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| Binomial name |
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| Puma concolor (Linnaeus, 1771) |
The puma (Puma concolor since 1993, previously Felis concolor) is a type of predator-feline found in North, Central, and South America. Though large in size this cat cannot roar, but instead purrs and has even been said to make eerily humanlike screams when courting. It is more closely related to the common house cat than to the African lion. It is also known by the regional names of cougar, mountain lion, panther, catamount, and painted cat. The word puma comes from the Quechua language. In Brazil it's called suçuarana, from the Tupi language, but also has other names. In fact in the English language the puma has over 40 different names.
In North America, particularly the United States, panther by itself refers to a puma, although the term black panther is correctly associated only with the melanistic variants of leopards or jaguars rather than pumas. In Europe and Asia, panther means leopard and can refer to either the spotted or black leopard. In South America, panther refers to the jaguar and can refer to either the spotted or black jaguar. The melanistic gene can be seen in a variety of cats, including the Lion, Tiger, Leopard, Jaguar, Caracal, Jaguarundi, Serval, Ocelot, Margay, Bobcat, Geoffrey's Cat; however, melanism has never been documented in Puma concolor, though urban legends of "black panthers" persist. Such anecdotal accounts are particularly prominent in the Appalachian Mountains of the eastern United States, a region where P. concolor is accepted as having been wholly extirpated by the late 1800's, and where breeding populations have not been documented as re-established by 2005.
Recent DNA analysis has established that the puma is supposedly quite closely related to the jaguarundi and North American cheetah (Miracinonyx, now extinct), but not to true cheetahs. The puma is not closely related to other large felines, such as leopards and lions.
There is a considerable variation in color and size of these animals across their large range of habitats.
The Florida panther is a rare subspecies of puma that lives in the low pinelands, palm forests and swamps of southern Florida in the United States, especially near the Big Cypress National Preserve. There is currently a widespread effort in Florida to try to save the remaining population of the state's native panthers, as their numbers are extremely sparse. Estimates of their wild numbers range anywhere from 25 to 50 individuals. The Florida panther may be recognized in its smaller size (compared to other puma), a broader skull, and longer legs. As a result of inbreeding due to small population, this subspecies is beginning to exhibit a crook at the end of its tail and a whorls of fur on the back.
There once was a subspecies of puma in Wisconsin called the Wisconsin Cougar (F. c. schorgeri). Unfortunately it vanished into extinction as late as 1925.
Hybrids between subspecies of puma have occurred where new blood has been introduced into the Florida panther. Although a controversial move, the hybrids are more vigorous than pure Florida panthers and excessive inbreeding is averted.
In spite of not being closely related to the pantherine big cats, hybrids between pumas and leopards have been bred and are called pumapards. Hybrids between a puma and an ocelot have also been bred. Hybrids between pumas and jaguars have been reported, but none have been proven.
Pumas have one of the largest ranges of any wild cat, holding competition with only the Eurasian Lynx, Wild Cat and greatly spread Leopard. Before the modern human population explosion in the Americas, the puma ranged across most of the Americas. Even now, it has the widest range of any New World land animal, spanning 110 degrees of latitude, from the northern Yukon Territory (in Canada) to the southern Andes (on both the Chilean and Argentinian sides). One of the only locations where the puma is in great danger is within the United States, mainly Florida and other parts of the East Coast. This is mostly due to human infringement, clashing with cities and other urban "advancements" or because of the loss of territories that urbanization brings. When pumas are found and relocated to more "wild" parts of the state, they are put into competition with already existing cats.
Hunted almost to extinction in the United States, the puma has made a dramatic comeback, with an estimated 30,000 individuals in the western United States. In Canada, pumas are found west of the prairies, in Alberta, British Columbia and the southern Yukon. The densest concentration of pumas in North America is found on Vancouver Island in British Columbia
Pumas are gradually extending their range to the east, following creeks and riverbeds, and have reached Missouri and Michigan. Pumas have been seen along the northern shore of Lake Superior with an attack on a horse in Ely, Minnesota in 2004. It is anticipated that they will soon expand their range over the entire eastern and southern United States. There are continuing reports of the survival of a remnant population of the Eastern Cougar in New Brunswick, Ontario, and the Gaspé Peninsula of Quebec.
