This page will contain news stories about rose, as they become available.Rose |
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A rose is a flowering shrub of the genus Rosa and the flower of this shrub. There are more than a hundred species of wild roses, all from the northern hemisphere and mostly from temperate regions. The species form a group of generally thorny shrubs or climbers, and sometimes trailing plants, reaching 2–5 m tall, rarely reaching as high as 20 m by climbing over other plants.
The leaves of most species are 5–15 cm long, pinnate, with (3–) 5–9 (–13) leaflets and basal stipules; the leaflets usually have a serrated margin, and often a few small thorns on the underside of the stem. The vast majority of roses are deciduous, but a few (particularly in southeast Asia) are evergreen or nearly so.
The flowers have five petals (with the exception of Rosa sericea which often has only four), usually white or pink, in a few species yellow or red. The ovary is inferior, developing below the petals and sepals.
Rosa canina hipsThe fruit of the rose is a berry-like structure called a rose hip. Rose species that produce open-faced flowers are attractive to pollinating bees and other insects, thus more apt to produce hips. Many of the domestic cultivars are so tightly petalled that they do not provide access for pollination. The hips of most species are red, but a few (e.g. Rosa pimpinellifolia) have dark purple to black hips. Each hip comprises an outer fleshy layer, and inside containing 5–25 seeds (technically achenes) embedded in a matrix of fine, but stiff, hairs. Rose hips of some species, especially the Dog Rose (Rosa canina) and Rugosa Rose (Rosa rugosa), are very rich in vitamin C, among the richest sources of any plant. The hips are eaten by fruit-eating birds such as thrushes and waxwings, which then disperse the seeds in their droppings. Some birds, particularly finches, also eat the seeds.
Most roses have thorns or prickles. The thorns are typically sickle-shaped hooks, which aid the rose in hanging onto other vegetation when growing over it. Some species such as Rosa rugosa and R. pimpinellifolia instead have densely packed straight spines, probably an adaptation to reduce browsing by animals, but also possibly an adaptation to trap wind-blown sand and so reduce erosion and protect their roots (both of these two species grow naturally on coastal sand dunes). Despite the presence of the thorns, roses are frequently browsed by deer. A few species of roses only have vestigial thorns that have no points.
Roses are subject to several diseases. The most serious is rose rust (Phragmidium mucronatum), a species of Rust fungus, which can defoliate the plant. More common, though less debilitating, are rose black spot, caused by the fungus Diplocarpon rosae, which makes circular black spots on the leaves in summer, and rose mildew, caused by Sphaerotheca pannosa. Roses are also used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species; see list of Lepidoptera which feed on Roses.
The name originates from Persian *vrda, via Greek rhodon "rose" (Aeolic wrodon).
Further information: List of Rosa species
Some representative rose species
Roses are one of the most popular garden shrubs and are also among the most common flowers sold by florists. Roses are of great economic importance both as a crop for florists' use and for use in perfume.
Many thousands of rose hybrids and cultivars have been bred and selected for garden use, mostly double-flowered with many or all of the stamens mutated into additional petals. Twentieth-century rose breeders generally emphasized size and color, producing large, attractive blooms with little or no scent. Many wild and "old-fashioned" roses, by contrast, have a strong sweet scent. A few cultivars, such as the Lady Banks rose have been selected for having no thorns.
Roses thrive in in temperate climates, though certain species and cultivars can flourish in sub-tropical and even tropical climates, especially when grafted onto appropriate root-stock.
The fruit of the rose, called hips, are sometimes eaten, mainly for their vitamin C content. They are usually pressed and filtered to make rose-hip syrup, as the fine hairs surrounding the seeds are unpleasant to eat (resembling itching powder). They can also be used to make herbal tea, jam, jelly and marmalade.
There is no single system of classification for garden roses. In general, however, roses are placed in one of three main groups:
Roses are ancient symbols of love and beauty. The rose was sacred to a number of goddesses, and is often used as a symbol of the Virgin Mary. Roses are so important that the word means pink or red in a variety of languages (such as Romance languages, Greek, and Polish).
The rose is the national flower of England, as well as being the symbol of England's national rugby union team, and of the Rugby Football Union. It is also the provincial flower of Alberta (the wild rose), and the state flower of four US states: Iowa and North Dakota (R. arkansana), Georgia (R. laevigata), and New York (Rosa generally). Portland, Oregon counts "City of Roses" among its nicknames, and holds an annual Rose Festival.
