Super Bowl

The Steelers become the first team to not get a first down in the first quarter of a Super Bowl. A second financial district is developing at Canary Wharf to the east of central London. The Pittsburgh Steelers become the first AFC team to ever win a Super Bowl aired on the ABC network as well as becoming the first sixth seed to ever win a Super Bowl. The City of London is the largest financial centre in London, home to banks, brokers, insurers and legal and accounting firms. Super Bowl XL: The Pittsburgh Steelers win over the Seattle Seahawks, who had their first Super Bowl apperance at Super Bowl XL. London is also a large financial exporter making it a large contributor to the UK's balance of payments. The Eagles had a chance to win the game on their final drive, but a New England interception ended the game. If it were it a country, the London metropolitan area would be the 13th largest economy in the world - higher than the GDP of Australia.

All three of New England's Super Bowl victories have been decided by three points. The economic impact of the entire London metropolitan area is far higher, year-on-year accounting for approximately 30% of the UK's GDP [9] or $642 billion (estimate) in 2004. Super Bowl XXXIX: The New England Patriots win their third Super Bowl in four years when they defeat the Philadelphia Eagles 24-21 in Jacksonville, Florida. As Europe's largest city economy, it generated $365 billion in 2004 (17% of the UK's Gross Domestic Product) although this only refers to the city proper. Two years later, Vinatieri would kick another game-winning field goal at the end of Super Bowl XXXVIII to defeat the Carolina Panthers. London serves as an enormous engine for the global economy. Super Bowl XXXVI: Placekicker Adam Vinatieri kicks a 48-yard field goal as time expires to lift the New England Patriots to a 20-17 victory over the Rams, and the first of 3 Super Bowl wins in four years. Greater London is divided into five Strategic Health Authorities [8].

After the Rams score a 73 yard touchdown to lead 23-16, the Titans drive, and in a close finish, wide receiver Kevin Dyson catches a short pass but is tackled by linebacker Mike Jones at the 1 yard line as he stretches for the end zone with no time left on the clock, and the Rams hold on to win 23-16. Health services in London are managed by the national government via the National Health Service (NHS). Louis Rams, rallied behind quarterback Steve McNair and running back Eddie George to tie the game at 16-16. The City of London has its own police force, the City of London Police. Super Bowl XXXIV: In a classic game, the Tennessee Titans, down 16-0 to the St. The territorial police force for the 32 London boroughs is the Metropolitan Police Service, more commonly referred to as the Metropolitan Police, or simply "the Met". Denver will also win the Super Bowl XXXIII against Atlanta. For a list of London constituencies see List of Parliamentary constituencies in Greater London.

Super Bowl XXXII: After four superbowl losses, the Denver Broncos win their first title, defeating the defending champion Green Bay Packers 31-24 and becoming the first AFC Super Bowl champion in 14 years. London is represented in Parliament by 74 MPs. Shades of Super Bowl XIII, this game decided which of these two teams would be the first to win five Super Bowls and thus be the second NFL team to do so. The boroughs thus enjoyed "unitary status" and a degree of autonomy when the GLC was abolished, and although losing some powers which have been repatriated to the GLA they still retain many areas they did not control under the GLC. The Cowboys' Charles Haley became the first player to win 5 Super Bowls, after winning two with San Francisco (XXIII and XXIV) and two with Dallas (XXVII and XXVIII). When the GLC was abolished, most of its functions were devolved to the London boroughs, while others were taken over by joint-boards or other unelected bodies. The victory also tied the Cowboys with the San Francisco 49ers for the most Super Bowl victories (5). Previous London wide administrative bodies were the Metropolitan Board of Works (MBW) from 1855 to 1889; the London County Council (LCC) from 1889 to 1965; and the Greater London Council (GLC) from 1965 to 1986.

Super Bowl XXX: The Dallas Cowboys make a record 8th Super Bowl appearance, winning 27-17 over the Pittsburgh Steelers, and become the first NFL team to win 3 Super Bowls in a 4 year span. The GLA was created in 2000 as a replacement body for the former Greater London Council (GLC) which was created in 1965 and abolished in 1986 after political disputes between the GLC (then led by Ken Livingstone) and the Conservative government of Margaret Thatcher. A game with no turnovers by either team and only one 5 yard penalty, it remains the only Super Bowl to be decided by a single point. Readmitted by that party in 2004, he was re-elected as Mayor as an official Labour candidate in the election later that year. Super Bowl XXV: As time expires, the Buffalo Bills' Scott Norwood attempts a 47-yard field goal but misses wide to the right, and the New York Giants win 20-19. Livingstone was expelled from the Labour Party when he opposed the official Labour candidate Frank Dobson in the 2000 Mayoral election. The 55 points are the most scored by any team in a Super Bowl. Despite opposition from all the main political parties and the press, his popularity with Londoners has remained high.