Due to urbanization in the urban-wildland interface, pumas often come into contact with people, especially in areas with a large population of deer, their natural prey. They have also begun preying on pets, such as dogs and cats, and livestock, but have rarely turned to people as a source of food.
There are an estimated 4,000 to 6,000 pumas in California (est. circa 1990) and an estimated 4,500 to 5,000 in Colorado.
Puma, photographed in the Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum, Tucson, ArizonaPumas are tawny-colored with black-tipped ears and tail. The puma can run as fast as 50 km/h (30 mph), jump 6 m (20 ft) from a standing position, vertically leap 2.5 m (8 ft), and often weigh more than 70 kg (150 lb). Their bite strength is more powerful than that of any domestic dog. Puma claws are retractable and they have four toes. Adult males may be more than eight feet long (nose to tail), and have a mass of about 70 kg (weigh approx 150 lb). In exceptional cases males may reach as much as 90 kg. Adult females can be 2 m (7 ft) long and have a mass of about 35 kg (weigh approx 75 lb). Puma kittens have brownish-blackish spots and rings on their tails. Their life span is about a decade in the wild and 25 years or more in captivity.
Pumas that live closest to the equator are the smallest, and increase in size in populations closer to the poles.
The normal coloration of the puma is tawny or sandy, mimicking their principal prey, the deer. Kittens have irregular blotches of darker brown which can sometimes persist into adolescence but disappear by the time the cat is a year old. Abnormally pale and even white (leucistic but not albino) pumas exist. Abnormally dark brown pumas with paler bellies have been described, primarily from South and Central America and were described as couguar noire in Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon. There are no authenticated reports of truly melanistic pumas.
Pumas can kill and drag prey about 7 times their own weight. They normally hunt large mammals, such as deer and elk, but will eat small animals, such as beavers, porcupines or even mice, if the need arises. They hunt alone and ambush their prey, often from behind. They usually kill with a bite at the base of the skull to break the neck of their target. The carcass of the kill is usually then buried or partially covered to protect it for several days, while the puma continues to roam and comes back for nourishment as needed. Pumas do not enjoy being scavengers, however, and will generally hunt for their own food and not eat from a carcass. Pumas will catch and kill their prey 98% of the time, so perhaps they can afford to be a bit choosey. Like other cats, they will also move to certain areas for feeding. Adult males tend to claim a 250 km² (100 mile²) stretch for their territory; adult females take (50 to 150 km² (20 to 60 mile²) on average; however their ranges can vary from as much as 1,000 km² (370 mile²) to as little as 25 km² (10 mile²).
A male may breed with several females. Female pumas usually have 3 or 4 kittens in a den in a rocky location. If a male puma invades the territory of another male, he may kill the kittens of resident females so that they will become receptive to mating.
Attacks on humans are rare, but do occur — especially as humans encroach on wildlands and impact the availability of the puma's traditional prey. There were around 100 puma attacks on humans in the USA and Canada during the period from 1890 to January 2004, with 16 fatalities; figures for California were 14 attacks and 6 fatalities. Attacks by puma on humans and pets are associated with urban areas situated in the wildland urban intermix such as the Boulder, Colorado area which have encouraged the traditional prey of the puma, the mule deer, to habituate to urban areas and the presence of people and pets. Pumas in such circumstances may come to lose their fear of both people and dogs and come to see them as prey.
On January 8, 2004 a puma killed and partly ate a mountain biker in Whiting Ranch Wilderness Park in Orange County, California; what is assumed to be the same animal attacked another mountain biker in the park the following day, but was fought off by other bikers. A young male puma was shot nearby by rangers later in the day.
Pumas cannot be hunted in California except under very specific circumstances. This, as well as the extinction in California of the wolf and brown bear, has allowed the puma to greatly increase its numbers, as there are usually no longer any competing predators able to steal a puma's kill, though a few black bears may be strong enough to do so. California law requires that wild animals who have attacked a human must be killed if they can be located.
Jogging, running, and biking on wildland trails can be particularly hazardous since such runners are likely to be less attentive to the surroundings and the motion can trigger a "chase and kill" reflex in the animal. Talk to local authorities or park rangers to see if it is advisable before taking such a risk.
