Dog

This allows them to be trained to behave in a way that is not specifically the most natural to their breed; nevertheless, the accumulated experience of thousands of years shows that some combinations of nature and nurture are quite daunting, for instance, training whippets to guard flocks of sheep. The Glock 18C fires in a fully automatic mode; in the mod it only fires a three round burst. Of course, dogs in general possess a significant ability to modify their behavior according to experience, including adapting to the behavior of their "pack leaders"—again, humans. Also, the M4A1 weapon model's animation features the player charging the weapon by pulling backwards on the forward assist, a feat impossible in real life. The example of canine neoteny goes even further, in that the various breeds are differently neotenized according to the type of behavior that was selected. Perhaps the most notable criticism is the fact that weapons firing the same round (for instance, both the MP5 and Glock 18 both fire a 9mm round) do vastly different damages. Compared to wolves, many adult dog breeds retain such juvenile characteristics as soft fuzzy fur, round torsos, large heads and eyes, ears that hang down rather than stand erect, etc.; characteristics which are shared by most juvenile mammals, and therefore generally elicit some degree of protective and nurturing behavior cross-species from most adult mammals, including humans, who term such characteristics "cute" or "appealing". The M249 SAW's rate of fire is much too slow, and many of the game's weapons have artificial sound effects.

This paedomorphic selection naturally results in a retention of juvenile physical characteristics as well. The weapons are also notably inaccurate for the ranges they fire at: most engagements in Counter-Strike occur at less than 100 meters. This is true of many domesticated animals, including human beings themselves, who have many characteristics similar to young bonobo. While it falls squarely into the tactical shooter category, the mod features some inaccuracies. As with many species, the young wolves are more social and less dominant than adults; therefore, the selection for these characteristics, whether deliberate or inadvertent, is more likely to result in a simple retention of juvenile characteristics into adulthood than to generate a complex of independent new changes in behavior. Counter-Strike has been criticised for its lack of realism. This rapid evolution of dogs from wolves is an example of neoteny or paedomorphism. See Metamod, AMX Mod and AMX Mod X for more information.

Deliberately crossing two or more breeds is also a manner of establishing new breeds. There have been many different mods and scripts to:. However, without genetic testing of the parents, the crosses can sometimes end up inheriting genetic defects that occur in both parental breeds. Even though Counter-Strike is itself a mod, it developed its own community of script writers and modders. Such deliberate crosses may display hybrid vigor and other desirable traits, but can also lack one or more of the desired traits of their parents, such as temperament or a particular color or coat. The prohibitively expensive cost of an up-to-date gaming PC makes it unlikely that another game will become as popular as Counter-Strike has been. Sometimes mixed-breed dogs are deliberately bred, for example, the Cockapoo, a mixture of Cocker Spaniel and Miniature Poodle. Server statistics in 2002 showed that Counter-Strike servers outnumbered their Battlefield, Unreal Tournament 2003 or Quake III FPS counterparts at least 3 to 1.

Mixed breeds, or dogs with no purebred ancestry, are not inherently "better" or "worse" than purebred dogs as companions, pets, working dogs, or competitors in dog sports. There have been a multitude of games claimed by their developers, reviewers and fans to be "Counter-Strike killers", but none have seriously been able to dent its overall popularity. Mixed-breed dogs or Mongrels are dogs that do not belong to specific breeds, being mixtures of two or more in variant percentages. Even Counter-Strike: Source has been criticised for not progressing the gameplay enough and failing to take full advantage of the Source engine. In February 2004, the Canine Studies Institute in Aurora, Ohio, arranged recognized breeds of dogs into ten categories. There is a growing frustration that the developers are unwilling to make official changes or add new features, maintaining the same map layouts and weapons to appease longtime CS players. The behavior and appearance of a dog of a particular breed can be predicted fairly accurately, while mixed-breed dogs show a broader range of innovative appearance and behavior. Counter-Strike was realistic for its time, but is dated in comparison to more recent first-person tactical shooters.

These problems are not limited to purebred dogs and can affect mixed-breed populations. But as the the criticisms of Condition Zero showed, many players feel that the GoldSrc engine has reached its limits in its capacity to evolve and to stay updated. Even prize-winning purebred dogs sometimes possess crippling genetic defects due to inbreeding. Indeed, one possible reason for Counter-Strike's continued popularity is that almost any PC made since 1997 can play it since the game does not need the powerful CPU and video card required of many current FPS games. These considerations come into play among breeders who enter their dogs in dog shows. However, the universal shift to the DirectX 7.0 level and beyond has not happened, and the continued popularity of CS has given older video cards such as the 3dfx Voodoo 3, ATI Rage 128, and Nvidia RIVA TNT2 continued usefulness. Other organizations define a breed more loosely, such that an individual may be considered of one breed as long as 75% of its parentage is of that breed. Likewise, gamers were expected to abandon the DirectX 5.0 Half-Life and its mods in favour of games utilising the hardware T&L capabilities of DirectX 7.0 graphics cards such as the Nvidia GeForce and ATI Radeon.

Dogs that are bred in this manner often end up with severe health or behavioural problems. Half-Life and other contemporary games took full advantage of the advent of hardware graphics acceleration in the late 1990s, replacing earlier software-rendered games such as Quake. Some groups use a definition that ultimately requires extreme inbreeding to qualify due to the low gene pool. Counter-Strike has had a colorful and dramatic history which reaches far beyond what this document could hope to cover, and still remains extremely popular to this day. The definition of a dog breed is a matter of some controversy. The success of the game among both casual and competitive players highlights the wide appeal of Counter-Strike's simple game model. Despite these differences, dogs are able to distinguish dogs from other kinds of animal. While Counter-Strike is nowadays perhaps the most professionally played computer game in the world behind StarCraft in South Korea, most players simply ignore the professional side of the game and play for fun.

