Shark

In ancient Greece, shark flesh was forbidden to be eaten at women's festivals. In the computer game Deus Ex, Walton Simons is the director of FEMA. In other Pacific Ocean cultures, Dakuwanga was a shark god who was the eater of lost souls. In The X-Files movie, Alvin Kurtzweil tells Fox Mulder that FEMA is involved in the global conspiracy involving aliens. A listing of them follows:
. This position includes additional responsibilities beyond FEMA including the oversight of the Department of Energy's Nuclear Incident Response Team, or NIRT. They believed that sharks were guardians of the sea, and called them Aumakua. After the formation of the Department of Homeland Security in 2003, the official title of the head of FEMA became Under Secretary of Emergency Preparedness and Response.

Hawaiian mythology also contained many shark gods. Qualified persons may submit applications here. The beach goers would laugh and ignore the warnings and go swimming, subsequently being eaten by the same shark man who warned them not to enter the water. The President is currently hiring for this position. A common theme in the stories was that the shark men would warn beach goers that sharks were in the waters. As Under Secretary of Emergency Preparedness and Response within DHS. They could change form between shark and human at any time desired, and for any length. As director of Cabinet-level agency:.

There are stories of shark men who have shark jaws on their back. As director of the agency:. Sharks figure prominently in the Hawaiian mythology. Since Hurricane Katrina, some critics have called for FEMA to be removed from the Department of Homeland Security, saying that its position in the department badly hindered the agency's response. Some organizations, such as the Shark Trust, campaign to limit shark fishing. South Florida newspaper Sun-Sentinel has an extensive list of documented criticisms of FEMA during the four hurricanes that hit the region in 2004.[5] Some of the criticisms include:. This has caused concern among biologists regarding the increase in effort applied to catching sharks over time, and many species are considered to be threatened. FEMA does encourage disaster victims to reduce future losses by considering "taking steps to rebuild safer and smarter," advising them to[4]:.

Sharks generally reach sexual maturity slowly and produce very few offspring in comparison to other fishes that are harvested. The Cato Institute's Handbook for Congress argues that private companies could perform the tasks carried about by FEMA, and that this would encourage home construction in safer areas[3]:. Conservationists have campaigned for changes in the law to make finning illegal in the U.S. Moreover, he said that FEMA is used by incumbent presidents to shore up political support[2]. There have been cases where hundreds of de-finned animals were swept up on local beaches without any way to convey themselves back into the sea. In 1997, James Bovard criticized FEMA for subsidizing rebuilding in places that are vulnerable to natural disasters, asking, "[D]o we really want to help rebuild homes and government property in areas that should never have been built on in the first place?" He also claimed that localities are less likely to fund their own snow removal if they know the federal government will bail them out in the event of snow emergencies[1]. Sharks are often killed for shark fin soup, in which many sharks are hunted for their fins, which are cut off with a hot metal blade before the live animal is tossed back into the water. Survivors of Katrina can learn more about FEMA assistance available at a wiki web site FEMAanswers.org.

When served in fish and chip shops, it is called 'flake'. The telephone number to receive disaster assistance from FEMA is 800-621-3362. In the Australian State of Victoria shark is the most commonly used fish in fish and chips, in which fillets are battered and deep fried or crumbed and grilled and served alongside chips. There are hundreds of thousands of Katrina evacuees living in temporary shelters and/or trailer parks set up by FEMA and other relief organizations in the first months after the disaster hit. Sharks are a common seafood in many places around the world, including Japan and Australia. After the February 7 deadline, Katrina victims will be left to their own devices to either find permanent housing for the long term, or to continue in social welfare programs set up by other organizations. Other sharks are hunted for food (Atlantic thresher, mako and others), and some species for other products. FEMA set a deadline of February 7, 2006 as the official end of any further coverage of temporary housing costs for Katrina victims.

It was used for purposes similar to sandpaper. However, formal investigations have yet to determine who exactly is to blame (and to what extent) for the Katrina disaster. Sharkskin is covered with dermal denticles, which are similar to tiny teeth. It is widely held that many things did not function as planned. In the past they were fished simply for the sport of landing a good fighting fish (mako sharks for instance). Katrina was seen as the first major test of the nation’s new disaster response plan under DHS. Every year, 100 million sharks are killed by people in commercial and recreational fishing. Michael Brown would eventually be relieved of command of the Katrina disaster and soon thereafter resign.