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Talk to local authorities or park rangers to see if it is advisable before taking such a risk. Milan has 14 sister cities:. Jogging, running, and biking on wildland trails can be particularly hazardous since such runners are likely to be less attentive to the surroundings and the motion can trigger a "chase and kill" reflex in the animal. Pumas cannot be hunted in California except under very specific circumstances. Both teams play at Giuseppe Meazza - San Siro Stadium (85,700). A young male puma was shot nearby by rangers later in the day. Milan is the only city in Europe whose teams have won both the European Cup and the Intercontinental Cup. On January 8, 2004 a puma killed and partly ate a mountain biker in Whiting Ranch Wilderness Park in Orange County, California; what is assumed to be the same animal attacked another mountain biker in the park the following day, but was fought off by other bikers. Milan and Internazionale. Pumas in such circumstances may come to lose their fear of both people and dogs and come to see them as prey. Football is the most important sport in Italy, and Milan is home to 2 world-famous football teams: A.C. Attacks by puma on humans and pets are associated with urban areas situated in the wildland urban intermix such as the Boulder, Colorado area which have encouraged the traditional prey of the puma, the mule deer, to habituate to urban areas and the presence of people and pets. Prices are based on time elapsed and distance traveled. There were around 100 puma attacks on humans in the USA and Canada during the period from 1890 to January 2004, with 16 fatalities; figures for California were 14 attacks and 6 fatalities. All taxis are the same color: white. Attacks on humans are rare, but do occur — especially as humans encroach on wildlands and impact the availability of the puma's traditional prey. Milan has an efficient Taxi service, operated by private companies and licensed by the City of Milan (Comune di Milano). If a male puma invades the territory of another male, he may kill the kittens of resident females so that they will become receptive to mating. The "Passante ferroviario" is an underground railway serving a couple of "S" lines and is very much like another subway line (and is even marked as such on subway maps), except that it is connected to the FNME and Trenitalia suburban networks. Female pumas usually have 3 or 4 kittens in a den in a rocky location. The Regional Railway Service ( "R"), instead, links Milan with the rest of Lombardy and the national railway system. A male may breed with several females. The Suburban Railway Service ( "S" Lines, a service similar to the French RER and German S-Bahn), composed of 8 suburban lines and 10 more scheduled for 2008, connects the "Greater Milan" to cities such as Como and Varese. Adult males tend to claim a 250 km² (100 mile²) stretch for their territory; adult females take (50 to 150 km² (20 to 60 mile²) on average; however their ranges can vary from as much as 1,000 km² (370 mile²) to as little as 25 km² (10 mile²). At the end of the work, the TAV station for Milan to the east will be:. Like other cats, they will also move to certain areas for feeding. A line from Milan to Venice and then to Trieste is under construction. Pumas will catch and kill their prey 98% of the time, so perhaps they can afford to be a bit choosey. The stations for the TAV (Treni ad Alta Velocità - High Speed Trains) will be:. Pumas do not enjoy being scavengers, however, and will generally hunt for their own food and not eat from a carcass. High speed train lines are under contruction all across Italy, and new lines will open from Milan to Rome and Naples, and from Milan to Torino. The carcass of the kill is usually then buried or partially covered to protect it for several days, while the puma continues to roam and comes back for nourishment as needed. Three new stations for passenger service are under construction:. They usually kill with a bite at the base of the skull to break the neck of their target. Milan is one of the most important railway hubs of Italy, and the 5 major stations of Milan are among Italy's busiest:. They hunt alone and ambush their prey, often from behind. The local transportation authority (ATM) transported more than 600 million passengers in 2003 . They normally hunt large mammals, such as deer and elk, but will eat small animals, such as beavers, porcupines or even mice, if the need arises. 