Because of this, some breeds are highly specialized, and there is extraordinary morphological diversity across different breeds. Certain professional teams (such as SK, Team 3D and Team NoA) and players (Ksharp and HeatoN, for example) have achieved a measure of fame. Many of these are the product of a deliberate process of artificial selection. Counter-Strike is famous for the culture surrounding it, which includes everything from professional gamers and leagues, to cheating and disruptive behavior. A few basic breed types have evolved gradually during the domesticated dog's relationship with man over the last 10,000 or more years, but most modern breeds are of relatively recent derivation. All (understandably) fictional. Many dogs, especially outside the United States and Western Europe, belong to no recognized breed. All names are taken from real groups.

As all dog breeds have been derived from mixed-breed dog populations, the term "purebred" has meaning only with respect to a certain number of generations. Elite Crew is the skinniest and hardest to see model most of the time, and the GIGN model has the smallest head for Counter-Terrorists.". There are numerous dog breeds, over 800 being recognized by various kennel clubs worldwide. "5 guys popping in and out 1 at a time will look like the 1 guy if you all have the same skin. In a number of countries around the world, apart from being kept as pets, certain breeds of dogs are slaughtered as a source of meat and specifically raised on farms for that purpose. And as Counter-Terrorists, the GIGN model. The relationship is theorized to have developed in this way. As Terrorists you should choose the Elite Crew model.

With their sharp senses, they would also be valuable as an alarm against marauding predators. Firstly, all players on one team should choose the same skin. Canines would have been beneficial by chasing away other vermin or scavengers. On the matter of the best model for competitive play in Counter-Strike, Whisper's Wiki recommends that:. Canines who attacked people or their children were likely killed or driven away, while those more friendly animals survived. Condition Zero also added two additional models; the Midwest Militia for Terrorists and the Spetsnaz for Counter-Terrorists. Wild canines who scavenged around human habitations received more food than their more skittish or fearful counterparts. The following eight are the original models which were to be (or are in the process of being) reproduced in Counter-Strike: Condition Zero and Counter-Strike: Source.

It is also now generally believed that initial domestication was through mutual desire. Corresponding player models for both Terrorists and Counter-Terrorists have appeared through development. Domestication of a wild dog may occur within one or two human generations with deliberate selective breeding. In earlier beta versions of the game another official type called "es_" (Terrorist Escape) also existed. Current research indicates that domestication, or the attributes of a domesticated animal, can occur much more quickly than previously believed. The three official types include "cs_" (Hostage rescue), "de_" (Bomb defusal), and "as_" (Assassination). While some dog breeds possess one of these characteristics, they rarely possess both. There are three official types of maps in Counter-Strike, along with many more user-created types.

Wolves typically have a "brush tail" and erect ears. It is available today for download over Steam, bundled with Half-Life 2, or purchased in a stand-alone retail box along with Day of Defeat: Source, another game converted to the new graphical engine. The phenotypic characteristic that distinguish a wolf from a dog are tenuous. Changes include the improvements inherent to the Source engine (such as better graphics and physics) as well as updated models, animations, maps, sounds, and some small gameplay changes. The general reproductive isolation which is required to define dogs and wolves as separate species is purely a result of lack of opportunity, stemming from a general mutual unfamiliarity, suspicion, mistrust, and fear. Counter-Strike: Source (CS:S) was released to ATI Radeon Voucher holders, in Half-Life 2 bundles available on Steam, and with the boxed retail version of the game. Additionally, unintentional crossbreeding occurs simply because dogs and wolves live in the same environment. Following a period when the game was available to select 'beta' testers, the alpha version of the game was released on October 7th 2004.

This interbreeding still occurs with dogs living in the Arctic region, where the attributes of the wolf that enable survival in a hostile environment are valued by humans. In 2004, original Counter-Strike developers Minh Le and Jess Cliffe, along with members of Valve and the Day of Defeat team, brought Counter-Strike into the Source engine as an obvious choice for the multiplayer component of Half-Life 2. The Eastern Timber Wolf is a direct ancestor to most, if not all, of the North American northern sled dog types. It sold poorly compared to the original. The Chinese wolf is probably ancestor to the Pekingese and toy spaniels, although it is also probable that descendants of the Chinese and European wolves encountered each other over the millennia, contributing to many of the oriental toy breeds. However, the game was criticized for not being up to the standards of graphical quality expected of current commercial releases, due to the limitations of 1998's GoldSrc Half-Life engine. The European wolf, in turn, may have contributed many of its attributes to the Spitz dog types, most terriers, and many of today's sheepdogs. Though still very similar to CS 1.6, Condition Zero contains several graphical, sound, model and map changes, as well as including bots.

The Tibetan Mastiff is an example of an ancient breed. It had been plagued by numerous delays, most notably when Valve dropped Gearbox Software (who had developed the highly acclaimed Half-Life: Opposing Force) as developer in favor of Ritual Entertainment, and when Ritual Entertainment in turn lost the project to Turtle Rock Studios partway through development. The Indian wolf is also thought to have bred with descendants of the European wolf to create the Mastiffs and eventually leading to the development of such diverse breeds as the Pug, the Saint Bernard, and the Bloodhound. A long-awaited single-player version of the game called Counter-Strike: Condition Zero was released on March 23, 2004. Many of today's wild dogs, such as the dingo, the dhole and pariah dogs, are descended from this wolf. For similar reasons, Valve may have made no attempt to have Counter-Strike ported to the PlayStation 2. The Indian Wolf is thought to have contributed to the development of more breeds of dogs than other subspecies. However, the Xbox version of the game (playable on Microsoft's Xbox Live online game service) has proved less successful than its PC counterpart for obvious reasons; the online Counter-Strike audience for Xbox is well outnumbered by the existing Counter-Strike PC community, a subscription cost required to pay online on Live (playing the PC version online is free), and mediocre graphics (only texture upgrades to original CS models) which are below what is expected for the Xbox.

