This page will contain discussion groups about rose, as they become available.Rose |
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A rose is a flowering shrub of the genus Rosa and the flower of this shrub. There are more than a hundred species of wild roses, all from the northern hemisphere and mostly from temperate regions. The species form a group of generally thorny shrubs or climbers, and sometimes trailing plants, reaching 2–5 m tall, rarely reaching as high as 20 m by climbing over other plants.
The leaves of most species are 5–15 cm long, pinnate, with (3–) 5–9 (–13) leaflets and basal stipules; the leaflets usually have a serrated margin, and often a few small thorns on the underside of the stem. The vast majority of roses are deciduous, but a few (particularly in southeast Asia) are evergreen or nearly so.
The flowers have five petals (with the exception of Rosa sericea which often has only four), usually white or pink, in a few species yellow or red. The ovary is inferior, developing below the petals and sepals.
Rosa canina hipsThe fruit of the rose is a berry-like structure called a rose hip. Rose species that produce open-faced flowers are attractive to pollinating bees and other insects, thus more apt to produce hips. Many of the domestic cultivars are so tightly petalled that they do not provide access for pollination. The hips of most species are red, but a few (e.g. Rosa pimpinellifolia) have dark purple to black hips. Each hip comprises an outer fleshy layer, and inside containing 5–25 seeds (technically achenes) embedded in a matrix of fine, but stiff, hairs. Rose hips of some species, especially the Dog Rose (Rosa canina) and Rugosa Rose (Rosa rugosa), are very rich in vitamin C, among the richest sources of any plant. The hips are eaten by fruit-eating birds such as thrushes and waxwings, which then disperse the seeds in their droppings. Some birds, particularly finches, also eat the seeds.
Most roses have thorns or prickles. The thorns are typically sickle-shaped hooks, which aid the rose in hanging onto other vegetation when growing over it. Some species such as Rosa rugosa and R. pimpinellifolia instead have densely packed straight spines, probably an adaptation to reduce browsing by animals, but also possibly an adaptation to trap wind-blown sand and so reduce erosion and protect their roots (both of these two species grow naturally on coastal sand dunes). Despite the presence of the thorns, roses are frequently browsed by deer. A few species of roses only have vestigial thorns that have no points.
Roses are subject to several diseases. The most serious is rose rust (Phragmidium mucronatum), a species of Rust fungus, which can defoliate the plant. More common, though less debilitating, are rose black spot, caused by the fungus Diplocarpon rosae, which makes circular black spots on the leaves in summer, and rose mildew, caused by Sphaerotheca pannosa. Roses are also used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species; see list of Lepidoptera which feed on Roses.
The name originates from Persian *vrda, via Greek rhodon "rose" (Aeolic wrodon).
Further information: List of Rosa species
Some representative rose species
Roses are one of the most popular garden shrubs and are also among the most common flowers sold by florists. Roses are of great economic importance both as a crop for florists' use and for use in perfume.
Many thousands of rose hybrids and cultivars have been bred and selected for garden use, mostly double-flowered with many or all of the stamens mutated into additional petals. Twentieth-century rose breeders generally emphasized size and color, producing large, attractive blooms with little or no scent. Many wild and "old-fashioned" roses, by contrast, have a strong sweet scent. A few cultivars, such as the Lady Banks rose have been selected for having no thorns.
Roses thrive in in temperate climates, though certain species and cultivars can flourish in sub-tropical and even tropical climates, especially when grafted onto appropriate root-stock.
The fruit of the rose, called hips, are sometimes eaten, mainly for their vitamin C content. They are usually pressed and filtered to make rose-hip syrup, as the fine hairs surrounding the seeds are unpleasant to eat (resembling itching powder). They can also be used to make herbal tea, jam, jelly and marmalade.
There is no single system of classification for garden roses. In general, however, roses are placed in one of three main groups:
Roses are ancient symbols of love and beauty. The rose was sacred to a number of goddesses, and is often used as a symbol of the Virgin Mary. Roses are so important that the word means pink or red in a variety of languages (such as Romance languages, Greek, and Polish).