93 bus lines cover over 1,070 km between them. Pumas can kill and drag prey about 7 times their own weight. Greater Milan also has one of the most extensive tramway systems in the world, with more than 286 km of track, and 20 lines. There are no authenticated reports of truly melanistic pumas. Lines 4 (linking downtown with Linate Airport) and 6 are in planning stages. Abnormally dark brown pumas with paler bellies have been described, primarily from South and Central America and were described as couguar noire in Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon. Line 5 is also under construction, to be finished in the first half of 2008. Abnormally pale and even white (leucistic but not albino) pumas exist. Extensions of lines 1, 2 and 3 are under construction, to create more than 15 km of track with 10 new stations. Kittens have irregular blotches of darker brown which can sometimes persist into adolescence but disappear by the time the cat is a year old. Raffaele Hospital with the Cascina Gobba station (M2). The normal coloration of the puma is tawny or sandy, mimicking their principal prey, the deer. Raffaele", connecting the S. Pumas that live closest to the equator are the smallest, and increase in size in populations closer to the poles. There is also a light metro-service, "Metrò S. Their life span is about a decade in the wild and 25 years or more in captivity. Milan has 3 subway lines (M1 - red, M2 - green, M3 - yellow) and the system, called Milan Metro - "M", running for more than 80 km. Puma kittens have brownish-blackish spots and rings on their tails. The main 3 airports of Milano (Malpensa, Linate and Orio) comprise the largest and most important hub in Italy, both for passengers and cargo. Adult females can be 2 m (7 ft) long and have a mass of about 35 kg (weigh approx 75 lb). Vergiate, Bresso, and Parma are further airports in the region. In exceptional cases males may reach as much as 90 kg. A third airport is Orio al Serio (BGY), close to the city of Bergamo. Adult males may be more than eight feet long (nose to tail), and have a mass of about 70 kg (weigh approx 150 lb). Babila). Puma claws are retractable and they have four toes. Milan also has the Linate Airport (LIN) within the city limits (for European and domestic traffic), connected with bus line 73 (from S. Their bite strength is more powerful than that of any domestic dog. Malpensa was designed by the famous Ettore Sottsass. The puma can run as fast as 50 km/h (30 mph), jump 6 m (20 ft) from a standing position, vertically leap 2.5 m (8 ft), and often weigh more than 70 kg (150 lb). The city has a large international airport known as Malpensa International Airport (MXP), located in the northern suburb of Busto Ariszio and connected to the downtown with the "Malpensa Express" railway service (from Cadorna Station). Pumas are tawny-colored with black-tipped ears and tail. In the church Santa Maria delle Grazie can be found one of the most famous paintings of Leonardo da Vinci: The Last Supper (it: "Cenacolo"). circa 1990) and an estimated 4,500 to 5,000 in Colorado. The city is also the home of the Brera Academy of Fine Arts. There are an estimated 4,000 to 6,000 pumas in California (est. The Biblioteca Ambrosiana contains drawings and notebooks by Leonardo da Vinci among its vast holdings of books, manuscripts, and drawings, and is one of the main repositories of European culture. They have also begun preying on pets, such as dogs and cats, and livestock, but have rarely turned to people as a source of food. Milan is one of the most important centres in the world for Opera lirica, with its famous Teatro alla Scala (La Scala, theatre). Due to urbanization in the urban-wildland interface, pumas often come into contact with people, especially in areas with a large population of deer, their natural prey. Cities in the 'World City Network'" (Key Findings, Full Report). There are continuing reports of the survival of a remnant population of the Eastern Cougar in New Brunswick, Ontario, and the Gaspé Peninsula of Quebec. Lang of the Brookings Institution in the economic report "U.S. It is anticipated that they will soon expand their range over the entire eastern and southern United States. Taylor and Robert E. Pumas have been seen along the northern shore of Lake Superior with an attack on a horse in Ely, Minnesota in 2004. Milan was included in a list of ten "Alpha world cities" by Peter J. Pumas are gradually extending their range to the east, following creeks and riverbeds, and have reached Missouri