Renault

This was shown in October of that year and is called Renault Identité. At the 2005 general election, all were held by the Labour Party, and are represented by Maria Eagle, Louise Ellman, Jane Kennedy, Peter Kilfoyle and Robert Wareing respectively. In 2004, French typeface designer Jean-François Porchez was commissioned to design a replacement. Liverpool has five parliamentary constituencies: Liverpool Garston, Liverpool Riverside, Liverpool Walton, Liverpool Wavertree and Liverpool West Derby. This type family is said to have been designed not for prestige reasons, but mainly to save costs at a time where the use of typefaces was more costly than it is now. Districts of Liverpool include:. Both the Renault logo and its documentation (technical as well as commercial) had used a specially designed typeface called Renault, developed by British firm Wolff Olins. The buildings of Liverpool not only attract tourists but also film makers, who regularly use Liverpool to double for many cities around the worlds and making it the second most filmed city in the UK.

Renault has regularly topped the French car sales charts, fighting off fierce competition from Citroën and Peugeot. This has led to a great increase in the provision of high quality services such as Hotels, restaurants and clubs. The Renault 12 (1970), Renault 5 (1972), Renault 20 (1976), Renault 25 (1985) and Renault Laguna (2002) have all achieved runners-up in spot in the competition. Tourism is a major factor in the economy and will be of increasing importance in the run up to the Liverpool years as European Capital of Culture. Renault cars have performed well in the European Car of the Year awards: the Renault 16 (1966), Renault 9 (1982), Renault Clio (1991), Renault Mégane Scénic (1997), Renault Mégane (2003) and Renault Clio III (2006) have all won the award. Growth in the areas of New Media has been helped by the existence of a relatively large Computer game development community. Conversly if the team is unsuccessful in future it can be expected that Ghosn will withdraw resources from the sport. The activities of the port have left the site with a communications infrastructure that had for a long time exceeded requirements.

In short he will continue Renault's investment in F1 as long as the team is successful and can use the resulting publicity for wider commercial gain. Like the rest of the United Kingdom the city has seen a large growth in service industries and has several major call centres. However at the 2005 French Grand Prix Ghosn set out his policy regarding the company's involvement in motorsport:. The rate of Jobs growth was 9.2% compared with a national average of 4.9% for the same period, 1998-2002. Questions have been raised regarding Renault's commitment to its Formula One team, particularly with the appointment of Carlos Ghosn as CEO. This compared with 5.8% for inner London and 5.7% for Bristol. 2004 saw the Renault team finish a close third in the Constructors' Championsip and in 2005 the team won both Constructors' and Drivers' titles (with Fernando Alonso). Between 1995 and 2001 GVA per head grew at 6.3% annum.

Renault also took over the Benetton F1 team in 2001, and quickly became very competitive, Fernando Alonso winning Renault's first race in its second incarnation at the 2003 Hungarian Grand Prix. The economy of Liverpool is beginning to recover from its long post WWII decline. However, the team were to win their first race on home soil in Dijon a mere two years later and by the early eighties, every front-running Formula One team used turbochargers. See also List of films made in Liverpool. Initially, Renault's entry into Formula One in 1977 was ridiculed when the team's first design included such curiosities as a turbocharger. Liverpool appeared in the film 51st State starring Samuel L Jackson and Robert Carlyle. In the late seventies and early eighties, Renault began to involve itself more heavily in motorsport, setting up a dedicated motorsport division called Renault Sport, and winning the Le Mans 24 Hours (once again in collaboration with Alpine) while achieving success in both rallying (with the Renault 5 Turbo) and Formula One. The independent media organisation Indymedia also covers Liverpool.

Motorsport has long been recognised as an effective marketing tool for automobile manufacturers. John's Beacon which, along with the two cathedrals, dominates the city's skyline. See List of Renault vehicles. The last two are both based in St. Current members of the board of directors of Renault are: Yves Audvard, Michel Barbier, Alain Champigneux, François de Combret, Charles de Croisset, Carlos Ghosn, Jean-Louis Girdolle, Itaru Koeda, Marc Ladreit de Lacharrière, Dominique de La Garanderie, Bernard Larraouturou, Henri Martre, Jean-Claude Paye, François Pinault, Franck Riboud, Louis Schweitzer, Georges Stcherbatcheff, and Robert Studer. Radio stations include BBC Radio Merseyside, Juice FM and Radio City as well as Magic 1548. Renault, together with associated brands Dacia and Renault Samsung, aims to sell 4 million vehicles worldwide in 2010. The Daily Post, especially, serves a wider area, including north Wales.

