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Tarot

As discussed in more detail below, the Tarot is usually a deck of 78 cards composed of:

  • the major arcana, consisting of 21 trump cards and the Fool card;
  • the minor arcana consisting of 56 cards:
    • ten cards numbered from Ace to 10 in four different suits; traditionally batons (wands), cups, swords and coins (pentacles) (40 cards in total); and
    • four court cards, page, knight, queen and king in the same four suits (4 per suit, thus 16 court cards in total).

The earliest extant specimens of Tarot decks are of North Italian origin and date to the early to mid-15th century. These were called carte da trionfi or "cards of the triumphs". Soon afterwards, the cards were used for the games called Tarocchi. In the 18th and 19th centuries, the cards became popular in occult studies, initiated by occultists such as Etteilla and Antoine Court de Gebelin.

The Fool: the unnumbered card in the Tarot deck, from the Tarot of Marseille.

The Tarot Deck

Death, the tarot card, from the Rider-Waite-Smith deck

The typical 78-card tarot deck is structured into two distinct parts. The first, called the Major Arcana, consists of 21 cards without suits typically referred to as "trumps", plus a 22nd card, The Fool. The second, called the Minor Arcana, consists of 56 cards divided into four suits of 14 cards each. The traditional Italian suits are Swords, Batons, Coins and Cups. In modern tarot decks, the Batons suit is commonly called Wands, Rods or Staves, while the Coins suit is often called Pentacles or Disks. (Arcana is the plural form of the Latin word arcanum, meaning "closed" or "secret".)

The 14 cards in each suit consist of an Ace, nine cards numbered 2 through 10, and four court cards (not dissimilar from the structure of 52-card bridge/poker playing card decks, except that bridge/poker playing card decks have three court cards rather than four).

The four court cards (or face cards) of the tarot deck traditionally consist of the King, the Queen, the Knight and the Page (or Knave). In bridge/poker decks, the court cards typically consist of the King, the Queen and the Jack. The Jack corresponds to the tarot deck's Page.

In the Western world today, the Tarot is usually seen either as a means of divination, the practice of ascertaining information from supernatural or other sources, or, in a more modern view, as a psychological tool for accessing the unconscious. However, early references such as a sermon refer only to the use of the cards for game-playing and gambling; and in some European countries such as France, Italy, Switzerland, Austria and Germany, Tarot is still a widely played game.

The relationship between Tarot cards and playing cards is well documented. Playing cards appeared quite suddenly in Christian Europe during the period 1375-1380, following several decades of use in Islamic Spain: see playing card history for discussion of its origins. Early European sources describe a deck with typically 52 cards, like a modern deck with no jokers [1]. The 78-card Tarot resulted from merging 21 Trumps and the Fool into an early 56-card variant (14 cards per suit).

Origin and History

The Name Tarot

The playing material is older than the name of the game, which, according current research state, became known in the year 1505 parallel in France (Taraux) and Ferrara (Italy, as Tarocchi) (Tarot press note) (Details). An earlier form of the game had the name Trionfi or triumph, this name developed later as general term for trick-taking (trumpfen in German, to trump in English) and disappeared in its original function as name for a specific type of deck. This earlier name of the game is first documented in February 1442, Ferrara {document).

Although the objects are relatively clear of Italian origin (28 notes of the term Trionfi from 1442 - 1463 are counted [2] with some real still existing Trionfi cards from this early time in contrast to a first appearance of the word Trionfi in France in 1480 with no surviving cards), it seems, that the final Ialian name Tarocchi developed from French influence (Italian speakers of today claim that French words with an ending "-ot" had been commonly transformed in endings with "-occo" and "-occhi".) The poet Berni in 1526 still has some mockery for this (still new) word: "Let him look to it, who is pleased with the game of Tarocco, that the only signification of this word Tarocco, is stupid, foolish, simple, fit only to be used by bakers, cobblers, and the vulgar".

Various contradicting suggestions has been made in the past to explain the original meaning of the word "Tarot". They range from "old Egyptian origin" till the more profane "a cardmaker from the French village Taraux produced Tarot cards".

In modern use the word Tarocchi is incorrectly used for artefacts from a time, when the word was still unknown: Visconti Sforza Tarocchi, socalled "Mantegna Tarocchi" or Sola-Busca Tarocchi for instance have their origin the Trionfi phase.

Trionfi Cards (later called Tarocchi)

All relevant early documents point to an origin of the Trionfi cards (later Tarocchi cards) in the upper class of the society in Italy and specifically to the courts of Milan and Ferrara, which belonged to the most exclusive courts of their time in Europe. In the given context it's obvious, that the special motifs on the trumps, which were added to normal playing cards with a usual 4x14-structure, were ideological determined, they had been thought to show a specific system, which could transport messages of different content (the known early examples show philosophical, social, poetical, astronomical and heraldic ideas for instance, also a group of old Roman/Greek/Babylonian heroes could serve as content as in the case of the Sola-Busca-Tarocchi).

As example: The earliest known deck (socalled Michelino deck after the painter)(http://trionfi.com/0/b] is described only in manuscript (by Martiano da Tortona, produced at an unknown time between 1418 - 1425)[3], the cards are lost. But the document shows clearly, that this deck was produced to show a Greek gods system (an ideological idea in a time, when Greek content was taken in Italy with some enthusiasm) and likely the production accompanied a triumphal festivity of the commissioner Filippo Maria Visconti, which means, the deck had concrete function to express and consolidate the current political power in Milan (as common for the time also in other productions of art). The 4 suits showed birds, which appeared regularely in common Visconti-heraldic, and the used specific order of the gods gives reason to assume, that the deck partly should focus, that the Visconti identified themselves as descendents from Jupiter and Venus (which were - as in this time usual - seen not as gods, but as heroes, which were deified once).

This first known deck seems to have had the usual 10 number cards, but kings only and only 16 trumps - the later standard (4x14 + 22) wasn't settled and still in 1457 a document is known, which speaks of Trionfi decks with 70 cards only [4]. Till the Boiardo Tarocchi poem [5] (produced at an unknown date between 1461 and 1494) and the Sola Busca Tarocchi (1491)[6] any confirming evidence for the final standard form with totally 78 cards is missing.

Individual researcher's opinions formulate cause these facts in the current moment, that the Trionfi decks of the early time had mostly 5x14 cards [7] only and that the row of trumps and fool were simply considered as a 5th suit with predefined trump-function. The number of the produced decks (mostly very expensive items) is considered to have been rather small a longer time, first forms of mass production with cheap decks developed according this opinion late (in the discussion is ca. 1470 - 1480).

The "standard form of Tarocchi" - similar to the Tarot deck nowadays - could logically only develop with mass-production. This final result of a longer development had as its most similar forerunner the 70 cards of (likely) Bonifacio Bembo (from which 68 still exist), which together with an addition of six cards by the hand of a second unknown artist were formed to the socalled Pierpont-Morgan-Bergamo Tarocchi (a Milanese production in the time of Francesco Sforza, who reigned 1450 - 1466).

A general farspread, now traditional, hypothesis stated, that the final form of the Tarot with a 4x14+22-structure was settled ca. 1450, in this way contradicting the above statements and conclusions. This opinion is based on the suggestion, that the surviving 68 Bembo cards had in the "6 added trumps" only replacements for earlier "lost cards".

The tarot deck

As an institution, the Roman Catholic Church and most civil governments did not routinely condemn tarot cards during tarot's early history. In fact, in some jurisdictions, tarot cards were specifically exempted from laws otherwise prohibiting regular playing cards. However, some sermons inveighing against the evil inherent in cards can be traced to the 14th century. No mention of playing cards in the context of gambling and other marks of dissolute life precede the sudden appearance of a barrage of hostility in the 1370s: a sermon by the Swiss Johannes von Rheinfelden, Tractus de moribus et disciplina humanae conversationis states that "the game of cards has come to us this year" (said to be 1377, in the 15th-century surviving manuscript)[8] without inveighing against them, but prohibitions against cards were issued by John I of Castile and the cities of Florence and Basel that same year and by the city of Regensburg the following year and in the Duchy of Brabant in 1379 [9]. Bernardino of Siena gave a sermon reviling cards as the invention of the Devil in 1423. However, other sources praised cards as an educational tool.

In Pietro Aretino's witty 16th-century dialogue Le carte parlanti ("The talking cards: dialogue in which gaming is discussed in a congenial fashion") there are frequent references to tarot symbolism: "The temptation of the hermit is the devil," and some irony on their uses: "...They reveal the secrets of nature, the reason for things, and explain the causes why day is driven out by night and night by day." [10]

The oldest surviving Tarot cards are three early to mid-15th century sets, all made for members of the Visconti family, rulers of Milan. The oldest of these existing Tarot decks was perhaps painted to celebrate a mid-15th century wedding joining the ruling Visconti and Sforza families of Milan, probably painted by Bonifacio Bembo and other miniaturists of the Ferrara school. Of the original cards, 35 are in the Pierpont Morgan Library, 26 cards are at the Accademia Carrara, 13 are at the Casa Colleoni, 4 cards (the Devil, the Tower, the Three of Swords, and the Knight of Coins) being lost or possibly never made. This "Visconti-Sforza" deck, which has been widely reproduced in varying quality, combines the Minor Arcana (suits of Swords, Staves, Coins and Cups, and face cards King, Queen, Knight and Page) with Major Arcana that reflect conventional iconography of the time to a significant degree.

More simply drawn decks survive from various cities in France at various times (the best known in this context being the city of Marseille, in southern France) perhaps from the early 16th century, though actual surviving examples are no earlier than the 17th century.

Much speculation surrounds early tarot cards, including the notions which follow. There is no reason to be confident that the surviving set of Major Arcana is complete. Of the four Classical Virtues, only Fortitude, Justice and Temperance remain. Can Prudence have always been missing? The Christian Virtues that would ordinarily complete them (i.e., Faith, Hope and Charity) are missing, however, a "Hope" card is found in one of the earliest known decks, suggesting they were removed or omitted in subsequent years. The presence of the Fool and the Magician has often suggested a portable catechism for the illiterate, which survives in cartomancy. All the heavenly sources of Light, so important to Dualist heretics, are present in the Major Arcana, without any planets that would have been required for any meaning associated with astrology, the usual context for heavenly bodies. Indeed, of any possible signs of the Zodiac, only the dual-natured Twins are present. It is unlikely that their Zodiac context is being referred to, in which case all the others would have to have gone missing. Traces of medieval dualist heresy, such as the Bogomils taught, or the Cathars, whose centers were precisely where the earliest Tarot surfaced in Piedmont and Provence, can be also detected in the paired balance, not merely of Emperor with Empress, but, significantly, by Pope with Popess, with echoes of the Pope Joan myth and of the gnostic Pistis Sophia. The substitution of a more neutral "Hierophant" designation for the nameless high priest is a modern one. Steven Runciman, in The Medieval Manichee (1947), doubted the Catharist connection: "There seems to me to be a trace of Dualism in the pack, but it has since been overlaid with debased Kabalistic lore." He recognized the traditional interpretation of the Devil as the embodiment of the evil natural forces of this world, holding a naked man and woman in chains, and suggested in the Tower struck by lightning, a Cathar view of a Roman Catholic church. However, historians have found little evidence to substantiate many such speculations.