The rose is the national flower of England, as well as being the symbol of England's national rugby union team, and of the Rugby Football Union. It is also the provincial flower of Alberta (the wild rose), and the state flower of four US states: Iowa and North Dakota (R. arkansana), Georgia (R. laevigata), and New York (Rosa generally). Portland, Oregon counts "City of Roses" among its nicknames, and holds an annual Rose Festival.
A red rose (often held in a hand) is also a symbol of socialism or social democracy; it is also used as a symbol by the United Kingdom Labour Party, as well as by the French, Spanish (Spanish Socialist Workers' Party), Portuguese, Norwegian, Danish, Swedish, Finnish, Brazilian, Dutch (Partij van de Arbeid) and European socialist parties. This originates from the red rose used as a badge by the marchers in the May 1968 street protests in Paris.
The rose came to symbolize the Republic of Georgia's non-violent bid for freedom during its Rose Revolution.
Roses come in a variety of hues, each with a different symbolic meaning:
The Rose has various supernatural/literary attributes that are not discussed in this article.
The symbol of a rose can also refer to the red rose of Lancaster, and the white rose of York, from the Wars of the Roses period.
Roses are commonly portrayed by artists. The French artist Pierre-Joseph Redouté produced some of the most detailed paintings of roses.
Rose perfumes are made from attar of roses or rose oil, which is a mixture of volatile essential oils obtained by steam-distilling the crushed petals of roses. The technique originated in Persia (the word Rose itself is from Persian) then spread through Arabia and India, but nowadays about 70% to 80% of production is in the Rose Valley near Kazanluk in Bulgaria, with some production in Qamsar in Iran and Germany. The Kaaba in Mecca is annually washed by the Iranian rose water from Qamsar. In Bulgaria, Iran and Germany, damask roses (Rosa damascena 'Trigintipetala') are used. In the French rose oil industry Rosa centifolia is used. The oil, pale yellow or yellow-grey in color, is sometimes called 'Rose Absolute' oil to distinguish it from diluted versions. The weight of oil extracted is about one three-thousandth to one six-thousandth of the weight of the flowers - for example, about 2,000 flowers are required to produce one gramme of oil.
The main constituents of attar of roses are the fragrant alcohols geraniol, which has the empirical formula C10H18O and the structural formula CH3.C[CH3]:CH.CH2.CH2.C[CH3]:CH.CH2OH and l-citronellol; and rose camphor, an odourless paraffin.
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The main constituents of attar of roses are the fragrant alcohols geraniol, which has the empirical formula C10H18O and the structural formula CH3.C[CH3]:CH.CH2.CH2.C[CH3]:CH.CH2OH and l-citronellol; and rose camphor, an odourless paraffin. Methods:. The weight of oil extracted is about one three-thousandth to one six-thousandth of the weight of the flowers - for example, about 2,000 flowers are required to produce one gramme of oil. Required components:. The oil, pale yellow or yellow-grey in color, is sometimes called 'Rose Absolute' oil to distinguish it from diluted versions. Isaac Asimov, on the other hand, proposes (in his first jokebook, Treasury of Humor) that the essence of humour is anticlimax: an abrupt change in point of view, in which trivial matters are suddenly elevated in importance above those that would normally be far more important. In the French rose oil industry Rosa centifolia is used. Heinlein proposes that humour comes from pain, and that laughter is a mechanism to keep us from crying. In Bulgaria, Iran and Germany, damask roses (Rosa damascena 'Trigintipetala') are used. In Stranger in a Strange Land, Robert A. The Kaaba in Mecca is annually washed by the Iranian rose water from Qamsar. A number of science fiction writers have explored the theory of humour. The technique originated in Persia (the word Rose itself is from Persian) then spread through Arabia and India, but nowadays about 70% to 80% of production is in the Rose Valley near Kazanluk in Bulgaria, with some production in Qamsar in Iran and Germany. Americans visiting Australia have gained themselves a reputation for gullibility and a lack of a sense of humour by not recognising that tales of kangaroos hopping across the Sydney Harbour Bridge exemplify the propensity for this style of leg-pulling. Rose perfumes are made from