Snowboard

The best wrist protection is soft enough to allow normal wrist motion, but is able to absorb loads for hyper extension of the wrist. Even though in monotheistic religions, the God is considered to represent love, there are often angels or similar beings that represent love as well. Shorts and rigid splints could cause severe forearm fractures. Here is a list of the gods and goddesses of love in different mythologies. Be aware that wrist guards made for in-line are dangerous and not recomended. Different cultures have deified love, typically in both male and female form. Snowboard-related injury accounts for 100,000 of the wrist fractures in the world each season. Romantic love per se has few echoes in Jewish literature, although the medieval rabbi Judah Halevi wrote romantic poetry in Arabic in his younger years (he appears to have regretted this later).

Time not money will make a skilled, safe snowboarder. I). It is worthy of note that many of the worlds pros began on old equipment, riding on very small hills. The 20th-century rabbi Eliyahu Eliezer Dessler is frequently quoted as defining love from the Jewish point-of-view as "giving without expecting to take" (from his Michtav me-Eliyahu, vol. A professional lesson, or a day spent with a skilled friend is highly recomended. The Biblical book Song of Songs is a considered a romantically-phrased metaphor of love between God and his people, but in its plain reading reads like a love song. Beginners should start on very gentle slopes with soft snow conditions, even if they're a good alpine skier. As for love between marital partners, this is deemed an essential ingredient to life: "See life with the wife you love" (Ecclesiastes 9:9).

It is highly recomended that all riders wear a helmet. by contemplating Divine deeds or witnessing the marvels of nature. Necessary safety measures must be taken. Rabbinic literature differs how this love can be developed, e.g. Beginners are in great danger during first hours of practice. As for the latter, one is commanded to love God "with all your heart, with all your soul and with all your might" (Deuteronomy 6:5), taken by the Mishnah (a central text of the Jewish oral law) to refer to good deeds, willingness to sacrifice one's life rather than commit certain serious transgressions, willingness to sacrifice all one's possessions and being grateful to the Lord despite adversity (tractate Berachoth 9:5). Injuries for snowboarders are very common, especially for upperlimb: wrist, elbows and shoulders. As for the former, the Torah states: "Love your neighbor like yourself" (Leviticus 19:18).

This is obviously easier with a less biased stance, such as the "duck" stance. Judaism employs a wide definition of love, both between people and between man and the Deity. When a rider changes direction mid-run (for example a "regular" rider leads with their left foot), they are said to be riding "switch". Other related but dissimilar terms are Chen (grace) and Hesed, which basically combines the meaning of "affection" and "compassion" and is sometimes rendered in English as "loving-kindness". The question of how much the bindings are angled depends on the rider's purpose and preference. In Hebrew Ahava is the most commonly used term for both interpersonal love and love of God. However, personal preference and comfort are important with regard to this setting, so experimentation is recommended. A common viewpoint of Sufism is that through Love humankind can get back to its inherent purity and grace.

The usual measurement is to position the bindings so that the feet are placed just wider than shoulder width apart. God in Sufism is referred to in three main terms which are the Lover, Loved, and Beloved with the last of these terms being often seen in Sufi poetry. Obviously, the size of the rider has much to do with proper stance width. Sufism is oftentimes referred to as the religion of Love. Stance width is important because it determines how the rider is balanced on the board. Since everything is a reflection of God, the school of Sufism practices to see the beauty inside the apparently ugly. A good snowboarder should be equally skilled in riding both ways, even if they have a particular preference. God desires to recognize beauty, and as if one looks at a mirror to see oneself, God "looks" at itself within the dynamics of nature.

Most people have a natural stance determined by experimentation, and the two stances are roughly equally common. Sufis believe that love is a projection of the essence of God to the universe. "Goofy" is just the opposite - the right foot leads and the left foot is at the back. Ishq, or divine love, is the emphasis of Sufism. A "regular" stance is one in which the rider's left foot is the front foot, while the right foot is the back foot. All who hold the faith have God's love, but to what degree or effort he has pleased God depends on the individual itself. There are two "stances" used by snowboarders. One still has God's love, but how the person evaluates his own worth is to his own and God's own counsel.