Renault retained its position as the leading brand in Europe with 1.8 million passenger cars and light commercial vehicles sold and market share of 10.8%. The city has two daily newspapers: the Liverpool Daily Post in the morning and the evening Liverpool Echo, both published by the same company, the Trinity Mirror group. The Group (Renault, Dacia, Renault Samsung Motors) posted a 4.2% increase in worldwide sales to a record 2,489,401 vehicles, representing a global market share of 4.1%. The city fares better with regards to other media. For 2004 Renault reported a 43% rise in net income to €3.5 billion and 5.9% operating margin, of which Nissan contributed €1,767 million. Mersey Television is owned by All3Media. The most popular French car in Britain is currently the Renault Clio, which has been a strong seller throughout Europe since its launch 14 years ago. Liverpool is the home of the TV production company Mersey Television which formerly produced the now-defunct soap opera, Brookside, and currently produces Hollyoaks for Channel 4 and Grange Hill for the BBC.

In 2004, Renault was the fifth most popular car maker in Britain behind the Ford Motor Company, Vauxhall Motors, Peugeot and Volkswagen. This arrangement has always been controversial locally and one which will likely become more so with the BBC decision to build new national facilities in Manchester, increasing Manchester's influence over regional media. Renault also owns Samsung Motors (Renault Samsung Motors) and Dacia, as well as retaining a minority stake (20%) in Volvo Trucks. The BBC's regional news is also based in Manchester. Nissan in turn took a 15 per cent stake in Renault in 2002. The ITV region which covers Liverpool is ITV Granada, which based in Manchester. Renault has a stake of 44.4 per cent in Japanese automaker Nissan together with which they form the Renault-Nissan Alliance. Because no television broadcasters are based there, Liverpool could be seen as poorly represented in the media when compared with other major UK cities.

In 2005, Carlos Ghosn (also CEO of Nissan) has become Renault's CEO, Louis Schweitzer staying Chairman. For a list of some noteworthy groups from the area, consult the list of famous bands from Liverpool. Louis Schweitzer has been the Chairman of Renault since 1992 and CEO from 1992 to 2005. Liverpool has also played a large part in UK (and sometimes world) Pop Music culture since the 1960s. The government of France owns 15.7 per cent of the company. A great many famous names have been associated with Liverpool; for a list, see List of famous people from Liverpool. The Laguna was the first car to achieve a 5 star rating and in 2004 the Modus was the first small car to achieve this rating. In 2001 a plan to build new a light rail system, Merseytram, was developed, although after central Government refused to underwrite the project, it was cancelled in November 2005 due to spiralling costs.

As well as its distinctive styling, Renault was to become known for its car safety - it is currently the car manufacturer with the largest number of models achieving the maximum 5 star rating in EuroNCAP crash tests. A number of other railway lines, such as that from Edge Hill to Kirkdale, no longer see passenger services, or have been removed completely, such as the North Liverpool Extension Line. The Avantime, a bizarre coupe/minivan hybrid, sold very poorly and was quickly discontinued while the luxury Vel Satis model did not sell as well as hoped. From 1893 to 1956, the Liverpool docks were served by the Liverpool Overhead Railway. Less successful were the company's more upmarket models. Historically, Liverpool had an extensive tram network; however, this was dismantled in the 1950s. The second generation of the Laguna and Mégane featured ambitious, angular designs which turned out to be highly successful. The city's main railway station for longer-distance services is Lime Street station.