Sharks have two senses that many animals do not have:. Brown was criticized personally for a slow response and apparent disconnect with the actual situation on the ground. There are three ways in which shark pups are born:. Then FEMA Director Michael D. No known sharks provide parental protection for their young, but females have a hormone that is released into their blood during the pupping season that apparently keeps them from feeding. FEMA was widely criticized for what is seen as a slow initial response to the disaster and an inability to effectively manage, care for and move those trying to leave the city. These pups are either protected by egg cases or born live. The situation was compounded by flood waters in the city that hampered transportation and poor communication between the federal government, state and local entities.

Instead of producing huge numbers of eggs and larvae (99.9% of which never reach sexual maturity in fishes that use this strategy) sharks normally produce around a dozen pups, some species up to 70-80 and some as few as 2-3. The enormous number of evacuees simply overwhelmed rescue personnel. Sharks have a much different reproductive strategy than most fishes. Within three days, a large contingent of National Guard and active duty troops were deployed to the region. In some species, females have evolved thicker skin to withstand the sharks bite marks during mating. FEMA was responsible for the evacuation of the thousands of people who remained in New Orleans during the storm, as well as initial recovery work and appropriations. The male may come and bite the edges of the female to show his interest. FEMA had pre-positioned response personnel in the Gulf Coast region, however many were only able to report of dire situation along the Gulf Coast, especially from New Orleans.

The bite marks can also come from the courtship of the sharks. FEMA received intense criticism for its response to the disaster. Many females in the larger species have bite marks that appear to be a result of a male grasping her to maintain position. August 2005 saw one of the worst natural disasters in United States history. In the less flexible species the two sharks swim parallel to each other while the male inserts the clasper into the female's oviduct. (see also Hurricane Katrina). The smaller catsharks often mate with the male curling around the female. Within the $5.5 billion, FEMA was also allotted funds to pay for its own recovery efforts.

Mating has rarely been observed in sharks. As of 2003, FEMA had received US$5.5 billion to distribute amongst local and state agencies to help offset the cost of recovery. This animal is the clearnose skate (Raja eglanteria) which has claspers of 15 cm (6 in) in size on a fish that reaches 1 m (3 feet) in length.). FEMA played its largest role in the appropriation of federal funds to aid local and state governments in paying for the disaster. (As a side note, Class Chondrichthyes has the distinction of having the animal with the largest intromittent organ — an organ used for transmitting sperm — in relation to body length. FEMA had deployed 25 of the 28 Urban Search and Rescue teams at its disposal to the World Trade Center site, however the New York City Office of Emergency Management was in charge of the WTC recovery effort. The name is somewhat misleading as they are not used to hold on to the female, but are the shark's version of the mammalian penis. In the minutes after the first hijacked plane slammed into the World Trade Center towers, FEMA as well as emergency services all over the city and state of New York were mobilized.

The males all have their pelvic fins modified into a pair of claspers. (see also September 11 2001 attacks). The sex of a shark can be easily determined. FEMA had previously been criticized for its response to Hurricane Hugo, which hit South Carolina in September 1989, and many of the same issues that plagued the agency during Hurricane Andrew were also evident during the response to Hurricane Katrina in 2005. The jaw was realized to be inaccurate, and estimates revised downwards to around 43 feet (13 metres) to 52 feet (15.9 metres). Within five days, the federal government and neighboring states had dispatched 20,000 National Guard and active duty troops to South Dade County to set up temporary housing. A reproduction of the jaw was based on some of the largest teeth (up to almost 17 cm (7 inches) in length) and suggested a fish that could grow 80 feet (25 metres) long to 100 feet (30.5 metres). FEMA and the federal government at large were accused of not responding fast enough to house, feed, and sustain the approximately 250,000 people left homeless in the affected areas.

The Lamniformes include the extinct Megalodon (Carcharodon megalodon), which like all extinct sharks is only known from its teeth (the only bone found in these cartilaginous fishes, and therefore the only fossils produced). FEMA was widely criticized for the agency’s response to Andrew, summed up by the famous exclamation, "Where in the hell is the cavalry on this one?" by Dade County, Florida, emergency management director Kate Hale. There are eight orders of sharks, listed below in roughly their evolutionary relationship from more primitive to more modern species:. In August 1992, Hurricane Andrew struck the Florida and Louisiana coasts with 165 mph (265 km/h) sustained winds. Most of the species we know today are as old as the Jurassic period. (see also Hurricane Andrew). The first sharks appeared in the oceans 400 to 350 million years ago. There are also Mobile Air Transportable Telecommunications System (MATTS) assets which can be airlifted in.