This is most likely to happen when the rider removes the board at the top or the bottom of a run (or while on a chairlift, which could be dangerous). In Islam, love is more often than not used as an incentive for sinners to aspire to be as worthy of God's love as they may. Nevertheless, most ski areas require the use of a "leash" that connects the snowboard to the rider's leg or boot, in case the snowboard manages to get away from its rider. It refers to God as being "full of loving kindness". Furthermore it reduces the dangerous prospect of a board hurtling downhill riderless, and the rider slipping downhill on his back with no means to maintain grip on a steep slope. There are no direct references stating that God is love, but amongst the 99 names of God (Allah), there is the name Al-Wadud or 'the Loving One', which is found in Surah 11:90 as well as Surah 85:14. Automatic release is not required in snowboarding, as the rider's legs are fixed in a static position and twisting of the knee joint cannot occur to the same extent. In a sense, love does encompass the Islamic view of life as universal brotherhood which applies to all who hold the faith.

With skis, this mechanism is designed to protect from injuries (particularly to the knee) caused by skis torn in different directions. The booklet Narada bhakti sutra written by an unknown author distinguishes eleven forms of love. Snowboard bindings, unlike ski bindings, do not automatically release upon impact or after falling over. Hindu writers, theologians, and philosophers have distinguished nine forms of devotion that they call bhakti, for example in the Bhagavatha-Purana and according to Tulsidas. Strap-in, step-in, and hybrid bindings are used by most recreational riders and all freestyle riders. A person who practices bhakti is called bhakta. There are several types of bindings. Bhakti is a Sanskrit term from Hinduism meaning 'loving devotion to the supreme God'.

The bindings are fixed to the board, and hold the booted feet in place using a variety of systems. Karuna is compassion and mercy, which reduces the suffering of others. Though bindings are not strictly part of the snowboard, they are necessary for its use. In contrast to kāma, prema or prem refers to elevated love. Other boots, such as Sorel-style boots, may look like they would work with a snowboard, but are unsuitable for snowboarding. For many Hindu schools it is the third end in life (artha). Snowboard boots differ from other types of boots in that they provide internal support to transfer the rider's movements to the board. In Hinduism kāma is pleasurable, sexual love, personified by the god Kama.

Hard boots have become less common and are generally only found in more specialist stores. Many Christian theologians see God as the source of love, which is mirrored in humans and their relationships. Hard boots are very similar to ski boots and provide greater stability, increased control and quicker responsiveness on the snowboard. For God did not send his Son into the world to condemn the world, but the save the world through him." (NIV John 3:16-17). Generally, hard boots are used for alpine carving and racing, whereas soft boots are used in freestyle and freeride. John the Apostle wrote, "For God so loved the world that he gave his one and only Son, that whoever believes in him shall not perish but have eternal life. Soft boots look similar to winter boots and have a relatively comfortable, flexible feel that provides the forgiveness necessary for landing jumps and balancing on rails. Christians also believe that God felt so much agape love for man that he sacrificed his son for them.

Snowboard boots come in two main types, soft boots and hard boots. Love never fails."(NIV 13:4-8). Snowboard designs differ primarily in:. It always protects, always trusts, always hopes, and always perseveres. The base of the board may also feature graphics, often designed to make the manufacturer recognisable in photos. Love does not delight in evil but rejoices with the truth. Snowboard topsheet graphics can be a highly personal statement and many riders spend many hours customizing the look of their boards. It is not rude, it is not self-seeking, it is not easily angered, it keeps no record of wrongs.

The top of the board typically sports graphics designed by board makers to attract riders to their boards. It does not envy, it does not boast, it is not proud. The edges of the base are fitted with a steel edge, just a couple millimeters square, which helps the board grab the snow when tipped up on edge. Attempting to define it he wrote, "Love is patient, love is kind. The base (the side of the board that touches the snow) is covered with a plastic called p-tex, which is typically sintered to help it absorb wax, which helps it slide faster. Saint Paul glorified agape love as the most important virtue of all in 1 Corinthians, chapter 13. The front or "nose" of the board is upturned, to help the board glide over uneven snow; the back or "tail" of the board may be more or less upturned to enable backwards (switch or switchstance) riding. Saint Augustine summarised this when he wrote "Love God, and do as thou wilt".