Study of the iconography of the earliest tarots via standard comparative-historical methods suffices to pin the origin of the depiction of Death as after the Black Death, because the skeletal-death-with-a-scythe motif found on effectively all versions of Trump XIII does not predate the plagues. Before then, skulls in pictorial art were primarily symbols of scholarship and learning.

Use of tarot cards in divination

The Rider-Waite-Smith deck

Since the Egyptianizing ruminations in Le Monde primitif by Antoine Court de Gébelin (1781) which soon inspired the occultism of "Etteilla," it has been believed by many that the Tarot is far older than this. Based on purported similarities of imagery and reinforced by the added numbering, some claim that Tarot originated in ancient Egypt, Hebrew mystic tradition of the Kabbalah, or a wide variety of other exotic places and times. Such ideas, however, are speculative.

In fact, although much of imagery looks mysterious or exotic to modern users, nearly all of it reflects conventional symbolism popular in the late Middle Ages and early Renaissance. Nearly all of it may easily be interpreted as a reflection of the dominant Christian values of the times. Thus, the earliest Tarots may have been depictions of the carnival parades that ushered in the Christian season of Lent or the related motif of hierarchical powers found in Petrarch's poem I Trionfi. These trionfi or triumphs were elaborate productions which layered then-fashionable Graeco-Roman symbolism over a Christian allegory of sin, grace, and redemption. Notably, the earliest versions of the World card show a conventional image known from period religious art to represent St. Augustine's "Heavenly City", and it is not coincidence that it often closely follows the Judgement card.

Several other early Tarot-like sequences of portable art survive to place the Visconti deck in context. Later confusion about the symbolism stems, in part, from the occult decks, which began a process of steadily paganizing and universalizing the symbolism to the point where the underlying Christian allegory has been somewhat obscured (as, for example, when the Rider-Waite deck of the early Twentieth Century changed "The Pope" to "The Hierophant" and "The Popess" to "The High Priestess"). It is notable that between 1450 and 1500 the Tarot was actually recommended for the instruction of the young by Church moralists (reference is urgently needed here); not until fifty years after the Visconti deck did it become associated with gambling, and not until the 18th century and Gébelin and Etteilla with occultism.

The Tarot cards eventually came to be associated with mysticism and magic. This was actually a late rather than early development, as we can tell from period sources on card divination and magic. The Tarot was not widely adopted by mystics, occultists and secret societies until the 18th and 19th century. The tradition began in 1781, when Antoine Court de Gébelin, a Swiss clergyman and Freemason, published Le Monde Primitif, a speculative study which included religious symbolism and its survivals in the modern world. De Gébelin first asserted that symbolism of the Tarot de Marseille asserted represented the mysteries of Isis and Thoth. Gébelin further claimed that the name "tarot" came from the Egyptian words tar, meaning "royal", and ro, meaning "road", and that the Tarot therefore represented a "royal road" to wisdom. Gébelin asserted these and similar views dogmatically; he presented no clear factual evidence to substantiate his claims. In addition, Gébelin wrote before Champollion had deciphered Egyptian hieroglyphs. Later Egyptologists found nothing in the Egyptian language that supports de Gébelin's fanciful etymologies, but these findings came too late; by the time authentic Egyptian texts were available, the identification of the Tarot cards with the Egyptian "Book of Thoth" was already firmly established in occult practice.

Although tarot cards were used for fortune-telling in Italy in the 1700s, they were first widely publicized as a divination method by Alliette, also called "Etteilla", a French occultist who reversed the letters of his name and worked as a seer and card diviner shortly before the French Revolution. Etteilla designed the first esoteric Tarot deck, adding astrological attributions to various cards, altering many of them from the Marseille designs, and adding divinatory meanings in text on the cards. Etteilla decks, although now eclipsed by Smith and Waite's fully-illustrated deck and Aleister Crowley's "Thoth" deck, remain available. Later Marie-Anne Le Normand popularized divination and prophecy during the reign of Napoleon Bonaparte. This was due, in part, to the influence she wielded over Joséphine de Beauharnais, Napoleon's first wife. However, she did not typically use Tarot.

Interest in Tarot by other occultists came later, during the Hermetic Revival of the 1840s in which (among others) Victor Hugo was involved. The idea of the cards as a mystical key was further developed by Eliphas Levi and passed to the English-speaking world by The Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn. Lévi, not Etteilla, is considered by some to be the true founder of most contemporary schools of Tarot; his 1854 Dogme et Rituel de la Haute Magie (English title: Transcendental Magic) introduced an interpretation of the cards which related them to Cabala. While Levi accepted Court de Gébelin's claims about an Egyptian origin of the deck symbols, he rejected Etteilla's innovations and his altered deck, and devised instead a system which related the Tarot, especially the Tarot de Marseille, to the Kabbalah and the four elements of alchemy. On the other hand, to this day some of Etteilla's divinatory meanings for Tarot are still used by some Tarot practitioners.

Tarot became increasingly popular beginning in 1910, with the publication of the Rider-Waite-Smith Tarot, which took the step of including symbolic images related to divinatory meanings on the numeric cards. (Arthur Edward Waite had been an early member of the Golden Dawn). In the 20th century, a huge number of different decks were created, some traditional, some vastly different. Thanks, in part, to marketing by the publisher U.S. Games Systems, the Rider-Waite-Smith deck has been extremely popular in the English-speaking world beginning in the 1970s.

Tarot decks depict the archetypes of spiritual life, see iconography.

Le Chariot, from the Tarot of Marseille.

Differences among decks

Tarot cards serve many purposes, and this leads to a variety of Tarot deck styles. Traditionally, a variety of styles of Tarot decks and designs have existed. A number of tyical regional patterns emerged. Historically, one of the most important design is now usually known as the Tarot of Marseille (French: Tarot de Marseille). This standard pattern was the one studied by Court de Gébelin, and cards based on this style illustrate his Le Monde primitif. The Tarot of Marseille was also popularized in the 20th century by Paul Marteau. Some current editions of cards based on the Marseille design go back to a deck of a particular Marseille design that was printed by Nicolas Conver in 1760. Other regional styles include the "Swiss" Tarot; this one substitutes Juno and Jupiter for the Papess and the Pope. In Florence an expanded deck called Minchiate was used; this deck of 96 cards includes astrological symbols and the four elements, as well as traditional Tarot cards.

Some decks exist primarily as artwork; and such "art decks" sometimes contain only the 22 cards of the Major Arcana. Esoteric decks are often used in conjunction with the study of the Hermetic Qabala; in these decks the Major Arcana are illustrated in accordance with Qabalistic principles while the numbered suit cards (2 through 10) sometimes bear only stylized renderings of the suit symbol. However, under the influence of the Rider-Waite-Smith deck, decks used in the English-speaking world for divination often bear illustrated scenes on the numeric cards to facilitate divination. The more simply illustrated "Marseille" style decks are nevertheless used esoterically, for divination, and previously for game play. (Note that the French card game of tarot is now generally played using a relatively modern 19th-century design. Such Tarot decks generally have 22 trumps with genre scenes from 19th-century life, a Fool, and have minor arcana that closely resemble today's French playing cards.)

An influential deck in English-speaking countries is the Rider-Waite deck (sometimes called simply the Rider deck). (See also discussion of the general expression "Rider-Waite-Smith" below, to indicate a category of decks that includes the "Rider-Waite" deck as well as decks which use the line drawings of the Rider-Waite deck, such as the Universal Waite deck.) (In contrast, in French-speaking countries, the Marseille deck enjoys the equivalent popularity.) The images were drawn by artist Pamela Colman Smith, to the instructions of Christian mystic and occultist Arthur Waite, and originally published by the Rider Company in 1910. While the deck is sometimes known as a simple, user-friendly one, its imagery, especially in the Trumps, is complex and replete with occult symbolism. The subjects of the trumps are based on those of the earliest decks, but have been significantly modified to reflect Waite and Smith's view of Tarot. An important difference from 'Marseille'-style decks is that Smith drew scenes on the numeric cards to depict divinatory meanings; those divinatory meanings derive, in great part, from traditional cartomantic divinatory meanings (e.g., Etteilla and others) and from divinatory meanings first espoused by The Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, of which both Waite and Smith were members. However, it isn't the first deck to include completely illustrated numeric cards. The first to do so was the 15th-century Sola-Busca deck; however, in this case, the illustrations apparently were not made to facilitate divination.

The Lovers, Rider-Waite-Smith deck

Some individuals object to the Rider-Waite deck due to its relatively small selection of colors and "flat" appearance. However, several decks, such as the Universal Waite, copy the Smith's line drawings, but add more subtle coloring and three dimensional modeling. The limited number of colors and "flat" appearance in the original Rider-Waite-Smith decks were virtually unavoidable due to the limits of printing technology in the early 20th century.

In Internet tarot discussion groups, the Rider-Waite deck and very similar decks, e.g., the Universal Waite, are sometimes referred to by the collective term "Rider-Waite-Smith", "RWS" or "Waite-Colman-Smith" (or similar expressions). Numerous other decks that are loosely based on Rider-Waite (as noted below)have been published from the mid-20th century through today. They are sometimes called Rider-Waite-Smith clones; however, the term is misleading. They are not exact copies as the term clone would imply. Instead, they are variations.

A widely-used esoteric Tarot deck is Aleister Crowley's Thoth Tarot (pronounced /təʊt/ or /θɒθ/). Crowley engaged the artist Lady Frieda Harris to paint the cards for the deck. The Thoth deck is distinctly different from the Rider-Waite deck. That said, many consider the Rider-Waite deck and the Tarot de Marseille also to be 'esoteric' decks.

In contrast to the Thoth deck's colourfulness, the illustrations on Paul Foster Case's B.O.T.A. Tarot deck are black line drawings on white cards; this is an unlaminated deck intended to be coloured by its owner. Other esoteric decks include the Golden Dawn Tarot, which is apparently based on a deck by SL MacGregor Mathers and clearly based on the teachings of the Golden Dawn. Numerous other decks exist, including the Tree of Life Tarot whose cards are stark symbolic catalogs, and the Cosmic Tarot.

The Marseille style Tarot decks generally feature numbered minor arcana cards that look very much like the pip cards of modern playing card decks. The Marseille numbered minor arcana cards do not have scenes depicted on them; rather, they sport a geometric arrangement of the number of suit symbols (e.g., swords, rods, cups, coins) corresponding to the number of the card (accompanied by botanical and other non-scenic flourishes), while the court cards are often illustrated with flat, two-dimensional drawings.

Other modern decks created since the time of the first publishing of the Rider-Waite deck in 1909 vary in their card imagery. The variety is almost endless, and grows yearly. For instance, cat-lovers may have the Tarot of the Cat People, a deck complete with cats in every picture. The Tarot of the Witches and the Aquarian Tarot retain the conventional cards with varying designs. The Tarot of the Witches deck became famous/notorious in the 1970s for its use in the James Bond movie Live and Let Die.

These modern decks change the cards to varying degrees. For example, the Motherpeace Tarot is notable for its circular cards and feminist angle: the mainly male characters have been replaced by females. The Tarot of Baseball has suits of bats, mitts, balls and bases; "coaches" and "MVPs" instead of Queens and Kings; and major arcana cards like "The Catcher", "The Rule Book" and "Batting a Thousand". In the Silicon Valley Tarot, major arcana cards include The Hacker, Flame War, The Layoff and The Garage; the suits are Networks, Cubicles, Disks and Hosts; the court cards CIO, Salesman, Marketeer and New Hire.