There are more than 360 described species of sharks. For instance, they may operate a truck with satellite uplink, computers, telephone, and power generation at a staging area near a disaster, so that the responders can communicate with the outside world. It is currently thought that the sharks form a polyphyletic group: in particular, some sharks are more closely related to rays than they are to some other sharks. These teams provide communications support to local public safety. The Elasmobranchii also include rays and skates; the Chondrichthyes also include Chimaeras. mines. Sharks belong to the superorder Selachimorpha in the subclass Elasmobranchii in the class Chondrichthyes. These task forces rescue victims of structural collapse and other confined spaces, ex.

The collective noun for a group of sharks is a shiver. National Medical Response Teams (NMRT) are equipped to decontaminate victims of chemical and biological agents. The name may have been derived from the Mayan word for shark, xoc, pronounced "shock" or "shawk". Disaster Mortuary Operational Response Teams (DMORT) provide mortuary and forensic services. The name "Shark" first came into use around the late 1560s to refer to the large sharks of the Caribbean Sea, and later to all sharks in general. There are also National Nursing Response Teams (NNRT), National Pharmacy Response Teams (NPRT), and Veterinary Medical Assistance Teams (VMAT). Until the late 16th century sharks were usually referred to in the English language as sea-dogs. Disaster Medical Assistance Teams (DMAT) provide medical care at disasters and are typically made up of doctors and paramedics.

These exceptions may be due to the "warm-blooded", or homeothermic, nature of their physiology. Teams are made up of doctors, nurses, pharmacists, etc, and are typically sponsored by hospitals, public safety agencies, or private organizations. Another exception, the Great White, the largest actively predatory shark, is capable of surprising bursts of speed. These teams provide medical and allied care to disaster victims. The Mako shark is generally considered to be the fastest species of shark, and may be the fastest of all fish (for short bursts). FEMA's emergency response is based around small, decentralized teams trained in such specialties as medical care, search and rescue, and communications. One exception to this generality is the Mako shark, whose speed may range upwards of thirty miles (48 kilometers) per hour. Other programs FEMA previously administered have since been internalized or shifted under direct DHS control.

In general, sharks swim ("cruise") at an average speed of five miles (8.25 kilometers) per hour, but when feeding or attacking, the average shark will reach speeds upwards of twelve miles (19.25 kilometers) per hour. Fire Administration and the National Flood Insurance Program. A few other shark species do attack people every year, producing wounds that can potentially kill, but this occurs either specifically because they have been provoked, or through mistaken identity due to water conditions or the like. FEMA currently manages the U.S. Many shark species are known to "display" when feeling threatened, and it is ill-advised to remain in the vicinity at such a time as this would generally be considered enough provocation to warrant an attack. The Director reports directly to the Secretary of Homeland Security. In most cases, if a person moves away calmly, or remains still, they will be ignored. Today, FEMA exists as part of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) as the Emergency Preparedness and Response Directorate.

These sharks are also large, powerful predators which can be provoked simply by being in the water at the wrong time and place, but they are normally considered less dangerous to divers and swimmers than the previous group. As a result, FEMA Director Michael Brown was relieved of command of the Gulf Coast region and resigned shortly thereafter. This group contains the Mako, Hammerhead, Gray Reef, Black Tip Reef, Lemon, Silky and Blue sharks. FEMA and DHS both came under intense criticism for their handling of the Hurricane Katrina disaster in 2005 (see Katrina and Criticism sections below). A number of other species (perhaps 10 - 15) have threatened, attacked, and/or bitten (but not killed) humans without being obviously provoked. [Washington Post Dec 23, 2005]. This protects the shark from retribution from a wounded and aggressive target, but also allows humans the time to get out of the water and survive. Brown, FEMA's director and DHS Undersecretary, warned that the shift would make a mockery of FEMA's new motto, "A Nation Prepared," and would "fundamentally sever FEMA from its core functions," "shatter agency morale," and "break longstanding, effective and tested relationships with states and first responder stakeholders." The inevitable result of the reorganization of 2003, warned Brown, would be "an ineffective and uncoordinated response" to a terrorist attack or a natural disaster.