Most snowboards are constructed of a wood core and laminated with fiberglass. See The Gospel of Mark chapter 12, verses 28-34). Snowboards come in several different styles, depending on the type of riding intended:. Christians believe that to love God with all your heart, mind, and strength and Love your neighbour as yourself are the two most important things in life (the greatest commandment of God, according to Jesus). Many professionals still opt not to involve themselves in the Olympic event, citing dissatisfaction with rules and with the concept of Olympic Snowboarding itself. Lewis, an influential Christian theologian, wrote a book called The Four Loves. Despite this rivalry, it is their establishment which finally convinces the IOC to declare snowboarding a new Olympic discipline in 1995. C.S.

Later, the ISF (International Snowboard Federation) originated primarily due to dissatisfaction with the new ISA rules. There are several Greek words for Love that are regularly referred to in Christian circles. Due to the need for universal contest regulations, the ISA (International Snowboard Association) was founded in 1994. The strongest motivation one has in order to take the path of the Bodhisattva is the idea of salvation within unselfish love for others. The growing popularity of the sport is reflected by the history of snowboarding as an official sport: In 1985 the first World Cup is held in Zürs, Austria. The Bodhisattva ideal in Tibetan Buddhism involves the complete renunciation of oneself in order to take on the burden of a suffering world. This opinion was well expressed in Heckler Magazine's "Declaration of Independents Snowboarding, Skateboarding and Music: An Intersection of Cultures.". Instead, in Buddhism it refers to detachment and unselfish interest in others' welfare.

Many snowboarders are disappointed with the over-commercialization and of the sport, having viewed it as a very personal expression of themselves, similar to skateboarding, art and music. This is quite different from the ordinary love, which is usually about attachment and sex, which rarely occur without self-interest. Snowboarding is now coming to terms with its popularity. This love is unconditional and requires considerable self-acceptance. Ski companies are now absorbing many snowboard companies, creating their own and, arguably, designing skis which directly borrow technology and design from snowboards (see shaped skis and twin skis). Advesa and maitrī are benevolent love. Many ski companies reacted negatively to snowboarding during the sport's infancy. It is complementary to wisdom, and is necessary for enlightenment.

In reaction, Transworld Snowboarding created a popular t-shirt called "Answers," which included the answers to many questions posed by skiers, including: "Yes I can stop." Many resorts did not initially allow snowboards and insisted on the use of superfluous leashes and were known to insist that riders prove their ability before being allowed on the hill. Karunā is compassion and mercy, which reduces the suffering of others. Snowboarding was seen as a fad. It is an obstacle on the path to enlightenment, since it is selfish. During the early years of the sport, snowboards and snowboarders were not widely respected by the ski industry and culture. In Buddhism, Kāma is sensuous, sexual love. Nowadays there are millions of snowboarders around the world and a multi-million dollar industry trying to satisfy their needs. Sayang is a word to express unconditional love, but also to express deep regret in losing something.

Since its early years, the snowboard has been improved steadily and has taken the world by storm. Jatuh cinta literally means falling in love: the initial action that triggers love. One of the most mentionable however is Bob patent from 1972, which he sold in 1990 to Jake Burton Carpenter, founder and owner of Burton Snowboards, today's largest manufacturer of snowboard-specific products. Cinta is a word that defines lust or love that involves physical attraction. This process included different stages and individual ideas and resulted in several patents for snowboard-like constructions. In Indonesian and Malaysian linguistics perspective, love can be defined in several ways:. The history of the snowboard starts in Utah, [1]U.S.A., where pioneers like Sherman Poppen, Dimitrije Milovich, Bob Webber, Jake Burton Carpenter, Tom Sims, Mike Olson, and Chuck Barfoot developed prototypes mainly inspired by surfboards in the 1970s. As it arises from a conflation with a Greek word, there is no corresponding verb.