Super Bowl XXIV: The San Francisco 49ers defeat the Denver Broncos 55-10, the largest margin of victory in Super Bowl history. The incumbent Mayor of London, Ken Livingstone, was elected as an independent candidate in the 2000 election. Super Bowl XXIII: San Francisco 49ers quarterback Joe Montana leads a 92 yard fourth quarter drive, as the 49ers score the game-winning touchdown with 34 seconds left and defeat the Cincinnati Bengals 20-16. The mayor is elected by the Supplementary Vote system while the assembly is elected by the Additional Member System. Super Bowl XXII: Washington Redskins after trailing 10-0 MVP quarterback Doug Williams, the first African-American quarterback to start a Superbowl, throws for 4 touchdowns in one quarter which leads to a 42 unanswered points and a rout of Denver. The GLA consists of the Mayor of London and the London Assembly. Simms is the games MVP with a Super Bowl completion record of 88.0%. The Greater London Authority (GLA) is the London-wide body responsible for co-ordinating the boroughs, strategic planning, and running some London-wide services such as policing, the fire service and transport.

Super Bowl XXI: New York Giants quarterback Phil Simms completes 22 of 25 passing attempts, including all 10 of his attempts in the second half as New York defeats Denver 39-20. The City of London is run not by a conventional local authority, but by the historical Corporation of London. MVP Richard Dent led a Bears defense that limited New England to 7 rushing yards. The boroughs are the most important unit of local government in London, and are responsible for running most local services in their respective areas. Super Bowl XX: After the New England Patriots (in their first Super Bowl) take a 3-0 lead on a field goal, the Chicago Bears (also in their first SB) played dominant offense and defense to take the game 46-10. Greater London is divided into the 32 London boroughs and the City of London. In the fourth quarter, in one of the most dramatic runs in Super Bowl history, MVP John Riggins ran for the first down, broke a tackle from Miami cornerback Don McNeal and ran 43 yards for a touchdown giving the Redskins a lead they never relinquished. This region extends to cover the commuter belt, and much of South East England and East of England, for example including the cities of Brighton and Oxford [5],[6],[7].

Super Bowl XVII: After the spending the entire game trailing the Miami Dolphins, the Washington Redskins were faced with fourth down and one to go on Miami 42 yard line. In 2004, the Greater London Authority defined a metropolitan region centred on London with a population of 18 million. It marks one of the Steelers' four Super Bowl titles obtained during the 1970s. Discounting eastern Kent, northern Essex, and West Berkshire, the figure is closer to 12 million to 12.5 million people. This game decided which of these two teams would be the first NFL team to win three Super Bowls. However, the definition used here for the metropolitan area of London should be taken with a lot of caution, as it includes areas quite far away from London, such as Dover, right by the English Channel, or Colchester, in the very north of Essex. Super Bowl XIII: The Pittsburgh Steelers defeat the Dallas Cowboys 35-31 in the second Super Bowl matchup between the two teams. If this definition is followed, then London is the largest metropolitan area of Europe, along with Moscow (whose metropolitan area has somewhere around 14 million people), and above Paris (11.5 million people in the metropolitan area in 2004).

Super Bowl VII: Coach Don Shula and the Miami Dolphins complete the only undefeated season in NFL history, defeating the Washington Redskins 14-7. One such definition describes the London metropolitan area (6,267 square miles, 16,043 km²) with a population of 13,945,000 (in 2001) [4]; larger than the combined populations of Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. The Jets defeat the Colts, 16-7. Without a specific national reference to London's metropolitan area, many different sources provide alternate definitions. Super Bowl III: Speaking to the press in the week before the game, New York Jets quarterback "Broadway" Joe Namath guarantees a victory over the Baltimore Colts. It is helped even less by confusion of the term "Greater London" with the political entity of the City of London, which is often confused with the metropolitan area. The game is also notable as it was broadcast on both NBC and CBS. This has created much confusion when comparing London's true metropolitan area region with others around the world.