This behaviour has many possible explanations, one being that humans don't taste good (or at least, as good), or are lacking the necessary fat, and another being that sharks normally make one swift attack, and then retreat and wait for the victim to die, or exhaust itself, before it comes back to feed. In September, 2003, Michael D. Often the shark that attacks a human will make only one bite and then go away. As a result, FEMA became part of the Emergency Preparedness and Response Directorate of DHS, and employs more than 2,600 full time employees. Some claim that the shark is confusing a human for a seal or other prey animal; this would be typical in the case of an attack against a surfer. FEMA was absorbed into DHS as of 2003. There are many theories about why sharks attack people. Following the Terrorist Attacks of 11 September 2001, President Bush created the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) to better coordinate between the different federal agencies that deal with law enforcement, disaster preparedness and recovery, border protection and civil defense.

These sharks, being large, powerful predators perfectly capable of eating humans, will sometimes attack and kill people, but all of the above sharks, even the Great White, have been filmed in open water, with no cage, time and time again, without incident. The end of the Cold War also allowed the agency’s resources to be turned away from civil defense to natural disaster preparedness. Out of the more than 360 described species of sharks, only 4 have been confirmed to have killed humans: the Great White, Tiger, Bull, and Oceanic Whitetip sharks. Witt initiated reforms that would help to streamline the disaster recovery and mitigation process. Contrary to popular belief, only a few sharks are dangerous to humans. In 1993 President Bill Clinton elevated FEMA to a cabinet level position and named James Lee Witt as FEMA Director. only those people who enter the water in the areas populated by sharks). These disasters, while showing the agency could function properly, also uncovered some inefficiencies.

several hundred people die anually struck by lightning; however, lightning may strike anywhere worldwide, whereas only a very small part of human population is susceptible to shark attacks, i.e. FEMA also responded to the Three Mile Island nuclear accident where the nuclear generating station suffered a partial core meltdown. While sharks cause a few dozen human deaths annually, it is relatively not a large number (e.g. One of the first disasters FEMA responded to was the dumping of toxic waste into Love Canal in Niagara Falls, New York in the late 1970’s. The fear of sharks has been fueled worldwide by a few unusual instances of unprovoked attack, such as the Jersey Shore Shark Attacks of 1916, and by sensationalized fiction and film, such as the Jaws series. FEMA was also given the responsibility for overseeing the nation’s Civil Defense, a function which had previously been performed by the Department of Defense’s Defense Civil Preparedness Agency. Their upper jaw are not attached to the skull. FEMA absorbed the Federal Insurance Administration, the National Fire Prevention and Control Administration, the National Weather Service Community Preparedness Program, the Federal Preparedness Agency of the General Services Administration and the Federal Disaster Assistance Administration activities from HUD.

Urine in sharks accumulates in the blood and is then secreted through the skin. In 1979, President Jimmy Carter, at the prompting of the National Governor’s Association, signed Executive Order 12148 which put a new agency, FEMA, in charge of coordinating all disaster relief efforts at the federal level. [1]. Many government agencies were still involved in disaster relief, in some cases over 100 separate agencies may be jockeying for control and jurisdiction of a disaster. The evidence that sharks are at least resistant to cancer and disease is mostly anecdotal and there have been few, if any, scientific or statistical studies that have shown sharks to have heightened immunity to disease. This agency would oversee disasters such as Hurricane Carla in 1962, Hurricane Betsy in 1965, Hurricane Camille in 1969 and Hurricane Agnes in 1972, the Alaskan (Good Friday) Earthquake of 1964 and the San Fernando Earthquake of 1971. A popular myth is that sharks are immune to disease and cancer, however, this is untrue and there are both diseases and parasites that affect sharks. By the start of the 1960’s, federal disaster relief and recovery was brought under the umbrella of the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) which created the Federal Disaster Assistance Administration.

Researchers use this condition for handling sharks safely. This “piecemeal approach” to disaster recovery was troubled by poor interagency cooperation and bureaucratic red tape. A shark, if inverted, enters a natural state of paralysis. Army Corps of Engineers authority over flood control and irrigation projects and thus played a major role in disaster recovery from flooding. Their dermal teeth gives them hydrodynamic advantages as they are reducing the turbulence when swimming. The Flood Control Act of 1944 also gave the U.S. A similar arrangement of collagen fibres has been discovered in dolphins and squids. The Bureau of Public Roads in 1934 was given authority to finance the reconstruction of highways and roads after a disaster.