. This meaning, however, is not found in Classical pagan Roman literature. A snowboard is not to be confused with a monoboard. Caritas is used in Latin translations of the Christian Bible to mean 'charitable love'. Analogous to a surfboard or skateboard for snow, snowboards are typically about a metre and a half long by about 30 centimetres wide, with metal edges and an upturned lip at each end. Observare is a synonym for 'diligere'; despite the cognate with English, this verb and its corresponding noun 'observantia' often denote 'esteem' or 'affection'. Attached to the rider's feet with bindings, it is ridden down snow-covered slopes or dry ski slopes without the use of ski poles. The corresponding noun diligentia, however, has the meaning 'diligence' 'carefulness' and has little semantic overlap with the verb.

A snowboard is a board ridden by a rider in the sport of snowboarding. This word would be appropriate to describe the friendship of two men. ISBN 0-393-32692-0 michaelbarnett@iinet.net.au. Diligere often has the notion 'to be affectionate for', 'to esteem', and rarely if ever is used of romantic love. Norton & Company. Complicating the picture somewhat, Latin sometimes uses amare where English would simply say to like; this notion, however, is much more generally expressed in Latin by placere or delectare, which are used more colloquially, and the latter of which is used frequently in the love poetry of Catullus. W.W. Ovid wrote a guide to dating called Ars Amatoria (The Art of Lovers), which addresses in depth everything from extramarital affairs to overprotective parents.

The Snowboard Book: A Guide for All Boarders. Cicero wrote a treatise called On Friendship (de Amicitia) which discusses the notion at some length. Hart, Lowell (1997). This same root also produces amicus, 'friend', and amicitia, 'friendship' (often based on mutual advantage, and corresponding sometimes more closely to 'indebtedness' or 'influence'). Patent 5190311 -- Snowboard binding system. The corresponding noun is amor, which is also used in the plural form to indicate 'love affairs' or 'sexual adventures'. U.S. From this verb come amans, a lover, amator, 'professional lover', often with the accessory notion of lechery, and amica, 'girlfriend' in the English sense, often as well being applied euphemistically to a prostitute.

Patent 3900204 -- Mono-ski. The Romans used it both in an affectionate sense, as well as in a Romantic or sexual sense. U.S. Amare is the basic word for to love, as it still is in Italian today. Patent 3378274 -- Surf-type snow ski. The Latin language has several different verbs corresponding to the English word 'love'. U.S. The importance of this can be seen throughout Greek mythology, in particular Homer's Iliad and Odyssey.

This stance is becoming increasingly popular, and is the most resilient of the three. The host fed and provided quarters for the guest, who was only expected to repay with gratitude. Duck stance: Useful for tricks by removing the forward bias altogether, the feet are angled equally outwards such as 15° and -15°. It was an almost ritualized friendship formed between a host and their guest, who could previously be strangers. Alpine stance: Used primarily for racing, the leading foot may be anything up to 70° and the trailing foot generally 5° less. Xenia (ξενία philoxenía), means hospitality in modern Greek, was an extremely important practice in ancient Greece. Forward stance: Suitable for most purposes, the leading foot is angled roughly 21° and the trailing foot at 6°. Storge (στοργή storgē) means affection in modern Greek; it is natural affection, like that felt by parents for offspring.

Alpine snowboards tend to be longer and thinner with a much stiffer flex for greater edge hold and better carving performance. Philia is motivated by practical reasons; one or both of the parties benefit from the relationship. The stiff bindings and boots give much more control over the board and allow the board to be carved much more easily than with softer bindings. It includes loyalty to friends, family, and community, and requires virtue, equality and familiarity. Extreme carvers and some Boarder Cross racers also use plate bindings. Philia (φιλία philía), means friendship in modern Greek, a dispassionate virtuous love, was a concept developed by Aristotle. Plate - Plate bindings are used with hardboots on Alpine or racing snowboards. Some translations list it as "love of the body".

