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Sea turtle

Genera
Caretta
Lepidochelys
Chelonia
Eretmochelys
Natator
Dermochelys

Sea turtles are large, ocean-dwelling turtles. There are seven surviving species of sea turtle, all endangered:


Sea turtles are found in all the world's oceans with the exception of the Arctic Ocean, and some species travel between oceans. The Flatback turtle is found solely on the northern coast of Australia. The Leatherback is the largest, measuring six or seven feet (2 m) in length at maturity, and three to five feet (1 to 1.5 m) in width, weighing up to 1300 pounds (600 kg). Most other species are smaller being two to four feet in length (0.5 to 1 m) and proportionally less wide.

Different species are distinguished by varying anatomical aspects: for instance the prefrontal scales on the head, the number of and shape of scutes on the carapace, and the type of inframarginal scutes on the plastron. The Leatherback is the only sea turtle that doesn't have a hard shell instead carrying a mosaic of bony plates beneath its leathery skin.

Sea turtles have an extraordinary sense of time and location. They are highly sensitive to the Earth's magnetic field and probably use it to navigate. The fact that most species return to nest at the locations they were born at seems to indicate an imprint of that location's magnetic features. The ridley turtles are especially peculiar because instead of nesting individually like the other species, they come ashore in one mass arrival known as an "arribada" (the arrival). With the Kemp's ridley this occurs during the day and on only one beach in the entire world. The numbers used to range in the thousands but these days due to the effects of extensive egg poaching and hunting in previous years the numbers are in the hundreds.

After about 30 years of maturing an adult female sea turtle returns to the land to nest, usually on the same beach from which they hatched. This can take place every two to four years in maturity. They make from four to seven nests per nesting season. They dig a hole with their hind flippers and lay from 100 to 150 eggs in it (depending on the species) before covering it up and returning to the ocean. Some of the eggs are unfertilized 'dummy eggs' and the rest contain young turtles. Incubation takes about 2 months. When the eggs hatch, these baby turtles dig their way out and seek the ocean. Only a very small proportion of them (at most 1 in 100) will be successful, as many predators are waiting to eat them.

Threats to Sea Turtles

Sea turtles of all species are endangered (for an excellent reference see James R. Spotila's book "Sea Turtles: A Complete Guide to Their Biology, Behavior, and Conservation"). The Leatherback, Kemp's ridley, and Hawksbill turtles are listed as Critically Endangered. The Olive ridley, Loggerhead, and Green turtles are considered Endangered. The Flat back is considered Data Deficient due to lack of research. They used to be hunted on a large scale in the whaling days for their meat, fat and shells. And coastal peoples have always gathered turtle eggs for consumption. These days though their biggest threat comes from long-line fishing, and as bycatch in shrimp nets, as well as over development on nesting beaches. Each year it is said that 40,000 turtles die from longlines alone. According to researchers at the 24th Annual Symposium on Sea Turtle Conservation and Biology, in Costa Rica the Pacific Leatherback has ten years before extinction if nothing is done to reverse these problems. Small and inexpensive changes to fishing techniques, such as slightly larger hooks and traps from which sea turtles can escape, can dramatically cut the mortality rate. Another danger comes from marine debris, especially from abandonded fishing nets in which they can become entangled.

Sea turtle trapped in a fishing net

Beach development is another very, very large area which has threatened sea turtles. Since sea turtles return to the same locations to nest, these areas may be protected by special police. In some areas, such as the East coast of Florida, after the adult turtles lay their eggs, they are dug up and relocated to special fenced nurseries where they can be protected from beach traffic. This is not the best thing to do, as many turtle species return to the beach on which they were born. Special lighting ordinances may also be enforced to prevent lights from shining on the beach and confusing young hatchlings from thinking it is the moon or sun and crawling toward it, usually crossing a road.

One of the biggest threats to sea turtles is the black market trade in eggs and meat. This is a pervasive problem throughout the world, but especially a concern in India, Indonesia and throughout the coastal nations of Latin America. Estimates are as high as 35,000 turtles killed a year in Mexico and the same number in Nicaragua. Conservationists in Mexico and the United States have launched "Don't Eat Sea Turtle" campaigns in order to reduce the urban black market trade in sea turtle products. These campaigns have involved figures such as Pope John Paul, Dorismar, Los Tigres del Norte and Mana.


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These campaigns have involved figures such as Pope John Paul, Dorismar, Los Tigres del Norte and Mana. Big Gay Out was repeated, though this time separate from London Pride, in 2005. Conservationists in Mexico and the United States have launched "Don't Eat Sea Turtle" campaigns in order to reduce the urban black market trade in sea turtle products. Along with the music festival "Big Gay Out", a ticketed event for over 35,000 people in Finsbury Park acting as London's Gay Pride festival for 2004. Estimates are as high as 35,000 turtles killed a year in Mexico and the same number in Nicaragua. These events include several parties for members featuring well-known popular music acts. This is a pervasive problem throughout the world, but especially a concern in India, Indonesia and throughout the coastal nations of Latin America. Although serving users internationally, Faceparty markets mainly in the United Kingdom and has run many major events since its launch in 2000, mostly in London.