The sharks saves more energy while swimming this way than if they didn't have their collagenous corset. RFC can be considered the first organized federal disaster response agency. This works as an outer skeleton, providing attachment for their swimming muscles. RFC was also responsible for dispensing federal dollars in the wake of a disaster. Unlike bony fish, the sharks have a complex dermal corset arranged as a helical network and made of flexible collagenous fibres surrounding their body. The purpose of the RFC was to lend money to banks and institutions to stimulate economic activity. Sand tiger sharks are known to gulp air at the surface and store it in their stomach to provide buoyancy. After the start of the Great Depression in 1929, President Herbert Hoover had commissioned the Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) in 1932.

Also, unlike other fish, sharks do not have gas-filled swim bladders, but rather rely on an oil-filled liver for (limited) buoyancy, so they sink when they stop swimming; a resting shark always sinks to the sea bed. POOP. The outflow is strong enough to allow for respiration, and it is believed that the reason for this behaviour is that the fresh water helps remove certain parasites. After President Abraham Lincoln's assassination at Ford's Theatre, the 54th Congress passed legislation compensating those who were injured in the theatre. There are also known instances, such as in certain caves along the Yucatan coast, where sharks of varying species rest on the cave floors and allow the fresh water outflow to pass over them. Examples of these include the waiving of duties and tariffs to the merchants of New York City after a fire in the mid 1830’s. Some sharks, like the Blacktip Reef Shark and Nurse Shark, can pump water over their gills as they rest. Between 1803 and 1930, ad-hoc legislation was passed more than 100 times for relief or compensation after a disaster.

If a shark were to stop swimming, the necessary water circulation for respiration would become too low and the animal could suffocate. This is widely considered the first piece of legislation passed by the federal government that provided relief after a disaster and can be viewed as the beginnings of federal policies to provide relief after a disaster. Due to their size and the nature of their metabolism, sharks have a higher demand for oxygen than most fish and they cannot rely on ambient water current to provide an adequate supply of oxygenated water. The Seventh Congress passed a number of measures in the Congressional Act of 1803, which provided relief for the merchants of Portsmouth by waiving duties and tariffs on goods. Like other fish, sharks extract their oxygen from seawater as it passes over their gills. The first major disaster in the history of the United States was a series of devastating fires in the port city of Portsmouth, New Hampshire. This is possible because of the presence of the rete mirabile, a counter current exchange mechanism that reduces the loss of body heat. The history of FEMA can be divided into the following parts.

A few of the larger species, the Mako and White Shark, are mildly homeothermic, able to maintain their body temperature at a level above the ocean's temperature. The United States Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), has existed in one form or another for over 200 years. Although not unique among sharks, the Bull Shark is the better known of several species to regularly swim in both salt and fresh water environments (most famously in Lake Nicaragua, in Central America) and in most deltas. . Sharks include everything from the hand-sized Pygmy Shark, a deep sea species, to the Whale Shark, the largest fish (although sharks are not closely related to bony fish) which is known to grow to a maximum length of approximately 15m (49 feet) and which, like the great whales, feeds only on plankton. FEMA provides financial assistance to individuals and governments to rebuild homes, businesses, and public facilities; trains firefighters and emergency medical professionals; and funds emergency planning throughout the United States and its territories. There are exceptions to the "large", "marine" (as in 'ocean-going') and "predatory" portions of the characterization. FEMA coordinates the work of federal, state, and local agencies in responding to floods, hurricanes, earthquakes, and other natural disasters.

(Gilbertson, 7.3). Mainly, FEMA responds to any disaster that occurs in the United States that is declared a federal disaster area by the President of the United States. The lower teeth are primarily used for holding prey, while the top are used for cutting into it. The agency is charged with what it defines as four domains of emergency management: mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery. Their teeth are not attached to the jaw, but embedded in their flesh, and in many species are constantly replaced throughout the shark's life. The Federal Emergency Management Agency or FEMA is a government agency in the United States which is organized under the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) in the Emergency Preparedness and Response Directorate. Sharks generally rely on their superior sense of smell to find prey, but once they are close they also use the lateral lines running along their sides to sense movement in the water and also employ special sensory pores on their heads (Ampullae of Lorenzini) to detect electrical pulses created by the muscles of prey. David Paulison (acting), September 2005.

