Sardinia

In 1860, Vittorio Emanuele II, King of Sardinia became also the first King of Italy after conquering the rest of the peninsula. Reggaeton is more accepted within the country nowadays. In 1792, Jean-Paul Marat, son of a Sardinian father from Cagliari and a Swiss mother, was one of the triumvirate leading the French Revolution. Puerto Ricans have claimed reggaeton as their own ^[10] partly due to the fact that the movement was originally anti-establishment, with the government attempting to ban the perreo ("doggystyle") dance. In 1718 Sardinia became an independent kingdom under the House of Savoy, rulers of Piedmont. The Puerto Rican influence in reggaeton has involved the addition of hip hop to the Panamanian reggae style. This was the first time Turks lost out to Europeans signaling a trend of military decline and defeats from which Turks never recovered. Reggaeton as it is known today is most commonly associated with Puerto Rico where it has really flourished and from where it has been spread around Latin America and the world.

The sight of the admiral's head on a spear put such a fear in the heart of the Turks, that they abandoned the fight and completely surrendered to Christians. Today Reggaeton continues to see growth, with new artists and new fans in regions across the world. On October 7, 1571, at the Battle of Lepanto, Sardinian mariners on Board the admiralship of Infante Don John of Austria, half brother of Felipe II, boarded the Turkish admiralship, overpowered the crew, and cut off the head of a Turkish admiral. Reggaeton has become staple music in most reunions and parties across Venezuela, complementing the common mix of merengue, salsa and "changa" (mostly everything from Trance to House, electronic music) and has paved a huge fan base all across the country. Under Spain, Sardinians were regularly employed on the royal Spanish fleet. Brian), domestic "reggaetoneros" have arisen, expanding the Pan-latin feel of the genre. After the merge of the Kingdoms of Castile and Aragon, Sardinia was incorporated into the newly created national entity, Spain. In some countries (such as Venezuela, with Calle Ciega, Doble Impakto and Mr.

The native population of the city of Alghero (S'Alighera in Sardinian, L'Alguer in Catalan) was expelled and the city repopulated by the Catalan invaders, whose descendants spoke Catalan till quite recently. Reggaeton has been a huge hit all across the globe, especially in Latin American countries, such as the Caribbean nations like Colombia, Venezuela, and in some Central American countries. In 1323, the Kingdom of Aragon began a campaign to conquer Sardinia; the giudicato of Arborea successfully resisted this and for a time came to control nearly the entire island, but its last ruler Eleanor of Arborea, was eventually defeated by the Aragonese in the decisive Battle of Sanluri, June 30, 1409. Another important artist that contribuited to gain popularity to reggaeton, especially in Europe, is Don Omar, with singles like 'Pobre Diabla' and 'Dale Don Dale'. At various times, these fell under the sway of Genoa and Pisa. introducing the genre on to mainstream America with the song Oye Mi Canto, and when Daddy Yankee came out with his album Barrio Fino and his hit single Gasolina. By 900, these districts had become four independent constitutional monarchies. This has been due to N.O.R.E.

To provide for local defense, he divided the island into four Giudicati, Gallura, Logudoro, Arborea, and Caralis. 2004 was the year that reggaeton gained widespread popularity in the United States, eventually gaining attention in many 'Western' countries. Especially after the conquering of Sicily in 832, the Byzantines were unable to effectively defend their most distant province, and the provincial judge assumed independent authority. Albums such as Mas Flow, The Last Don, and Las Gargolas 4 expanded reggaeton's popularity among Hispanics in the United States. Beginning in the eighth century, Arabs and Berbers began raiding Sardinia. Many now popular producers, such as Noreaga, Luny Tunes, and Eliel, first appeared in the reggaeton scene in 2003. Byzantine rule was practically nonexistent in the mountainous Barbagia region in the eastern part of the island, and an independent kingdom persisted there from the sixth through ninth centuries. Singers like Don Chezina, Master Joe, Mey Vidal, Baby Rasta Y Gringo, Polaco among others were very popular.

Under the Byzantines, the imperial representative was a judge who governed from the southern city of Caralis. In the mid 90s albums like Playero 37 (In which Daddy Yankee became known) and The Noise 5 and 6 were very popular in Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic. From 456 - 534, Sardinia was a part of the short-lived kingdom of the Vandals in North Africa, until reconquered by the Byzantine emperor Justinian I. Reggaeton expanded and became known when other producers followed the steps of DJ Playero, like DJ Nelson and DJ Eric. In 238 BC, after being defeated by the Roman Republic during the First Punic War, Carthage ceded Sardinia to Rome. From there on reggaeton gained fans with songs such as Amor Con La Ropa by Speedy, No Puedo Estar Sin Sexo by Plan B, and Dembow by Yandel. The settlers called for help from Carthage, and the island became a province in the Carthaginian Empire. The first song which introduced Reggaeton to a big amount of fans is the song Tra Tra by Don Chezina.