and Michigan. This new fairground, in the north-western suburb of Pero and Rho (opened in April 2005), is Europe's largest open construction project, making Fiera Milano the largest trade fair complex in the world. The densest concentration of pumas in North America is found on Vancouver Island in British Columbia. Fiera Milano, the city's Exhibition Center and Trade Fair complex, is one of the most important in the world. In Canada, pumas are found west of the prairies, in Alberta, British Columbia and the southern Yukon. Milan is the centre of much finance, the seat of the Italian Stock Exchange (la Borsa Valori) and its hinterland is an avant-garde industrial area. Hunted almost to extinction in the United States, the puma has made a dramatic comeback, with an estimated 30,000 individuals in the western United States. The city is 85% Italian, 4% from other EU countries, and the remainder include Romanian, Egyptian, Filipino, Sri Lankan, Chinese, and Albanian. When pumas are found and relocated to more "wild" parts of the state, they are put into competition with already existing cats. A small percentage comes from Latin America. This is mostly due to human infringement, clashing with cities and other urban "advancements" or because of the loss of territories that urbanization brings. Many immigrants come from Asian and North African nations. One of the only locations where the puma is in great danger is within the United States, mainly Florida and other parts of the East Coast. Milan is a very diverse city, being the second largest city in Italy, but it is the most industrial and main financial centre of the country. Even now, it has the widest range of any New World land animal, spanning 110 degrees of latitude, from the northern Yukon Territory (in Canada) to the southern Andes (on both the Chilean and Argentinian sides). See also: Rulers of Milan. Before the modern human population explosion in the Americas, the puma ranged across most of the Americas. After the war, the city was reconstructed and has again become an important financial and industrial centre of Italy. Pumas have one of the largest ranges of any wild cat, holding competition with only the Eurasian Lynx, Wild Cat and greatly spread Leopard. When war in Italy was finally over, April 25, 1945, Milan was heavily damaged and entire neighborhoods such as Precotto and Turro were destroyed. Hybrids between pumas and jaguars have been reported, but none have been proven. In fact, Milan was part of Mussolini's Italian Social Republic puppet state, and an important command centre of the German Army stationed in Italy. Hybrids between a puma and an ocelot have also been bred. The city was bombed even after Pietro Badoglio surrendered to the allied forces in 1943. In spite of not being closely related to the pantherine big cats, hybrids between pumas and leopards have been bred and are called pumapards. As a critical industrial center of Italy, Milan was target of continuous carpet bombing during World War II. Although a controversial move, the hybrids are more vigorous than pure Florida panthers and excessive inbreeding is averted. In 1859 (after the second of the Wars of Italian Independence) Austrian rule was ended by the Kingdom of Sardinia (which transformed into the kingdom of Italy in 1861). Hybrids between subspecies of puma have occurred where new blood has been introduced into the Florida panther. Milan eventually became one of the main centers of Italian nationalism, claiming independence and the unification of Italy. Unfortunately it vanished into extinction as late as 1925. After this period, Milan was part of the Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia under Austrian rule. schorgeri). But the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars saw the city annexed into the French satellite states of the Cisalpine Republic, which later became the Kingdom of Italy. c. In the 18th century Austria replaced Spain as Milan's overlord, because the Spanish line of Habsburgs died out. There once was a subspecies of puma in Wisconsin called the Wisconsin Cougar (F. After trying to conquer the rest of northern Italy in the 15th century, Milan was conquered by France, and then later on by Austria (Habsburg), then given in the early 16th century to the Spanish Habsburg line to rule. As a result of inbreeding due to small population, this subspecies is beginning to exhibit a crook at the end of its tail and a whorls of fur on the back. During the Renaissance Milan was ruled by dukes