For example, the Japanese wolf and the Eastern Timber Wolf posses different distinctive colouration, hunting and social structures. It features basic single-player gameplay against bots, but it focuses on multiplayer online play like the original. Although all wolves belong to the species Canis lupus, there are (or were) many subspecies that had developed a distinctive appearance, social structure, and other traits. Valve released a version ported to the Xbox game console in November 2003. The detailed history remains unexplored and until further evidence is available, the following section on wolf ancestors must be considered purely speculative. Valve has also been attempting to cash in on the game's popularity by producing more Counter-Strike games. Their results indicate multiple independent origins of dogs and/or of frequent interbreeding between early proto-dogs and wolves throughout a vast geographic range. Counter Strike:Source was developed using the new Half Life 2 enhanced graphics and physics engine (Source).

Verginelli examined ancient DNA evidence from five prehistoric Italian canids carbon-dated to between 15,000 and 3,000 years old, 341 wolves from several populations worldwide, and 547 purebred dogs. The newest version of CS was labeled Source, released in November 2004 through Valve's new distribution platform called Steam. On balance, and in agreement with the archaeological evidence, 15,000 years ago is the most likely time for the wolf-dog divergence. Later, Counter-Strike was bundled with Half-Life and several other expansions in the Platinum Pack. (2005), however, suggest both sets of dates must be reevaluated in light of recent findings showing that poorly calibrated molecular clocks have systematically overestimated the age of geologically recent events. The retail version was a standalone alternative that does not include or require Half-Life; alternatively, existing Half-Life owners can download the Counter-Strike mod free. Verginelli et al. In November 2000, Counter-Strike 1.0 — the first non-beta, official retail version of the game — was released.

(2002) indicated a "common origin from a single gene pool for all dog populations" between 40,000 and 15,000 years ago in East Asia. The Counter-Strike team was acquired by Valve to turn the fan-created mod into an official mod for Half-Life. Vilà, Savolainen, and colleagues (1997) concluded that dogs split off from wolves between 75,000 and 135,000 years ago, while a subsequent analysis by Savolainen et al. CS gained in popularity just as rapidly. Genetic analyses have so far yielded divergent results. Counter-Strike Beta 1.0 was released in June that same year, followed by a relatively quick succession of the beta releases (by the end of 1999, beta 5.0 had been released). Dog burials at the Mesolithic cemetery of Svaerdborg in Denmark suggest that in ancient Europe dogs were valued companions. The Counter-Strike team was formed by Minh Le ("Gooseman") and Jess Cliffe ("Cliffe") in 1999.

Rock art and skeletal remains indicate that by 14,000 years ago, dogs were present from North Africa across Eurasia to North America. This mode is not found in Counter-Strike: Source.. Remains of smaller dogs from Mesolithic (Natufian) cave deposits in the Middle East, dated to around 12,000 years ago, have been interpreted as descendants of a lighter Southwest Asian wolf, Canis lupus arabs. The most popular maps of this type are es_jail, es_riverside, es_frantic, and es_trinity. Their likely ancestor is the large northern Holarctic wolf, Canis lupus lupus. While not included in the current Counter-Strike distribution, this mode can still be played. The earliest dog fossils, two crania from Russia and a mandible from Germany, date from 13,000 to 17,000 years ago. Maps of this type are prefixed with es_.

Domesticated dogs may have interbred with local populations of wild wolves on several occasions (so-called introgression). Escape was discontinued because such maps gave an edge towards Counter-Terrorists. Fossil bone morphologies and genetic analysis of current and ancient dog and wolf populations have not yet been able to conclusively determine whether all dogs descend from a single domestication event, or whether dogs were domesticated independently in more than one location. The Counter-Terrorists' objective was to prevent the escape of the Terrorists. Converging archaeological and genetic evidence indicate a time of domestication in the late Upper Paleolithic close to the Pleistocene/Holocene boundary, between 17,000 and 14,000 years ago. Weapons, armour, and grenades were placed in hidden locations near or around the spawn point of the Terrorists; the objective was for the Terrorists to secure weapons at the hidden location and then have all living members of the team reach an escape point before the clock ran out; eliminating all Counter-Terrorists would not complete the mission by itself. Wolf remains have been found in association with hominid remains dating from 400,000 years ago. The Terrorists started in a position relatively far away from the Counter-Terrorists, armed with only knives and Glocks and unable to purchase additional weaponry/equipment.

The relationship between man and canine has deep roots. Discontinued in the late-beta releases of Counter-Strike, this gameplay style put Terrorists against Counter-Terrorists in an escape-before-the-clock-expired mission. As reflected in the nomenclature, dogs are a subspecies of wolf and are thus still able to interbreed. Members of the community who dislike the scenario argue that the Terrorists would just camp at the VIP's escape destination, shooting the VIP dead as he attempted the run to the exit. Molecular systematics indicate that the domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris) descends from one or more populations of wild wolves (Canis lupus). Assassination maps are the least played of the three types of Counter-Strike gameplay and they were not ported to Counter-Strike: Source, although a VIP mod is being produced by the community for Counter-Strike Source and surprisingly for some, is being greatly anticipated. In the UK, it is illegal to kill dogs, even if they are on your private land; you are required to contact your local Police Force, DogsTrust, or the local branch of the RSPCA, who will arrange its collection. Maps of this type are prefixed with as_.