A red rose (often held in a hand) is also a symbol of socialism or social democracy; it is also used as a symbol by the United Kingdom Labour Party, as well as by the French, Spanish (Spanish Socialist Workers' Party), Portuguese, Norwegian, Danish, Swedish, Finnish, Brazilian, Dutch (Partij van de Arbeid) and European socialist parties. This originates from the red rose used as a badge by the marchers in the May 1968 street protests in Paris.
The rose came to symbolize the Republic of Georgia's non-violent bid for freedom during its Rose Revolution.
Roses come in a variety of hues, each with a different symbolic meaning:
The Rose has various supernatural/literary attributes that are not discussed in this article.
The symbol of a rose can also refer to the red rose of Lancaster, and the white rose of York, from the Wars of the Roses period.
Roses are commonly portrayed by artists. The French artist Pierre-Joseph Redouté produced some of the most detailed paintings of roses.
Rose perfumes are made from attar of roses or rose oil, which is a mixture of volatile essential oils obtained by steam-distilling the crushed petals of roses. The technique originated in Persia (the word Rose itself is from Persian) then spread through Arabia and India, but nowadays about 70% to 80% of production is in the Rose Valley near Kazanluk in Bulgaria, with some production in Qamsar in Iran and Germany. The Kaaba in Mecca is annually washed by the Iranian rose water from Qamsar. In Bulgaria, Iran and Germany, damask roses (Rosa damascena 'Trigintipetala') are used. In the French rose oil industry Rosa centifolia is used. The oil, pale yellow or yellow-grey in color, is sometimes called 'Rose Absolute' oil to distinguish it from diluted versions. The weight of oil extracted is about one three-thousandth to one six-thousandth of the weight of the flowers - for example, about 2,000 flowers are required to produce one gramme of oil.
The main constituents of attar of roses are the fragrant alcohols geraniol, which has the empirical formula C10H18O and the structural formula CH3.C[CH3]:CH.CH2.CH2.C[CH3]:CH.CH2OH and l-citronellol; and rose camphor, an odourless paraffin.
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The main constituents of attar of roses are the fragrant alcohols geraniol, which has the empirical formula C10H18O and the structural formula CH3.C[CH3]:CH.CH2.CH2.C[CH3]:CH.CH2OH and l-citronellol; and rose camphor, an odourless paraffin. In Bulgaria, Iran and Germany, damask roses (Rosa damascena 'Trigintipetala') are used. The Alitalia fleet consists of the following aircraft (at July 2005):. The Kaaba in Mecca is annually washed by the Iranian rose water from Qamsar. It went on to call the advertisement "misleading.". The technique originated in Persia (the word Rose itself is from Persian) then spread through Arabia and India, but nowadays about 70% to 80% of production is in the Rose Valley near Kazanluk in Bulgaria, with some production in Qamsar in Iran and Germany. "The advertisement, that appeared on the main page, indicated that the price was particularly good value," the Antitrust agency said in a statement. Rose perfumes are made from attar of roses or rose oil, which is a mixture of volatile essential oils obtained by steam-distilling the crushed petals of roses. The Antitrust agency in a statement said the advertisement appeared on Alitalia's web site during May and June. The French artist Pierre-Joseph Redouté produced some of the most detailed paintings of roses. Italy's Antitrust agency fined Alitalia EUR30,000 (USD$35,800) on December 2005 for misleading consumers by advertising a round-trip flight tariff but showing only the price of a one-way ticket. Roses are commonly portrayed by artists. See the external links section for more details. The symbol of a rose can also refer to the red rose of Lancaster, and the white rose of York, from the Wars of the Roses period. The corporation's bid to fine and silence the creators of the website was withdrawn when Public Citizen, a US national non-profit consumer advocacy organization stepped in to support the website's owners according to the First Amendment. The Rose has various supernatural/literary attributes that are not discussed in this article. Alitalia filed a lawsuit against the website in the US courts, claiming the violation of various trademark laws – the Anticybersquatting Consumer Protection Act, the Lanham Act, and the state common law of trademark. Roses come in a variety of hues, each with a different symbolic meaning:. The climax of customer anger and frustration towards Italy's airline has led to the creation of Alitaliasucks.com, a website dedicated to all those that have ongoing unresolved problems including lack of compensation for baggage claims and flight delays and cancellations. The rose came to symbolize the Republic of Georgia's non-violent bid for freedom during its Rose Revolution. The company's attitude towards its customers has sparked a series of testimonials and complaints on the web. This originates from the red rose used as a badge by the marchers in the May 1968 street protests in Paris. Alitalia is infamous for its customer services when dealing with complaints and lost luggage. A red rose (often held in a hand) is also a symbol of socialism or social democracy; it is also used as a symbol by the United Kingdom Labour Party, as well as by the French, Spanish (Spanish Socialist Workers' Party), Portuguese, Norwegian, Danish, Swedish, Finnish, Brazilian, Dutch (Partij van de Arbeid) and European socialist parties. 