attar of roses or rose oil, which is a mixture of volatile essential oils obtained by steam-distilling the crushed petals of roses. One notable trait of Australians (perhaps inherited from the British) lies in their use of deadpan humour, in which the joker will make an outrageous or ridiculous statement without giving any explicit signs of joking. The French artist Pierre-Joseph Redouté produced some of the most detailed paintings of roses. Users of some psychoactive drugs tend to find humour in many more situations and events than one normally would. Roses are commonly portrayed by artists. Although many writers have emphasised the positive or cathartic effects of humour some, notably Billig, have emphasises the potential of humour for cruelty and its involvement with social control and regulation. The symbol of a rose can also refer to the red rose of Lancaster, and the white rose of York, from the Wars of the Roses period. Prominent theoreticians in this field include Raymond Gibbs, Herbert Clark, Michael Billig, Willibald Ruch, Victor Raskin, Eliot Oring, and Salvatore Attardo. The Rose has various supernatural/literary attributes that are not discussed in this article. There also exist linguistic and psycholinguistic studies of humour, irony, parody and pretence. Roses come in a variety of hues, each with a different symbolic meaning:. Puns classify words not by what lives (their meaning) but by mechanics (their mere sound). The rose came to symbolize the Republic of Georgia's non-violent bid for freedom during its Rose Revolution. A Bergsonian might explain puns in the same spirit. This originates from the red rose used as a badge by the marchers in the May 1968 street protests in Paris. He used as an instance a book by an English humorist, in which an elderly woman who desired a reputation as a philanthropist provided "homes within easy hail of her mansion for the conversion of atheists who have been specially manufactured for her, so to speak, and for a number of honest folk who have been made into drunkards so that she may cure them of their failing, etc." This idea seems funny because a genuine impulse of charity as a living, vital impulse has become encrusted by a mechanical conception of how it should manifest itself. A red rose (often held in a hand) is also a symbol of socialism or social democracy; it is also used as a symbol by the United Kingdom Labour Party, as well as by the French, Spanish (Spanish Socialist Workers' Party), Portuguese, Norwegian, Danish, Swedish, Finnish, Brazilian, Dutch (Partij van de Arbeid) and European socialist parties. The French philosopher Henri Bergson wrote an essay on "the meaning of the comic", in which he viewed the essence of humour as the encrustation of the mechanical upon the living. Portland, Oregon counts "City of Roses" among its nicknames, and holds an annual Rose Festival. Notable studies of humour have come from the pens of Aristotle in The Poetics (Part V), of Sigmund Freud in Jokes and Their Relation to the Unconscious and of Schopenhauer. laevigata), and New York (Rosa generally). Typically, the priest will make a remark, the rabbi will continue in the same vein, and then the lawyer will make a third point that forms a sharp break from the established pattern, but nonetheless forms a logical (or at least stereotypical) response. arkansana), Georgia (R. For instance, a class of jokes exists beginning with the formulaic line "A priest, a rabbi, and a lawyer are sitting in a bar..." (or close variations on this). It is also the provincial flower of Alberta (the wild rose), and the state flower of four US states: Iowa and North Dakota (R. For this reason also, many jokes work in threes. The rose is the national flower of England, as well as being the symbol of England's national rugby union team, and of the Rugby Football Union. For example:. Roses are so important that the word means pink or red in a variety of languages (such as Romance languages, Greek, and Polish). Perhaps the essence of humour lies in the presentation of something familiar to a person, so they think they know the natural follow-on thought or conclusion, then providing a twist through presentation something different from what the audience expected (see surprise), or else the natural result of interpreting the original situation in a different, less common, way. The rose was sacred to a number of goddesses, and is often used as a symbol of the Virgin Mary. White once said that "Humor can be dissected