Only 61,946 attend the game at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, making it the only non-sellout Super Bowl. This is left up to each individual city to define. The Packers outscore the Chiefs 21-0 in the second half after struggling in the first half. Unlike many other countries, the UK does not provide national metropolitan area population figures based on commuter percentages and economic influence. Super Bowl I: In the first matchup of the AFL and NFL champions, the NFL's Green Bay Packers, led by coach Vince Lombardi and quarterback Bart Starr, defeat the Kansas City Chiefs, 35-10. London urban area is the third-largest in Europe, behind Moscow (11.7 million inhabitants in 2000) and Paris (9.6 million inhabitants in 1999). The infamous "I'm Going to Disney World!" Advertising campaign did not take place at Super Bowl XXXIX for the first time since it started at Super Bowl XXI. (External reference: [3]).

This indicator has been surprisingly accurate (around 85% correct) over the past years. The population of the urban area of London at the 2001 census, as calculated by the Office for National Statistics, was 8,278,251 inhabitants. Super Bowl Indicator, An indicator based on the belief that a Super Bowl win for a team from the old AFL (AFC division) foretells a decline in the stock market for the coming year, and that a win for a team from the old NFL (NFC division) means the stock market will be up for the year. The Irish are the largest foreign-born group in London (numbering approximately 200,000). Wild card teams are 5-4 in the Super Bowl, with the Chiefs, Raiders, Broncos, Ravens, and Steelers winning their respective games. 21.8% of inhabitants were born outside the European Union. They include the Kansas City Chiefs in Super Bowl IV, the Dallas Cowboys in Super Bowl X, the Oakland Raiders in Super Bowl XV, the New England Patriots in Super Bowl XX, the Buffalo Bills in Super Bowl XXVII, the Denver Broncos in Super Bowl XXXII, the Tennessee Titans in Super Bowl XXXIV, the Baltimore Ravens in Super Bowl XXXV, and the Pittsburgh Steelers, the only sixth-seeded team to make it, in Super Bowl XL. The largest religious groupings are Christian (58.2%), No Religion (15.8%), Muslim (7.2%), Hindu (4.1%), Jewish (2.1%), and Sikh (1.5%).

Overall, nine teams have advanced to the Super Bowl after entering the playoffs as wild card teams (teams that entered the playoffs without winning its division). In the 2001 census, 71% of these seven million people classed their ethnic group as white (classified as British White (60%), Irish White (3%) or "Other White" (8%) in the 2001 census), 12% as Indian, Bangladeshi, Pakistani or "Other Asian" (mostly Sri Lankan and other South Asian ethnicities), 5% as black African, 5% as black Caribbean, 1% as "Other Black", 3% as mixed race, 1% as Chinese and 2% as Other (mostly Filipino, Japanese, and Vietnamese). Eastern starting with Super Bowl XXXVII. The official estimate of London's population in mid-2003 is 7,387,900 [2]. The kickoff has been since moved back to 6:30 p.m. Subsequent reviews suggested that the returns were understated, and that the population on Census Day was closer to 7.29 million. Eastern Standard Time. The city and the 32 boroughs (some 610 square miles or 1,579 km&sup2) had an estimated 7,421,228 inhabitants in 2004, making London the most populous city in Europe alongside Moscow.

Since the early 1980s Super Bowls have been starting at around 6 p.m. Residents of London are known as Londoners. This is also the last Super Bowl which was played outside to not end in dusk. London was the most populous city in the world from 1825 until 1925, when it was overtaken by New York. Eastern Standard Time was Super Bowl XI which was played in Pasadena. London had about 860,000 people in 1801 (in comparison, Paris had about 670,000 in 1802), and the population of Edo (modern-day Tokyo, Japan), at the time the largest city in the world, has been estimated at 1 million to 1.25 million people. The last Super Bowl to start at 3:30 p.m. Brixton, Camberwell, Lewisham and Peckham are home to many families (and their descendants) who immigrated to London from the West Indies during the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s, sometimes known as Afro-Caribbeans.