One of the biggest threats to sea turtles is the black market trade in eggs and meat. It is quite possible that these pay-for services have contributed to the site's recent decline in the face of other free services, such as MySpace. Special lighting ordinances may also be enforced to prevent lights from shining on the beach and confusing young hatchlings from thinking it is the moon or sun and crawling toward it, usually crossing a road. The so-called 'Adult Verification Service' allows members to view adult imagery on other member's profiles, and the name is somewhat misleading; there are other ways to prove someone's age without getting them to spend monthly credit card subscription, and it is possible to buy these services with cards registered to under-18s. This is not the best thing to do, as many turtle species return to the beach on which they were born. Also Faceparty incorporates paid-for services: Cool Tools allows members to, amongst other things personalise their profiles and track visits to their profiles. In some areas, such as the East coast of Florida, after the adult turtles lay their eggs, they are dug up and relocated to special fenced nurseries where they can be protected from beach traffic. For those in need of support Faceparty offers Grim Rita, a parodic agony aunt with a dry sense of humour and a great amount of wit at her disposal.

Since sea turtles return to the same locations to nest, these areas may be protected by special police. As well as Groups; a feature that allows members to browse other profiles with similar interests. Beach development is another very, very large area which has threatened sea turtles. Incorporated into the website are services that allow you to browse the community by location, age, gender, and sexuality. Another danger comes from marine debris, especially from abandonded fishing nets in which they can become entangled. . Small and inexpensive changes to fishing techniques, such as slightly larger hooks and traps from which sea turtles can escape, can dramatically cut the mortality rate. Faceparty allows users to create online profiles and interact with each other using an advanced instant chat, messaging facilities (like an interface to email), and audio "voicemail messaging".

According to researchers at the 24th Annual Symposium on Sea Turtle Conservation and Biology, in Costa Rica the Pacific Leatherback has ten years before extinction if nothing is done to reverse these problems. Faceparty is a community social networking website primarily populated by teens through to late twenties. Each year it is said that 40,000 turtles die from longlines alone. These days though their biggest threat comes from long-line fishing, and as bycatch in shrimp nets, as well as over development on nesting beaches. And coastal peoples have always gathered turtle eggs for consumption.

They used to be hunted on a large scale in the whaling days for their meat, fat and shells. The Flat back is considered Data Deficient due to lack of research. The Olive ridley, Loggerhead, and Green turtles are considered Endangered. The Leatherback, Kemp's ridley, and Hawksbill turtles are listed as Critically Endangered.

Spotila's book "Sea Turtles: A Complete Guide to Their Biology, Behavior, and Conservation"). Sea turtles of all species are endangered (for an excellent reference see James R. Only a very small proportion of them (at most 1 in 100) will be successful, as many predators are waiting to eat them. When the eggs hatch, these baby turtles dig their way out and seek the ocean.

Incubation takes about 2 months. Some of the eggs are unfertilized 'dummy eggs' and the rest contain young turtles. They dig a hole with their hind flippers and lay from 100 to 150 eggs in it (depending on the species) before covering it up and returning to the ocean. They make from four to seven nests per nesting season.

This can take place every two to four years in maturity. After about 30 years of maturing an adult female sea turtle returns to the land to nest, usually on the same beach from which they hatched. The numbers used to range in the thousands but these days due to the effects of extensive egg poaching and hunting in previous years the numbers are in the hundreds. With the Kemp's ridley this occurs during the day and on only one beach in the entire world.

The ridley turtles are especially peculiar because instead of nesting individually like the other species, they come ashore in one mass arrival known as an "arribada" (the arrival). The fact that most species return to nest at the locations they were born at seems to indicate an imprint of that location's magnetic features. They are highly sensitive to the Earth's magnetic field and probably use it to navigate. Sea turtles have an extraordinary sense of time and location.

The Leatherback is the only sea turtle that doesn't have a hard shell instead carrying a mosaic of bony plates beneath its leathery skin. Different species are distinguished by varying anatomical aspects: for instance the prefrontal scales on the head, the number of and shape of scutes on the carapace, and the type of inframarginal scutes on the plastron. Most other species are smaller being two to four feet in length (0.5 to 1 m) and proportionally less wide. The Leatherback is the largest, measuring six or seven feet (2 m) in length at maturity, and three to five feet (1 to 1.5 m) in width, weighing up to 1300 pounds (600 kg).

The Flatback turtle is found solely on the northern coast of Australia.
Sea turtles are found in all the world's oceans with the exception of the Arctic Ocean, and some species travel between oceans. There are seven surviving species of sea turtle, all endangered:. Sea turtles are large, ocean-dwelling turtles.

Family Protostegidae (extinct). Dermochelys coriacea (Leatherback Sea Turtle). Genus Dermochelys

    . Family Dermochelyidae
      .

      Family Thalassemyidae (extinct). Family Toxochelyidae (extinct). Natator depressus (Flatback Turtle) (Previously in Chelonia). Genus Natator

        .

        Syllomus aegypticus (extinct). Genus Syllomus

          . Eretmochelys imbricata (Hawksbill Sea Turtle). Genus Eretmochelys
            .

            Chelonia mydas (Green Sea Turtle). Genus Chelonia

              . Subfamily Cheloniinae
                . Lepidochelys kempii (Kemp's Ridley).

                Lepidochelys olivacea (Olive Ridley). Genus Lepidochelys

                  . Caretta caretta (Loggerhead Sea Turtle). Caretta patriciae (extinct).

                  Genus Caretta

                    . Subfamily Carettinae
                      . Family Cheloniidae
                        .