Feral dogs often form predatory packs that attack livestock and occasionally also prove dangerous to humans. The lack of ammunition for the pistol means that a VIP should not expect to escape without the team's assistance; however, the pistol in conjunction with the special armour provides adequate protection. Abandoned domestic dogs who become feral are particularly dangerous; they lack the survival skills of wild canines, as well as the genetic and learned fear of the humans' world. When time expires, Terrorists win. Bodies are sometimes tied to fences as warning to other dogs, especially in rural United States and Canada. As usual, if all Terrorists die, the Counter-Terrorists win. Wild dogs are shot by farmers in an effort to protect livestock. If the VIP dies, the Terrorists win.

The same creatures that wolves, coyotes, and foxes attack as prey, especially sheep and poultry, are similarly attractive prey to dogs. The VIP's objective is to reach an extraction zone (1, normally), in which case the Counter-Terrorists win. In most jurisdictions, dogs are destroyed for killing other creatures, so dogs should be prevented from any encounter with livestock or wildlife that might lead to a predatory response. The VIP may not pick up dropped weapons other than the VIP's own pistol. With formidable skills and weapons as hunters as well as large and unfussy appetites, dogs often menace livestock and wildlife. In this mission, one Counter-Terrorist member chooses to become a VIP, a player with 200 units of Kevlar and nothing more than the Counter-Terrorist standard-issue USP pistol with one extra magazine. Canine aggression upon humans is ordinarily not tolerated, but any human aggression against an animal having formidable means of self-defense is foolhardy in the extreme. cs_office).

There are hundreds of shades of provocation that may or may not lead to an attack upon a human. Maps of this type are prefixed with cs_ (e.g. Provocation can range from something as seemingly innocuous as a toddler pulling a dog's tail, in which case the dog might nip to discourage the behavior, to something completely inobvious to humans, such as an odor or a movement that sets a dog off, to blatant human aggression or violence towards a dog, causing it to defend itself. There is also a penalty associated with injuring a hostage by gun fire or grenade shrapnel (hostages do not take damage for falling). However, their sharp teeth and claws can inflict injury in an attack; a large dog can knock a human down. Killing a hostage incurs a penalty of $2250. After thousands of years of domestication and selective breeding for dogs whose aggression towards humans goes no further than a ferocious bark that strongly indicates dislike of a human behavior, most dogs are unlikely to attack people. Upon successfully escorting a hostage to a rescue point, $1000 is awarded.

Animals are often given attributes such as "loyal", "cute", and "guardian", but these all have the potential to lure people into a false sense of security. begins to rescue it), the Counter-Terrorist is awarded $150. Humans have a tendency to anthropomorphize animals, particularly pets such as dogs, which are generally portrayed as being "man's best friend". When a Counter-Terrorist 'uses' a hostage (i.e. More research is needed to determine the intelligence level of dogs, and the motivations behind their responses to their masters. Therefore, the game may effectively become a 'Terrorist hunt' game if enough hostages are killed, although server settings may be such that players are disconnected (kicked) from the server after killing a certain number of hostages (5 is default). Despite understandably positive interpretations by dog owners, it is questionable whether these animals are truly capable of feeling emotions on a human level. When round time expires, Terrorists win.

Nevertheless, it is often unwise to anthropomorphize the responses of dogs. If all the surviving hostages have been rescued, and that number is at least half of the initial hostage count, then the Counter-Terrorists win, and each Counter-Terrorist is awarded $2400. Some research demonstrates that dogs are able to convey a depth of emotion not seen to the same extent in any other animal; this is purportedly due to their closely-knit development with modern man, and the survival-benefits of such communication as dogs became more dependent on humans for sustenance. If all the members of a team have been eliminated, the prevailing team wins. Many dogs are reported to have separation anxiety if their owner is away for an extended period of time. The Counter-Terrorists' objective is to escort the hostages to a hostage rescue point on the map. Empirically, dogs are quite dependent on human companionship and may suffer poor health in its absence. The map has hostages (usually four) generally placed near the Terrorist base.

Many dog owners consider having unconditional acceptance from a friend who is always happy to see them to be quite utilitarian, particularly if the dog also leads them to regular exercise. Professional tournaments are normally only played in Bomb Defusal maps. Consequently, dogs are popular as pets and companions, independent of any utilitarian considerations. de_dust and de_inferno). Relationships between humans and dogs are often characterized by strong emotional bonds. Maps of this type are prefixed with de_ (e.g. Excitement is evident as they see the hunters load weapons, take to the field, and begin the hunt. Deaths due to the detonation of the bomb do not increment the player's death count.

Hunters with dogs report the satisfaction that the dogs seem to exhibit. When the round time expires, the Counter-Terrorists win. Many hound breeds are excellent at treeing raccoons during hunting season. If the bomb has been planted and proceeds to explode, the Terrorists win, but if a Counter-Terrorist defuses the bomb (Counter-Terrorists can purchase an optional kit to speed up defusal times), the Counter-Terrorists win. When trained, beagles are particularly adept at chasing through thick briars and brush after rabbits. If the bomb has not been planted, if all the members of one team have been eliminated, then the surviving team wins. They typically have large, gentle muzzles to mitigate any potential damage to the game. The Terrorists' objective is to plant the bomb at a bomb site (of which there usually are two in a map, Bombsite-A or Bombsite-B), and ensure its detonation.

They can follow hand, verbal, and whistle commands at great distance as the hunter directs them to the downed bird. One randomly selected Terrorist begins the round carrying a bomb. At command, they dive into the icy water, swim out and retrieve the birds one by one. Each map is of a single game type. They can spend long hours in a duck blind and, after the hunter has fired at multiple ducks or geese, they can visually spot and remember the location of downed birds. There are several game types in Counter-Strike which define the objectives of each team in the game, and rules which determine which team wins. As water dogs, the retrievers are unsurpassed. However, movement is restricted while taking damage from gunfire.