as a frog can, but the thing dies in the process and the innards are discouraging to any but the pure scientific mind." However, attempts to do just that have been made, such as this one:. Roses are ancient symbols of love and beauty. Author E.B. In general, however, roses are placed in one of three main groups:. Some claim that humour cannot or should not be explained. There is no single system of classification for garden roses. This is why jokes are often funny only when told the first time. They can also be used to make herbal tea, jam, jelly and marmalade. Once the problem in meaning has been described through a joke, people immediately begin correcting their impressions of the symbols that have been mocked. They are usually pressed and filtered to make rose-hip syrup, as the fine hairs surrounding the seeds are unpleasant to eat (resembling itching powder). In other words, comedy is a sign of a 'bug' in the symbolic make-up of language, as well as a self-correcting mechanism for such bugs. The fruit of the rose, called hips, are sometimes eaten, mainly for their vitamin C content. Irony is explicitly this form of comedy, whereas slapstick takes more passive social norms relating to physicality and plays with them. Roses thrive in in temperate climates, though certain species and cultivars can flourish in sub-tropical and even tropical climates, especially when grafted onto appropriate root-stock. Language is an approximation of thoughts through symbolic manipulation, and the gap between the expectations inherent in those symbols and the breaking of those expectations leads to laughter. A few cultivars, such as the Lady Banks rose have been selected for having no thorns. One explanation of humour is based on the fact that a great deal of humour is a consequence of language. Many wild and "old-fashioned" roses, by contrast, have a strong sweet scent. Arthur Schopenhauer lamented the misuse of the term (the German loanword from English) to mean any type of comedy. Twentieth-century rose breeders generally emphasized size and color, producing large, attractive blooms with little or no scent. By comparison, the use of irony creates the perception of a passage from the serious to the comic, while in humour the opposite is true. Many thousands of rose hybrids and cultivars have been bred and selected for garden use, mostly double-flowered with many or all of the stamens mutated into additional petals. For this reason humour is often a subjective experience as it depends on a special mood or perspective from its audience to be effective. Roses are of great economic importance both as a crop for florists' use and for use in perfume. The term "humour" as formerly applied in comedy referred to the interpenetration of the sublime and the ridiculous. Roses are one of the most popular garden shrubs and are also among the most common flowers sold by florists. Examples of various different styles of humour, or techniques for evoking humour or creating a humourous situation are listed below. Some representative rose species. . . For example, young children (of any background) particularly favour slapstick, while satire tends to appeal to more mature audiences. The name originates from Persian *vrda, via Greek rhodon "rose" (Aeolic wrodon). A sense of humour is the ability to experience humour, a quality which all people share, although the extent to which an individual will personally find something humorous depends on a host of absolute and relative variables, including, but not limited to geographical location, culture, maturity, level of education and context. Roses are also used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species; see list of Lepidoptera which feed on Roses. The origin of the term derives from the humoral medicine of the ancient Greeks, which stated that a mix of fluids known as humours controlled human health and emotion. More common, though less debilitating, are rose black spot, caused by the fungus Diplocarpon rosae, which makes circular black spots on the leaves in summer, and rose mildew, caused by Sphaerotheca pannosa. The term encompasses a form of entertainment or human communication which evokes such feelings, or which makes people laugh or feel happy. The most serious is rose rust (Phragmidium mucronatum), a species of Rust fungus, which can defoliate the plant. Humour (Commonwealth English) or humor (American English) is the ability or quality of people, objects or situations to evoke feelings