of the Visconti and Sforza families, who had artists like Leonardo da Vinci and Bramante at their service. The Florida panther may be recognized in its smaller size (compared to other puma), a broader skull, and longer legs. During the Plague of 1349 Milan was one of the few places in Europe that was untouched by the epidemic, but it was deeply affected by the plagues of 1402 (50,000 deaths), 1542 (80,000), 1576 (17,000) and 1629 (also known as Great Plague of Milan, 70,000 deaths). Estimates of their wild numbers range anywhere from 25 to 50 individuals. In the 11th century, after the Ostrogothic and Lombard periods, the city regained its importance and led other Italian cities in gaining semi-independence from the Holy Roman Empire. There is currently a widespread effort in Florida to try to save the remaining population of the state's native panthers, as their numbers are extremely sparse. His feast day is the 7th of Decmeber. The Florida panther is a rare subspecies of puma that lives in the low pinelands, palm forests and swamps of southern Florida in the United States, especially near the Big Cypress National Preserve. St Ambrose is now the Patron Saint of the city. . At that time Milan was the second largest city in Europe, with more than 300,000 inhabitants. The puma is not closely related to other large felines, such as leopards and lions. . Recent DNA analysis has established that the puma is supposedly quite closely related to the jaguarundi and North American cheetah (Miracinonyx, now extinct), but not to true cheetahs. Inhabitants of Milan are referred to as "Milanesi" and nicknamed "Meneghini". concolor is accepted as having been wholly extirpated by the late 1800's, and where breeding populations have not been documented as re-established by 2005. Milan is also famous for the Alfa Romeo motorcar and for its silk production. Such anecdotal accounts are particularly prominent in the Appalachian Mountains of the eastern United States, a region where P. Another famed product of the city is the traditional Christmas sweet cake called Panettone. The melanistic gene can be seen in a variety of cats, including the Lion, Tiger, Leopard, Jaguar, Caracal, Jaguarundi, Serval, Ocelot, Margay, Bobcat, Geoffrey's Cat; however, melanism has never been documented in Puma concolor, though urban legends of "black panthers" persist. Indeed the English word milliner is derived from the name of the city. In South America, panther refers to the jaguar and can refer to either the spotted or black jaguar. Milan is one of the world capitals of fashion, like New York City, Paris, London and Rome, and design. In Europe and Asia, panther means leopard and can refer to either the spotted or black leopard. The town is famous for fashion firms and shops (via Montenapoleone) and the Galleria Vittorio Emanuele on the Piazza Duomo, reputed to be the world's oldest shopping mall. In North America, particularly the United States, panther by itself refers to a puma, although the term black panther is correctly associated only with the melanistic variants of leopards or jaguars rather than pumas. The province comprises 188 communes, ranging in population (2001) from Milan Municipality (1,308,311) to Nosate (638); the city of Milan has lost 113,084 inhabitants (8.3 percent), from 1991 to 2001. In fact in the English language the puma has over 40 different names. Its province lies in the western part of Lombardy; it covers an area of 1,982 km2 and has a population of 3,839,818 (2004); in 1991, the population was 3,738,685. In Brazil it's called suçuarana, from the Tupi language, but also has other names. It comes from the Celtic Mid-lan (meaning "in the middle of the plain") and was known as Mediolanum by the Romans. The word puma comes from the Quechua language. Milan's name has for many centuries been recorded as Mailand, which is still the German name of the city today. It is also known by the regional names of cougar, mountain lion, panther, catamount, and painted cat. The metropolitan area, called the Città Regione (The City Region) claims more than 9.4 million inhabitants (this is an ambitious definition of Milan's metropolitan area, perhaps not very comparable with figures claimed for metros outside Italy). It is more closely related to the common house cat than to the African lion. The city proper has about 1,308,311 inhabitants (2004), but the population of the urban area including the hinterland is about 4 million and is called La Grande Milano (Greater Milan, 1,981 square