In the twenty-first century, Renault was to foster a reputation for distinctive, outlandish design. It has two lines: the Northern Line, which runs to Southport, Ormskirk, Kirkby and Hunts Cross, and the Wirral Line, which runs through the Mersey Railway Tunnel and has branches to West Kirby, New Brighton, Ellesmere Port and Chester. This new freedom allowed the company to venture once again into Eastern Europe and South America, including a new factory in Brazil and upgrades for the infrastructure in Argentina and Turkey. The sections in the city centre are mostly underground. It was eventually decided that the company's state-owned status was detrimental to its growth, and it was privatized in 1996. Liverpool is served by the Merseyrail railway network. The return to success on the road was matched by a return to success on the racetrack - Renault-powered cars won the Formula One World Championship in 1992, 1993, 1996 and 1997 with Williams and in 1995 with Benetton. In 2002 716,000 passengers used the Port of Liverpool, with the Isle of Man and Ireland being the two most important passenger routes.

A revitalized Renault launched several successful new cars in the early 1990s, including the phenonemonally successful 5 replacement the Clio, the second generation Espace, the Twingo, the Laguna, and the 19. The airport was the starting point for many Beatles tours in the sixties, and image of the boys boarding planes there were seen throughout the world. He was replaced by Raymond Lévy, who continued along the same lines as Besse, slimming down the company considerably with the result that by the end of 1987 the company was more or less financially stable. The airport's logo consists of a sketch that Lennon had drawn of himself, and the words "Above us only sky", lyrics from his song Imagine. Although this succeeded in halving the deficit by 1986, Besse's treatment of the workforce resulted in him being assassinated by the left wing terrorist group Action Directe in 1986. In 2001, Liverpool Airport, situated near Speke in the south of the city, was renamed Liverpool John Lennon Airport, in honour of the late Beatle John Lennon. The government intervened and Georges Besse was installed as chairman; he set about cutting costs dramatically, selling off many of Renault's non-core assets, withdrawing almost entirely from motorsports, and laying off many employees. In fact the song is now played on the ferryboats themselves every time they prepare to dock at Liverpool.

Although its cars were successful both on the road and on the track Renault was losing a billion francs a month and reported a deficit of 12.5 billion in 1984. There is also the Mersey Ferry, made famous by the song Ferry Cross the Mersey by Gerry and the Pacemakers. The second-generation Renault 5, the European Car Of The Year-winning Renault 9, and the most luxurious Renault yet, the 25 were all released in the early 1980s, building Renault's reputation. There are three tunnels under the River Mersey: one railway tunnel, the Mersey Railway Tunnel, and two road tunnels, Queensway Tunnel and Kingsway Tunnel. The company's road car designs were revolutionary also - the Renault Espace was one of the first minivans and was to remain the most well-known minivan in Europe for at least the next two decades. The Liverpool Institute for Performing Arts which was set up by Sir Paul McCartney in 1996, to train artistes and technicians, in the building which formerly housed the Liverpool Institute for Boys. In the late seventies and early eighties Renault increased its involvement in motorsport, with novel inventions such as turbochargers in their Formula One cars. The University of Liverpool awarded the first ever Philosophy PhD in Robert Pirsig's Metaphysics of Quality to Anthony McWatt in July 2005.

Renault sold AMC to Chrysler in 1987 and the brand and its cars subsequently disappeared (though the subsidiary Jeep brand remained). The Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine was founded to address some of the problems created by trade, today it continues as a post graduate school and is one of only two institutions on planet Earth that house the de facto standard anti-venom repository. Renault sold some interesting models in the USA in the 1980's, especially the simple looking but fun Renault Alliance GTA convertible - a real automatic-top convertible with a simple but clean euro-style design with a gently sloping hood, as well as a 2.0 liter engine - big for a car of its class; and the ahead-of-its-time Renault Fuego coupe; Renault sold other models here in the 80's. Liverpool John Moores University is one of the polytechnics given university status in 1992 and is named after the owner of the Littlewoods retail group. Unfortunately the American Renault-AMC partnership was not successful - the cars had so-so reliability and by the time the Renault range was ready to become established in the American market, the energy crisis was over, taking with it much of the trend for economical, compact cars. It also has a university college, Edge Hill College of Higher Education, which has re-located to Ormskirk in South-West Lancashire. Some consider the Jeep XJ Cherokee as a joint AMC/Renault project since some early sketches of the XJ series was done as a collaboration of both Renault and AMC engineers (AMC insisted that the XJ Cherokee was designed by AMC personnel; however, a former Renault engineer designed the Quadra-Link front suspension for the XJ series). Liverpool has three universities, the University of Liverpool, Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Hope University.