This allows the rider to apply pressure and effect a "heelside" turn. Lovers and philosophers are all inspired to seek truth by eros. The HyBak was originally designed by inventer Jeff Grell and built by Flite Snowboards. Eros helps the soul recall knowledge of beauty, and contributes to an understanding of spiritual truth. Highback - A stiff moulded support behind the heel and up the calf area. Although eros is initially felt for a person, with contemplation it becomes an appreciation of the beauty within that person, or even becomes appreciation of beauty itself. In 2004, K2 released the Cinch series, a similar hybrid binding; riders slip their foot in as they would a Flow binding, however rather than webbing, the foot is held down by straps which can then be micro-adjusted for superior fit and performance. Plato refined his own definition.

The rider's boot is held down by a webbing that covers most of the foot. The Greek word erota means in love. An example is the Flow binding system which is similar to a strap-in binding, except that the foot enters the binding through the back (which then clips into place) rather than the top. Eros (ἔρως érōs) is passionate love, with sensual desire and longing. Hybrid - There are also proprietary binding systems that seek to combine the convenience of step-in systems with the control levels attainable with strap-ins. It has also been translated as "love of the soul". Another problem is the formation of ice in the step-in mechanism, which may make it difficult to get in and out of the bindings. However, there are some examples of agape used to mean the same as eros.

While much more convenient than strap-ins, they are widely considered to be inferior because they do not provide as much of an immediate response from the rider's legs to the board. It generally refers to a "pure", ideal type of love rather than the physical attraction suggested by eros. Popular (and incompatible) step-in systems include Burton, K2 Clicker, Rossignol and Switch. The word agapo is the verb I love. Step-ins use a technology similar to the clipless pedals in cycling, by allowing the binding to snap and engage stiff hardware on the rider's boots. The term s'agapo means I love you in Greek. Relative to strap-in bindings, step-in bindings use a stiffer shoe sole and boot to maintain responsiveness in compensation for the lack of over the foot restraining straps and (sometimes) lack of binding highback. Agape (ἀγάπη agápē) means love in modern day Greek.

Step-in - In response to the inconvenience of strap-in bindings, step-ins were created to make entry easier for beginners, allow for fast ski-lift to slope transition, and appeal to the rental market. At the same time the ancient Greek text of the Bible has examples of the verb agapo being used with the same meaning as phileo. Such companies as Salomon, Rossignol, Bakoda, Tech Nine, Ride, Flux and Burton have created different models of cap straps. However, with Greek as with many other languages, it has been historically difficult to separate the meanings of these words totally. Cap Strap bindings are a recent modification that provide a very tight fit to the heel cup which makes excellent edge control. For example, ancient Greek has the words philia, eros, agape, storge and xenia. Also, because there are two points of pressure, the strap locations must be adjusted for each individual rider, making it more cumbersome for rental operations. Greek distinguishes several different senses in which the word love is used.

The downside for this is they take longer to put on, usually requiring the rider to sit in the snow and bend over to adjust the straps. Rather than using ai shiteiru (愛している) or koi shiteiru (恋している) to say "I love you", for example, most Japanese would say suki desu (好きです), which literally means "I like you" -- suki (好き) being the same word used to express preferences for food, music, etc., as in sushi ga suki desu (寿司が好きです), or "I like sushi." Rather than diluting the sentiment, however, the implied meaning of "love" is understood. They can be tightly ratcheted closed for a tight fit and good rider control of the board. In everyday conversation, however, ai (愛) and koi (恋) are rarely used. The foot is held onto the board with two buckle straps - one strapped across the top of the toe area, and one across the ankle area. The word aijin (愛人) means "lover" and implies an illicit, often extra-marital relationship, whereas koibito (恋人) has the connotation of "boyfriend", "girlfriend", or "partner". Strap-in - These are the earliest types of bindings, but perhaps still the most popular and technical. The rider wears a boot which has a thick but flexible sole, and padded uppers. There are of course exceptions.

Boards designed for powder conditions exaggerate the differences even more for more floatation on the powder. "Parental love", for example, is oya no ai (親の愛), while "to be in love with" is koi suru (恋する). Freeride and alpine boards, however, have a directional shape with a wider and longer nose. Generally speaking, most forms of non-romantic love are expressed using the former, while romantic love is expressed using the latter. Tail/nose width - Many freestyle boards have equal nose/tail specs for equal performance either direction. Linguistically, the two most common words for love are ai （愛）and koi (恋). There is no standard way to quantify snowboard stiffness, but novices tend to prefer softer flex, racers stiffer flex, and everyone else something in between. Some sociologists (most notably, Takeo Doi) have suggested that Japanese social interactions in later life are modeled on the mother-child amae.