Symbolism

The Tarot has a complex and rich symbolism with a long history. Such history is not impenetrable. Contrary to what many popular authors claim, its origins are not lost in the mists of time. In fact, much of the fog around the symbolism can be dispelled if one studies sources other than occultists with a vested interest in the occult interpretation of Tarot. We will do some dispelling further on; in the meantime, the most important thing to note is that modern, occult readings of the cards often have little to do with their meaning in their original context.

Some people find that modern Tarot decks are more interesting, expressive, and psychologically resonant than their ancestors. Interpretations have evolved together with the cards over the centuries: later decks have "clarified" the pictures in accordance with meanings assigned to the cards by their creators. In turn, the meanings come to be modified by the new pictures. Images and interpretations have been continually reshaped, in part, to help the Tarot live up to its mythic role as a powerful occult instrument and to respond to modern needs.

See, for example, the Rider-Waite-Smith Strength card. We can know more about the symbolic intentions of the designer here, since he conveniently wrote many books on the subject on occultism and symbolism and a handbook specifically for this deck titled The Pictorial Key to the Tarot (1910). As with its Marseille-deck ancestor, the Strength trump shows a woman holding the jaws of a lion, but this picture is far more elaborate. The woman's hat of the Marseille card has frequently been interpreted as a lemniscate: the sideways-figure-eight representing infinity, or, according to Waite, the Spirit of Life. In the newer card, this symbol appears explicitly. Other symbols are included: a chain of roses symbolizing desire or passion, against a white robe symbolizing purity. The mountains in the background demonstrate another kind of strength. Even here there is room for interpretation: the card is sometimes considered as showing intellect triumphing over desire, sometimes as the equal union of intellect and passion, sometimes just as a symbol of mental strength or endurance.

The twenty-two cards in the major arcana are: Fool, Magician, High Priestess [or La Papessa/Popess], Empress, Emperor, Hierophant [or Pope], Lovers, Chariot, Strength, Hermit, Wheel of Fortune, Justice, Hanged Man, Death, Temperance, Devil, Tower, Star, Moon, Sun, Judgement, World. Each card has its own large, complicated and disputed set of meanings. Altogether the major arcana are frequently said to represent the Fool's journey: a symbolic journey through life in which the Fool overcomes obstacles and gains wisdom. This idea was apparently first suggested by tarot author Eden Gray in the mid-20th century.

There is a vast body of writing on the significance of the Tarot. In many systems of interpretation based on that of the Golden Dawn, the four suits are associated with the four elements: Swords with air, Wands with fire, Cups with water and Pentacles with earth. The numerology is usually thought to be significant. The Tarot is often considered to correspond to various systems such as astrology, Pythagorean numerology, the Kabalah, the I Ching and others.

Psychology

Carl Jung was the first psychologist to attach importance to the Tarot. He may have regarded the Tarot cards as representing archetypes: fundamental types of person or situation embedded in the subconscious of all human beings. The Emperor, for instance, represents the ultimate patriarch or father figure.

The theory of archetypes gives rise to several psychological uses. Some psychologists use Tarot cards to identify how a client views himself or herself, by asking the patient to select a card that he or she identifies with. Some try to get the client to clarify his ideas by imagining his situation or relationship in terms of Tarot images: Is someone rushing in heedlessly like the Knight of Swords perhaps, or blindly keeping the world at bay as in the Rider-Waite-Smith Two of Swords? The Tarot can be seen as a kind of algebra of the subconscious, allowing it to be analysed at the conscious level.

Interestingly, some people view the older decks such as the Visconti-Sforza and Marseille as crude and limited when compared to some modern ones. This may reflect their belief that Tarot symbolism has evolved, especially since the early 20th century, so that it has become increasingly universal.

Storytelling and Art

The Tarot has inspired writers as well as visual artists. Italo Calvino described the Tarot as a "machine for telling stories", writing the novel The Castle of Crossed Destinies with plots and characters constructed through the Tarot. T. S. Eliot's poem The Waste Land uses only superficial descriptions of Tarot cards, a few of which are genuine. Random selections of Tarot cards have also been used to construct stories for writing exercises and writing games.

  • The Greater Trumps (1932), a supernatural thriller by Charles Williams, involves a struggle over "the Original Deck," which has come into the hands of an English civil servant.
  • Tarot decks play a significant role in Roger Zelazny's Amber fantasy series, where most major characters carry a magical deck of Tarot cards whose Trumps represent other characters (and enable communication with them) or locations. A Tarot deck inspired by the Amber series has been published.
  • The strategy video game Ogre Battle: March of the Black Queen features tarot cards, which can be put to various uses in battle (a Lovers can cause enemies to attack one another; an Emperor will give the allied team an extra round of attacks, etc.)
  • Tarot cards also play a role in Stephen King's Dark Tower series. At the end of Book 1, The Gunslinger, Roland finally catches up to the Man in Black, who reads Roland's future with a deck of Tarot cards in a golgotha: "Death. Yet not for you."
  • From 1977 to 1980, Piers Anthony published the Planet of Tarot series, which included God of Tarot, Vision of Tarot and Faith of Tarot. On the planet Tarot, nightmares, visions and fantasies become real, and sometimes tangentially, sometimes on-target, the protagonist lives through myths and stories, e.g., the moment Jesus of Nazareth "dies" and accepts his spiritual journey as Christ the savior, related to Tarot cards.
  • In John Crowley's novel Little, Big (1981), characters use a Tarot deck with non-standard, somewhat whimsical arcana (the "Least Trumps") for divination.
  • Tim Powers' 1992 novel Last Call depicts Tarot decks used for magic beyond just divination, particularly in a variant of poker, and alludes repeatedly to The Waste Land.
  • In the James Bond movie Live and Let Die, James confronts Solitaire, a woman who posesses the power to read tarot cards to predict the future.
  • In the 1999 movie The Red Violin, the journey of a perfect red violin is divined by a woman utilizing the Major Arcana cards of a Tarot deck. [11]
  • Tarot also features prominently in Alan Moore's Promethea (1998-2005), forming one of the central motifs of the series. Alan Moore himself has been quoted[12] as claiming his single cleverest piece of work is Promethea #12, a playful, multi-level[13] rebus in which a set of Major Arcana of Moore's own design (in homage of Crowley's Thoth Tarot deck) is used to explain Life, the Universe and Everything to Sophie (Promethea).

Divination

Divination, or fortune-telling, is by far the most popular and well-known use of the Tarot in the English-speaking world. This is sometimes seen as an extension of the psychological use mentioned above. Alternatively, it is sometimes seen as a less sophisticated use of tarot. It can be argued that we sometimes perceive the signs of future events subconsciously only. For instance, you might be subconsciously aware that a relationship or job is in trouble, before you admit it to yourself. In that sense, it might be said that the Tarot can give you insights into the future without having any supernatural or occult aspect at all. Meaning may emerge even from purely random patterns, as chance selections force you to consider concepts that you'd normally ignore, and the density of meaning is great enough that meanings can emerge from almost any selection of cards.

That point of view may be unusual among those who use Tarot for divination. Tarot card readers sometimes believe that Tarot cards allow them to exercise an innate psychic ability to see the future. Still others routinely follow the divinatory meanings assigned to each card by popular books and other authorities. Further, some individuals believe that the cards take on the "aura" or "vibrations" of someone who touches them. The cards are therefore sometimes "insulated" by wrapping them in silk or enclosing them in a box, and only touched by the reader and by the person for whom the reading is done (the "querent").

There are many variations, but in many readings the querent shuffles the cards, then the reader lays out the cards in a pattern called a "layout" or "spread". A well-known spread is the Celtic Cross. The cards are then analysed according to their positions, their individual divinatory meanings, their relationships, and whether the cards are upside-down ("reversed"). If the reader uses the interpretation technique of reversals, a reversed card has its own set of modified meanings and/or modified energies; a reversed card's meaning may sometimes be the opposite of the upright card meaning, sometimes weakened, sometimes twisted.

Divination may be seen as magical in itself, but the word "magic" often refers to the use of Tarot cards in a magical ritual designed to achieve some end. This is probably much less common than simple divination.

Layouts or spreads

In Tarot divination, results can be achieved with analysis of just one card, but, for more thoroughness, combinations of several cards in set patterns are usually used. These patterns are called spreads or layouts. There are many different spreads, although the Celtic Cross is one of the best known, and is often taught to beginners as their first spread, despite the complexity of it and the availability of simpler, more easily manageable spreads. More experienced practitioners will sometimes use their own spreads, assigning their own meanings to the relevant positions represented.

The Great Cross ("Celtic Cross") Layout

This layout generally consists of 10 cards, or 10 cards plus an optional, 11th card [as a significator card]. The significator card represents the person or the situation. The first 6 of the 10 cards are laid out in the shape of a cross. (If there is a significator card, the first card of the 10 is placed atop the significator card.) The final 4 of the 10 cards are placed in a column to the right. [14]

The Celtic Cross was possibly used by the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn for outer-order members of the Order and was later made popular because of its description by A. E. Waite in his book, A Pictorial Key to the Tarot. Note that, for tarot layouts for its inner-order members, the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn used a more complex system which included The Opening of the Key spread [15].

The Five Card Spread

This spread uses cards from the major arcana only and is arranged in a specific order. There are five cards arranged in front of the querent. Cards can be right-side up or upside down, as long as the meanings are readable. The first card represents what is behind the querent or their past. The second card represents their present state. The third card represents what can happen in their future whether it be bad or good. The fourth card symbolizes what can stop or prevent the previous card from happening. The fifth card, also known as the final result, is what will happen if the fourth element is avoided or never played. This spread can use the minor arcana as well, but the fortunes that it tells are more powerful and persuading with the major arcana and it can allow more creativity and abstraction in the fortunes.

The Romany Draw Layout (or Past/Present/Future Layout)

The card-reader shuffles the deck, then spreads out all of the cards, asking the querent [the person for whom the cards are being read] to pick three cards, one at a time. The card-reader then flips the cards over, the one on the left telling of the past, the middle one telling current events, and the one on the right telling the future.

"Crowley's" Thoth layout

The Thoth Tarot deck was created by Aleister Crowley and Lady Frieda Harris. Those who buy the deck are instructed as follows. The deck is shuffled by the querent. The querent concentrates on the question and then returns the deck to the reader. The reader lays out the cards in five categories. The center category (three cards) represents the motivations of the querent. The top right hand category (three cards) represents things that will happen in the near or most likely future. The top left hand category (three cards) represent what will happen in the distant or less likely future. The bottom left hand category (three cards) represents forces that help the querent. The bottom right hand category (three cards) represents forces beyond the querent's control. Many readers avoid the Thoth deck because of Crowley's alleged affinity for black magic

This layout does not in fact have anything to do with the way Crowley read the deck he designed. In any case, this spread was invented by the publisher of the small book accompanying the U.S. Games Systems version of the deck. Crowley used the Opening of the Key spread developed by the Golden Dawn which consists of five stages.

The reader invokes Iao, then Hru, then traces the unicursal hexagram upon the deck, before shuffling and handing it to the querent. The querent "asks" the deck a question, then cuts it into four piles. These four piles represent the four letters of the Tetragrammaton, or, if you will, the four elements. The reader turns these piles over and gets a general feel for the situation.