Renault continued to increase its control over AMC, eventually owning 55% of the company by 1980; the Renault-AMC partnership also resulted in the marketing of Jeep vehicles in Europe. Edward's College, a former private high school located in West Derby. This was one of a series of collaborative ventures undertaken by Renault in the late 1960s and 1970s, as the company established subsidiaries in Eastern Europe and South America (many of which remain active to the present day) and forged technological cooperation agreements with Volvo and Peugeot (for instance, for the development of the PRV V6 engine). Another of Liverpool's notable senior schools is St. Previously, an AMC Rambler American was badged as a Renault Torino in Argentina (sold through IKA-Renault). Liverpool College[7] is the leading private school. However, in the early part of the decade, when the energy crisis-hit continent required small, economical cars, Renault began to make plans to return through a collaborative partnership with the American manufacturer AMC. One of Liverpool important early schools was The Liverpool Blue Coat School was founded in 1708 as a charitable school, it continues today.

The energy crisis also provoked Renault's attempt to reconquer the North American market; despite the Dauphine's success in the United States in the late 1950s, Renault had virtually disappeared from North America by the 1970s. Currently no specific Islamic secondary education is provided. Endangered like all of the motor industry by the energy crisis, during the mid seventies the already expansive company diversified further into other industries and continued to expand globally, including into South East Asia. In Liverpool primary education is available in various forms supported by the state include secular, Church of England, Islamic, Jewish and Roman Catholic. The formula was much the same however, and the Super5 inherited its styling lines from its father. Sir Edwin Lutyens is represented by the completed crypt of his projected Metropolitan Cathedral, which was built to a simpler design by Frederick Gibberd. The 5 remained in production until 1984 when it was replaced by the Super5. Architects well represented in Liverpool: Giles Gilbert Scott, Peter Ellis, Harvey Lonsdale Elmes, and John Foster.

The company's compact and economical Renault 5 model, launched in 1972, was another success, particularly in the wake of the 1973 energy crisis. The Anglican Cathedral has the longest nave, largest organ and heaviest and highest peal of bells in the world. As well as the 4 and 8, the company achieved success with the more upmarket Renault 16 launched in 1966, which continued Renault's reputation for innovation by being the world's first hatchback larger than subcompact size as well as the first hatchback with folding rear seats, which became and remains the universal standard hatchback design. Amongst its superlatives: Liverpool has the largest panel of stained glass in the world (in Liverpool Metropolitan Cathedral), the largest brick building in the world, and the first enclosed integrated dock system in the world. Both cars continued Renault's motor racing traditions with great success in rallying, a tradition which was further upheld by collaborations with the Alpine company (which most famously produced the Renault-powered Alpine A110). In 2004 Liverpool's waterfront was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage site, the justification is Liverpool's importance in the development of world trading system and dock technology. The 4 in particular was to continue in production until 1992. The built environment of Liverpool contains over 2,500 listed buildings (26 Grade I and 85 Grade II*) it is the inheritance of high-minded public spirit since the later 18th century, largely with Dissenter impetus, that has resulted in more public sculpture than in any UK city aside from Westminster, more listed buildings than any city apart from London and, surprisingly, more Georgian houses than the City of Bath.

In an attempt to revive its flagging fortunes, Renault launched two cars which were to become phenonemonally successful - the Renault 4 and Renault 8 in 1961 and 1962 respectively. They won the first Merseyside Derby. The car did not sell well in North America and it was outdated by the start of the 1960s. Everton have won nine league titles and the FA Cup five times, but have been in football's top flight for over 100 years, longer than any other team in the football league. The 4CV's replacement, the Dauphine, sold extremely well as the company expanded production and sales further abroad, including Africa and North America. Liverpool are historically the more successful of the two, having won 18 league titles, the European Cup five times and the FA Cup six times. However, despite the success of its flagship model, the company continued to be blighted by labor unrest, and indeed continued to be well into the 1980s. at Anfield.