Usually a softer flex makes turning easier while a harder flex makes the board more stable at high speed. Japanese mothers are expected to hug and indulge their children, and children are expected to reward their mothers by clinging and serving. Flex - The flexibility of a snowboard affects its handling and typically varies with the rider's weight. Amae (甘え), a Japanese word meaning "indulgent dependence", is part of the child-rearing culture of Japan. Shorter sidecut radii (tighter turns) are generally used for halfpipe riding while longer sidecut radii (wider turns) are used for freeride/alpine/racing riding. It can develop towards either selfishness or selflessness and enlightenment. Most boards use a sidecut radius between 8-9 meters. In Japanese Buddhism, ai (愛) is passionate caring love, and a fundamental desire.

The curve has a radius that might be a short as 5 meters on a child's board or as large as 17 meters on a racer's board. Reports have appeared in Chinese newspapers and other media detailing the prevalence of the phenomenon and its perceived dangers to students and the fears of parents. This curve aids turning and affects the board's handling. The concept essentially indicates a prevalent belief in contemporary Chinese culture that due to the demands of their studies (especially true in the highly competitive educational system of China), youth should not form romantic attachments lest they jeopardize their chances for success in the future. Sidecut - The edges of the board are symmetrically curved concavely, so that the width at the tip and tail is greater than the center. Zaolian describes both relationships among a teenaged boyfriend and girlfriend, as well as the "crushes" of early adolescence or childhood. This is termed "toe/heel-drag" and can be cured by choosing a wider board or by adjusting the stance angle. Zaolian (Simplified: 早恋, Traditional: 早戀, pinyin: zǎoliàn), literally, "early love," is a contemporary term in frequent use for romantic feelings or attachments among children or adolescents.

Riders with larger feet may have problems with the toes or heels overhanging the side of the board. A similar conceptualization in English is, "They were made for each other," "fate," or "destiny". Most folks ride boards in the 24-25 cm range. It is very similar to serendipity. Alpine boards are typically 18-21 cm wide, although they can be as narrow as 15 cm. A meaningful relationship is often conceived of as dependent strong yuanfen. Freestyle boards are up to 28 cm wide, to assist with balance. Yuanfen (緣份) is a connection of bound destinies.

Width - The width is typically measured at the waist of the board, since the nose and tail width varies with the sidecut and taper. Emotional attachment toward another person or anything. Another factor riders consider when selecting a snowboard is the type of riding it will be used for, freestyle boards being shorter than all-mountain boards. A person will express love by building good gănqíng, accomplished through helping or working for another. The longer the board, the more stable it is at high speed, but also a bit tougher to control. Gănqíng (感情), the feeling of a relationship. Rather, snowboards correspond to the weight of the rider, and a board length should be selected so the rider falls in the middle of the manufacturer's weight range for that model and size. Although Mozi's thought was influential, the Confucian lian is how most Chinese conceive of love.

It is a myth that the height of the rider dictates the length of the snowboard. Extravagance and offensive war are inimical to ai. Most people ride boards in the 140-165 cm range. Ai, in Mohism, is universal love towards all beings, not just towards friends or family, without regard to reciprocation. Length - Boards for children are as short as 90 centimeters; boards for racers, or "alpine" riders, are as long as 215 cm. The Chinese philosopher Mozi developed the concept of ai (愛) in reaction to Confucian lian. Freestyle (pipe): waisted, semi-stiff, medium length, soft boots, either twin-directional or directional, light, deep sidecuts. Lian should be pursued by all human beings, and reflects a moral life.

Freestyle (rails): waisted, flexible, short, soft boots, twin-directional, light. In Confucianism, lian is a virtuous benevolent love. These boards are made specifically for use in powder. In contemporary Chinese language and culture, several terms or root words are used for the concept of "love":. Swallow-Tail: Generally a wider board that as a split running down it's tail, which gives it the general look of a swallow's tail. After that time, the passion fades, changing love from consummate to companionate, or from romantic love to liking. All-Mountain: waisted, varying flexes and lengths, soft boots, sometimes slightly directional, meant to perform well as a Freeride and Freestyle board. According to current scientific understanding of love, this transition from the attraction to the attachment phase usually happens in about 30 months.