The reader looks through the piles to see which pile the querent's significator is in. This is determined by their birthday, and would correspond to a Queen, Knight, or Prince card. When the reader finds the significator, tell the querent for what s/he has come, and continue. If it is not what the querent has come for, abandon the reading for now, or try in a little while after focusing on the issue some more. If in the fire pile, the matter concerns energy, quarelling, and force. If in the water, the matter has to do with pleasure, enjoyment, and emotions, etc. If in the air pile, the matter concerns communications, problems, thinking, and tact. If in the earth pile, the matter deals with possessions, material objects, money, and the like.

The reader spreads the pile containing the significator in a horse-shoe formation upon the table, from right to left. Then s/he looks for patterns: two or three of a kind indicates certain things, and majority of an element indicates certain things. Three 3s indicates deceit, for instance, while 4 Kings indicates authority and influence. Starting from the significator, the reader card-counts.

All card-counting strings start from a significator, which must be a court card. In the Crowley deck, the courts are Knight, Queen, Prince, and Princess. Count in the direction the card faces (usually left for Princes and Knights, usually right for Queens and Princesses) until a card is hit twice.

Count: 12 for Zodiacal trumps 5 or 11 for Aces 9 for planetary trumps 7 for Princesses 4 for Knights, Queens and Princes 3 for Elemental trumps

With this string, you can tell a story. All the while, pay attention to elemental dignities. A card will be well or ill dignified by the cards surrounding it. Each card can be attributed to one of the four (sometimes five) elements. Fire and water weaken each other. Air and Earth weaken each other. Other elemental combinations are friendly.

Court cards can also be attributed to elements, but personal preference usually has variability in this.

Kings usually represent mutable signs (usually air), queens fixed signs (usually water), and princes cardinal signs (usually fire). Elements are fairly constant, so when applied there are double elements involved which gives depth to the reading. For example, the king of cups would be mutable water which is pisces. Since it is a king of a water suit, this is 'air of water'. Similary, a knight of swords would be cardinal air, which would be libra. It is fire of air. They can act as a buffer if it is next to a suit in which part of it is ill dignified, but the other is neutral. If one is well dignified and the other ill dignified, this is somewhat of a dichotomy, and is usually frustrating in action because it works in different ways.


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If one is well dignified and the other ill dignified, this is somewhat of a dichotomy, and is usually frustrating in action because it works in different ways. She has two sisters, Christie and Melissa. They can act as a buffer if it is next to a suit in which part of it is ill dignified, but the other is neutral. Stratus' mother, Alice is a teacher of Polish descent and her father, John is a real estate agent of Greek descent. It is fire of air. Her motto is, "Preparedness meets opportunity.". Similary, a knight of swords would be cardinal air, which would be libra. Stratus' trademarked catchphrase is "Stratusfaction Guaranteed", with "True Stratusfaction" being the feeling of constantly being challenged and subsequently meeting those challenges.

Since it is a king of a water suit, this is 'air of water'. In a March 15, 2005 interview with Byte This! (an online talk show), she was quoted as saying;. For example, the king of cups would be mutable water which is pisces. Stratus has repeatedly declined to pose nude for Playboy. Elements are fairly constant, so when applied there are double elements involved which gives depth to the reading. Stratus has also recorded a song called "I Just Want You", as part of the WWE-produced compilation album, WWE Originals. Kings usually represent mutable signs (usually air), queens fixed signs (usually water), and princes cardinal signs (usually fire). Stratus has appeared on Mad TV twice and various comedy shows in Canada including Royal Canadian Air Farce and performing on stage at Second City.

Court cards can also be attributed to elements, but personal preference usually has variability in this. She was then introduced to Trish's date, Jack, which did not set well with James. Other elemental combinations are friendly. After the match, Mickie confronted Trish backstage, and again confessed her "love" towards Stratus. Air and Earth weaken each other. This time, the outcome was different, as Ashley was victorious. Fire and water weaken each other. Just like on that night, Trish was the special guest referee.

Each card can be attributed to one of the four (sometimes five) elements. The following week on RAW, Mickie faced Ashley in a rematch from the Royal Rumble. A card will be well or ill dignified by the cards surrounding it. James gave Ashley a Mick Kick and left the ring happy while a shocked Trish tended to Ashley. All the while, pay attention to elemental dignities. When Trish pulled Ashley off James. With this string, you can tell a story. Mickie was very upset and started to leave the ring before running back and nailing Ashley with a spear, causing a catfight.

Count: 12 for Zodiacal trumps 5 or 11 for Aces 9 for planetary trumps 7 for Princesses 4 for Knights, Queens and Princes 3 for Elemental trumps. As Trish tried to set the record straight, Ashley hit the ring and told Mickie that Trish thinks she is a psycho. Count in the direction the card faces (usually left for Princes and Knights, usually right for Queens and Princesses) until a card is hit twice. Balloons and confetti filled the arena and the Spirit Squad gave Trish a special cheer. In the Crowley deck, the courts are Knight, Queen, Prince, and Princess. The next night on RAW, James held a celebration of her idol, Trish. All card-counting strings start from a significator, which must be a court card. Trish reluctantly counted to 3.

Starting from the significator, the reader card-counts. Before the match, Mickie told Trish, " I love you." James won with a powerbomb as Ashley mounted over her on the turnbuckle. Three 3s indicates deceit, for instance, while 4 Kings indicates authority and influence. Trish was the special referee in Ashley's match with James at the Royal Rumble on January 29 in Miami at the American Airlines Arena. Then s/he looks for patterns: two or three of a kind indicates certain things, and majority of an element indicates certain things. Trish confronted Mickie on the outside, leaving Ashley in the hands of Victoria, who pinned her after delivering the Widow's Peak. The reader spreads the pile containing the significator in a horse-shoe formation upon the table, from right to left. The following week, when Mickie was apologizing to Ashley for what she did while they were preparing for their match, Mickie slapped Trish's rear, to which she implied was "just for luck." The trio ended up losing to "Vince's Devils" when Mickie attacked Ashley after she was knocked into her.

If in the earth pile, the matter deals with possessions, material objects, money, and the like. The night after on RAW, Ashley defeated Trish by DQ in a match for the Women's Title when James interfered and backstage Ashley told Trish that Mickie was a psycho. If in the air pile, the matter concerns communications, problems, thinking, and tact. Mickie proceeded to make Trish uncomfortable by saying that it felt like silk when their skin came into contact. If in the water, the matter has to do with pleasure, enjoyment, and emotions, etc. Mickie came in excited, with Trish asking her if she knew that she lost the match. If in the fire pile, the matter concerns energy, quarelling, and force. Afterward, she had a brief stare down with Lita (many believe this is a glimpse into the future) before answering questions on WWE Instant Access.

If it is not what the querent has come for, abandon the reading for now, or try in a little while after focusing on the issue some more. Stratus retained her title by defeating Mickie James with the Chick Kick at New Year's Revolution on January 8, 2006. When the reader finds the significator, tell the querent for what s/he has come, and continue. Mickie finally gave Trish her towel back, but not before complimenting her on her "nice breasts.". This is determined by their birthday, and would correspond to a Queen, Knight, or Prince card. She took her towel and wouldn't give it back until Trish heard her out. The reader looks through the piles to see which pile the querent's significator is in. Frustrated that Trish wasn’t returning her calls, Mickie found Trish in the shower.

The reader turns these piles over and gets a general feel for the situation. Mickie James was in another compromising situation with the Women’s Champion the next week. These four piles represent the four letters of the Tetragrammaton, or, if you will, the four elements. The suprised Stratus, in disbelief, ran from the situation, stressing out James. The querent "asks" the deck a question, then cuts it into four piles. On the December 26, 2005 episode of RAW, Mickie James shared an "intimate" kiss with Stratus under a mistletoe. The reader invokes Iao, then Hru, then traces the unicursal hexagram upon the deck, before shuffling and handing it to the querent. At the 2005 Survivor Series on November 27, Stratus, with the interference of Mickie James, defeated Melina to retain her title.

Crowley used the Opening of the Key spread developed by the Golden Dawn which consists of five stages. Melina then kicked Stratus in the head, knocking her and the chair over. Games Systems version of the deck. Melina then challenged Stratus to a match for the Women's Championship the following Sunday at the 2005 Survivor Series, which Stratus agreed to. In any case, this spread was invented by the publisher of the small book accompanying the U.S. When they had Stratus bound and tied to a chair, they revealed themselves to be Joey Mercury and Johnny Nitro of MNM, acting on the instructions of Melina. This layout does not in fact have anything to do with the way Crowley read the deck he designed. On the November 21 episode of RAW, Stratus was abducted by two masked men and carried to an undisclosed part of the arena.

Many readers avoid the Thoth deck because of Crowley's alleged affinity for black magic. Melina eliminated Stratus to win the bout. The bottom right hand category (three cards) represents forces beyond the querent's control. Trish Stratus met Melina in the ring for the first time on November 14 in a mixed brand diva battle royal. The bottom left hand category (three cards) represents forces that help the querent. Stratus successfully defended the Women's Title in a "Fulfill Your Fantasy" Diva battle royal at Taboo Tuesday 2005. The top left hand category (three cards) represent what will happen in the distant or less likely future. A week later, Trish Stratus' "number one fan" Mickie James made her debut, saving Stratus and Ashley from an attack from Victoria.

The top right hand category (three cards) represents things that will happen in the near or most likely future. At WWE Homecoming, the duo defeated Wilson, Candice, and Victoria in a Bra and Panties Match. The center category (three cards) represents the motivations of the querent. On September 18 at Unforgiven 2005, Stratus and Ashley defeated Victoria and Wilson in a tag team match. The reader lays out the cards in five categories. On September 12, 2005, Stratus returned to RAW and turned face once again by joining forces with Ashley Massaro against Torrie Wilson, Candice Michelle and Victoria. The querent concentrates on the question and then returns the deck to the reader. She berated him after the match and he gave her a bear hug and followed up with a big splash.

The deck is shuffled by the querent. Storyline wise, she was attacked by Viscera after he failed to take out Lita's "husband" Kane. Those who buy the deck are instructed as follows. In May 2005, Stratus was removed from competition, due to a herniated disc. The Thoth Tarot deck was created by Aleister Crowley and Lady Frieda Harris. Stratus successfully defended her title at WrestleMania 21 on April 3, 2005 against 2004 RAW Diva Search winner Christy Hemme. The card-reader then flips the cards over, the one on the left telling of the past, the middle one telling current events, and the one on the right telling the future. Stratus quickly took advantage of the situation, nailing Lita with a Chick Kick to the head to win her record sixth Women's Championship.

The card-reader shuffles the deck, then spreads out all of the cards, asking the querent [the person for whom the cards are being read] to pick three cards, one at a time. Lita tore her ACL when she connected with a Lou Thesz press off the ring apron, onto the arena floor. This spread can use the minor arcana as well, but the fortunes that it tells are more powerful and persuading with the major arcana and it can allow more creativity and abstraction in the fortunes. On January 9, 2005 at New Year's Revolution in Puerto Rico, Lita defended her title against Stratus. The fifth card, also known as the final result, is what will happen if the fourth element is avoided or never played. She warned the eventual DS winner that she would be hazing them as part of an "initiation party" next week on Raw. The fourth card symbolizes what can stop or prevent the previous card from happening. The feud began when Jonathon Coachman was about to announce the winner of the first Diva Search Contest, and Trish Stratus's music hit and she came out wearing a short blue dress.