As with earlier Renault models, the company made extensive use of motor racing to promote the 4CV, the car winning both the Le Mans 24 Hours and Mille Miglia races as well as the Monte Carlo rally. at Goodison Park and Liverpool F.C. In the years immediately following its nationalization Renault experienced something of a resurgence, led by the rear engine 4CV model, which was launched in 1946 and proved itself a capable rival for cars such as the Morris Minor and Volkswagen Beetle, its success (more than half a million sold) making sure it remained in production until 1961. Liverpool has two Premier League football clubs: Everton F.C. The Renault factories became a public industry (known as Régie Nationale des Usines Renault) under the leadership of Pierre Lefaucheux. In light of Liverpool receiving Capital of Culture status, an effort has been created to bring the people of Liverpool together on an online dedicated Liverpool based forum called SpeakLiverpool. His industrial assets were seized by the socialist provisional government of France. In 2003, Liverpool was awarded status as European Capital of Culture for 2008 and property developer Grosvenor started a £750 million regeneration of part of the city centre.

An autopsy later proved that his neck had been broken, suggesting that he was murdered. The city is also home to several successful theatre companies, such as the Everyman & Playhouse and the Unity Theatre [6]. He was, for this reason, arrested during the liberation of France in 1944 and died in prison before having prepared his defense. Also from Liverpool is a writer, poet and author, who lives in Crosby, called John Haines, who uses the pen name Josh Rogan for fiction. During World War II, Louis Renault's factories worked for Nazi Germany producing trucks with work on cars officially forbidden. These three poets, sold more than a million copies of their first book of poetry The Liverpool Sound. This continued through the 1920s and it was not until 1930 that all models had the radiator at the front. The city also became well known for the Liverpool poets, of whom Roger McGough and the late Adrian Henri are among the best known.

The pre First World War cars had a distinctive front shape caused by positioning the radiator behind the engine to give a so called "coalscuttle" bonnet. A flourishing orchestra, the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra performs in its own hall, the Philharmonic Hall. However, Renault struggled to compete with the increasingly popular small, affordable "people's cars" from Volkswagen and Fiat, while problems with the stock market and the workforce also adversely affected the company's growth. Despite widespead protest the work remained in place. Between the two world wars, Louis Renault enlarged the scope of his company, producing agricultural and industrial machinery. It was during this event in 2004 that Yoko Ono's work "My mother is beautiful" caused widespread public protest by exhibiting photographs of a naked woman's pubic area on the main shopping street. By the end of the war, Renault was the number one private manufacturer in France. The festival generally runs from mid September to late November and comprises three main sections; the International, The Independents and New Contemporaries although many fringe events are timed to coincide.

Renault became the world's leading manufacturer of airplane engines, and the success of the company's military designs were such that Renault himself was honored by the Allies for his company's contributions to their victory. The Liverpool Biennial [5] is a festival of arts held (as the name implies) every two years. As well as cars, Renault manufactured taxis, buses and commercial cargo vehicles in the pre-war years, and during World War I (1914 - 1918) branched out into ammunition, military airplanes and vehicles such as the revolutionary Renault FT-17 tank. The Tate Liverpool gallery houses the modern art collection of the Tate in the north of England. At the time, cars were very much luxury items, and the price of the smallest Renaults available being 3000 francs reflected this; an amount it would take ten years for the average worker at the time to earn. Sudley House contains another major collection of pre 20th century art [4]. The Renault reputation for innovation was fostered from very early on - in 1899 Renault launched the first production sedan car as well as patenting the first turbocharger. Several pre-Raphaelites are among the important paintings in the Walker Art Gallery.

Louis was to take full control of the company as the only remaining brother in 1906 when Fernand retired for health reasons. Liverpool has a vibrant artistic life. Although Louis Renault never raced again, his company remained very involved, including their Renault AK 90CV winning the first ever Grand Prix motor racing event in 1906. They are noted for their distinctive accent and dialect, called Scouse. Both Louis and Marcel Renault raced company vehicles, but Marcel was killed in an accident during the 1903 Paris-Madrid race. Inhabitants of Liverpool are referred to as "Liverpudlians" and nicknamed "Scousers", though this term is often (erroneously) used to cover other Merseysiders. The brothers immediately recognized the publicity that could be gotten for their vehicles by participation in motor racing and Renault made itself known through achieving instant success in the first city-to-city races held in France, resulting in rapid expansion for the company. For all of this period Liverpool's economy has grown faster than the national average and crime levels have remained lower than most other metropolitan areas in England and Wales, with recorded crime per head in Merseyside comparable to the national average — unusually low for an urban area.

