are awarded in a ceremony immediately following the stage, sometimes before trailing riders have finished the stage. The rider leading a classification at the end of a stage is required to wear the corresponding jersey during the next stage. Often, therefore, national championship titles are held by domestiques or young, "up-and-coming" riders.

National championships are held the weekend before the tour starts, and many of the tour favourites and team leaders do not compete in them. National time-trial champions are allowed to wear their national jerseys in time-trial stages only. As in all road races, current national road race champions can wear their national jerseys in "ordinary stages"; the current world champion can wear the rainbow jersey. This was abolished in the same year as the red jersey.

The jersey design was a patchwork, with areas resembling each individual jersey design. There also used to be a combination jersey, scored on a points system based on standings for the yellow, green, red, and polka-dot jerseys. The red jersey was abolished in 1989. The sprints remain, with all these additional effects, the most significant now being the points for the green jersey.

These sprints also scored points towards the green jersey and bonus seconds towards the overall classification, as well as cash prizes offered by the residents of the area where the sprint took place. Historically, there was a red jersey for the standings in non-stage-finish sprints: points were awarded to the first three riders to pass two or three intermediate points during the stage. The team classification is not associated with a particular jersey design. The Tour currently has 21 teams of 9 riders each (when starting), each sponsored by one or more companies - although at some stages of its history, the teams have been divided instead by nationality.

For this classification, the time of the first three riders from each team is added after each stage. Finally, there is a team classification. The rider with most points in total gets a white-on-red (instead of a black-on-white) identification number. Each day, a group of judges awards points to riders who made particularly attacking moves that day.

Two lesser classifications are that for the maillot blanc (white jersey), which is like the yellow jersey, but only open for young riders (those who are less than 25 years old on January 1 of the year the Tour is ridden), and that for the "fighting spirit" award which goes to the most combative rider. See also: Climbing specialist (cycling)
. Two riders have won the "King of the Mountains" six times: Federico Bahamontes (Spain) in 1954, 1958, 1959, 1962, 1963, 1964; and Lucien Van Impe (Belgium) in 1971, 1972, 1975, 1977, 1981, 1983; while Richard Virenque (France) won his record-breaking seventh title in 2004 (1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1999, 2003, 2004). The colours were decided by the then sponsor, Poulain Chocolate, to match a popular product.

Although the best climber was first recognized in 1933, the distinctive jersey was not introduced until 1975. Additionally beginning in 2004, points scored on the final climb of the day were doubled if said climb was at least a second category climb. Further points over a fourth category climb are only for the top three places while on a hors category climb the top ten riders are rewarded. In 2004, the scoring system was changed such that the first rider over a fourth category climb was awarded 3 points while the first to complete a hors category climb would win 20 points.

A fifth category, called Hors categorie (outside category) is formed by mountains even more difficult than those of the first category. The climbs are divided into categories from 1 (most difficult) to 4 (least difficult) based on their difficulty, measured as a function of their steepness and length. At the top of each climb in the Tour, there are points for the riders who are first over the top. The "King of the Mountains" wears a white jersey with red dots (maillot à pois rouges), referred to as the "polka dot jersey".

See also: Cycling sprinter
. The German rider Erik Zabel has won the most green jerseys with six consecutive wins from 1996 through 2001. Additional points are available at intermediate sprint contests, usually occurring 2 or 3 times in each stage at pre-determined locations; currently 6, 4 and 2 points are available to the first 3 riders at each sprint. Points are also awarded for individual time trial stages: 15 for the winner down to 1 for the 10th rider.

This is because, generally speaking, the more mountainous a stage is, the less likely the chance of a sprint finish between many riders. The number of points for each place and the number of riders rewarded varies depending on the type of stage - flat stages give the winner 35 points down to 1 point for the 25th rider; medium mountain stages give the winner 25 points down to 1 point for the 20th rider; high mountain stages give the winner 20 points down to 1 point for the 15th rider. At the end of each stage, points for this jersey are gained by the riders who finish first, second, etc. The maillot vert (green jersey) is awarded for sprint points.