The AFC broke the streak in 1998 in Super Bowl XXXII when Denver beat the defending champion Packers. It is also has a popular market. The NFC won 13 Super Bowls in a row from 1985 to 1997, starting with Super Bowl XIX. It is an historic neighbourhood and boasts a fine park and the Royal Greenwich Observatory. The next closest an AFC team that came to winning the Super Bowl on that network was when the Buffalo Bills lost to the New York Giants 20-19 in Super Bowl XXV. Greenwich is on the banks of the Thames where the river broadens into a wide meandering reach of muddy water. The Pittsburgh Steelers were the first AFC team to ever win a Super Bowl (XL) that was broadcast on ABC (The NFC is currently 6-1). Redevelopment of the Elephant and Castle, a road intersection and district close to the centre, is due to start in 2006.

Super Bowl XXXIX was the first such game to be tied after three quarters of play. South London contains such diverse districts as Wimbledon (famous as the home of the major tennis Wimbledon Championships), Bermondsey, Clapham, Eltham, Lewisham, Woolwich, Blackheath, Southwark, New Cross and Dulwich. Louis Rams. North London's other world-famous football team, Tottenham Hotspur, play in nearby Tottenham. The winning play was a 48-yard field goal kicked by Adam Vinatieri of the New England Patriots to lift them to a 20-17 victory over the St. Islington is considered one of the more affluent areas in London, due to large scale gentrification, although it is in fact one of the most deprived boroughs in the country; it is also home to Arsenal football club. Super Bowl XXXVI was also the first Super Bowl to be decided by a score on the last play of the game. Many areas have significant minority populations including Stamford Hill, home to a significant community of Orthodox Jews and Muslims, the Green Lanes area of Harringay and the Finsbury Park area have large Turkish and Greek communities.

Also, because of the attacks, the Super Bowl is now a National Special Security Event (NSSE). Large parks include Hampstead Heath, which includes Parliament Hill, noted for its fine views over the city, and the Hampstead bathing ponds; and Alexandra Park, site of Alexandra Palace. With the exception of Super Bowl XXXVII on January 26, 2003, all of the succeeding Super Bowls have been scheduled for February. North London is hillier than the south, and many of the hills give excellent views across the city. This was the first Super Bowl to be played in February. North London includes suburbs such as Hampstead and Highgate, which retain a village atmosphere. But the game was moved back one week to February 3, 2002 because of the September 11, 2001 attacks. This corner of London is home to Richmond Park, London's largest, and Twickenham, the home of English rugby union.

Super Bowl XXXVI was originally scheduled to be played on January 27, 2002. Considered more south-west than West London on account of its being the only London borough to straddle the River Thames, Richmond upon Thames includes the attractive riverside districts of Richmond and Twickenham. As a result, additional settings were necessary to grant exceptions for other uses of "XXX". Further to the west, at White City, near Shepherd's Bush, is the principal operating centre for the BBC, while in the extreme west, in the London Borough of Hillingdon, lies Europe's largest and busiest airport, London Heathrow. Many proxy servers' filters were configured to block the text string "XXX" whenever occurring to prevent access to pornography. The area is also famous for the Kings Road, a distinguished and attractive shopping street and thoroughfare. In the months leading up to Super Bowl XXX (or Super Bowl Thirty), some Internet proxy servers were blocking the web site for the upcoming event. Kensington and Chelsea are the most expensive places to live in the country.

Louis Rams were the first NFL team who plays their home games in a fully enclosed stadium, the Edward Jones Dome, to win the Super Bowl. Within the district is the famous antique market at Portobello Road. In 2000, the St. The carnival attracts up to 1.5 million people, making it the largest street festival in the world. The jerseys they wore paid tribute to the 1957 team. The Notting Hill Carnival is an annual event led by members of the Caribbean community, many of whom have lived in the area since the 1950s. Since it was the league's 75th season, every team wore a throwback jersey during the season and San Francisco decided to continue to wear their jerseys all the way through the playoffs and into Super Bowl XXIX. West London includes many of the traditionally fashionable and expensive residential areas such as Notting Hill, made better known in 1999 by a film of the same name starring Hugh Grant and Julia Roberts.