The third card represents what can happen in their future whether it be bad or good. One notable feud in her 2004 title run was with Christy Hemme. The second card represents their present state. Stratus would continue to hold the title for the next six months, fending off all challenges and even tying the record for the fastest match in wrestling history, pinning Nidia in just three seconds on the July 5, 2004 edition of RAW. The first card represents what is behind the querent or their past. This win was historic for Stratus, as she became the first-ever five time WWE Women's Champion. Cards can be right-side up or upside down, as long as the meanings are readable. Lita appeared to have victory at hand following a DDT to Gail Kim, but Stratus moved in for the kill, rolling up Lita from behind for the win and the title.

There are five cards arranged in front of the querent. At Bad Blood on June 13, 2004, the Women's Championship was defended by Victoria, in a Fatal Four Way Elimination Match. This spread uses cards from the major arcana only and is arranged in a specific order. As the Jericho/Christian feud reached its conclusion, Stratus refocused herself on the Women's Championship. Note that, for tarot layouts for its inner-order members, the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn used a more complex system which included The Opening of the Key spread [15]. The Stratus/Christian union would continue for several more months, and even saw the addition of a "problem solver" to their mix, the hulking Tyson Tomko. Waite in his book, A Pictorial Key to the Tarot. She also revealed to the fans how much she "likes it rough." She ended the promo by proclaiming to Jericho and to the world, "You can't get no...Stratusfaction.".

E. The following night on RAW, after the two squashed Spike Dudley in an unprovoked attack, Stratus revealed on how she had never forgiven Jericho for the Canadian dollar bet, how her feelings of sadness and hurt ate away at her for months as she plotted her ultimate revenge. The Celtic Cross was possibly used by the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn for outer-order members of the Order and was later made popular because of its description by A. Before they departed, Christian grabbed Stratus's hair, pulled her to his lips, and passionately kissed his new girlfriend. [14]. Christian and Stratus walked away holding hands, mocking their former friend who sat in the ring looking on with an expression of disbelief. (If there is a significator card, the first card of the 10 is placed atop the significator card.) The final 4 of the 10 cards are placed in a column to the right. Stratus suddenly reared back and throttled Jericho with a vicious haymaker, which Christian followed with the Un-Prettier.

The first 6 of the 10 cards are laid out in the shape of a cross. As Jericho tried to hold Stratus back, though, the fans witnessed the turn of Stratus. The significator card represents the person or the situation. After the match, Stratus appeared to be all apologies, but as she and Jericho argued in the ring, Christian came running back down the aisle, to seemingly get his hands on Stratus in a violent and hateful manner once again. This layout generally consists of 10 cards, or 10 cards plus an optional, 11th card [as a significator card]. Her elbow jabbed Jericho's temple, and Christian scored a roll up pin for the three count. More experienced practitioners will sometimes use their own spreads, assigning their own meanings to the relevant positions represented. Jericho made the save, but when he leaned down to assist his fallen friend, Stratus thrust forth an elbow, apparently believing that it was Christian.

There are many different spreads, although the Celtic Cross is one of the best known, and is often taught to beginners as their first spread, despite the complexity of it and the availability of simpler, more easily manageable spreads. Christian, apparently disgusted by Stratus's presence, pulled her violently into the ring and attempted to attack her. These patterns are called spreads or layouts. Stratus surged toward the ring late in the match, appearing to be firmly in Jericho's corner. In Tarot divination, results can be achieved with analysis of just one card, but, for more thoroughness, combinations of several cards in set patterns are usually used. Unbeknown to the fans in attendance, it was only just getting warmed up. This is probably much less common than simple divination. It appeared this long and intense storyline would reach its conclusion on this night.

Divination may be seen as magical in itself, but the word "magic" often refers to the use of Tarot cards in a magical ritual designed to achieve some end. A match was soon signed for WrestleMania XX on March 14, 2004, in Madison Square Garden, pitting Chris Jericho against his former best friend, Christian. If the reader uses the interpretation technique of reversals, a reversed card has its own set of modified meanings and/or modified energies; a reversed card's meaning may sometimes be the opposite of the upright card meaning, sometimes weakened, sometimes twisted. Stratus was taken out of action for several weeks with injuries, and Christian gloated over his actions. The cards are then analysed according to their positions, their individual divinatory meanings, their relationships, and whether the cards are upside-down ("reversed"). In the ring, however, Christian instead plowed Stratus down with a clothesline, and locked her in Jericho's submission hold, the Walls of Jericho. A well-known spread is the Celtic Cross. In the dressing room prior to the contest, Christian (feigning friendship with Stratus) promised her he would lay down and allow her to pin him.

There are many variations, but in many readings the querent shuffles the cards, then the reader lays out the cards in a pattern called a "layout" or "spread". It looked like everything became crystal clear on the February 23, 2004 RAW, when Christian was booked to face Stratus in a one-on-one match by RAW General Manager Eric Bischoff. The cards are therefore sometimes "insulated" by wrapping them in silk or enclosing them in a box, and only touched by the reader and by the person for whom the reading is done (the "querent"). To the face of Jericho, he was very accepting of his feelings for Stratus...but to Stratus's face, Christian seemed to be courting her affections. Further, some individuals believe that the cards take on the "aura" or "vibrations" of someone who touches them. Meanwhile, Christian appeared to be harboring jealousy, accusing Stratus of driving a wedge into his partnership with Jericho and labeling her "Yoko Ono." But soon, Christian also appeared to have something of a change of heart, albeit a very condescending one. Still others routinely follow the divinatory meanings assigned to each card by popular books and other authorities. At first, Stratus was unwilling to show Jericho any forgiveness, but appeared to accept his apologies enough to at least accept him as a friend.

Tarot card readers sometimes believe that Tarot cards allow them to exercise an innate psychic ability to see the future. Soon, it became obvious that Jericho was feeling an enormous amount of guilt for initiating the Canadian dollar bet. That point of view may be unusual among those who use Tarot for divination. In what now can be viewed as a harbinger of things to come, Stratus seemed to take a lot more pleasure in beating down Jericho than Jericho had in facing her in a match. Meaning may emerge even from purely random patterns, as chance selections force you to consider concepts that you'd normally ignore, and the density of meaning is great enough that meanings can emerge from almost any selection of cards. Apparently, Jericho was starting to develop true feelings for Stratus, and was having a difficult time going through with the match before him. In that sense, it might be said that the Tarot can give you insights into the future without having any supernatural or occult aspect at all. While Christian seemed to take pride in beating down his female opponents, Jericho seemed to want no part of it.

For instance, you might be subconsciously aware that a relationship or job is in trouble, before you admit it to yourself. The following week, Stratus and Lita confronted and assaulted Jericho and Christian in front of a nationwide viewing audience on RAW, leading to a "battle of the sexes" tag team match held at Armageddon on December 14, 2003. It can be argued that we sometimes perceive the signs of future events subconsciously only. Stratus, who was to present Jericho with a handmade Canadian hockey jersey as a gift, heard every word and every laugh from outside the dressing room, and it brought her to tears. Alternatively, it is sometimes seen as a less sophisticated use of tarot. On the December 1, 2003 RAW, Jericho and Christian were overheard in the locker room mocking Stratus' and Lita's affections, and revealed a bet the two of them had with one another (for one Canadian dollar) to see which man could sleep with their chosen Diva first. This is sometimes seen as an extension of the psychological use mentioned above. As it turned out, they were anything but.

Divination, or fortune-telling, is by far the most popular and well-known use of the Tarot in the English-speaking world. To many fans, neither courtship looked to be on the up and up. Random selections of Tarot cards have also been used to construct stories for writing exercises and writing games. At the same time, Jericho's friend and tag team partner Christian was courting Stratus' close friend Lita. Eliot's poem The Waste Land uses only superficial descriptions of Tarot cards, a few of which are genuine. Stratus and Jericho appeared smitten with each other. S. One which apparently showed warmth, caring, and compassion.

T. Soon, however, Stratus started to slowly warm up to Jericho, seeing a side of him that many fans and fellow competitors did not see very often. Italo Calvino described the Tarot as a "machine for telling stories", writing the novel The Castle of Crossed Destinies with plots and characters constructed through the Tarot. Even Stratus seemed dumbfounded initially. The Tarot has inspired writers as well as visual artists. One night on RAW, as Stratus was being attacked by Victoria and Steven Richards, Jericho inexplicably rushed the ring and warded off the attackers. This may reflect their belief that Tarot symbolism has evolved, especially since the early 20th century, so that it has become increasingly universal. October 2003 would mark the beginning of what would be Stratus' most emotional WWE saga; the triangle between Stratus, Chris Jericho, and Christian.

Interestingly, some people view the older decks such as the Visconti-Sforza and Marseille as crude and limited when compared to some modern ones. Thanks to an assist from the returning Lita, however, it would be Stratus who gained the last laugh. Some try to get the client to clarify his ideas by imagining his situation or relationship in terms of Tarot images: Is someone rushing in heedlessly like the Knight of Swords perhaps, or blindly keeping the world at bay as in the Rider-Waite-Smith Two of Swords? The Tarot can be seen as a kind of algebra of the subconscious, allowing it to be analysed at the conscious level. Soon, Molly approached Kim with the idea of forever ending Stratus's wrestling career, and for a time, it seemed as though it would happen. Some psychologists use Tarot cards to identify how a client views himself or herself, by asking the patient to select a card that he or she identifies with. Kim helped Stratus to her feet before viciously clotheslining her to the mat. The theory of archetypes gives rise to several psychological uses. Two weeks later, the now former Champion Kim, who lost the title to Molly Holly the previous week, appeared to be saving Stratus from a two-on-one assault by Molly and Victoria.

The Emperor, for instance, represents the ultimate patriarch or father figure. A miscommunication between Stratus and Kim during a tag team match on RAW (in which Stratus misfired a Chick kick and accidentally nailed her partner) left Kim embittered. He may have regarded the Tarot cards as representing archetypes: fundamental types of person or situation embedded in the subconscious of all human beings. Stratus was engaged in a heated feud with newcomer Gail Kim, who won the Women's Championship on her first televised WWE match, by winning a battle royal. Carl Jung was the first psychologist to attach importance to the Tarot. Despite losing the Championship back to Jazz the following month, Stratus stayed in the hunt for the fifth Women's Championship. The Tarot is often considered to correspond to various systems such as astrology, Pythagorean numerology, the Kabalah, the I Ching and others. At WrestleMania XIX on March 30, 2003, Stratus won her fourth WWE Women's Championship, in a triple threat match against two of her greatest rivals, the psychotic Victoria and Jazz.

The numerology is usually thought to be significant. Trish improved a lot in 2002 she got in the ring all most every couple days being that she was defending the title on both SmackDown! and RAW. In many systems of interpretation based on that of the Golden Dawn, the four suits are associated with the four elements: Swords with air, Wands with fire, Cups with water and Pentacles with earth. Stratus also became WWE's most popular Diva, gracing the cover of WWE Divas 2002 swimsuit magazine (an alternate cover with Lita), and also winning the Woman of the Year achievement award as voted by the readers of Pro Wrestling Illustrated magazine. There is a vast body of writing on the significance of the Tarot. She even managed to win the Hardcore Championship from Crash Holly, on May 6, 2002, before losing it the same night to Steven Richards. This idea was apparently first suggested by tarot author Eden Gray in the mid-20th century. Stratus would go on to show significant improvement between the ropes, winning the Championship on two more occasions in 2002, from Jazz and Molly Holly, respectively.