Freeride: waisted, sometimes flexible, medium to long length, soft boots, directional. Likewise, when a person has known a loved one for a long time, they develop a deeper attachment to their partner. Racing/Alpine: long, stiff to very stiff, hard boots, slightly waisted, directional. At the attraction stage the person concentrates their affection on a single mate and fidelity becomes important. So what starts as infatuation or empty love may well develop into one of the fuller types of love. However, as time passes, the other elements may grow and passion may shrink — this depends upon the individual.

Appearance, smells, and other similar factors play a decisive role in screening potential mates. The primary motivator at this stage is the basic sexual instinct. Generally love will start off in the lust phase, strong in passion but weak in the other elements. Helen Fisher suggests three main phases of love: lust, attraction, and attachment.

Relationships based on similar love styles were found to last longer. The Hendricks found men tend to be more ludic and manic, whereas women tend to be storgic and pragmatic. Lee identified six basic theories that people use in their interpersonal relationships:. Susan Hendrick and Clyde Hendrick developed a Loves Attitude Scale based on John Alan Lee's theory called Love styles.

Each of these elements can be present in a relationship, producing the following combinations:. In psychologist Robert Sternberg's triangular theory of love, love is characterized by three elements: intimacy, passion and commitment. Companionate love is affection and a feeling of intimacy not accompanied by physiological arousal. Passionate love is intense longing, and is often accompanied by physiological arousal (shortness of breath, rapid heart rate).

The traditional psychological view sees love as being a combination of companionate love and passionate love. Attachment between adults is presumed to work on the same principles that lead an infant to become attached to his or her mother or father. The conventional view in biology is that there are two major drives in love — sexual attraction and attachment. There are probably elements of truth in both views — certainly love is influenced by hormones (such as oxytocin) and pheromones, and how people think and behave in love is influenced by their conceptions of love.

Psychology sees love as more of a social and cultural phenomenon. Biological models of love tend to see it as a mammalian drive, just like hunger or thirst. Refer to Religious Views below. Some traditions encourage the development of passionate love in the believer for the deity.

Reciprocally, the followers may believe that the deity loves the followers and all of creation. This love can be expressed by prayer, service, good deeds, and personal sacrifice. Most religions use the term love to express the devotion the follower has to their deity, who may be a living guru or religious teacher. Religious 'love' might be considered a euphemistic term, more closely describing feelings of deference or acquiescence.

Whether religious love can be expressed in similar terms to interpersonal love is a matter for philosophical debate. If that desire reaches the point of being acted out, it may be considered unhealthy, and fall under the category of paraphilia. (ex: "I love cheese.") In some cases there may be an erotic component to such feeling of love. People can also 'love' material objects, animals, or activities if they invest themselves in bonding their identity with that item.

Similarly, compassionate outreach and volunteer workers' 'love' of their cause may be born not of interpersonal love, but impersonal love coupled with altruism and strong political convictions. A person can be said to love a country, principle, or goal if they value it greatly and are deeply committed to it. .
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Love is essentially an abstract concept, easier to experience than to explain. Different people place varying degrees of importance on the kinds of love they receive. Expressions of love may include the love for a soul or mind, the love of laws and organizations, love for a body, love for nature, love of food, love of money, love for learning, love of power, love of fame, love for the respect of others, etcetera. See the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis.

It is precisely these cultural differences that make any universal definition of love difficult, but not impossible, to establish. Love is inherent in all human cultures and thus may be seen as a defining trait of humanity, that is, love is a quality that makes one human. Or to put simply, love responds intentionally to promote well-being (Thomas Jay Oord). Love might best be defined as acting intentionally, in sympathetic response to others (including God), to promote overall well-being.