In 1994, the 49ers became the first team to wear a throwback jersey during the Super Bowl. Further east in the London Borough of Newham are London City Airport and the ExCeL Exhibition Centre. For example, the New England Patriots, winners of Super Bowl XXXIX are the champions of the 2004 NFL season, even though the championship game was played in February 2005. There has also been a great deal of gentrification and residential development in the area: North of the Thames around Limehouse Basin and toward Wapping, as well as south of the Thames in Rotherhithe where former wharfs and the old docks have been converted into high-priced loft apartments for a community of bankers, software developers and others working in the financial service industries in and around Docklands. The NFL season spreads over two calendar years, so identifying the games by the year of the Super Bowl could cause some confusion. The Docklands Light Railway (DLR) serves the area, connecting to the London Underground at Bank, Shadwell, Canning Town and Stratford stations. The Super Bowl uses Roman numerals to identify each game, rather than the year it was held. Attracted by this growth, restaurants, bars and nightclubs have opened, there are three interconnected shopping malls beneath the Canary Wharf structure, and a cinema complex has opened in the area.

A new headquarters for HSBC and Barclays as well as the European headquarters of Citigroup, have now been completed, and are in use. A massive-scale development within the last three or four years has added a great many more skyscrapers, and many large businesses (investment banks, law firms, etc.) have moved in. The London Docklands Development Corporation (LDDC) was set up in 1981 to accelerate the process, and the first phases of major development started to reshape the area, culminating in Canary Wharf, whose best-known feature is the 1 Canada Square office tower (which is often incorrectly called "Canary Wharf"), which has been the UK's tallest skyscraper since 1991. This inevitably drew the attention of property developers who gradually (and then not so gradually) moved in to take over.

For a period in the early-1980s, many warehouse buildings in Wapping had been occupied and used as artists' studios and low-cost loft living spaces. The London Docklands, on the Isle of Dogs along the Thames in the East End, has developed enormously since the early-1980s. East end of London is also home to the longest street market in europe- Walthamstow market. The area has many places of interest including many of London's markets, (for example Columbia Road Flower Market, Spitalfields Market, Brick Lane Market, Petticoat Lane Market), and several museums, including the Geffrye Museum and the Museum of Childhood in Bethnal Green.

The East End extends from the eastern side of the City of London and includes areas such as Whitechapel, Mile End, Bethnal Green, Hackney, Bow, Millwall and Poplar. Successive waves of immigrants include the French, the Huguenots, Belgians, Jews, Gujaratis, Pakistanis, Bangladeshis and many other groups. The East End of London is closest to the original Port of London, and tended for that reason to be the area of the city where immigrants arriving into the port would settle first. This is the second time in modern history that East London has seen large-scale rebuilding: it took the full force of the Blitz in World War Two, with post-war reconstruction leaving a legacy of bleak housing estates and tower blocks in several areas.

It was also key to London's successful bid to host the 2012 Olympics, and is now scheduled to undergo extensive regeneration in the run-up to the games. East London saw much of London's early industrial development and much of it now is being extensively redeveloped as part of the Thames Gateway. Regent Street and Bond Street are important thoroughfares. It is adjacent to Mayfair, and Green Park.

Piccadilly is an elegant thoroughfare running from Piccadilly Circus in the east to Hyde Park Corner in the west. Soho is also well known for its very lively club and bar scene, the notorious sex industry and as the major "gay quarter" of the city. South of Oxford Street's eastern end is Soho, a network of small streets crowded with restaurants, pubs, clubs, smaller shops and boutiques, and theaters and cinemas, as well as media companies and film, advertising and post-production companies. West of the City, Covent Garden is home to the Avenue of Stars, London's version of Hollywood's Walk of Fame.

Tottenham Court Road runs north from the eastern end of Oxford Street towards the north of the city centre, and is best known for its plethora of hi-fi, computer and electronics stores. Running from Charing Cross Road in the east to Marble Arch in the west, via Oxford Circus where it crosses Regent Street, it is home to many large department stores and shops (Selfridges, John Lewis, Marks and Spencer). Oxford Street is one of the best-known and busiest shopping streets in the world. Trafalgar Square is the most prominent landmark.

The West End is the most popular shopping and entertainment district in London. Its primacy as the chief financial district has been directly challenged in recent years by Canary Wharf in East London. 7,000) resident population, but a daytime working population of more than 300,000. The City has only a small (c.

Once dominated by the dome of St Paul's Cathedral, it is now home to many skyscrapers, including Tower 42 (formerly, and popularly still, known as the NatWest Tower) and 30 St Mary Axe (popularly known as the "Gherkin", built in 2003). The City also has its own police force, the City of London police. It is governed by the Corporation of London, an ancient body headed by the Lord Mayor of London. The City of London is the principal financial district of the United Kingdom, and is one of the most important in the world.