Altogether the major arcana are frequently said to represent the Fool's journey: a symbolic journey through life in which the Fool overcomes obstacles and gains wisdom. Stratus had won her first WWE Women's Championship. Each card has its own large, complicated and disputed set of meanings. Stratus pinned Ivory after unveiling her new Stratusfaction finisher, a modified bulldog headlock which saw Stratus apply the headlock, climb the ropes, and in mid-air, catapult herself backwards to the canvas with her opponent's head still gripped in her arms. The twenty-two cards in the major arcana are: Fool, Magician, High Priestess [or La Papessa/Popess], Empress, Emperor, Hierophant [or Pope], Lovers, Chariot, Strength, Hermit, Wheel of Fortune, Justice, Hanged Man, Death, Temperance, Devil, Tower, Star, Moon, Sun, Judgement, World. Her return came at the Survivor Series on November 18, 2001, in a six-pack challenge for the vacant WWE Women's Championship, with Stratus facing off with Lita, Mighty Molly, Jacqueline, Ivory, and former ECW mainstay Jazz. Even here there is room for interpretation: the card is sometimes considered as showing intellect triumphing over desire, sometimes as the equal union of intellect and passion, sometimes just as a symbol of mental strength or endurance. By the time she returned to the ring, she was better prepared for in-ring combat than she had ever been before.

The mountains in the background demonstrate another kind of strength. Finlay's schoolings served Stratus well. Other symbols are included: a chain of roses symbolizing desire or passion, against a white robe symbolizing purity. She received extensive ring training from Dave Finlay, a former WCW Television Champion. In the newer card, this symbol appears explicitly. When she was not doing the show, Stratus continued training and rehabilitation, preparing herself for her comeback in the ring. The woman's hat of the Marseille card has frequently been interpreted as a lemniscate: the sideways-figure-eight representing infinity, or, according to Waite, the Spirit of Life. As she rehabbed, Stratus kept herself visible by co-hosting Excess on TNN.

As with its Marseille-deck ancestor, the Strength trump shows a woman holding the jaws of a lion, but this picture is far more elaborate. It would be at least four months before Stratus would fully heal and be able to continue her pursuit of wrestling glory. We can know more about the symbolic intentions of the designer here, since he conveniently wrote many books on the subject on occultism and symbolism and a handbook specifically for this deck titled The Pictorial Key to the Tarot (1910). Her journey was temporarily cut short in the summer of 2001, however, when Stratus chipped a bone in her ankle and underwent surgery to repair it. See, for example, the Rider-Waite-Smith Strength card. After her episode with the McMahon family, Stratus began focusing wrestling in the ring full-time. Images and interpretations have been continually reshaped, in part, to help the Tarot live up to its mythic role as a powerful occult instrument and to respond to modern needs. Shortly thereafter, Linda stood up out of her wheelchair and kicked Vince in the groin, enabling Shane to gain control of the match and eventually pin his father.

In turn, the meanings come to be modified by the new pictures. When the action was taken to the floor, Stratus walked up to Vince and slapped the taste out of his mouth before chasing Stephanie from ringside. Interpretations have evolved together with the cards over the centuries: later decks have "clarified" the pictures in accordance with meanings assigned to the cards by their creators. During a Street Fight between Vince and his son, then-WCW "owner" Shane McMahon, Stratus rolled out a seemingly catatonic Linda McMahon in a wheelchair to the ring. Some people find that modern Tarot decks are more interesting, expressive, and psychologically resonant than their ancestors. Few knew however that this was all part of a master plan Stratus had set into motion to embarrass her antagonist, and at WrestleMania X-Seven a month later, it all became crystal clear. We will do some dispelling further on; in the meantime, the most important thing to note is that modern, occult readings of the cards often have little to do with their meaning in their original context. Shockingly, she did.

In fact, much of the fog around the symbolism can be dispelled if one studies sources other than occultists with a vested interest in the occult interpretation of Tarot. Vince then said that the apology would only be accepted if she stripped down to her undergarments, got on all fours, and barked like a dog. Contrary to what many popular authors claim, its origins are not lost in the mists of time. The following week on RAW, Stratus actually gave Vince an apology for the disruption she felt he had caused in his life. Such history is not impenetrable. Vince stood over Stratus, and he told her she was a toy that he had grown tired of playing with. The Tarot has a complex and rich symbolism with a long history. Regal executed the Regal Cutter on Stratus, and Stephanie then dumped mud over Stratus's prone body.

In the Silicon Valley Tarot, major arcana cards include The Hacker, Flame War, The Layoff and The Garage; the suits are Networks, Cubicles, Disks and Hosts; the court cards CIO, Salesman, Marketeer and New Hire. In the midst of a tag team match that pitted Vince and Stratus against Regal and Stephanie, Stratus found herself the victim of a grand set-up by Vince, Stephanie and Regal. The Tarot of Baseball has suits of bats, mitts, balls and bases; "coaches" and "MVPs" instead of Queens and Kings; and major arcana cards like "The Catcher", "The Rule Book" and "Batting a Thousand". At No Way Out on February 25, Stratus and Stephanie squared off, with "The Billion-Dollar Princess" scoring a tainted win via the interference of William Regal. For example, the Motherpeace Tarot is notable for its circular cards and feminist angle: the mainly male characters have been replaced by females. Vince and Stratus's relationship increasingly angered the boss's daughter, Stephanie McMahon-Helmsley. These modern decks change the cards to varying degrees. In early 2001, Stratus became involved in a storyline with WWF Chairman Vince McMahon, during a time when Vince's wife Linda was "institutionalized" following a demand Vince had made for a divorce during a live show in Madison Square Garden in December 2000.

The Tarot of the Witches deck became famous/notorious in the 1970s for its use in the James Bond movie Live and Let Die. Stratus would go on to manage Val Venis to the Intercontinental Championship, but by that time, Stratus seemed to be outgrowing managing, as she had bigger aspirations on her mind. The Tarot of the Witches and the Aquarian Tarot retain the conventional cards with varying designs. Although Stratus and her team lost the bout, she was not about to leave that night without making her mark, and proceeded to whip Lita with a leather strap before exiting the ring. For instance, cat-lovers may have the Tarot of the Cat People, a deck complete with cats in every picture. It was not long before Stratus began competing in actual matches, one of the earliest examples being a six-person tag team match at Fully Loaded on July 23, 2000, as Stratus teamed with T & A to face The Hardy Boyz and Lita. The variety is almost endless, and grows yearly. More and more, Stratus found herself getting physically involved in the action, taking her bumps from Superstars like The Big Show and Chyna, and even suffering a stink face from Rikishi.

Other modern decks created since the time of the first publishing of the Rider-Waite deck in 1909 vary in their card imagery. However, unlike many Divas before her, it only served to whet Stratus's appetite for in-ring action. The Marseille numbered minor arcana cards do not have scenes depicted on them; rather, they sport a geometric arrangement of the number of suit symbols (e.g., swords, rods, cups, coins) corresponding to the number of the card (accompanied by botanical and other non-scenic flourishes), while the court cards are often illustrated with flat, two-dimensional drawings. It was during her stint managing T & A when Stratus had her first taste of punishment in the ring, being driven through a table by The Dudley Boyz after weeks of taunting the team, in particular Bubba Ray Dudley, notorious for his fondness for putting females through tables. The Marseille style Tarot decks generally feature numbered minor arcana cards that look very much like the pip cards of modern playing card decks. Not long after, Stratus began her first role in the company, managing Test and Albert in the tag team T & A. Numerous other decks exist, including the Tree of Life Tarot whose cards are stark symbolic catalogs, and the Cosmic Tarot. Stratus appeared on the runway, appearing to scout certain WWF Superstars, in particular Test and Prince Albert.

Other esoteric decks include the Golden Dawn Tarot, which is apparently based on a deck by SL MacGregor Mathers and clearly based on the teachings of the Golden Dawn. Her first WWF appearance took place on March 19, 2000 on Sunday Night Heat. Tarot deck are black line drawings on white cards; this is an unlaminated deck intended to be coloured by its owner. Growing up, Stratus idolized Hulk Hogan, and also had siblings and relatives who helped increase her interest in sports entertainment. In contrast to the Thoth deck's colourfulness, the illustrations on Paul Foster Case's B.O.T.A. The WWF again had contacted her in late-1999, and this time, Stratus was ready to start her career in sports entertainment, having been a fan since her childhood. That said, many consider the Rider-Waite deck and the Tarot de Marseille also to be 'esoteric' decks. Soon afterward, Stratus began her training at the gym of Ron Hutchinson, the same facility where Superstars like Edge and Christian had also trained for the ring.

The Thoth deck is distinctly different from the Rider-Waite deck. This caught the attention of the WWF, whose agents told Stratus that if she felt she had more to her than her looks alone, then she should start training for a wrestling career. Crowley engaged the artist Lady Frieda Harris to paint the cards for the deck. At one point, she also co-hosted a Canadian pro wrestling talk show called Live Audio Wrestling. A widely-used esoteric Tarot deck is Aleister Crowley's Thoth Tarot (pronounced /təʊt/ or /θɒθ/). Under the stage name of Trish Stratus, Stratigias quickly risen as one of the most popular models in the fitness industry, having appeared on over twenty fitness magazine covers around the world. Instead, they are variations. After accepting a job at a local gym, Stratigias found herself responding to the urging of her peers there and became a fitness model.

They are not exact copies as the term clone would imply. However, York University went on strike during her graduating year, leaving Stratigias with no other choice at that time but to pursue other career options. They are sometimes called Rider-Waite-Smith clones; however, the term is misleading. In 1997, with the World Wrestling Federation experiencing a change in "Attitude" (rougher-edged characters like Stone Cold Steve Austin replacing the clean-cut heroes of yore like Bret Hart), Patricia Anne Stratigias was a student at York University in Toronto, majoring in biology and kinesiology in hopes of reaching her goal of attending medical school. Numerous other decks that are loosely based on Rider-Waite (as noted below)have been published from the mid-20th century through today. . In Internet tarot discussion groups, the Rider-Waite deck and very similar decks, e.g., the Universal Waite, are sometimes referred to by the collective term "Rider-Waite-Smith", "RWS" or "Waite-Colman-Smith" (or similar expressions). She was voted "WWE Babe of the Year" three times between 2001 and 2003, but was defeated by Stacy Keibler in the 2004 competition.

The limited number of colors and "flat" appearance in the original Rider-Waite-Smith decks were virtually unavoidable due to the limits of printing technology in the early 20th century. As a sports entertainer, she was proclaimed the WWE Diva of the Decade on RAW's 10th Anniversary show. However, several decks, such as the Universal Waite, copy the Smith's line drawings, but add more subtle coloring and three dimensional modeling. She also released a calendar series called "Dream Team" with fellow model, Stacey Lynn. Some individuals object to the Rider-Waite deck due to its relatively small selection of colors and "flat" appearance. As a fitness model, Stratus has been featured on the cover of many major health and fitness magazines such as Musclemag, Flare and Total Women's Fitness. The first to do so was the 15th-century Sola-Busca deck; however, in this case, the illustrations apparently were not made to facilitate divination. [1].