26 of the 32 passengers on board were killed. Portland, Oregon counts "City of Roses" among its nicknames, and holds an annual Rose Festival. Kennedy International Airport), after circling for 2.5 hours. laevigata), and New York (Rosa generally). On December 18, 1954 a Linee Aeree Italiane Douglas DC-6 crashed on its fourth approach attempt to land at Idlewild (now John F. arkansana), Georgia (R. "MilleMiglia" is Alitalia's membership card that allows customers to save miles and trade them for free tickets. It is also the provincial flower of Alberta (the wild rose), and the state flower of four US states: Iowa and North Dakota (R. It employs 20,653 staff (at November 2005). The rose is the national flower of England, as well as being the symbol of England's national rugby union team, and of the Rugby Football Union. Alitalia is owned by the Italian Ministry of the Treasury (49%), other shareholders, including employees (49%) and Air France-KLM (2%). Roses are so important that the word means pink or red in a variety of languages (such as Romance languages, Greek, and Polish). The planned €1.2 billion, or $1.6 billion, recapitalization of the near-bankrupt carrier, that involves massive job cuts is expected to take place in the spring of 2006. The rose was sacred to a number of goddesses, and is often used as a symbol of the Virgin Mary. More recently the European Commission has opened an in-depth investigation of Italy's plans to restructure Alitalia to ensure that the ailing flag carrier does not receive illegal subsidies. Roses are ancient symbols of love and beauty. Adding to the troubled airline's difficulties Italy's Antitrust agency fined Alitalia EUR30,000 (USD$35,800) for misleading consumers by advertising a round-trip flight tariff but showing only the price of a one-way ticket on its official website (December 2005). In general, however, roses are placed in one of three main groups:. While more money may be needed in early 2005, the airline seems to have avoided the threat of bankruptcy. There is no single system of classification for garden roses. On September 24, the company announced that it had reached an agreement with unions allowing access to a bridging loan from the Italian government. They can also be used to make herbal tea, jam, jelly and marmalade. Talks went on with unions for pay cuts and layoffs, in an attempt to keep the company out of bankruptcy and possibly liquidation. They are usually pressed and filtered to make rose-hip syrup, as the fine hairs surrounding the seeds are unpleasant to eat (resembling itching powder). It also said it was reconsidering its alliance with Air France. The fruit of the rose, called hips, are sometimes eaten, mainly for their vitamin C content. It announced plans to lay off 5000 employees and to split the company into two divisions, an airline and a ground services division. Roses thrive in in temperate climates, though certain species and cultivars can flourish in sub-tropical and even tropical climates, especially when grafted onto appropriate root-stock. In September 2004 the airline found itself in serious financial difficulties, with management saying it did not have enough cash to pay worker salaries past the end of that month. A few cultivars, such as the Lady Banks rose have been selected for having no thorns. In April 2004 Alitalia acquired bankrupt regional airline Gandalf Airlines to gain additional slots at several European airports, mainly in Milan (Linate) and Paris (Charles De Gaulle). Many wild and "old-fashioned" roses, by contrast, have a strong sweet scent. In November 2003 Alitalia announced that it would cut 2700 jobs over the next three years to prepare the airline for a merger with Air France and KLM. Twentieth-century rose breeders generally emphasized size and color, producing large, attractive blooms with little or no scent. In 1997 it set up a regional subsidiary Alitalia Express and in 2001 it became a founding member of the SkyTeam Alliance. Many thousands of rose hybrids and cultivars have been bred and selected for garden use, mostly double-flowered with many or all of the stamens mutated into additional petals. By the 1990s, Alitalia was carrying nearly 25 million passengers annually. Roses are of great economic importance both as a crop for florists' use and for use in perfume. On 31 October 1957 Alitalia merged with Linee Aeree Italiane and took on the name of Alitalia Linee Aeree Italiane. Roses are one of the most