Once the hunter approaches, at his command they will flush the birds to fly and for the hunter to shoot at. For example, relatively few shots will kill a player, and shots to different parts of the body deal different amounts of damage, but damage has no bearing on ability to run or jump, allowing a player with just a few hit points remaining to keep fighting. They have a native ability to discover and "hold" upland game birds; to freeze them momentarily on the ground with their silent, elongated pointing stance. Counter-Strike is meant to be more realistic than futuristic FPSs such as Quake III Arena and Unreal Tournament, but is also built to keep the action flowing faster than more realistic tactical shooters such as the Rainbow Six and Ghost Recon series. Setters in particular have a long history as upland gun dogs. This technique, known as "ghosting", is considered cheating in many tactical shooters. This often strengthens the bond between human and dog, since they must trust one another in a variety of environments and must learn how the other works and thinks. They are generally able to watch the rest of the round from multiple selectable views, although some servers disable some of these views to prevent dead players from relaying information about living players to their teammates through alternative media (most notably voice in case of Internet cafes and players in the same rooms of their own homes, playing on the same server).

Many people compete with their dogs in a variety of dog sports, including agility, flyball, and many others. Players killed become "ghosts" for the duration of the round; they cannot change their names, nor can their chat/voice messages be received by the live players (unless the cvar sv_alltalk is set to 1). Dogs are also used for searching for or rescuing people and animals, such as in avalanches, at disaster sites, and for missing people or pets. The scoreboard also shows whether each player is dead, carrying the bomb (in bomb defusal maps), or the VIP (in assassination maps), although the player must be dead during the round to obtain this information of players on the opposing team. Most modern working dogs are put in positions which capitalize on their sensory or strength and endurance advantages over normal humans. The scoreboard shows team scores plus data for each player: name, score, deaths, and ping/latency (ms) on the map. Dogs have served as guides for the blind, as commandos, and have flown into outer space. Standard bonuses in the game are:.

There are service dogs, guard dogs, hunting dogs, and herding dogs. Surviving players retain their equipment in the next round; those who have died begin anew with pistol and knife. Many breeds of dogs, but not least German Shepherd, Labrador Retriever, and Border Collie are commonly used as working dogs. Players may buy equipment whenever they are in a buy zone for their team (some of which can be for both teams) and the round has not been in session for longer than a specified time (90 seconds is default). An assertive dog may consider itself the alpha animal, considering its human master to be subordinate. Players are generally given a few seconds before the round begins (known as Freeze Time) to buy equipment but not move. The dog is always aware of its rank relative to other individuals in the group. Each player generally starts with $800, two magazines of ammunition, a knife, and a pistol: a Heckler & Koch USP .45 Tactical for CTs or a GLOCK 18c for Ts.

Dogs thrive in human society because their relationships with humans mimic their natural social patterns. Counter-Strike: Condition Zero added two extra models, bringing the total to ten). Dog society can be thought of as dog packs characterized by a companionate hierarchy, in which each individual has a rank, and in which there is intense loyalty within the group. Each round starts with the two teams spawning simultaneously, as one of eight different default character models (four to choose from for both Counter-Terrorist and Terrorist. Dogs thrive in small social groups or packs which, from their viewpoint, can include humans. Server settings may automatically balance when one team has more players than the other. The relationship between dogs and humans is rooted in history and dogs coexist with humans in a variety of ways. Counter-Strike is a team-based FPS in which players join either the Terrorists (T's) or the Counter-Terrorists (CT's).

Most dog owners have a large collection of stories about their dogs recognizing individuals by their footsteps outside the door, and so on. . This ability to read and deliver nonverbal cues makes dogs expert at reading human beings, as well, often even more so than other humans are, who rely on language. CS was originally played online through the WON gaming service, but it was shut down in 2004, forcing players to switch to Steam (although some players responded by creating their own WON network, dubbed WON2). Physiologically, this correlates with such features as a large number of nerves innervating the facial muscles of dogs, allowing subtle control of a wide variety of facial expressions; in contrast to cats, for instance, who have many fewer nerves governing their facial muscles, resulting in a smaller repertoire or "vocabulary" of expressions. According to statistics gathered by Valve's content-delivery platform, Steam (1), these players contribute to over 4.5 billion minutes of playing time each month, making it the most popular online FPS in history. The requirements of coordinating complex social behavior requires that canines have the ability to sense and deliver a wide variety of cues via body language, more so than for even humans, who can use language for the same purpose. In 2004, GameSpy statistics showed over 85,000 players simultaneously playing Counter-Strike at any point in time, accounting for almost 70 percent of the online FPS audience.

All dogs have a tremendous capacity to learn complex social behavior and to interpret varied body language and sounds, and, like many predators, can react to and learn from novel situations. In 2002 there were over 30,000 Counter-Strike servers on the Internet (second place was Unreal Tournament with about 9,800). Gastric torsion and bloat is a dangerous problem in some large-chested breeds. CS has been the most widely played online FPS for the past few years and has over 19.5 million legal owners. Dogs are also susceptible to the same ailments that humans are, including diabetes, epilepsy, cancer, and arthritis. Signs of CS's wide influence can be found in mods for Quake III Arena, Unreal Tournament, and other standalone shooters such as Global Operations and Soldier of Fortune II. Some breeds of dogs are also prone to certain genetic ailments, such as hip dysplasia, luxating patellas, cleft palate, blindness, or deafness. CS is widely acknowledged as the most successful and popular of the tactical shooter genre.