London is an international center of culture in all its forms - music, theater, arts, museums, festivals and much more. There are many other places of interest across the city. Other important tourist attractions include St Paul's Cathedral, the National Gallery; the South Bank and Bankside areas of Southwark with the Globe Theatre and the Tate Modern; London Bridge, Tower Bridge, the Tower of London, and the Tate Britain on the Embankment; and the British Museum in Bloomsbury. James's Palace; the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea with its museums (the Science Museum, Natural History Museum, and Victoria and Albert Museum) and Hyde Park.

Tourist attractions are located mainly in Central London, comprising the historic City of London; the West End with its many cinemas, bars, clubs, theaters, shops and restaurants; the City of Westminster with Westminster Abbey, the royal residences of Buckingham Palace, Clarence House and St. London is one of the most visited cities on earth. While very busy during the working week, most parts of the City tend to be quiet at weekends, since it is primarily a non-residential area. The London foreign exchange market is the largest in the world, with an average daily turnover of $504 billion, more than the New York and Tokyo exchanges combined.

The headquarters of more than 100 of Europe’s 500 largest companies are all in London. The City of London (also known as the "Square Mile") is at the center of international finance, and is Europe’s main business center. The dominant centre of activity in London is the City of Westminster (including the West End) which is the main cultural, entertainment and consumer district, the location of most of London's major corporate headquarters outside of the financial services sector, and the centre of the UK's national government. 12 of these boroughs are defined as Inner London, the remaining 20 defined as Outer London.

Today Greater London comprises the City of London and the 32 London boroughs (including the City of Westminster). A series of attempted/fake bombings also took place on 21 July 2005; however in the latter incident there was no fatalities. The explosions came less than 24 hours after London was awarded the 2012 Summer Olympics and as the G-8 summit was underway in Gleneagles, Scotland. On 7 July 2005, there was a series of coordinated bomb attacks by Islamic extremist suicide bombers on three underground stations and a bus, killing 52 people and injuring over 700.

Until their 1997 ceasefire, London was regularly a target for IRA bombers seeking to pressure the British government into negotiations with Sinn Féin on Northern Ireland. The rebuilding during the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s was characterised by a wide range of architectural styles and has resulted in a lack of unity in architecture that has become part of London's character. The bombing killed over 30,000 Londoners and flattened large tracts of housing and other buildings across London. Probably the most significant changes to London in the last 100 years were as a result of the Blitz and other bombing by the German Luftwaffe that took place during World War II.

In 1889 the MBW was abolished, and the County of London was created and was administered by the London County Council, the first elected London-wide administrative body. In 1855 the Metropolitan Board of Works was created to provide London with infrastructure to cope with its growth. London's local government system struggled to cope with this rapid growth, especially in providing the city with adequate infrastructure. Rebuilding took over 10 years but London's growth accelerated in the 18th century and, by the early-19th century, was the largest city in the world.

In 1666, the Great Fire of London swept through and destroyed a large part of the City of London. From the 16th to the early-20th century, London flourished as the capital of the British Empire. London has grown steadily over centuries, surrounding and making suburbs of neighboring villages and towns, farmland, countryside, meadows and woodlands, spreading in every direction. Eventually, Westminster and London grew together and formed the basis of London, becoming England's largest – though not capital – city (Winchester was the capital city of England until the 12th century).

Westminster was once a distinct town, and has been the seat of the English royal court and government since the mediæval era. The old Roman city (then called Lundenburh) was reoccupied during the late-9th or early-10th century because a fortified place was needed during the Viking attacks. After the fall of the Roman Empire, Roman Londinium was abandoned and a Saxon village named Lundenwic was established approximately one mile to the west in what is now Aldwych, in the 7th century, probably using the mouth of the River Fleet as a trading ship and fishing boat harbor. The Celts burnt the relatively new Roman town to the ground, and archaeological digs have revealed a layer of red ash beneath the City of London, which is believed to be the burnt remains of the old Roman town.

Around AD 61 the Iceni tribe of Celts lead by Queen Boudica stormed London and took the city from the Romans. His statue can be seen hidden at the church of St Dunstan's In The West, Fleet Street. It was said that Lud laid out the first set of roads in the city. Another suggestion for where the name of the city comes from could be that of the mythical leader, King Lud.