popular garden shrubs and are also among the most common flowers sold by florists. The first international flight left a year later, travelling between Milan and cities in South America. Some representative rose species. The inaugural flight, made by the very first plane in the fleet, was a Fiat G-12 Alcione, piloted by Virginio Reinero between Turin and Rome. . Alitalia was established on 16 September 1946 as Aerolinee Italiane Internazionali, but more commonly known as Alitalia, and started operations on 5 May 1947, in which year it carried over 10,000 passengers. The name originates from Persian *vrda, via Greek rhodon "rose" (Aeolic wrodon). . Roses are also used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species; see list of Lepidoptera which feed on Roses. The airline's main base is Malpensa International Airport (MXP), Milan, with a hub at Leonardo Da Vinci International Airport (FCO), Rome. More common, though less debilitating, are rose black spot, caused by the fungus Diplocarpon rosae, which makes circular black spots on the leaves in summer, and rose mildew, caused by Sphaerotheca pannosa. Headquartered in Rome, it operates services to domestic and international destinations. The most serious is rose rust (Phragmidium mucronatum), a species of Rust fungus, which can defoliate the plant. Alitalia (Linee Aeree Italiane) (IATA: AZ, ICAO: AZA, and Callsign: Alitalia) is the national airline of Italy. Roses are subject to several diseases. 73 McDonnell Douglas MD-82. A few species of roses only have vestigial thorns that have no points. 4 McDonnell Douglas MD-11. Despite the presence of the thorns, roses are frequently browsed by deer. 10 Boeing 777-200. pimpinellifolia instead have densely packed straight spines, probably an adaptation to reduce browsing by animals, but also possibly an adaptation to trap wind-blown sand and so reduce erosion and protect their roots (both of these two species grow naturally on coastal sand dunes). 13 Boeing 767-300. Some species such as Rosa rugosa and R. 2 Boeing 747-200. The thorns are typically sickle-shaped hooks, which aid the rose in hanging onto other vegetation when growing over it. 23 Airbus A321-100. Most roses have thorns or prickles. 11 Airbus A320-200. Some birds, particularly finches, also eat the seeds. 12 Airbus A319-100. The hips are eaten by fruit-eating birds such as thrushes and waxwings, which then disperse the seeds in their droppings. There have been at least four aircraft incidents involving Alitalia planes: Each hip comprises an outer fleshy layer, and inside containing 5–25 seeds (technically achenes) embedded in a matrix of fine, but stiff, hairs. Rosa pimpinellifolia) have dark purple to black hips. The hips of most species are red, but a few (e.g. Many of the domestic cultivars are so tightly petalled that they do not provide access for pollination. Rose species that produce open-faced flowers are attractive to pollinating bees and other insects, thus more apt to produce hips. The fruit of the rose is a berry-like structure called a rose hip. The ovary is inferior, developing below the petals and sepals. The flowers have five petals (with the exception of Rosa sericea which often has only four), usually white or pink, in a few species yellow or red. The vast majority of roses are deciduous, but a few (particularly in southeast Asia) are evergreen or nearly so. The leaves of most species are 5–15 cm long, pinnate, with (3–) 5–9 (–13) leaflets and basal stipules; the leaflets usually have a serrated margin, and often a few small thorns on the underside of the stem. The species form a group of generally thorny shrubs or climbers, and sometimes trailing plants, reaching 2–5 m tall, rarely reaching as high as 20 m by climbing over other plants. There are more than a hundred species of wild roses, all from the northern hemisphere and mostly from temperate regions. A rose is a flowering shrub of the genus Rosa and the flower of this shrub. O, my love's like a red, red rose – Robert Burns, A Red, Red Rose. Rose is a rose is a rose is a rose – Gertrude Stein, Sacred Emily (1913), a poem included in Geography and Plays. Hearts starve as well as bodies; give us bread, but give us roses. - James Oppenheim, "Bread and Roses". ii. What's in a name? That which we call a rose/By any other name would smell as sweet. – William Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet act II, sc. Green: calm. Blue: mystery. Burgundy: beauty. Orange: passion. Yellow with red tips: Friendship, falling in love. Yellow: dying love or platonic love. White: innocence, purity, secrecy, "You're heavenly...", "I'm worthy of you...", reverence and humility. . Light Pink: admiration, sympathy. Dark Pink: gratitude. Pink: grace. Red: love. These tend to give a more prominent display from a distance, so are more often used in large bedding schemes in public parks and similar spaces. Floribunda - Flowers often smaller, in large clusters of ten or more (often many more) on each stem. They are favoured in small gardens in formal situations, and for buttonhole roses. Hybrid Tea - The favourite florist's rose, with typically one to at most five or six large flowers per stem, the flower with numerous tightly arranged petals with reflexed tips (see photo, right). Many of the most popular modern cultivars can however be assigned to one of these two groups:
Those classes with both climbing and shrub forms are often grouped together. Miscellaneous - There are also a few smaller classes (such as Scots, Sweet Brier) and some climbing classes of old roses (including Ayrshire, Climbing China, Laevigata, Sempervirens, Noisette, Boursault, Climbing Tea, and Climbing Bourbon). Tradition dictates that they are named after the owner of the garden where they were rediscovered. They are "mystery roses" because their "proper" historical names have been lost. Most of these roses are likely Old Garden Rose cultivars that have otherwise dropped out of cultivation, or sports thereof. The roses have significant value and interest for those growing roses in tropical and semi-tropical regions, since they are highly resistant to both nematode damage and the fungal diseases that plague rose culture in hot, humid areas, and capable of blooming in hot and humid weather. Bermuda "Mystery" Roses - A group of several dozen "found" roses that have been grown in Bermuda for at least a century. Example: 'Lady Hillingdon'. gigantea in the ancestry of the Parks rose), teas are repeat-flowering roses although their fragrance is not always a tea scent. Somewhat more tender than other old garden roses (most likely because of R. Tea - The result of crossing two of the original China Roses ('Hume's Blush China' and 'Parks' Yellow Tea Scented China') with various Bourbons and Noisette roses. Examples: 'Ferdinand Pichard', 'Reine Des Violettes'. Repeat-flowering. Hybrid Perpetual - The dominant class of roses in Victorian England, they were derived to a great extent from the Bourbons. Pierre Oger', 'Zéphirine Drouhin'. Examples: 'Louise Odier', 'Mme. Repeat-flowering. Introduced in France in 1823. Probably the result of a cross between the Autumn Damask and the 'Old Blush China'. Bourbon - They originated on l'Île de Bourbon (now called Réunion). Example: 'James Veitch', 'Rose de Rescht', 'The Portland Rose'. Repeat-flowering. This group was developed from that rose. paestana or 'Scarlet Four Seasons' Rose' (now known simply as 'The Portland Rose'). Portland - These are named after the Duchess of Portland who received (from Italy in 1800) a rose then known as R. Examples: 'Old Blush China', 'Mutabilis'. Four china roses ('Slater's Crimson China', 1792; 'Parsons' Pink China', 1793; 'Hume's Blush China', 1809; and 'Parks' Yellow Tea Scented China', 1824) were brought to Europe in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries which brought about the creation of the repeat flowering old garden roses and later the modern garden roses. China - The China roses brought with them an amazing ability to bloom repeatedly throughout the summer and into late autumn. Example: 'Comtesse de Murinais', 'Old Pink Moss'. Once-flowering. Moss - Closely related to the centifolias, these have a mossy excrescence on the stems and sepals. Examples: 'Centifolia', 'Paul Ricault'. Once-flowering. Centifolia (or Provence) - These roses, raised in the seventeenth century in the Netherlands, are named for their "one hundred" petals. Examples: 'Ispahan', 'Madame Hardy'. moschata) bloom later, in the autumn. Autumn Damasks (Gallicas crossed with R. phoenicea) bloom once in summer. Summer Damasks (crosses between Gallica roses and R. Damask - Robert de Brie is given credit for bringing them from Persia to Europe sometime between 1254 and 1276. gallica versicolor). Examples: 'Cardinal de Richelieu', 'Charles de Mills', 'Rosa Mundi' (R. They flower once in the summer. gallica which is a native of central and southern Europe. Gallica - The Gallica roses have been developed from R. Examples: 'Semi-plena', 'White Rose of York'. Once-flowering. These are some of the oldest garden roses, probably brought to Britain by the Romans. alba. arvensis and the closely allied R. Alba - Literally "white roses", derived from R. Old Garden Roses - Most old garden roses are classified into one of the following (ordered by approximate age - oldest first):
Wild Roses - The wild roses includes the species listed above and some of their hybrids. lucida) - Virginia Rose. R. Rosa virginiana (syn. Rosa stellata - Gooseberry Rose, Sacramento Rose. Rosa rugosa - Rugosa Rose, Japanese Rose. Rosa roxburghii - Chestnut Rose, Burr Rose. simplicifolia). Hulthemia persica, R. Rosa persica (syn. Rosa multiflora - Multiflora Rose. sinica) - Cherokee Rose, Camellia Rose, Mardan Rose. R. Rosa laevigata (syn. rubrifolia) - Redleaf Rose. R. Rosa glauca (syn. x odorata gigantea). R. Rosa gigantea (syn. Rosa gallica - Gallic Rose, French Rose. rubiginosa) - Eglantine, Sweet Brier. R. Rosa eglanteria (syn. Rosa dumalis - Glaucous Dog Rose. Rosa canina - Dog Rose, Briar Bush. |