However, it isn't the first deck to include completely illustrated numeric cards. Stratus is marketed as the first woman in WWE history to have held the WWE Women's Championship six times, two more than the four title reigns of The Fabulous Moolah recognized by WWE. An important difference from 'Marseille'-style decks is that Smith drew scenes on the numeric cards to depict divinatory meanings; those divinatory meanings derive, in great part, from traditional cartomantic divinatory meanings (e.g., Etteilla and others) and from divinatory meanings first espoused by The Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, of which both Waite and Smith were members. Patricia Anne Stratigias (born December 18, 1975 in Richmond Hill, Ontario), better known by her stage and ring name, Trish Stratus, is a Canadian professional wrestler and fitness model, currently working for World Wrestling Entertainment's RAW brand. The subjects of the trumps are based on those of the earliest decks, but have been significantly modified to reflect Waite and Smith's view of Tarot. 1-time WWE Hardcore Champion. While the deck is sometimes known as a simple, user-friendly one, its imagery, especially in the Trumps, is complex and replete with occult symbolism. 6-time WWF/E Women's Champion.

(See also discussion of the general expression "Rider-Waite-Smith" below, to indicate a category of decks that includes the "Rider-Waite" deck as well as decks which use the line drawings of the Rider-Waite deck, such as the Universal Waite deck.) (In contrast, in French-speaking countries, the Marseille deck enjoys the equivalent popularity.) The images were drawn by artist Pamela Colman Smith, to the instructions of Christian mystic and occultist Arthur Waite, and originally published by the Rider Company in 1910. Vince McMahon. An influential deck in English-speaking countries is the Rider-Waite deck (sometimes called simply the Rider deck). Viscera. Such Tarot decks generally have 22 trumps with genre scenes from 19th-century life, a Fool, and have minor arcana that closely resemble today's French playing cards.). Val Venis. (Note that the French card game of tarot is now generally played using a relatively modern 19th-century design. Tyson Tomko.

The more simply illustrated "Marseille" style decks are nevertheless used esoterically, for divination, and previously for game play. Test. However, under the influence of the Rider-Waite-Smith deck, decks used in the English-speaking world for divination often bear illustrated scenes on the numeric cards to facilitate divination. Ashley Massaro. Esoteric decks are often used in conjunction with the study of the Hermetic Qabala; in these decks the Major Arcana are illustrated in accordance with Qabalistic principles while the numbered suit cards (2 through 10) sometimes bear only stylized renderings of the suit symbol. Chris Jericho. Some decks exist primarily as artwork; and such "art decks" sometimes contain only the 22 cards of the Major Arcana. Mickie James.

In Florence an expanded deck called Minchiate was used; this deck of 96 cards includes astrological symbols and the four elements, as well as traditional Tarot cards. Christian. Other regional styles include the "Swiss" Tarot; this one substitutes Juno and Jupiter for the Papess and the Pope. Kurt Angle. Some current editions of cards based on the Marseille design go back to a deck of a particular Marseille design that was printed by Nicolas Conver in 1760. Albert. The Tarot of Marseille was also popularized in the 20th century by Paul Marteau. Dominant hand: Right.

This standard pattern was the one studied by Court de Gébelin, and cards based on this style illustrate his Le Monde primitif. Shoe size: 7.5. Historically, one of the most important design is now usually known as the Tarot of Marseille (French: Tarot de Marseille). Measurements: 36-24-36 D. A number of tyical regional patterns emerged. Eye color: Hazel. Traditionally, a variety of styles of Tarot decks and designs have existed. Natural hair color: Brunette.

Tarot cards serve many purposes, and this leads to a variety of Tarot deck styles. Back Chops. Tarot decks depict the archetypes of spiritual life, see iconography. Standing Dropkick. Games Systems, the Rider-Waite-Smith deck has been extremely popular in the English-speaking world beginning in the 1970s. Leg Drop. Thanks, in part, to marketing by the publisher U.S. Victory roll.

In the 20th century, a huge number of different decks were created, some traditional, some vastly different. Tilt-a-whirl headscissors. (Arthur Edward Waite had been an early member of the Golden Dawn). The MaTrish. Tarot became increasingly popular beginning in 1910, with the publication of the Rider-Waite-Smith Tarot, which took the step of including symbolic images related to divinatory meanings on the numeric cards. Spinebuster. On the other hand, to this day some of Etteilla's divinatory meanings for Tarot are still used by some Tarot practitioners. Air Canada (Lou Thesz press) accompanied with right hands to the skull of opponent.

While Levi accepted Court de Gébelin's claims about an Egyptian origin of the deck symbols, he rejected Etteilla's innovations and his altered deck, and devised instead a system which related the Tarot, especially the Tarot de Marseille, to the Kabbalah and the four elements of alchemy. StratusFear (handstand frankensteiner). Lévi, not Etteilla, is considered by some to be the true founder of most contemporary schools of Tarot; his 1854 Dogme et Rituel de la Haute Magie (English title: Transcendental Magic) introduced an interpretation of the cards which related them to Cabala. Running headlock bulldog from the corner. The idea of the cards as a mystical key was further developed by Eliphas Levi and passed to the English-speaking world by The Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn. Stratusfaction (springboard bulldog). Interest in Tarot by other occultists came later, during the Hermetic Revival of the 1840s in which (among others) Victor Hugo was involved. Chick Kick (roundhouse kick).

However, she did not typically use Tarot. This was due, in part, to the influence she wielded over Joséphine de Beauharnais, Napoleon's first wife. Later Marie-Anne Le Normand popularized divination and prophecy during the reign of Napoleon Bonaparte. Etteilla decks, although now eclipsed by Smith and Waite's fully-illustrated deck and Aleister Crowley's "Thoth" deck, remain available.

Etteilla designed the first esoteric Tarot deck, adding astrological attributions to various cards, altering many of them from the Marseille designs, and adding divinatory meanings in text on the cards. Although tarot cards were used for fortune-telling in Italy in the 1700s, they were first widely publicized as a divination method by Alliette, also called "Etteilla", a French occultist who reversed the letters of his name and worked as a seer and card diviner shortly before the French Revolution. Later Egyptologists found nothing in the Egyptian language that supports de Gébelin's fanciful etymologies, but these findings came too late; by the time authentic Egyptian texts were available, the identification of the Tarot cards with the Egyptian "Book of Thoth" was already firmly established in occult practice. In addition, Gébelin wrote before Champollion had deciphered Egyptian hieroglyphs.

Gébelin asserted these and similar views dogmatically; he presented no clear factual evidence to substantiate his claims. Gébelin further claimed that the name "tarot" came from the Egyptian words tar, meaning "royal", and ro, meaning "road", and that the Tarot therefore represented a "royal road" to wisdom. De Gébelin first asserted that symbolism of the Tarot de Marseille asserted represented the mysteries of Isis and Thoth. The tradition began in 1781, when Antoine Court de Gébelin, a Swiss clergyman and Freemason, published Le Monde Primitif, a speculative study which included religious symbolism and its survivals in the modern world.

The Tarot was not widely adopted by mystics, occultists and secret societies until the 18th and 19th century. This was actually a late rather than early development, as we can tell from period sources on card divination and magic. The Tarot cards eventually came to be associated with mysticism and magic. It is notable that between 1450 and 1500 the Tarot was actually recommended for the instruction of the young by Church moralists (reference is urgently needed here); not until fifty years after the Visconti deck did it become associated with gambling, and not until the 18th century and Gébelin and Etteilla with occultism.

Later confusion about the symbolism stems, in part, from the occult decks, which began a process of steadily paganizing and universalizing the symbolism to the point where the underlying Christian allegory has been somewhat obscured (as, for example, when the Rider-Waite deck of the early Twentieth Century changed "The Pope" to "The Hierophant" and "The Popess" to "The High Priestess"). Several other early Tarot-like sequences of portable art survive to place the Visconti deck in context. Augustine's "Heavenly City", and it is not coincidence that it often closely follows the Judgement card. Notably, the earliest versions of the World card show a conventional image known from period religious art to represent St.

These trionfi or triumphs were elaborate productions which layered then-fashionable Graeco-Roman symbolism over a Christian allegory of sin, grace, and redemption. Thus, the earliest Tarots may have been depictions of the carnival parades that ushered in the Christian season of Lent or the related motif of hierarchical powers found in Petrarch's poem I Trionfi. Nearly all of it may easily be interpreted as a reflection of the dominant Christian values of the times. In fact, although much of imagery looks mysterious or exotic to modern users, nearly all of it reflects conventional symbolism popular in the late Middle Ages and early Renaissance.

Such ideas, however, are speculative. Based on purported similarities of imagery and reinforced by the added numbering, some claim that Tarot originated in ancient Egypt, Hebrew mystic tradition of the Kabbalah, or a wide variety of other exotic places and times. Since the Egyptianizing ruminations in Le Monde primitif by Antoine Court de Gébelin (1781) which soon inspired the occultism of "Etteilla," it has been believed by many that the Tarot is far older than this. Before then, skulls in pictorial art were primarily symbols of scholarship and learning.

Study of the iconography of the earliest tarots via standard comparative-historical methods suffices to pin the origin of the depiction of Death as after the Black Death, because the skeletal-death-with-a-scythe motif found on effectively all versions of Trump XIII does not predate the plagues. However, historians have found little evidence to substantiate many such speculations. Steven Runciman, in The Medieval Manichee (1947), doubted the Catharist connection: "There seems to me to be a trace of Dualism in the pack, but it has since been overlaid with debased Kabalistic lore." He recognized the traditional interpretation of the Devil as the embodiment of the evil natural forces of this world, holding a naked man and woman in chains, and suggested in the Tower struck by lightning, a Cathar view of a Roman Catholic church. Traces of medieval dualist heresy, such as the Bogomils taught, or the Cathars, whose centers were precisely where the earliest Tarot surfaced in Piedmont and Provence, can be also detected in the paired balance, not merely of Emperor with Empress, but, significantly, by Pope with Popess, with echoes of the Pope Joan myth and of the gnostic Pistis Sophia. The substitution of a more neutral "Hierophant" designation for the nameless high priest is a modern one.

It is unlikely that their Zodiac context is being referred to, in which case all the others would have to have gone missing. Indeed, of any possible signs of the Zodiac, only the dual-natured Twins are present. All the heavenly sources of Light, so important to Dualist heretics, are present in the Major Arcana, without any planets that would have been required for any meaning associated with astrology, the usual context for heavenly bodies. The presence of the Fool and the Magician has often suggested a portable catechism for the illiterate, which survives in cartomancy.

Can Prudence have always been missing? The Christian Virtues that would ordinarily complete them (i.e., Faith, Hope and Charity) are missing, however, a "Hope" card is found in one of the earliest known decks, suggesting they were removed or omitted in subsequent years. Of the four Classical Virtues, only Fortitude, Justice and Temperance remain. There is no reason to be confident that the surviving set of Major Arcana is complete. Much speculation surrounds early tarot cards, including the notions which follow.