of amusement in other people. Roses are subject to several diseases. timing. A few species of roses only have vestigial thorns that have no points. reframing. Despite the presence of the thorns, roses are frequently browsed by deer. hyperbole. pimpinellifolia instead have densely packed straight spines, probably an adaptation to reduce browsing by animals, but also possibly an adaptation to trap wind-blown sand and so reduce erosion and protect their roots (both of these two species grow naturally on coastal sand dunes). metaphor. Some species such as Rosa rugosa and R. similar to reality, but not real. The thorns are typically sickle-shaped hooks, which aid the rose in hanging onto other vegetation when growing over it. appealing to feelings or to emotions. Most roses have thorns or prickles. some surprise, contradiction, ambiguity or paradox. Some birds, particularly finches, also eat the seeds. Exemplified by The Larry Sanders Show and Curb Your Enthusiasm. The hips are eaten by fruit-eating birds such as thrushes and waxwings, which then disperse the seeds in their droppings. Character Driven, deriving humour from the way characters act in specific situations, without punchlines. Rose hips of some species, especially the Dog Rose (Rosa canina) and Rugosa Rose (Rosa rugosa), are very rich in vitamin C, among the richest sources of any plant. Unintentional humour, that is, making people laugh without intending to (as with Ed Wood's Plan 9 From Outer Space). Each hip comprises an outer fleshy layer, and inside containing 5–25 seeds (technically achenes) embedded in a matrix of fine, but stiff, hairs. Deliberate ambiguity and confusion with reality, often performed by Andy Kaufman. Rosa pimpinellifolia) have dark purple to black hips. Anti-humour
Rose species that produce open-faced flowers are attractive to pollinating bees and other insects, thus more apt to produce hips. Form-versus-content humour. The fruit of the rose is a berry-like structure called a rose hip. Practical joke: luring someone into a humorous position or situation and then laughing at their expense. The ovary is inferior, developing below the petals and sepals. Surreal humour or absurdity. The flowers have five petals (with the exception of Rosa sericea which often has only four), usually white or pink, in a few species yellow or red. Clash of context humour, such "fish out of water". The vast majority of roses are deciduous, but a few (particularly in southeast Asia) are evergreen or nearly so. Faking stupidity. The leaves of most species are 5–15 cm long, pinnate, with (3–) 5–9 (–13) leaflets and basal stipules; the leaflets usually have a serrated margin, and often a few small thorns on the underside of the stem. Inflicting pain, such as kick in the groin. The species form a group of generally thorny shrubs or climbers, and sometimes trailing plants, reaching 2–5 m tall, rarely reaching as high as 20 m by climbing over other plants. Exaggerated or unexpected gestures and movements. There are more than a hundred species of wild roses, all from the northern hemisphere and mostly from temperate regions. Slapstick
A rose is a flowering shrub of the genus Rosa and the flower of this shrub. Deadpan Fake stern manner. O, my love's like a red, red rose – Robert Burns, A Red, Red Rose. Nonverbal
ii. Ridicule, such as the Darwin Awards
Burgundy: beauty. Parody. Orange: passion. Obscenity. Yellow with red tips: Friendship, falling in love. Droll. Yellow: dying love or platonic love. Non-sequitur. White: innocence, purity, secrecy, "You're heavenly...", "I'm worthy of you...", reverence and humility. . Wit, as in many one-liner jokes. Light Pink: admiration, sympathy. Irony, where a statement or situation implies both a superficial and a concealed meaning which are at odds with each other. Dark Pink: gratitude. Riddle. Pink: grace. Sick Jokes, arousing humour through grotesque, violent or exceptionally cruel scenarios. Red: love. Stereotyping, such as blonde jokes, lawyer jokes, racial jokes, viola jokes. These tend to give a more prominent display from a distance, so are more often used in large bedding schemes in public parks and similar spaces. Adages, often in the form of paradox "laws" of nature, such as Murphy's law. Floribunda - Flowers often smaller, in large clusters of ten or more (often many more) on each stem. Joke