Louis was a bright, aspiring young engineer who had already designed and built several models before teaming up with his brothers, who had honed their business skills working for their father's textiles firm; Louis handled design and production, Marcel & Fernand handled company management. A general economic and civic revival has been underway since the mid-nineties. The Renault corporation was founded in 1898 as Société Renault Frères by Louis Renault and his brothers Marcel and Fernand. Capitalising on the popularity of the 1960s pop group The Beatles and other groups of the Merseybeat era, tourism has also become a significant factor in Liverpool's economy. . In recent years, the city has emphasised its cultural attractions, winning the accolade of European Capital of Culture for 2008. However, Renault is correctly pronounced "Rhen-oh" (as it is commonly in the UK). A similar outpouring of grief and shock occurred in 1993 when two year-old James Bulger was killed by two ten year-old boys, Jon Venables and Robert Thompson, and again over the murders of Kenneth Bigley in 2004 and Anthony Walker in 2005.

When its cars were imported to and sold in the United States during the 1950s and 1960s, it was decided to pronounce the name as "Ren-ALT" in marketing to the American public, and the Anglicized pronunciation continues in common usage. It has since become clear that South Yorkshire Police made a range of mistakes at the game, though the senior officer in charge of the event retired soon after. Renault S.A. is a French vehicle manufacturer producing small to upper-midsize cars, vans, buses, tractors and trucks. In particular this led to strong feeling in Liverpool because it was widely reported in the media that the Liverpool fans were at fault. 2005 - Carlos Ghosn becomes president. This had a traumatic effect on people in both cities, and resulted in legally imposed changes in the way in which football fans have since been accommodated. 2002 - Benetton Formula One team formally becomes Renault F1. In 1989, 96 Liverpool fans died and many more were severely injured in the Hillsborough disaster at a football game in Sheffield.

2001 - Renault sold its industrial vehicle subdivision (Renault Véhicules Industriels) to Volvo, which renamed it Renault Trucks in 2002. Ultimately this led to 49 of the City's Councillors being removed from office by the unelected District Auditor, for refusing to make staff redundant or remove council services to reduce their spending. Renault vice-president, Carlos Ghosn was parachuted in to turn round the ailing firm. The city council sank heavily into debt, as the City Council fought a campaign to prevent central government from reducing funding for local services. 1999 - Renault purchased a 35 percent equity stake in Nissan the troubled Japanese car maker, injecting $3.5 billion to obtain effective control of the company under Japanese law. Liverpool City Council was taken over by the far-left wing Militant group during the 1980s, under the de facto leadership of Derek Hatton (although Hatton was formally only Deputy Leader). 1996 - The company was privatized to create Renault S.A.. In 1981 the infamous Toxteth Riots took place, during which, for the first time in the UK outside Northern Ireland, tear gas was used by police against civilians.

1992 - Louis Schweitzer becomes president of Renault group. In the early 1980s unemployment rates in Liverpool were amongst the highest in the UK. 1986 - On April 9 the government of France ruled against the privatization of Renault. The 1980s saw Liverpool's fortunes sink to their lowest point. 1979 to 1987, Renault held majority ownership in the American Motors Corporation (AMC), which it sold to Chrysler Corporation in March 1987. In 1974, it became a metropolitan district within the newly created metropolitan county of Merseyside. 1898 - Louis Renault founded Renault. Historically Liverpool was part of Lancashire, it became a county borough in 1888.

The advent of containerization meant that Liverpool's docks became largely obsolete. From the 1970s onwards Liverpool's docks and traditional manufacturing industries went into sharp decline. The city produced the distinctive Merseybeat sound, and, most famously, The Beatles. In the 1960s Liverpool became a centre of youth culture.