In 509 BC, war broke out between the native Nuragic people and the Phoenician settlers. Reggaeton soon increased in popularity with Latino youth in the United States when DJ Blass worked with artists such as Plan B and Speedy in albums such as Reggaeton Sex. Beginning around 1000 BC, Phoenician mariners established several ports of trade on the Sardinian coast. Today, the music flourishes throughout Latin America. The density, extensiveness and sheer size of the architectural remains from the Neolithic period, points to a considerable population of the island. The name was reportedly created in Puerto Rico to signify the hybrid sound created from the years of mixing the different genres. Genetics has now shown that Sardinians are a pre-Indo-European population and, like Basque, different from all surrounding and much younger groups. The name reggaeton only gained prominence in the mid-1990s (from the 1994 to 1995 period), with the Dem Bow beat characterizing the genre; this is in contrast to the more reggae, dancehall and hip hop -derived tracks previously created.

However most theories regarding the original population of Sardinia have been formulated prior to genetics research and in the traditional frame of east-west movements. The beat and rhythm from this song became the eventual background for the developing genre; at one point the genre became known as Dem Bow. According to some linguistic studies, the town of Sardis in (Lydia) would have been their starting point from which they would have reached the Tyrrhenian Sea, dividing into what were to become the Sardinians and the Etruscans. A breakthrough was by the Jamaican artist Shabba Ranks who released a track Dem Bow in the early 1990s. This assertion holds some truth; in fact most of the tombe dei giganti have a tombstone shaped like a ship vertically dug into the ground, bearing witness to their sea traveling activities. The genre morphed through the years, at various points being termed Melaza, musica underground and reggae de Puerto Rico. Shardana and Shekelesh were also called by the Egyptians as the "people from the faraway islands", implying that Shardana were already residents of Sardinia at the time of the Egyptian expedition. DJ Playero was one of the most famous producers at the time, releasing several "underground" cassettes that featured early performances of some soon-to-be-famous artists like Daddy Yankee.

Shardana had joined the Shekelesh and others to form the coalition of the Sea Peoples, but were defeated by Ramses III around 1180 BC in Egypt. The 'under' scene widened when Puerto Rican and Cuban styles mixed with Panamanian-style reggae. It is speculated that, among others, the Shardana people landed in Sardinia coming from the eastern Mediterranean. These are considered the first proper reggaeton tracks, initially called "under", a short form of "Underground". Still today, more than 9,000 Nuraghe survive. Towards the middle of the decade, Puerto Ricans were producing their own "riddims" with clear influences from hip hop and other styles. From Neolithic times till the Roman Empire, the Nuragic civilisation took shape on the island. It was common practice to translate the lyrics of Jamaican reggae song into Spanish and sing them over the original melodies.

The Cannonau wine is made with these grapes and may qualify as the mother of all the European wines. During the 1990s reggae production took off seriously in Panama; this also occurred separately in Puerto Rico due to the increased popularity of Jamaican ragga imports. Desiccated grapes, recently found in several locations, were DNA tested and proved to be the oldest grapes in the world, dating back to the Pyramids' and Mesopotamia’s era. At this point the two main influences of the genre were in place, as well as the two main producing countries. In Prehistory Sardinia's inhabitants developed a trade in obsidian, a stone used for the production of the first rough tools, and this activity brought Sardinians into contact with most of the Mediterranean people. His production of cassettes throughout the 1980s, mixing reggae and hip hop, helped spread the early reggaeton sound, and he is widely credited with this achievement. In 1979 human remains were found that were dated to 150,000 BCE. Meanwhile, during the 1980s the Puerto Rican rapper Vico C released Spanish-language hip hop records in his native country.

Sardinia's history is very ancient. El General has been identified as one of the fathers of reggaeton, blending Jamaican reggae into a Latin-ised version. It lacks many species instead, like the viper and the marmot, which are found everywhere else on the continent. Artists such as El General, Nando Boom, Chicho Man, Rene Renegado, Black Apache are considered the first raggamuffin deejays from Panama. Sardinia is a precious natural resource, containing thousands of rare or uncommon animals and plant species such as the Mediterranean Monk Seal and the boar. Reportedly, Reggae is said first to have arrived in Latin America with Jamaican labourers who came to help build the Panama Canal in the early 20th Century. It is highly recommended to make the trip from Macomer to Bosa Marina, where the train winds its way through the typical Sardinian landscape to reach the sea near the coastal town of Bosa situated in the west of the island. The birthplace of the music genre is a subject of debate between those who believe it was started in Panama and those who believe it originated in Puerto Rico ^{[2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9]}, however, it is known that the first Latin American reggae recordings were made in Panama during the 1970s.