Hybrid Tea - The favourite florist's rose, with typically one to at most five or six large flowers per stem, the flower with numerous tightly arranged petals with reflexed tips (see photo, right). Pun. Many of the most popular modern cultivars can however be assigned to one of these two groups:
Those classes with both climbing and shrub forms are often grouped together. Hyperbole. Miscellaneous - There are also a few smaller classes (such as Scots, Sweet Brier) and some climbing classes of old roses (including Ayrshire, Climbing China, Laevigata, Sempervirens, Noisette, Boursault, Climbing Tea, and Climbing Bourbon). Syllepsis (zeugma). Tradition dictates that they are named after the owner of the garden where they were rediscovered. Enthymeme. They are "mystery roses" because their "proper" historical names have been lost. Triple and paraprosdokian. Most of these roses are likely Old Garden Rose cultivars that have otherwise dropped out of cultivation, or sports thereof. Figure of speech
gigantea in the ancestry of the Parks rose), teas are repeat-flowering roses although their fragrance is not always a tea scent. Somewhat more tender than other old garden roses (most likely because of R. Tea - The result of crossing two of the original China Roses ('Hume's Blush China' and 'Parks' Yellow Tea Scented China') with various Bourbons and Noisette roses. Examples: 'Ferdinand Pichard', 'Reine Des Violettes'. Repeat-flowering. Hybrid Perpetual - The dominant class of roses in Victorian England, they were derived to a great extent from the Bourbons. Pierre Oger', 'Zéphirine Drouhin'. Examples: 'Louise Odier', 'Mme. Repeat-flowering. Introduced in France in 1823. Probably the result of a cross between the Autumn Damask and the 'Old Blush China'. Bourbon - They originated on l'Île de Bourbon (now called Réunion). Example: 'James Veitch', 'Rose de Rescht', 'The Portland Rose'. Repeat-flowering. This group was developed from that rose. paestana or 'Scarlet Four Seasons' Rose' (now known simply as 'The Portland Rose'). Portland - These are named after the Duchess of Portland who received (from Italy in 1800) a rose then known as R. Examples: 'Old Blush China', 'Mutabilis'. Four china roses ('Slater's Crimson China', 1792; 'Parsons' Pink China', 1793; 'Hume's Blush China', 1809; and 'Parks' Yellow Tea Scented China', 1824) were brought to Europe in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries which brought about the creation of the repeat flowering old garden roses and later the modern garden roses. China - The China roses brought with them an amazing ability to bloom repeatedly throughout the summer and into late autumn. Example: 'Comtesse de Murinais', 'Old Pink Moss'. Once-flowering. Moss - Closely related to the centifolias, these have a mossy excrescence on the stems and sepals. Examples: 'Centifolia', 'Paul Ricault'. Once-flowering. Centifolia (or Provence) - These roses, raised in the seventeenth century in the Netherlands, are named for their "one hundred" petals. Examples: 'Ispahan', 'Madame Hardy'. moschata) bloom later, in the autumn. Autumn Damasks (Gallicas crossed with R. phoenicea) bloom once in summer. Summer Damasks (crosses between Gallica roses and R. Damask - Robert de Brie is given credit for bringing them from Persia to Europe sometime between 1254 and 1276. gallica versicolor). Examples: 'Cardinal de Richelieu', 'Charles de Mills', 'Rosa Mundi' (R. They flower once in the summer. gallica which is a native of central and southern Europe. Gallica - The Gallica roses have been developed from R. Examples: 'Semi-plena', 'White Rose of York'. Once-flowering. These are some of the oldest garden roses, probably brought to Britain by the Romans. alba. arvensis and the closely allied R. Alba - Literally "white roses", derived from R. Old Garden Roses - Most old garden roses are classified into one of the following (ordered by approximate age - oldest first):
Wild Roses - The wild roses includes the species listed above and some of their hybrids. lucida) - Virginia Rose. R. Rosa virginiana (syn. Rosa stellata - Gooseberry Rose, Sacramento Rose. Rosa rugosa - Rugosa Rose, Japanese Rose. Rosa roxburghii - Chestnut Rose, Burr Rose. simplicifolia). Hulthemia persica, R. Rosa persica (syn. Rosa multiflora - Multiflora Rose. sinica) - Cherokee Rose, Camellia Rose, Mardan Rose. R. Rosa laevigata (syn. rubrifolia) - Redleaf Rose. R. Rosa glauca (syn. x odorata gigantea). R. Rosa gigantea (syn. Rosa gallica - Gallic Rose, French Rose. rubiginosa) - Eglantine, Sweet Brier. R. Rosa eglanteria (syn. Rosa dumalis - Glaucous Dog Rose. Rosa canina - Dog Rose, Briar Bush. |