Declines in manufacturing and dock activity struck the city particularly hard. By 1985 the population had fallen to 460,000. However, the city has been suffering since the 1950s with the loss of numerous employers. Significant rebuilding followed the war, including massive housing estates and the Seaforth Dock, the largest dock project in Britain.

John Lennon, one of the founding members of The Beatles, was born in Liverpool during an air-raid on October 9, 1940. Although 'only' 2,500 people were killed, almost half the homes in the metropolitan area sustained some damage and 11,000 were totally destroyed. During World War II there were eighty air-raids on Merseyside, with an especially concentrated series of raids in May 1941 which interrupted operations at the docks for almost a week. The population of the city exceeded 850,000 in 1930.

In 1884, 1900 and 1929, Eisteddfod were held in Liverpool. Liverpool was also home to a large Welsh population and was sometimes referred to as the Capital of North Wales. Inspired by an old Venetian custom, Liverpool was 'married to the sea' in September 1928. The area of Gerard, Hunter, Lionel and Whale streets, off Scotland Road, was referred to as Little Italy.

Aside from the large Irish community in Liverpool, there were other pockets of cultural diversity. However, it was changed to depart from Southampton instead. The maiden voyage of Titanic was originally planned to depart from Liverpool, as Liverpool was its port of registration and the home of owners White Star Line. Bridget's alleged memoirs, which surfaced in the 1970s, said that Adolf stayed with them in 1912-1913, though this is much disputed and many believe the memoirs to be a forgery.[2] [3].

Adolf Hitler's half-brother Alois and his Irish sister-in-law Bridget Dowling are known to have lived in Upper Stanhope Street in the 1910s. [1]. The formerly independent urban districts of Allerton, Childwall, Little Woolton and Much Woolton were added in 1913, and the parish of Speke added in 1932. During the first part of the 20th century Liverpool continued to expand, pulling in emigrants from Europe.

Liverpool was granted city status in 1880. The last Confederate ship, the CSS Alabama, was built at Birkenhead on the Mersey and the CSS Shenandoah surrendered there. When the American Civil War broke out Liverpool became a hot bed of intrigue. George's Hall, Lime Street Station etc.).

Liverpool expanded significantly in the 19th century and a number of major buildings were constructed (St. By 1851, approximately 25% of the city was Irish-born. During the 1840's, the Irish began arriving by the thousands due to the Great Famine 1845-1849. By the beginning of the 19th century, 40% of the world's trade was passing through the docks at Liverpool.

Liverpool's black community dates from this period and grew rapidly, reaching a population of 10,000 within five years. Substantial profits from the slave trade helped the town grow and prosper. The first wet dock in Britain was built in Liverpool in 1715. In the 18th century, as trade from the West Indies was added to that of Ireland and Europe, Liverpool began to grow.

From that time may be traced the rapid progress of population and commerce, until Liverpool had become the second metropolis of Great Britain. In 1699 Liverpool was made a parish on its own by Act of Parliament, separate from that of Walton-on-the-Hill, with two parish churches. Neither is there any remarkable occurrence recorded of it except the siege of it by Prince Rupert, in the English Civil Wars in 1644, some traces of which were discovered when the foundation of the Liverpool Infirmary was sunk, particularly the marks of the trenches thrown up by the prince, and some cartouches, etc., left behind by the besiegers. From this time until the end of the next century, Liverpool made but a slow progress in the extent of its trade and in the number of its inhabitants.

In 1571 the inhabitants of Liverpool sent a memorial to Queen Elizabeth, praying relief from a subsidy which they thought themselves unable to bear, wherein they styled themselves "her majesty's poor decayed town of Liverpool." Some time towards the close of this reign, Henry Stanley, 4th Earl of Derby, on his way to the Isle of Man, stayed at his house at Liverpool called the Tower; at which the corporation erected a handsome hall or seat for him in the church, where he honoured them several times with his presence. A number of battles for the town were waged during the English Civil War, including an eighteen-day siege in 1644. In the middle of the 16th century the population of Liverpool was only around 500, and the port was regarded as subordinate to Chester until the 1650s. For four centuries, Liverpool was relatively unimportant.