According to findings displayed in The Museum of London, the initial language of London was Latin with much Greek spoken due to the presence of Greek speaking Roman soldiers and businessmen. This fortified Roman settlement was the capital of the province of Britannia. overgrown or forested) place. The BBC History website, however, claims that the name Londinium is actually "Celtic, not Latin, and may originally have referred to a previous farmstead on the site"; the root is 'Lond' meaning 'wild' (i.e.

The name London is commonly thought to have come from the Latin name Londinium, as London was founded by the Romans during their reign over the land, around AD 43– although there is some slight evidence of pre-Roman settlement. London's large built-up area creates a microclimate, with heat stored by the city's buildings: sometimes temperatures are 5°C (9°F) warmer in the city than in the surrounding areas. London's average annual precipitation of less than 24 inches (600 mm) is lower than that of Rome or Sydney. In recent winters, snow has rarely settled to more than an inch (25 mm).

Heavy snowfalls are almost unknown. The highest temperature ever recorded in London was 38.1°C (100.6°F), measured at Kew Gardens during the European Heat Wave of 2003. Summer temperatures rarely rise much above 33°C (91°F), though higher temperatures have become more common recently. It has regular but generally light precipitation throughout the year.

London has a temperate climate, with warm but seldom hot summers, cool but rarely severe winters. The Thames Barrier was constructed across the Thames at Woolwich in the 1970s to deal with this threat, but in early-2005 it was suggested that a ten-mile-long barrier further downstream might be required to deal with the flood risk in the future [1]. The threat has increased over time due to a slow but continuous rise in high water level and the slow 'tilting' of Britain (up in the north and down in the south) caused by post-glacial rebound. The Thames is a tidal river, and London is vulnerable to flooding.

It has been extensively embanked, and many of its London tributaries now flow underground. The Thames was once a much broader, shallower river than it is today with extensive marshlands. Today, there are a few hills in London, examples being Parliament Hill and Primrose Hill, they provide fine prospects of the city centre without significantly affecting the directions of the spread of the city and London is therefore roughly circular. When more bridges were built in the 18th century, the city expanded in all directions as the mostly flat or gently rolling countryside around the Thames floodplain presented no obstacle to growth.

As a result, the main focus of the city was on the north side of the Thames. London was founded on the north bank of the Thames and, for many centuries, there was only a single bridge, London Bridge. The river had a major influence on the development of the city. London used to be identified by its port on the Thames, which is a navigable river.

Greater London covers an area of 609 square miles (1,579 km²). The Romans may have marked the center of Londinium with the London Stone in the City. The coordinates of the center of London (traditionally considered to be Charing Cross, near the junction of Trafalgar Square, the Strand, Whitehall and the Mall) are approximately 51°30′N 0°8′W. There are other definitions of "London" which cover varying areas, such as the London postal districts; the area covered by the telephone area code 020; the area accessible by public transport using a Transport for London travelcard; the area delimited by the M25 orbital motorway; the Metropolitan Police District; and the London commuter belt.

The metropolitan area of the County of London was previously covered by the Metropolitan Board of Works. Between 1889 and 1965 it referred to the former County of London which covered the area now known as Inner London. Historically, "London" referred to the square mile of the City of London at the conurbation's heart, from which the city grew. Today, "London" usually refers to the conurbation known as Greater London, which is divided into thirty-two London Boroughs, the City of Westminster and the City of London and forms the London region of England.

. Nonetheless, it remains the de facto capital and, through common law, part of the UK's unwritten constitution. London's status as the Capital has never been granted or confirmed officially —by statute or in written form. It has many important buildings and iconic landmarks, including world-famous museums, theatres, concert halls, galleries, airports, sports stadia and palaces.

A city where cutting-edge meets tradition, London is a major tourist destination and an international transportation hub. London is the home of many global organisations, institutions and companies, and as such retains its leading role in world affairs. London is also known by other names in other languages. Over 300 languages are spoken in London, making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world.

A resident of London is referred to as a Londoner. London's population includes an extremely diverse range of peoples, cultures, and religions, making it one of the most cosmopolitan, vibrant and energetic cities on earth. Initially a Roman town known as Londinium, nowadays London is the most populous city in the European Union, with an estimated population on 1 January 2005 of 7.5 million and a metropolitan area population of between 12 and 14 million. London is one of the world's four major global cities (along with New York City, Tokyo and Paris).