This membrane covers the eyes during predation, and when it is being attacked. R. To protect their eyes some have nictitating membranes. Brown, March 2003 - September 2005. Sharks have eyelids, but they do not blink because the surrounding water cleans their eyes. Michael D. The effectiveness of the tissue varies, with some sharks having stronger nocturnal adaptations. Allbaugh, February 2001 - March 2003.

This tissue is behind the retina and reflects light back to the retina, thereby increasing visibility in the dark waters. Joe M. Shark eyes are similar to the eyes of other vertebrates, including similar lenses, corneas and retinas, though their eyesight is well adapted to their marine environment with the help of a tissue called tapetum lucidum. John Magaw (acting), January 2001 - February 2001. The short duct between the anterior and posterior nasal openings are not fused like in bony fish. James Lee Witt, April 1993 - January 2001. Some species, such as Nurse sharks, have external barbels that greatly increase their ability to sense prey. Tidball (acting), January 1993 - April 1993.

They are even more attracted to the chemicals found in the gut of many species, and often linger near or in sewage outfalls. William C. Sharks have keen olfactory senses, with some species able to detect as little as one part per million of blood in seawater. Stickney, August 1990 - January 1993. . Wallace E. Sharks are a group (superorder Selachimorpha) of fish, with a full cartilaginous skeleton, a streamlined body plan, with normally 5, but up to 7 (depending on species) gill slits along the side of, or beginning slightly behind, the head (in some species, a modified slit called a spiracle, is located just behind the eye), dermal denticles covering the body to protect from damage, parasites and improve fluid dynamics, and rows of replaceable teeth in the mouth. Jennings (acting), May 1990 - August 1990.

The black tip diving shark will can dive up to 250 feet down. Jerry D. The Basking shark is a shark that will never eat a human. Morris (acting), June 1989 - May 1990. The people who worshipped him feared to eat, touch or cross the smoke of the kokala, his sacred fish. Robert H. Kane-i-kokala - A kind shark god that saved shipwrecked people by taking them to shore. Becton, Jr., November 1985 - June 1989.

He sometimes moved to another cave on the windward side of island of Moloka'i. Julius W. Kauhuhu - He was a fierce king shark that lived in a cave in Kipahulu on the island of Maui. Morris (acting), September 1985 - November 1985. He was said to be 30 fathoms (55 m) long and was the husband of Ka'ahupahau. Robert H. Kuhaimoana - He was the brother of Pele and lived in the Ka'ula islet. Giuffrida, May 1981 - September 1985.

Kua - This was the main shark god of the people of Ka'u, and believed to be their ancestor. Louis O. He had an affair with a human girl, who gave birth to a helpful green shark. McConnell (acting), April 1981 - May 1981. He was called the protector of the Ka'u people. John W. Keali'ikau 'o Ka'u - He was the cousin of Pele and son of Kua. Bernard Gallagher (acting), January 1981 - April 1981.

Kawelomahamahai'a - Another human, he was transformed into a shark. John Macy, August 1979 - January 1981. He was a trickster god who performed many heroic feats, including the calming of two legendary colliding hills that destroyed canoes trying to pass between. Thomas Casey (acting), July 1979. Kane'apua - Most commonly, he was the brother of Pele and Kamohoali'i. Gordon Vickery (acting), April 1979 - July 1979. Kaholia Kane - This was the shark god of the ali'i Kalaniopu'u and he was believed to live in a cave at Puhi, Kaua'i. Office of Emergency Preparedness, May 1975-April 1979.

She was also believed to live near Pearl Harbor. Hafer, E.O.P. She was later transformed into shark form and was believed to protect the people who lived on O'ahu from sharks. James K. Ka'ahupahau - This goddess was born human, with her defining characteristic being her red hair. Ten of the people whose funerals were paid for were not even in Florida at the time of their deaths.[8]. At one point he had a he'iau (temple or shrine) dedicated to him on every piece of land that jutted into the ocean on the island of Moloka'i. FEMA used hurricane aid money to pay funeral expenses for at least 203 Floridians whose deaths were not caused by the 2004 Hurricanes, the state's coroners have concluded.