kilometres). Though large in size this cat cannot roar, but instead purrs and has even been said to make eerily humanlike screams when courting. Milan (Italian: Milano; Milanese dialect: Milán) is the main city in northern Italy, and is located in the plains of Lombardy, the most populated and developed region in Italy. The puma (Puma concolor since 1993, previously Felis concolor) is a type of predator-feline found in North, Central, and South America. W. Thessaloniki, Greece. David Baron, Beast in the Garden: A Modern Parable of Man and Nature, W. Tel Aviv, Israel. Do not climb a tree as pumas can climb just as well (if not much better) than humans. Tianjin, China. Be wary when leaving pets outside, particularly at dawn and dusk. Shanghai, China. Keep pets from roaming and never feed pets outside. São Paulo, Brazil. Install motion-sensitive outdoor lighting. Saint Petersburg, Russia. Remove dense and low-lying vegetation that provide good hiding places for pumas. Osaka, Japan. The best place to hit a puma is on the nose. Melbourne, Australia. Pumas have been repelled with rocks, sticks, garden tools, kicks, and bare hands; a well placed kick to the face has been known to work. Lyon, France. Fight back if attacked. Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Do not crouch down or bend over; this may create the appearance of an ordinary quadriped prey rather than a typically non-prey biped. Dakar, Senegal. Do everything possible to appear larger or intimidating, including raising arms wildly, opening up jacket, and throwing stones and branches. Krakow, Poland. Pick up young children without bending or turning from the puma (if possible). Chicago, Illinois, United States. Instead, stand and face the animal, making eye contact. Boston, Massachusetts, United States. If confronted by a puma, do not run; that might stimulate its instinct to chase. Birmingham, Great Britain, Birmingham's Partner City page. Do not hike alone; go in groups with adults supervising children. Bethlehem, Palestine. Andes Puma (Puma concolor araucanus). Radio 24. Argentine Puma (Puma concolor pearsoni). Radio 105. Chilean Puma (Puma concolor puma). R101. Mato Grosso Cougar (Puma concolor acrocodia). Radio Deejay (National Hdq). Bolivian Cougar (Puma concolor osgoodi). Sky Italia (National Hdq). Incan Cougar (Puma concolor incarum). MTV (South-Europe Hdq). Amazon Cougar (Puma concolor discolor). RAI (Milan Regional Hdq). Ecuador Cougar (Puma concolor soderstromi). Mediaset (National Hdq). Colombian Cougar (Puma concolor bangsi). Focus (monthly). Mayan Cougar (Puma concolor mayensis). Explora (monthly). Texas Cougar (Puma concolor stanleyana. AnnaBella (weekly). Yuma Puma (Puma concolor browni). Marie Claire (weekly). Kaibab Cougar (Puma concolor kaibabensis). Oggi (weekly). California Cougar (Puma concolor californica). TV Sorrisi & Canzoni (weekly). Vancouver Island Cougar (Puma concolor vancouverensis). La Settimana Enigmistica (weekly). Oregon Cougar (Puma concolor oregonensis). Panorama (weekly). Colorado Cougar (Puma concolor hippolestes). Metro (daily). Missoula Cougar (Puma concolor missoulensis). La Gazzetta dello Sport (daily, sports only). Patagonian Puma (Puma concolor patagonica). La Padania (daily). Baja Californian Cougar (Puma concolor improcera). Milano Finanza (daily). Brazilian Cougar (Puma concolor concolor). Il Sole 24 Ore (daily). Costa Rican Cougar (Puma concolor costaricensis). Libero (daily). Mexican Cougar (Puma concolor azteca). Il Giornale (daily). Eastern Cougar (Puma concolor cougar). Il Giorno (daily). Wisconsin Cougar (Puma concolor shorgeri) (extinct). Corriere della Sera (daily). Florida Panther (Puma concolor coryi). Nuovo Giuriati - Rugby - 4,000. Agorà - Ice Hockey - 4,000. PalaLido - Basket - 5,000. Velodromo Vigorelli - Cycling, American Football - 12,000. MazdaPalace - Basket, Volley - 13,500. Forum di Assago - Basket, Ice Hockey, Volley, Music - 13,000 to 16,000. Ippodromo del Galoppo - Horse Racing - 15,000. Ippodromo del Trotter - Horse Racing - 16,000. Brianteo - Athletic, Football - 18,568. Arena Civica - Athletic, Rugby, Football, 30,000. San Siro - only football - 85,700. Autodromo Nazionale Monza - car and motorcycle racing - 137,000. Past winners include Tacchini, Kodes, Panatta, Barazzutti, Moreno, Borg, Smid, Lendl, Forget, Curier, Ivanisevic, Kafelnikov, and Coira. The central court has a capacity of 8000. It is the most important youth tournament in the world, and is played at the Milan Tennis Club. Every year, Milan hosts the Bonfiglio