More simply drawn decks survive from various cities in France at various times (the best known in this context being the city of Marseille, in southern France) perhaps from the early 16th century, though actual surviving examples are no earlier than the 17th century. This "Visconti-Sforza" deck, which has been widely reproduced in varying quality, combines the Minor Arcana (suits of Swords, Staves, Coins and Cups, and face cards King, Queen, Knight and Page) with Major Arcana that reflect conventional iconography of the time to a significant degree. Of the original cards, 35 are in the Pierpont Morgan Library, 26 cards are at the Accademia Carrara, 13 are at the Casa Colleoni, 4 cards (the Devil, the Tower, the Three of Swords, and the Knight of Coins) being lost or possibly never made. The oldest of these existing Tarot decks was perhaps painted to celebrate a mid-15th century wedding joining the ruling Visconti and Sforza families of Milan, probably painted by Bonifacio Bembo and other miniaturists of the Ferrara school.

The oldest surviving Tarot cards are three early to mid-15th century sets, all made for members of the Visconti family, rulers of Milan. In Pietro Aretino's witty 16th-century dialogue Le carte parlanti ("The talking cards: dialogue in which gaming is discussed in a congenial fashion") there are frequent references to tarot symbolism: "The temptation of the hermit is the devil," and some irony on their uses: "...They reveal the secrets of nature, the reason for things, and explain the causes why day is driven out by night and night by day." [10]. However, other sources praised cards as an educational tool. Bernardino of Siena gave a sermon reviling cards as the invention of the Devil in 1423.

No mention of playing cards in the context of gambling and other marks of dissolute life precede the sudden appearance of a barrage of hostility in the 1370s: a sermon by the Swiss Johannes von Rheinfelden, Tractus de moribus et disciplina humanae conversationis states that "the game of cards has come to us this year" (said to be 1377, in the 15th-century surviving manuscript)[8] without inveighing against them, but prohibitions against cards were issued by John I of Castile and the cities of Florence and Basel that same year and by the city of Regensburg the following year and in the Duchy of Brabant in 1379 [9]. However, some sermons inveighing against the evil inherent in cards can be traced to the 14th century. In fact, in some jurisdictions, tarot cards were specifically exempted from laws otherwise prohibiting regular playing cards. As an institution, the Roman Catholic Church and most civil governments did not routinely condemn tarot cards during tarot's early history.

This opinion is based on the suggestion, that the surviving 68 Bembo cards had in the "6 added trumps" only replacements for earlier "lost cards". 1450, in this way contradicting the above statements and conclusions. A general farspread, now traditional, hypothesis stated, that the final form of the Tarot with a 4x14+22-structure was settled ca. This final result of a longer development had as its most similar forerunner the 70 cards of (likely) Bonifacio Bembo (from which 68 still exist), which together with an addition of six cards by the hand of a second unknown artist were formed to the socalled Pierpont-Morgan-Bergamo Tarocchi (a Milanese production in the time of Francesco Sforza, who reigned 1450 - 1466).

The "standard form of Tarocchi" - similar to the Tarot deck nowadays - could logically only develop with mass-production. 1470 - 1480). The number of the produced decks (mostly very expensive items) is considered to have been rather small a longer time, first forms of mass production with cheap decks developed according this opinion late (in the discussion is ca. Individual researcher's opinions formulate cause these facts in the current moment, that the Trionfi decks of the early time had mostly 5x14 cards [7] only and that the row of trumps and fool were simply considered as a 5th suit with predefined trump-function.

Till the Boiardo Tarocchi poem [5] (produced at an unknown date between 1461 and 1494) and the Sola Busca Tarocchi (1491)[6] any confirming evidence for the final standard form with totally 78 cards is missing. This first known deck seems to have had the usual 10 number cards, but kings only and only 16 trumps - the later standard (4x14 + 22) wasn't settled and still in 1457 a document is known, which speaks of Trionfi decks with 70 cards only [4]. The 4 suits showed birds, which appeared regularely in common Visconti-heraldic, and the used specific order of the gods gives reason to assume, that the deck partly should focus, that the Visconti identified themselves as descendents from Jupiter and Venus (which were - as in this time usual - seen not as gods, but as heroes, which were deified once). But the document shows clearly, that this deck was produced to show a Greek gods system (an ideological idea in a time, when Greek content was taken in Italy with some enthusiasm) and likely the production accompanied a triumphal festivity of the commissioner Filippo Maria Visconti, which means, the deck had concrete function to express and consolidate the current political power in Milan (as common for the time also in other productions of art).

As example: The earliest known deck (socalled Michelino deck after the painter)(http://trionfi.com/0/b] is described only in manuscript (by Martiano da Tortona, produced at an unknown time between 1418 - 1425)[3], the cards are lost. In the given context it's obvious, that the special motifs on the trumps, which were added to normal playing cards with a usual 4x14-structure, were ideological determined, they had been thought to show a specific system, which could transport messages of different content (the known early examples show philosophical, social, poetical, astronomical and heraldic ideas for instance, also a group of old Roman/Greek/Babylonian heroes could serve as content as in the case of the Sola-Busca-Tarocchi). All relevant early documents point to an origin of the Trionfi cards (later Tarocchi cards) in the upper class of the society in Italy and specifically to the courts of Milan and Ferrara, which belonged to the most exclusive courts of their time in Europe. In modern use the word Tarocchi is incorrectly used for artefacts from a time, when the word was still unknown: Visconti Sforza Tarocchi, socalled "Mantegna Tarocchi" or Sola-Busca Tarocchi for instance have their origin the Trionfi phase.

They range from "old Egyptian origin" till the more profane "a cardmaker from the French village Taraux produced Tarot cards". Various contradicting suggestions has been made in the past to explain the original meaning of the word "Tarot". Although the objects are relatively clear of Italian origin (28 notes of the term Trionfi from 1442 - 1463 are counted [2] with some real still existing Trionfi cards from this early time in contrast to a first appearance of the word Trionfi in France in 1480 with no surviving cards), it seems, that the final Ialian name Tarocchi developed from French influence (Italian speakers of today claim that French words with an ending "-ot" had been commonly transformed in endings with "-occo" and "-occhi".) The poet Berni in 1526 still has some mockery for this (still new) word: "Let him look to it, who is pleased with the game of Tarocco, that the only signification of this word Tarocco, is stupid, foolish, simple, fit only to be used by bakers, cobblers, and the vulgar". This earlier name of the game is first documented in February 1442, Ferrara {document).

An earlier form of the game had the name Trionfi or triumph, this name developed later as general term for trick-taking (trumpfen in German, to trump in English) and disappeared in its original function as name for a specific type of deck. The playing material is older than the name of the game, which, according current research state, became known in the year 1505 parallel in France (Taraux) and Ferrara (Italy, as Tarocchi) (Tarot press note) (Details). The 78-card Tarot resulted from merging 21 Trumps and the Fool into an early 56-card variant (14 cards per suit). Early European sources describe a deck with typically 52 cards, like a modern deck with no jokers [1].

Playing cards appeared quite suddenly in Christian Europe during the period 1375-1380, following several decades of use in Islamic Spain: see playing card history for discussion of its origins. The relationship between Tarot cards and playing cards is well documented. However, early references such as a sermon refer only to the use of the cards for game-playing and gambling; and in some European countries such as France, Italy, Switzerland, Austria and Germany, Tarot is still a widely played game. In the Western world today, the Tarot is usually seen either as a means of divination, the practice of ascertaining information from supernatural or other sources, or, in a more modern view, as a psychological tool for accessing the unconscious.

The Jack corresponds to the tarot deck's Page. In bridge/poker decks, the court cards typically consist of the King, the Queen and the Jack. The four court cards (or face cards) of the tarot deck traditionally consist of the King, the Queen, the Knight and the Page (or Knave). The 14 cards in each suit consist of an Ace, nine cards numbered 2 through 10, and four court cards (not dissimilar from the structure of 52-card bridge/poker playing card decks, except that bridge/poker playing card decks have three court cards rather than four).

(Arcana is the plural form of the Latin word arcanum, meaning "closed" or "secret".). In modern tarot decks, the Batons suit is commonly called Wands, Rods or Staves, while the Coins suit is often called Pentacles or Disks. The traditional Italian suits are Swords, Batons, Coins and Cups. The second, called the Minor Arcana, consists of 56 cards divided into four suits of 14 cards each.

The first, called the Major Arcana, consists of 21 cards without suits typically referred to as "trumps", plus a 22nd card, The Fool. The typical 78-card tarot deck is structured into two distinct parts. . In the 18th and 19th centuries, the cards became popular in occult studies, initiated by occultists such as Etteilla and Antoine Court de Gebelin.

Soon afterwards, the cards were used for the games called Tarocchi. These were called carte da trionfi or "cards of the triumphs". The earliest extant specimens of Tarot decks are of North Italian origin and date to the early to mid-15th century. As discussed in more detail below, the Tarot is usually a deck of 78 cards composed of:.

Alan Moore himself has been quoted[12] as claiming his single cleverest piece of work is Promethea #12, a playful, multi-level[13] rebus in which a set of Major Arcana of Moore's own design (in homage of Crowley's Thoth Tarot deck) is used to explain Life, the Universe and Everything to Sophie (Promethea). Tarot also features prominently in Alan Moore's Promethea (1998-2005), forming one of the central motifs of the series. [11]. In the 1999 movie The Red Violin, the journey of a perfect red violin is divined by a woman utilizing the Major Arcana cards of a Tarot deck.

In the James Bond movie Live and Let Die, James confronts Solitaire, a woman who posesses the power to read tarot cards to predict the future. Tim Powers' 1992 novel Last Call depicts Tarot decks used for magic beyond just divination, particularly in a variant of poker, and alludes repeatedly to The Waste Land. In John Crowley's novel Little, Big (1981), characters use a Tarot deck with non-standard, somewhat whimsical arcana (the "Least Trumps") for divination. On the planet Tarot, nightmares, visions and fantasies become real, and sometimes tangentially, sometimes on-target, the protagonist lives through myths and stories, e.g., the moment Jesus of Nazareth "dies" and accepts his spiritual journey as Christ the savior, related to Tarot cards.

From 1977 to 1980, Piers Anthony published the Planet of Tarot series, which included God of Tarot, Vision of Tarot and Faith of Tarot. Yet not for you.". At the end of Book 1, The Gunslinger, Roland finally catches up to the Man in Black, who reads Roland's future with a deck of Tarot cards in a golgotha: "Death. Tarot cards also play a role in Stephen King's Dark Tower series.

The strategy video game Ogre Battle: March of the Black Queen features tarot cards, which can be put to various uses in battle (a Lovers can cause enemies to attack one another; an Emperor will give the allied team an extra round of attacks, etc.). A Tarot deck inspired by the Amber series has been published. Tarot decks play a significant role in Roger Zelazny's Amber fantasy series, where most major characters carry a magical deck of Tarot cards whose Trumps represent other characters (and enable communication with them) or locations. The Greater Trumps (1932), a supernatural thriller by Charles Williams, involves a struggle over "the Original Deck," which has come into the hands of an English civil servant.

four court cards, page, knight, queen and king in the same four suits (4 per suit, thus 16 court cards in total). ten cards numbered from Ace to 10 in four different suits; traditionally batons (wands), cups, swords and coins (pentacles) (40 cards in total); and. the minor arcana consisting of 56 cards:

    . the major arcana, consisting of 21 trump cards and the Fool card;.