Internal parasites include hookworms, tapeworms, roundworms, and heartworms. The latest incarnation of the game, Counter-Strike: Source (CS:S), is based on the Source engine developed for Half-Life 2. Common external parasites are various species of fleas, ticks, and mites. Counter-Strike pits a team of counter-terrorists against a team of terrorists in rounds of competition won by completing an objective or eliminating the opposing team. Diseases commonly associated with dogs include rabies (hydrophobia), canine parvovirus, and canine distemper, and pulmonic stenosis, although there are many others. The series also includes Counter-Strike: Condition Zero and Counter-Strike: Source. Dogs are susceptible to various diseases, ailments, and poisons, some of which affect humans in the same way, others of which are unique to dogs. Counter-Strike (CS) is the common name given to a series of team-based tactical shooter games which originate with Counter-Strike, a total conversion mod of Valve Software's first-person shooter Half-Life.

It is said that the animals, not just dogs, could sense the tsunami and could therefore flee for life. Features include: varieties of teamkill punishes, auto-kick by certain triggers, rank system, advanced map changing and voting etc. For example, during the tsunami in Southern Asia recently, many animals were seen days before fleeing to the hills. One of the most successful, if not the only one, "Mani Admin Plugin", is met on nearly every dedicated server nowadays. The evolutionary ability of sensing weather can be traced back to when wolves used it to move the pack into proper shelter before a dangerous storm. "Admin plugins", as they are mostly referred as, have become very popular. This is due to their keen ability to detect fluctuations in barometric pressure and can explain a dog's anxiety before and during a storm. Give server administrators more flexible and efficient control over his/her server.

Dogs also have the ability to sense inclement weather (mainly thunderstorms) many miles away. The weapon's attributes remain the same.). It has been observed that a lost dog can often find its way home, sometimes traveling over long distances. Only the user sees the differences. An intensive search for a scent, for instance searching a ship for contraband, can actually be very fatiguing for a dog, and the dog must be motivated to continue this hard work for a long period of time. Provide options for weapon improvement (AKA Skinning: Affects the way guns look and sound to the user but remain unchanged to anyone else in the game. In any event, it is established by those who train tracking dogs that it is impossible to teach the dog how to track any better than it does naturally; the object instead is to motivate it properly, and teach it to maintain focus on a single track and ignore any others that might otherwise seem of greater interest to an untrained dog. Keep track of player statistics and scores.

The characteristics and behavior of these two types of scent trail would seem, after some thought, to be quite different, the air scent being intermittent but perhaps less obscured by competing scents, whereas the ground scent would be relatively permanent with respect to careful and repetitive search by the dog, but would seem to be much more contaminated with other scents. Control players not following set rules. What information a dog actually detects when he is scenting is not perfectly understood; although once a matter of debate, it now seems to be well established that dogs can distinguish two different types of scents when trailing, an air scent from some person or thing that has recently passed by, as well as a ground scent that remains detectable for a much longer period. Create different modes of play. Some breeds have been selectively bred for excellence in detecting scents, even compared to their canine brethren. Make the game more humorous. Dogs have nearly 220 million smell-sensitive cells over an area about the size of a pocket handkerchief (compared to 5 million over an area the size of a postage stamp for humans). Give players superhuman powers (powers from units in Warcraft III, for example.).

They can identify a sound's location much faster than a human can, and they can hear sounds up to four times the distance that humans can. Remove features of the games which players felt were annoying. Dogs detect sounds as low as the 16 to 20 Hz frequency range (compared to 20 to 70 Hz for humans) and as high as 70,000 to 100,000 Hz (compared to 20,000 Hz for humans)², and in addition have a degree of ear mobility that helps them to rapidly pinpoint the exact location of a sound. Improve gameplay. Some breeds, particularly the best sighthounds, have a field of vision up to 270° (compared to 100° to 120° for humans), although broad-headed breeds with their eyes set forward have a much narrower field of vision, as low as 180°.^{1, 2}. Add bots to make a LAN game multiplayer although there is only one computer. Because the lenses of dogs' eyes are flatter than humans', they cannot see as much detail; on the other hand, their eyes are more sensitive to light and motion than humans' eyes. VIP - Used in maps prefixed 'as_' eg: as_oilrig.

It has also been suggested that dogs see in varieties of purple/violet and yellow shades. Hostage - used in maps prefixed 'cs_' eg: cs_italy. Dogs were thought to be dichromats and thus, by human standards, color blind.^{1, 2} New research is now being explored that suggests that dogs may actually see some colour, but not to the extent that humans do. Their disgust for American lifestyle was demonstrated in their 1982 bombing of a school bus full of Rock and Roll musicians.". Dogs are predators and scavengers, possessing sharp teeth and strong jaws for attacking, holding, and tearing their food. Guerilla Warfare - Added in CS beta 6.5 - "A terrorist faction founded in the Middle East, this group has a reputation for ruthlessness. Within the range of extremes, dogs generally share attributes with their wild ancestors, the wolves. Infamous for their bombing of the Canadian embassy in 1990.".

Modern dog breeds show more variation in size, appearance, and behavior than any other domestic animal. Arctic Avengers - Added in CS beta 6 - "Swedish terrorist faction founded in 1977. Many veterinarians recommend that owners neuter/spay their pets around the age of 5 months. Elite Crew(L33t Krew prior to CS 1.6) - Added in CS beta 3 - "Middle Eastern fundamentalist group bent on world domination and various other evil deeds.". A female dog can become pregnant on her first heat cycle (which can take place as early as six months), and should be kept away from intact male dogs, including littermates, over the age of 4 months. Formed shortly after the breakup of the USSR.". Contrary to myth, it is not required for a female dog to either experience a heat cycle or have puppies before spaying, and likewise, a male dog does not need the experience of mating before neutering; these myths are responsible for numerous unnecessary health problems and unwanted puppies. Phoenix Connexion - First appeared in initial CS beta - "Having established a reputation for killing anyone who gets in their way, the Phoenix Connexion is one of the most feared terrorist groups in eastern Europe.