A summit cliff on the crater of Kilauea is considered to be one of his most sacred spots. Senate committee and the inspector general of the Department of Homeland Security found that FEMA inappropriately declared Miami-Dade county a disaster area and then awarded millions, often without verifying storm damage or a need for assistance.[6][7]. He was able to take on all human and fish forms. A U.S. Kamohoali'i - The most well known and revered of the shark gods, he was the older and favored brother of Pele, and helped and journeyed with her to Hawaii. When Hurricane Frances hit South Florida on Labor Day weekend, (over 100 miles north of Miami-Dade County) 9,800 Miami-Dade applicants were approved by FEMA for $28 million in storm claims for new furniture, clothes, thousands of new televisions, microwaves, and refrigerators, cars, dental bills and a funeral even though the Medical Examiner recorded no deaths from Frances. The shark can 'hear' frequencies in the range of 25 to 50 Hz using this sense. Consider buying flood insurance.

The shark uses this to detect other organisms moving, especially wounded fish. Encourage community to participate in National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP). It is used to detect motion or 'sound' in the water. Take measures to reduce losses in the future. Lateral line - This system is found in most fishes, including sharks. It is this sense that sometimes confuses a shark into attacking a boat: when the metal interacts with salt water, sharks can detect the resultant electrical charge from over one mile away.

This sense is used to find prey hidden in sand in bottom feeding sharks, by detecting the nerve impulses. The shark has the greatest electricity sensitivity known in all animals. Electroreception: The Ampullae of Lorenzini are small pits in the head that detect electricity. They choose such areas mainly because of the protection from predators (mainly other sharks) and the abundance of food.

Most ovoviviparous sharks generally give birth in sheltered areas, including bays, river mouths, and shallow reefs. Whale shark eggs found are now thought to have been aborted. The whale shark is now considered to be in this category after having been classified as oviparous for a long time. The survival strategy for the species that do this is that the young are able to grow to an even larger size before being born.

Sand tigers, makos, threshers, porbeagles and possibly great whites have oophagous young. Sometimes they are functional even before being born, as some species practice oophagy, where the first to hatch eat the remaining eggs in the oviduct. As in viviparity, the young are born alive and fully functional. The eggs hatch within the oviduct, and the young continue to be nourished by the remnants of the yolk and the oviduct's fluids.

The young are nourished by the yolk of their egg and by fluids secreted by glands in the walls of the oviduct. Ovoviviparity - Most sharks utilize this method. The blue shark produces the most young of sharks that have had the number of pups recorded, the maximum reported being 82. Dogfishes also have the longest known gestation period of any shark, 22 months.

Hammerheads, the requiem sharks (like the bull and tiger sharks), the basking shark and the smooth dogfishes fall into this category. The young are born alive and fully functional. Viviparity - These sharks actually maintain a placental link to the developing young, more analogous to mammals than other fishes. Oviparous sharks include the horn shark, catsharks, Port Jackson Sharks, and the swell shark.

When they wash up empty on beaches, the egg cases are sometimes called mermaid's purses. Some of these cases are corkscrewed into crevices for protection. In most of these species, the developing embryo is protected by an egg case with the consistency of leather. Oviparity - Some sharks lay eggs.

They are distinguished by their large jaws and ovoviviparous reproduction. They include the goblin shark, basking shark, megamouth shark, the thresher sharks, mako shark and great white shark. Lamniformes: They are commonly referred to as the mackerel sharks. They are distinguished by an elongated snout and a nictitating membrane which protects the eyes during an attack.

Carcharhiniformes: They are commonly referred to as the groundsharks, and some of the species include the blue, tiger, bull, reef and oceanic whitetip sharks (collectively called the requiem sharks) along with the houndsharks, catsharks and hammerhead sharks. Orectolobiformes: They are commonly referred to as the carpet sharks, including zebra sharks, nurse sharks, wobbegongs and the largest of all fishes, the whale shark. Heterodontiformes: They are commonly referred to as the bullhead or horn sharks. Squatiniformes: Angel sharks.

Pristiophoriformes: These are the sawsharks, with an elongated, toothed snout that they use for slashing the fishes that they subsequently eat. Squaliformes: Examples from this group include the bramble sharks, dogfish sharks and roughsharks. Hexanchiformes: Examples from this group include the cow sharks, frilled shark and even a shark that looks on first inspection to be a marine snake.