London is a leader in international finance, politics, communications, entertainment, fashion and the arts and has considerable influence worldwide. London produces 17% of the UK's GDP, and is one of the world's major business, political and cultural centres. London is the capital city of the United Kingdom and of England. New Year’s Day Parade.

2000 – Millennium Dome. 1951 – Festival of Britain. 1924 – British Empire Exhibition at Wembley. 1908 – Franco-British Exhibition (1908).

1899 – Greater Britain Exhibition (1899). 1886 – Colonial and Indian Exhibition (1886). 1871-74 – Four Annual International Exhibitions. 1862 – International Exhibition (1862).

1851 – Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations — The Crystal Palace. Project Gotham Racing 3. Project Gotham Racing. Tomb Raider 3.

Nightmare Creatures. Midtown Madness 2. Godzilla: Save The Earth. Grand Theft Auto: London, 1969 and Grand Theft Auto: London, 1961.

The Getaway & The Getaway: Black Monday. "Waterloo Sunset" by The Kinks (recently voted London's 'national anthem' by Time Out magazine). "No Place like London" by Stephen Sondheim from the musical Sweeney Todd, the Demon Barber of Fleet Street. "Swinging London" by London from the album Animal Games.

"Streets of London" by Ralph McTell. "Maybe It's Because I'm a Londoner" by Hubert Gregg. "London Bridge is falling down", traditional nursery rhyme. "London's Burning" by The Clash.

"London Calling" by The Clash from the album London Calling. "London" by Pet Shop Boys. "London" by The Smiths. "Doing the Lambeth Walk", Music Hall favourite.

The Young Ones. Yes Prime Minister. Yes Minister. Ultraviolet.

Spooks. Spaced. Only Fools and Horses. Minder.

Men Behaving Badly. Man About The House. London's Burning. Little Britain.

Family Affairs. EastEnders. Doctor Who. Bottom.

The Bill. Are You Being Served?. Absolutely Fabulous. Highgate Cemetery is an interesting cemetery where many famous people are buried, for example Karl Marx and Michael Faraday.

The Avenue of Stars is a walkway based on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, honouring those who have made notable achievements in the entertainments industry. The Millennium Dome will become an indoor sports hall, and Battersea Power Station will become a shopping and leisure facility. However mixed use developments centred on both buildings are due to commence in 2005. Battersea Power Station and the Millennium Dome are two architecturally interesting buildings which currently stand empty.

Now near the site of Marble Arch and Hyde Park. Tyburn was the location for many infamous executions by hanging. The Old Bailey The Central Criminal Court with famous trials but inconvenient for the unprepared tourist since personal items prohibited include bags and mobile phones. Harrods.

Covent Garden. Brick Lane Market. Petticoat Lane Market. Portobello Road Market.

Borough Market. Knightsbridge. West End. Westminster Abbey.

Tower 42 (formerly known as the Natwest Tower). Temple of Mithras. Tate Modern (formerly Bankside Power Station). Tate Gallery (now known as Tate Britain).

Syon House. Somerset House. St Paul's Cathedral. St Pancras Station.

Shri Swaminarayan Mandir in Neasden. Royal Opera House. Royal Greenwich Observatory and the Greenwich Meridian. Royal Festival Hall.

Royal Exchange. Royal Courts of Justice. Royal Albert Hall. Palace of Westminster (Parliament and tower containing Big Ben).

National Gallery, London. National Portrait Gallery, London. Nelson's Column. The Monument (to the Great Fire of London).

Millennium Dome. Marble Arch. Lloyd's building. Kensington Palace.

Lambeth Palace. Hampton Court Palace. Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Fountain. Cleopatra's Needle.

Clarence House. City Hall. Bush House. Buckingham Palace.

BT Tower (Formerly known as the Post Office Tower and Telecom Tower). Broadcasting House. British Library. Battersea Power Station.

Bank of England. Alexandra Palace. Albert Memorial. 30 St Mary Axe (Home of Swiss Re, and also known as "The Gherkin" or even the "Erotic Gherkin").

1 Canada Square (the centrepiece of Canary Wharf). Trafalgar Square. Tower of London. Tower Bridge.

Theatreland. South Bank. Piccadilly Circus. Madame Tussaud's.

London Zoo. London Planetarium. London Eye. London Aquarium.

The London Dungeon. Leicester Square. Horse Guards Parade. Downing Street.

Covent Garden. Chinatown. Camden Town. Buckingham Palace.