The colour of the leader's jersey was originally a reference to the newspaper which sponsored the race, which had yellow pages.
. However, these bonuses are rarely significant enough to cause major upset in the classement géneral (general classification). As of 2005, the first 3 places to finish are awarded bonuses of 20, 12 and 8 seconds respectively, while the first 3 places at intermediate sprints are awarded 6, 4 and 2 seconds. Additional time bonuses, in the form of a number of seconds to be deducted from the rider's overall time, are available to the first 3 riders to finish the stage or cross an intermediate sprint (see below).

Desgrange added the yellow jersey in 1919 because he wanted the race leader to wear something distinctive and because the pages of his magazine, L'Auto, were yellow. The rider with the lowest total time is the leader, and at the end of the event is declared the overall winner of the Tour. It is awarded by calculating the total combined race time up to that point for each rider. The maillot jaune (yellow jersey), worn by the overall time leader, is most prized.

If a single rider is entitled to wear more than one jersey (for example, both overall leader and King of the Mountains), he wears the most prestigious one with the second place holder in the category wearing the other. The current holder of the prize is required to wear the jersey when racing. Generally a colored jersey is associated with each prize. Since 1984 there has been a Tour de France for women, La Grande Boucle Féminine Internationale or simply Le Tour Féminin.

The Giro d'Italia, Tour de France and World Cycling Championship constitute the Triple Crown of Cycling. Other major stage races include the Giro d'Italia (Tour of Italy) and the Vuelta a España (Tour of Spain). (A notable exception in recent years being the late Marco Pantani, the winner in 1998, who was a mountain climbing specialist.). Although the tour is often won in the mountain stages, the length and variety of terrain ensures that only an all-round rider can win the race.

The most famous mountains are those in the hors-categorie (peaks where the difficulty in climbing is beyond categorization), including the Col du Tourmalet, Mont Ventoux, Col du Galibier, the Hautacam and Alpe d'Huez. Next year's race can be expected to visit those two mountain ranges in the reverse order.) Some of the visited places, especially mountains and passes, recur almost annually and are famous on their own. (For example, the most recent Tour (2005) was a clockwise direction Tour - visiting the Alpes first and then the Pyrenees. The itinerary the race changes each year and alternates between clockwise and anti-clockwise direction around France.

With the variety of stages, sprinters may win stages, but the overall winner is almost always a master of the mountain stages and time trials. The remaining stages are held over relatively flat terrain. During the Tour, various stages occur, including a number of mountain stages, individual time trials and a team time trial. The traditional finish is in Paris on the Champs-Élysées.

This was scrapped in 2005, with the presumption that future editions will see the prologue reinstated. In recent years, the first stage had been preceded by a short individual time trial (1 to 15 km), called the prologue. The three weeks usually includes two rest days, which are sometimes used to transport the riders long distances between stages. Most stages take place in France though it is very common to have a few stages in nearby countries, such as Italy, Spain, Switzerland, Belgium, Luxembourg and Germany as well as non-neighbouring countries such as the Republic of Ireland, United Kingdom (visited in 1974 and 1994) and the Netherlands.

Even when commercial cycling teams had become commonplace in other events, the Tour was contested by national teams for several years during the 1950s and early 1960s. The Tour is nowadays contested by professional teams backed by commercial sponsors, but the event began as a race for individuals; slipstreaming and other team tactics were initially savagely condemned by Desgrange, and he only accepted their inevitability during the 1920s. The leaders of these competitions are represented by certain coloured jerseys; see below for more information. In addition to the race for the overall win, there are several additional competitions.

Although the number of stages has varied in the past, recently the Tour has consisted of about 20 stages, with a total length of between 3,000 and 4,000 km (1800 to 2500 mi). Winning a Tour de France stage is considered a great pro cycling achievement, more prestigious than winning most single day races, regardless of one's overall standing in the GC. It is possible to win the overall race without winning any individual stages (which Greg LeMond did in 1990). The overall winner is the one who is ranked first on GC at the end of the final stage.

The ranking of the riders according to accumulated time is known as the General Classification, or GC. The amount of time it takes each rider to complete each stage is noted, recorded and accumulated. The Tour is a "stage race", divided into a number of stages, each being a race held over one day. Today, the Tour is organised by the Société du Tour de France, a subsidiary of Amaury Sport Organisation (ASO), which is part of the media group that owns l'Équipe.