Trophy Under 18 Tennis Tournament. They play at the Agora Stadium (capacity 4,500) during the regular season, and at the Forum during playoffs . The Vipers Milano have won the last 4 national championships, the Alpenliga and several Coppa Italia, and are the leaders of that sport in Italy. Different ice hockey teams from Milan have won 30 National Championships between them. The Amatory Rugby Club Milano have won 18 National Championships and are the most famous and important Rugby team in Italy. Olimpia play at the Forum (capacity 14,000). It is the most important Italian team and one of the top 5 in Europe. Olimpia Milano is a successful European basketball team that have won 3 European Cups, a World Cup, 3 Winners' Cups, 2 Korac Cups and 25 National Championships. The capacity for the F1 races is around 137,000 spectators. It one of the world's oldest car racing circuits, and one of the most famous. The famous Monza Formula One circuit is located in the suburbs. Milano Pioltello. Milano Certosa and Milano/Rho Fiera (for the west). Milano Rogoredo (for the south). Milano/Rho Fiera. Milano Tibaldi. Milano Romolo. Milano Smistamento/Scalo Farini (cargo-trains). Milano Certosa (passenger station). Milano Porta Romana (passenger and cargo station). Milano San Cristoforo (passenger and cargo station). Milano Greco (passenger station). Milano Rogoredo (passenger station and cargo station). Milano Lambrate (passenger station). Milano P.ta Garibaldi (passenger station). Milano Centrale (passenger station - the second busiest Italian station). I.S.E.F. Istituto Europeo di Design. Verdi" di Milano. Conservatorio Superiore "G. Accademia delle Belle Arti di Brera. Beato Angelico. L.U.C. Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele. Università C.Cattaneo L.I.U.C. Università I.U.L.M. Scuola Superiore di Direzione Aziendale - Bocconi. Università Bocconi. Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore. Università Statale Milano-Bicocca. Università Statale. Politecnico di Milano. Verdi. Teatro Studio. Franco Parenti. Porta Romana. L'Elfo. Out Off. Olmetto. Litta. Filodrammatici. Della 14a. Ciak. Smeraldo. San Babila. Piccolo Teatro di Milano. Nuovo Piccolo Teatro. Nuovo. Ventaglio Nazionale. Manzoni. CRT - Teatro dell'Arte. Teatro Carcano. Teatro Lirico. Piccolo teatro. Arcimboldi. Teatro alla Scala. Museo del Risorgimento. Museo di Storia Contemporanea. Museo di Milano. Museo Archeologico. Museo delle Arti Decorative. Museo degli Strumenti Musicali. Museo Bagatti Valsecchi. Galleria Vinciana. Museo della Scienza e della Tecnica "Leonardo da Vinci". Museo di Storia Naturale. Padiglione di Arte Contemporanea. Museo Teatro alla Scala. Palazzo Reale. Museo d’Arte Antica. Museo della Preistoria e Protostoria. Museo Poldi Pezzoli. Museo Egizio. Castello Sforzesco. Triennale di Milano. Galleria d'Arte Moderna. Pinacoteca Ambrosiana. Pinacoteca di Brera. Fuksas (in Rho-Pero). New Milan Fair Complex of M. Pirelli Tower (seat of Lombardy Region and the highest italian skyscraper). Velasca Tower. Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II. Palazzo Serbelloni. Central Station (the biggest Italian station). Teatro alla Scala. Palazzo Reale. Palazzo della Ragione. Ca' Granda (University of Milan). Castello Sforzesco (Sforza Castle). Duomo. "The Needle and the Yarn" in Piazza Cadorna. Leonardo da Vinci's Horse Statue at Hippodrome. Archi di Porta Nuova. Roman amphitheatre (scant remains). Leonardo's monument in Piazza della Scala. San Carlo Borromeo in Piazza Borromeo. Oldrado da Trasseno del Palazzo della Ragione. Napoleone of Canova in Brera. Monumento Cinque Giornate. Mazzini's monument in Piazza della Repubblica. Fontana del Piermarini in Piazza Fontana. Disc of Pomodoro. Colonne di San Lorenzo. Alessandro Manzoni in Piazza San Fedele. Santo Stefano Maggiore. San Simpliciano. San Sebastiano. Santa Maria presso San Satiro. Basilica di San Nazaro Maggiore. Santa Maria del Carmine. Santuario di Santa Maria dei Miracoli. San Marco. Basilica di San Lorenzo Pirelli Tower, Milan . Basilica di Sant'Eustorgio. San Bernardino alle Ossa. San Babila. Santa Maria delle Grazie (with Leonardo's "Last Supper"). Basilica di Sant'Ambrogio. Sant'Alessandro. Duomo (Milan cathedral). Aermacchi. Mediobanca. Banca Intesa. Ferrovie Nord Milano. Eni. Arnoldo Mondadori Editore. Giangiacomo Feltrinelli Editore. Corriere della Sera/RCS. Bugatti. Mediaset. Motta. Alfa Romeo. Alemagna. Fiera Milano. Telecom Italia. Pirelli. Gianni Versace. Prada. Dolce & Gabbana. Giorgio Armani. |