The hormonal changes involved are sure to change the animal's personality somewhat, and some object to this angle as the sterilization in itself could be carried out without the excision of organs. Consisting of no more than 100 men, the GIGN has earned its reputation through a history of successful ops.". Spaying and neutering can also help prevent hormone-driven diseases such as breast cancer and prostate cancer, as well as undesired hormone-driven behaviors. GIGN - Added in CS beta 3 - "France's elite counter-terrorist group, the GIGN, was designed to be a fast response force that could decisively react to any large-scale terrorist incident. It is also common for adult stray dogs who are placed in animal shelters to be euthanized due to lack of space and resources. Their role in WW2 involved intelligence gathering behind enemy lines and executing sabotage strikes and assassinations against key targets.". Unwanted puppies are abandoned, eaten, or sometimes disposed of in an inhumane fashion. SAS (Special Air Service) - Added in CS beta 5 - "World-renowned British SAS was founded in the Second World War by a man named David Stirling.

Dog experts advise that dogs not intended for further breeding should be spayed or neutered so that they do not have undesired puppies. GSG-9 - Added in CS beta 6 - "GS-9 was formed out of the tragic events that led to the death of several Israeli athletes during the 1972 Olympic games in Munich, Germany.". Spaying or neutering refers to the removal of the male testicles or the female ovaries and uterus, in order to remove the capability to procreate, and to kill the libido. ST-6 was placed on permanent alert to respond to terrorist attacks against American targets worldwide.". For example, the Bulldog often requires artificial insemination and almost always requires cesarean section for giving birth. SEAL Team 6 - First appeared in initial CS beta - "ST-6 (to be later known as DEVGRU) was founded in 1980 under the command of Lieutenant-Commander Richard Marcinko. Some breeds have been developed to emphasize certain physical traits beyond the point at which they can safely bear litters on their own. CS: Source - 7 October 2004.

Since a mother can only provide nutrients and care to a limited number of offspring, humans must assist in the care and feeding when the litter exceeds approximately eight puppies. CS: Condition Zero - 23 March 2004. An average litter consists of about six puppies, though this number may vary widely based on the breed of dog. Version 1.6 - 15 September 2003. Dogs bear their litters roughly 9 weeks after fertilization. Version 1.5 - 12 June 2002. This rule is altered in domesticated animals since larger litters are often favoured for economic reasons. Version 1.4 - 24 April 2002.

A general rule of thumb is that a mammal will produce half as many offspring as the number of teats on the mother. Version 1.3 - 19 September 2001. The different rates of maturation are responsible for the menarche, not the chronological age. Version 1.1 - 10 March 2001. Like most mammals, the age that a bitch first comes into season is mostly a function of her current body weight as a proportion of her body weight when fully mature. Version 1.0 - 8 November 2000. Most bitches come into season for the first time between 6 and 12 months, although some larger breeds delay until as late as 2 years. Beta 7.1 - 13 September 2000.

Conversely, undomesticated canine species experience estrus once a year, typically in late winter. Beta 7.0 - 26 August 2000. This is also called in season or in heat. Beta 6.6 - 22 June 2000. The amount of time between cycles varies greatly among different dogs, but a particular dog's cycle tends to be consistent through her life. Beta 6.5 - 5 June 2000. The ability of female domestic dog to come into estrus at any time of the year and usually twice a year is also valued. Beta 6.1 and 6.2 were "Server Only" updates, not for client/user machines.

In domestic dogs, one of the behaviours that is noted is the abolition of the pair bond seen in wild canines. Beta 6.0 - 10 March 2000. As with most domesticated species, one of the first and strongest effects seen from selective breeding is selection for cooperation with the breeding process as directed by humans. Beta 5.2 - 10 January 2000. Dog owners may accidentally allow their pets to breed without regard to bloodlines. Beta 5.0 - 23 December 1999. Dog breeders also have accurate information on the complexities of the reproductive process for the breed of dog that they are accustomed to handling. Beta 4.1 - 1 December 1999.

Dog breeders have access to records which allow them to accurately guess which characteristics will "breed true" in a particular dog. Beta 4.0 - 5 November 1999. Breeders who do this are usually experienced in this process. Beta 3.1 - 16 September 1999. Sometimes dogs are bred to create puppies to sell, or sometimes to carry on an award-winning purebred line. Beta 3.0 - 14 September 1999. Among professional breeders, dogs are only allowed to mate for a specific purpose. Beta 2.1 - 17 August 1999.

Dogs also may find some poisons attractive, including antifreeze and snail bait. Beta 2.0 - 13 August 1999. Alcoholic beverages pose much the same temptation and hazard to dogs as to humans. Beta 1.2 - 20 July 1999. Some human medications, such as acetaminophen/paracetamol (Tylenol), are highly toxic to dogs. Beta 1.1 - 27 June 1999. Some foods commonly enjoyed by humans are dangerous to dogs, including chocolate (Theobromine poisoning), onions, grapes and raisins, Macadamia nuts, and hops. Beta 1.0 - 19 June 1999.

For a discussion on one use of treats in training, see clicker training. Kill an enemy: $300. Such dogs might consider anything dropped by humans, including small but indigestible objects (such as marbles, coins, rings, etc.), to be treats as well, which could be dangerous to the dogs when ingested. Lose a round: $1500. Many dogs consider anything given to them directly by hand to be a treat, even the food they are accustomed to at meal time. Win a round: $3500. Eating grass might make the dog vomit, so one explanation is that dogs eat grass to remove unwanted content from their stomachs.

Explanations abound, but rationales such as that it neutralizes acid are just guesses. Dogs sometimes eat grass, a harmless activity. This research is also true of other mammals. It has also been noted that extremely stressful conditions, such as the Iditarod race and scientific studies of similar conditions, suggest that high-protein diets including meat help prevent damage to muscle tissue.