The train connects Cagliari to Arbatax in the south and Sassari to Palau in the north. It has been heavily influenced by other forms of electronic dance music, such as techno, house, and genres such as the merengue hip hop (also called merenhouse) of groups such as Proyecto Uno and Zona 7. It is slow but it allows the traveller to have scenic views impossible to see from the main road. This beat is called "Dem Bow" after the beat in a Shabba Ranks song of the same name. Many tourists catch the trenino verde which runs through the wildest parts of the island. The genre's most notably unique feature is a driving drum-machine track, almost identical across different songs, derived from Trinidadian soca music and Jamaican dancehall rhythms. Some run on narrow gauge track. .

Trains on Sardinia connect the whole island but are rather slow. Further controversy surrounds perreo, a dance with explicit sexual overtones which typically accompanies reggaeton music. The Sardinian economy is today focused on tourism (peaking with the Costa Smeralda), industry, commerce, services and information technology; an increasing income is coming from its famous wines and gastronomy. Like hip hop, reggaeton has caused controversy due to its often explicit lyrics and alleged exploitation of women ^[1]. Several gold and silver mines operate on the island. Reggaeton lyrics tend to be more derived from hip hop than dancehall. "Unu Francu", referring to the now long-gone money, is a term used by older natives to mean some small amount, much as in English "It's not worth the price". Reggaeton's distinguishing feature is the Dem Bow beat (alternately spelled Dembow), which originated in a song by Shabba Ranks in the mid-1990s.

"su Pidzu"); 1 francu = 1,000 former Italian lire. While it takes influences from hip hop and dancehall, it would be wrong to define reggaeton as the 'Spanish'- or 'Latino'- version of either of these genres; reggaeton has its own specific beat and rhythm, whereas Latino hip hop is simply hip hop recorded by artists of Latino descent. Sardinia's currency (as a part of Italy) is now the Euro, but in some rural areas Sardinians and towns, above all Cagliari, still unofficially refer to su Francu (or loc. Reggaeton has empowered the Spanish Caribbean youth, specifically those of Puerto Rico, Panama, and the Dominican Republic, as well as the Latin American audience and the Latino communities in the United States, with a musical genre as a voice. In the city of Alghero in the north, a Medieval dialect of Catalan is still spoken (the name of the city in Catalan is L'Alguer) as the island was an Aragonese colony in the past. The music is also combined with rapping (generally) in Spanish. In the island of San Pietro, the dialect spoken is a mix of Sardinian and Italian language coming from Liguria Genoa. Reggaeton (also spelled with the Spanish accent as Reggaetón, and sometimes as Reguetón in Spanish) - blends Jamaican music influences of reggae and dancehall with those of Latin America, such as bomba and plena, as well as that of hip hop.

The spoken language was spread by the first settlers to Corsica, giving then origin to a new variety of language Sardinian-Corsican language. Reggaeton is a form of dance music which became popular with Latin American youth during the late 1990s and spread to North American and European audiences during the first few years of the 21st century. In the northern regions of Gallura and Sassari, tatarese is spoken. While it has been significantly supplanted by Italian for official purposes, Sardinian is still widely spoken in rural areas. The most spoken languages in Sardinia are Italian and Sardinian, a Romance language of Latin origin, but with an obscure Pre-Roman element, including Phoenician, Etruscan, and Near Eastern languages.

The climate is mainly Mediterranean, with a warm spring and fall, hot summer, and mild winter. See also: Tourist destinations of Sardinia. The island is particularly famous for its beaches, but is also rich in other interesting places. The island contains numerous extraordinary tourist areas, including the Costa Smeralda and Gennargentu.

The other region is Veneto. a distinct people) by the Italian Parliament. Sardinia is one of two Italian regions whose inhabitants have been recognised as a "popolo" (i.e. See also: Sardinian towns.

The region is divided into eight provinces: Cagliari, Sassari, Nuoro, Oristano, Olbia-Tempio, Ogliastra, Carbonia-Iglesias and Medio Campidano. The regional capital is Cagliari. Sardinia is an autonomous region of Italy. Sardinia has an area of 24,090 km² and a population of 1.65 million.

. Last and present name has been Sardinia, for the Shardana (who also had been expelled in Egypt by Ramses III circa 1180 BC). Sandalyon was its second name, probably due to its shape, recalling a footprint. At the beginning of the nuragic age circa 1500 BC the island was first called Hyknusa (latinized Ichnusa) by the Greeks probably meaning island (nusa) of the Hyksos, the people who had just been expelled by Ahmose I of Egypt circa 1540 BC and were by now looking for a new home.

It forms part of Italy. Sardinia (Sardegna in Italian, Sardigna, Sardinna or Sardinnia in the Sardinian language, Sardenya in Catalan), is the second largest island in the Mediterranean Sea (Sicily is the largest), between Italy, Spain and Tunisia, south of Corsica. This cheese is called Casu Marzu. Cheese filled with live maggots and their feces is a delicacy in Sardinia.

The last four are new provinces since May 2005.