Probably due to its emotional primacy, love is one of the most common themes in art. In ordinary use, it usually refers to interpersonal love. It can describe an intense feeling of affection, an emotion or an emotional state. Love has several different meanings in every language, from something that gives a little pleasure ("I loved that meal") to something one would die for (patriotism, pairbonding).

Mihr — angel of love in Persian mythology. Raphael — Angel of love(agape) in Judeo-Christian theology. Haniel — Angel of Venus, and of eros, in Judeo-Christian theology. Xochipilli — god in Aztec mythology.

Venus — goddess of beauty and passionate love in Roman mythology. Rati — goddess of passionate love in Hindu mythology. Kama — god of sensual love in Hindu mythology. Ishtar — goddess of love and war in Babylonian mythology.

Inanna — goddess of love and war in Sumerian mythology. Freya — goddess in Norse mythology. Eros — god of passionate love in Greek mythology. Astarte — goddess of love in Canaanite mythogy.

Aphrodite — goddess of beauty and passionate love in Greek mythology. Aonghus or Aengus— god of beauty, youth, and sensual love in Irish mythology. Amor or Cupid — god of passionate love in Roman mythology. Áine — goddess of fertility and passionate love in Irish mythology.

Two other words for love in the Greek language -- Eros (sexual love) and storge (needy child-to parent love) were never used in the New Testament. Also known as "brotherly love". Phileo - Also used in the New Testament, Phileo is a human response to something that is found to be delightful. It is parental love seen as creating goodness in the world, it is the way God is seen to love humanity, and it is seen as the kind of love that Christians aspire to have for one another.

Agape - In the New Testament, agapē is charitable, selfless, altruistic, and unconditional. It is contained in the word aiqing (愛情); qingren (情人) is a term for "lover". Qing (情), commonly meaning "feeling" or "emotion," often indicates "love" in several terms. Lian (戀) is not generally used alone, but instead as part of such terms as "being in love" (談戀愛, tan lian'ai—also containing ai), "lover" (戀人, lianren) or "homosexuality" (同性戀, tongxinglian).

Wo ai ni, "I love you") or as a noun, especially in aiqing (愛情), "love" or "romance." In mainland China since 1949, airen (愛人, originally "lover," or more literally, "love person") is the dominant word for "spouse" (with separate terms for "wife" and "husband" originally being de-emphasized); the word once had a negative connotation, which it retains among many on Taiwan. Ai (愛) is used as a verb (e.g. Agapē — selfless altruistic love; spiritual. Mania — highly emotional love; unstable; the stereotype of romantic love.

Pragma — pragmatic love. Storge — an affectionate love that slowly develops, based on similarity. Ludus — love is played as a game; love is playful. Eros — a passionate physical love based on physical appearance.

"Without expression," he warns, "even the greatest of loves can die" (1987, p.341). He stresses the importance of translating the components of love into action. Sternberg cautions that maintaining a consummate love may be even harder than achieving it. Consummate love is the most complete form of love, and it represents the ideal love relationship for which many people strive but which apparently few achieve.

Consummate love is the only type of love that includes all three components--intimacy, passion and commitment. This type of love can be exemplified by a whirlwind courtship and marriage in which a commitment is motivated largely by passion, without the stabilizing influence of intimacy. Fatuous love has the passion and the commitment components but not the intimacy component. This type of love is often found in marriages in which the passion has gone out of the relationship, but a deep affection and commitment remain.

Companionate love consists of intimacy and commitment. Romantic lovers are bonded emotionally (as in liking) and physically through passionate arousal. Romantic love is a combination of intimacy and passion. Empty love can also be seen in couples that are estranged but feel that they are bound by commitment.

In cultures in which arranged marriages are common, relationships often begin as empty love. Sometimes, a stronger love deteriorates into empty love, in which the commitment remains, but the intimacy and passion have died. Empty love consists of the commitment component without intimacy or passion. Infatuated love consists solely of passion and is often what is felt as "love at first sight." But without the intimacy and the commitment components of love, infatuated love may disappear suddenly.

Sternberg says that this intimate liking characterizes true friendships, in which a person feels a bondedness, a warmth, and a closeness with another but not intense passion or long-term commitment. In this case, liking is not used in a trivial sense. Liking includes only one of the love components - intimacy.