Initially it served as a dispatch point for troops sent to Ireland, soon after Liverpool Castle was built, which was removed in 1726. It is thought that the king wanted a port in the district that was free from the control of the earl of Chester. The origins of the city are usually dated from August 1207 when letters patent were issued by King John advertising the establishment of a new borough at Liverpool, and inviting settlers to come and take up holdings there. Other origins of the name have been suggested, including 'elverpool', a reference to the large number of eels in the Mersey.

In 1190 the place was known as 'Liuerpul', meaning a pool or creek with muddy water. .
. It faces Wallasey and Birkenhead across the River Mersey.

The city's urban area runs directly into Bootle and Crosby in Sefton, Huyton and Prescot in Knowsley. Liverpool has a varied topography being built across a ridge of hills rising up to a height of around 70 metres above sea-level at Everton Hill. Liverpool is situated along the eastern side of the Mersey Estuary, with the city centre located about 5 miles inland from the Irish Sea. Liverpool is Great Britain's 5th-biggest city.

Liverpool is one of England's core cities. In the year 2008, Liverpool will hold the European Capital of Culture title. and Liverpool F.C. In sporting terms, it is home to the internationally-known football clubs Everton F.C.

Whilst it has lost most of its manufacturing base, Liverpool is still internationally famous as a port. The population of the borough in 2002 was 441,477, and that of the Merseyside conurbation was 1,362,026. The city is governed by Liverpool City Council, one of five councils within the Metropolitan county of Merseyside. Liverpool is a city and metropolitan borough in Northwest England.

Walton, Wavertree, West Derby, Woolton. Toxteth, Tuebrook. St Michael's Hamlet, Sefton Park, Speke, Stoneycroft. Old Swan.

Netherley, Norris Green. Mossley Hill. Kirkdale, Knotty Ash. Kensington.

Hunts Cross. Garston, Gateacre, Grassendale. Fairfield, Fazakerley. Edge Hill, Everton.

Dingle. Childwall, Clubmoor, Cressington, Croxteth. Broadgreen. Aigburth, Allerton, Anfield.

The 51st State (2002). Revengers Tragedy (2002). Going Off Big Time (2000). Liam (2000).

Three Businessmen (1999). Rich Deceiver (1995). An Awfully Big Adventure (1995). Priest (1994).

Dark Summer (1994). Blood on the Dole (1994). The Bullion Boys (1993). The Long Day Closes (1992).

Dancin' Thru the Dark (1990). Shirley Valentine (1989). The Fruit Machine (1988). Distant Voices, Still Lives (1988).

No Surrender (1985). Letter to Brezhnev (1985). Educating Rita (1983) (Filmed in Dublin). Gumshoe (1971) starring Albert Finney.

The Reckoning (1969). Ferry 'Cross The Mersey (1965) Gerry & The Pacemakers. Beyond This Place (1959). Violent Playground (1958).

The Magnet (1950) filmed in New Brighton & Liverpool. Waterfront (1949). Penny Paradise (1938). The Arrest of Goudie (1901) arguably the world's first filmed crime reconstruction by Mitchell and Kenyon.

Church of Our Lady and Saint Nicholas the seafarers church and Liverpool parish church. Church of St Luke, Liverpool. Princes Road Synagogue. Liverpool Metropolitan Cathedral of Christ the King (Roman Catholic),.

Liverpool Cathedral (Anglican). Gustav Adolfus Kyrka The Swedish Seamen's Church. Greek Orthodox Church of St Nicholas. Unity.

Royal Court. The Playhouse. Philharmonic Hall. Neptune.

Everyman. Empire. Williamson's tunnels. William Brown Library.

Wellington's Column. Walker Art Gallery. Town-Hall. The Beatles Story.

Stanley Dock Tobacco Warehouse. St George’s Hall. Quiggins. Port of Liverpool Building.

Pier Head. The Philharmonic Dining Rooms. Oriel Chambers design by Peter Ellis. Museum of Liverpool Life.

Merseyside Maritime Museum. Liverpool University. Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine. Liverpool John Moores University.

Royal Liver Building. Lime Street Station. Cunard Building. Cast Iron Shore.

Bluecoat Arts Centre. Albert Dock.