The record circulation claimed by Desgrange was 854,000, achieved during the 1933 Tour. Promotion of the Tour de France certainly proved a great success for the newspaper; circulation leapt from 25,000 before the 1903 Tour to 65,000 after it; in 1908 the race boosted circulation past a quarter of a million, and during the 1923 Tour it was selling 500,000 copies a day. L'Auto announced the race on January 19, 1903. The idea for a round-France stage race is also credited to one of his journalists, Géorges Lefèvre, with whom Desgrange had lunch at the Café de Madrid in Paris on 20 November 1902.

The Tour was founded as a publicity event for the newspaper L'Auto (ancestor of the present l'Équipe) by its editor and co-founder, Henri Desgrange, to rival the Paris-Brest et retour ride (sponsored by Le Petit Journal), and Bordeaux-Paris. .
. It is also the world's largest annual pro sporting event, measured in the number of viewers.

Only the best cycling teams in the world are chosen to compete and competitors must have an invitation to enter the race. The Tour de France, in contrast, has long been a household name around the globe, even amongst people who are not generally interested in pro cycling, and is for cycling what the FIFA World Cup is to football (soccer) in terms of global popularity. While the other two European Grand Tours are well-known in Europe and attract many professional cyclists, they are relatively unknown outside the continent, and even the UCI World Cycling Championship is only familiar to cycling enthusiasts. The Tour de France is by far the most prestigious of all cycling competitions in the world.

The most recent Tour was the 2005 Tour de France. It has been held annually since 1903, interrupted only by World War I and World War II. The Tour de France (French for "Tour of France"), often referred to as La Grande Boucle, Le Tour or The Tour, is a long-distance road bicycle racing competition for professionals held over three weeks in July in and around France. The "average" rider in 2005 was 1.79 metres (5 ft 10 in) tall, weighed 71 kg (157 lb, 11 stone 3 lb), and had a resting heart rate of 50 beats per minute.

Chris Horner and Laurent Lefevre shared the lowest resting heart rate, 35 beats per minute. The lightest was Leonardo Piepoli at 57 kg (126 lb or 8 stone 14 lb). The heaviest rider was Magnus Backstedt at 95 kg (209 lb or 14 stone 13 lb). The shortest was Samuel Dumoulin at 1.58 metres (5 ft 2 in).

The tallest rider was Johan van Summeren at 1.98 metres (6 ft 5.5 in). French racer Adolphe Helière drowned at the Côte d'Azur during a rest day. 1910: Hors Categorie. 1935: Spanish racer Francesco Cepeda died after plunging down a ravine on the Col du Galibier.

His death prompted tour officials to begin a programme of drug testing. Amphetamines and alcohol were found in Simpson's jersey and bloodstream. 1967: Friday July 13, Stage 13: English rider Tom Simpson died of heart failure on the ascent of Mont Ventoux. Casartelli, not wearing a helmet, received massive trauma to the top of his head from a concrete block and died on the scene.

1995: July 18, stage 15: Italian racer Fabio Casartelli crashed at approximately 88 km/h descending the Col de Portet d'Aspet. Greg LeMond (USA) in 1986, 1989, and 1990. Louison Bobet (France) in 1953, 1954, and 1955;. Philippe Thys (Belgium) in 1913, 1914, and 1920;.

Miguel Induráin (Spain) in 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994 and 1995 (the first to do so in five consecutive years). Bernard Hinault (France) in 1978, 1979, 1981, 1982 and 1985;. Eddy Merckx (Belgium) in 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972 and 1974;. Jacques Anquetil (France) in 1957, 1961, 1962, 1963 and 1964;.

lanterne rouge - meaning "red lantern" (as found at the end of a rail train), the name for the overall last-place rider.

Further information: Tour de France#Culture and Customs

2005 to present Christian Prudhomme. 1989 to 2005 Jean-Marie Leblanc. 1988 to 1989 Jean-Pierre Courcol. 1987 to 1988 Jean-François Naquet-Radiguet.

1962 to 1986 Jacques Goddet and Felix Levitan. 1947 to 1961 Jacques Goddet. 1903 to 1939 Henri Desgrange.