In the wild these diets are typically pursued in the absence of available meat. Some sources suggest that a dog fed on a stict vegetarian diet may develop dilated cardiomyopathy since it lacks L-carnitine.^[3]. Domestic dogs can survive healthily on a reasonable and carefully designed vegetarian diet, particularly if eggs and milk products are included. Wild canines not only eat available plants to obtain key amino acids, but may also obtain nutrients from vegetable matter from the stomach contents of their herbivorous prey.

Dogs are able to healthily digest a variety of foods including vegetables and grains, and in fact can consume a large proportion of these in their diet. Unlike an obligate carnivore, such as a cat, a dog is not dependent on meat protein in order to fulfill its dietary requirements. The classification in the Order Carnivora does not necessarily mean that a dog's diet must be restricted to meat. Presently, there is academic discussion as to whether domestic dogs are omnivores or carnivores.

For a detailed discussion on what dog intelligence is, see dog intelligence. Anecdotal evidence suggests that dogs have a reasonably high intelligence. Among dog lovers, dogs are generally valued for their intelligence. They have small, tight feet, and walk on their toes.

Its skeleton provides the ability to run and leap. Like most other predatory mammals, the dog has powerful muscles, a cardiovascular system that supports both sprinting and endurance, and teeth for catching, holding, and tearing. Although selective breeding has changed the appearance of many breeds, all dogs retain the basic ingredients from their distant ancestors. Many additional terms are used for dogs that are not purebred; see Terms for mixed-breed dogs.

The word is sometimes used to refer collectively to any mammal belonging to the family Canidae (as in "the dog family"), such as wolves, foxes and coyotes. Dog, in common usage, refers to the domestic pet dog, Canis lupus familiaris (originally classified as Canis familiaris by Linnaeus in 1758, but reclassified as a subspecies of the wolf, Canis lupus, by the Smithsonian Institution and the American Society of Mammalogists in 1993). . In other cultures, some dogs are used as food.

Dogs have lived with and worked with humans in so many roles that their loyalty has earned them the sobriquet "man's best friend." Conversely, some cultures consider dogs to be unclean. In many countries, the most common and perhaps most important role of dogs is as companions. For dogs that do not have traditional jobs, a wide range of dog sports provide the opportunity to exhibit their natural skills. Dogs fill a variety of roles in human society and are often trained as working dogs.

Dogs, like humans, are highly social animals and pack hunters; this similarity in their overall behavioral pattern accounts for their trainability, playfulness, and ability to fit into human households and social situations. For example, heights at the withers range from just a few inches (such as the Chihuahua) to roughly three feet (such as the Irish Wolfhound), and colors range from white to black, with reds, grays (usually called blue), and browns occurring in a tremendous variation of patterns. In this time, the dog has developed into hundreds of breeds with a great degree of variation. Dogs were first domesticated from wolves at least 15000 years ago[1] but perhaps as long as 150,000 years ago based on recent genetic fossil evidence and DNA evidence^[2].

The dog is a canine mammal of the Order Carnivora. It too has the body plan of an adult canine predator. The least paedomorphic behavior pattern may be that of the basenji, bred in Africa to hunt alongside humans almost on a peer basis; this breed is often described as highly independent, neither needing nor appreciating a great deal of human attention or nurturing, often described as "catlike" in its behavior. Terriers similarly have adult aggressive behavior, famously coupled with a lack of juvenile submission, and display correspondingly adult physical features such as erect ears, although many breeds have also been selected for size and sometimes dwarfed legs to enable them to pursue prey in their burrows.

This contrasts with sighthounds, who pursue and attack perceived prey on sight, and who maintain the mature canine body type with erect ears, lean bodies, and adult coats. Scenthounds maintain an intermediate body type and behavior pattern that causes them to actually pursue prey by tracking their scent, but tend to refrain from actual individual attacks in favor of vocally summoning the pack leaders (in this case, humans) to do the job. Their physical characteristics are closer to that of the mature wild canine than the sheepdog breeds, but they typically do not have erect ears, etc. Similarly, they seize dead or wounded prey and bring it back to the "pack", even though they did not attack it themselves, that is, "retrieving" behavior.

They identify potential prey and freeze into immobility, for instance, but refrain from then stalking the prey as an adult predator would do next; this results in the "pointing" behavior for which such dogs are bred. Gun dog breeds used in hunting—that is, pointers, setters, spaniels, and retrievers—have an intermediate degree of paedomorphism; they are at the point where they share in the pack's hunting behavior, but are still in a junior role, not participating in the actual attack. (Compare to the physical appearance of the border collie, a sheep herding dog, whose physical configuration is closer to that of an adult wild canine and who therefore has a greater capacity to frighten sheep into a desired pattern of movement, along with the more adult aggressive temperament to do so). In addition, they retain very juvenile physical characteristics such as round bodies and heads, soft coats, ears that hang down, and so on, which do not elicit fear responses from the sheep in the way that an appearance similar to that of an adult wolf would.

Livestock guardian dogs retain the most juvenile characteristics: they stay close to home with their foster "litter" (which might include a flock of sheep), rather than going out hunting, they have almost no predatory behavior (which would be disastrous in the vicinity of such a natural prey stimulus as sheep), they respond to perceived threats with a lot of vocalization and attempts to alert and engage the dominant individuals in their "pack" (i.e. humans) whenever possible, engaging in actual combat only as a last resort. Canine in common usage is a synonym for dog or an adjective meaning dog; for example, in the common expression "canine companion". Pooch, Poochie, Pup, Puppy, Doggy, Doggie are all informal and affectionate terms for a dog often used by children. Puppy is a juvenile dog.

Pack is used to denote a group of dogs. Bitch is a female dog. Dog is also a term used by breeders to specifically denote a male domestic dog.