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Playboy (magazine)

Classic Playboy logo.

Playboy is an adult entertainment magazine, founded in 1953 by Hugh Hefner and his associates, which has grown into Playboy Enterprises, Inc., reaching into every form of media. Playboy is one of the world's best known brands. In addition to the flagship magazine in the United States, special nation-specific versions of Playboy are published worldwide.

The magazine is published monthly and features photographs of nude women, along with various articles on fashion, sports, consumer goods, and public figures, and often short fiction by top literary writers, such as Arthur C. Clarke as well. The magazine has been known to express liberal opinions on most major political issues.

Playboy's use of "tasteful" nude photos is often classified as “softcore” in contrast to the more “hardcore” pornographic magazines that started to appear in the 1970s in response to the success of Playboy's more explicit rival, Penthouse.

History

The first issue of Playboy.

Playboy's original title was to be "Stag Party," but an unrelated outdoor magazine, Stag, contacted Hefner and informed him that they would legally protect their trademark if he were to launch his magazine with that name. Hefner and co-founder and executive vice president Eldon Sellers met to discuss the problem and to seek a new name. Sellers, whose mother had worked for the short-lived Playboy Automobile Company in Chicago, suggested the name "Playboy".

The first issue, published in December 1953, did not carry a date, as Hefner was unsure whether there would be a second issue. The first centerfold was Marilyn Monroe, although the picture used had originally been taken for a calendar, rather than for Playboy. The first issue was an immediate sensation; it sold out within a matter of weeks. Known circulation was 53,991 (Source: Playboy Collector's Association Playboy Magazine Price Guide). The cover price was 50¢. Copies of the first issue in Mint to Near Mint condition fetched over $5,000 in 2002.

The famous Playboy logo, depicting the stylized profile of a rabbit wearing a tuxedo bow tie, was designed by art designer Art Paul for the magazine's second issue and has appeared on every issue since; a running joke in the magazine involves hiding the logo somewhere in the cover art or photograph. Hefner said that he chose the rabbit as a mascot for its “humorous sexual connotation”, and because the image was “frisky and playful”.

An urban legend started about Hefner and the Playmates of the Month because of markings on the front covers of the magazine. From 1955 to 1979 (except for a six month gap in 1976), the "P" in Playboy had a number of stars printed in or around the letter. The legend stated that this was either a rating that Hefner gave to the Playmate according to how attractive she was, the number of times that Hefner had slept with her, or how good she was in bed. The stars, which ranged in number between zero and twelve, actually indicated the domestic or international advertising region for that printing.

Since reaching its peak in the 1970s, Playboy has seen a decline in circulation and cultural relevance because of increased competition in the field it founded— first from Penthouse, Oui, and Gallery in the 1970s; later from pornographic videos; and more recently from lad mags such as Maxim, FHM, and Stuff.

In response Playboy has attempted to re-assert its hold on the 18–35 male demographic it once controlled through slight changes to its content and focussing on issues and personalities more appropriate to its audience—such as hip-hop artists being featured in the Playboy Interview.

Christie Hefner, a daughter of Hugh Hefner, became the CEO of Playboy in 1988 and is now also the Chairman of the Board.

The magazine celebrated its 50th Anniversary with the January 2004 issue. Celebrations were held at Las Vegas, Los Angeles, New York, and Moscow during the year to commerate this event.

Playboy Interview

The “Playboy Interview”, a monthly interview of someone prominent, has become famous for its confrontational style and in-depth process. A typical interview would range from 7 to 10 hours long. The interviewers employed have included Alex Haley and Alvin Toffler.

"Playboy Interview" started with Miles Davis in September 1962 (Volume 9, Number 9). Over the years they have conducted interviews with Jimmy Carter, John Lennon, Fidel Castro, Ayn Rand, Malcolm X, George Lincoln Rockwell, Kurt Vonnegut, Bertrand Russell, Salvador Dali, Martin Luther King Jr., Jean-Paul Sartre, George Wallace, Cassius Clay (Muhammad Ali), Madalyn Murray O'Hair, Orson Welles, Ralph Nader, Arthur C. Clarke, Yasir Arafat, Steve Jobs, Stephen Hawking, Larry Ellison, Shintaro Ishihara, Robert De Niro, and Carl Sagan.

Best-selling issue

The November 1972 issue of Playboy "Lenna"

The best-selling Playboy edition was the November 1972 edition, which sold 7,161,561 copies. Artist Jack Niland designed the cover to embody the principles of Dharma Art as taught by the Tibetan meditation master Chogyam Trungpa Rinpoche. Perhaps coincidentally, a cropped image of the issue's centerfold (which featured Lena Soderberg) became a standard image for testing image processing algorithms. It is known simply as the "Lenna" (also "Lena") image in that field.[1]

Bans on the sale of Playboy

In many parts of Asia, including China, South Korea, India, Burma, Malaysia, Thailand, Taiwan, Singapore, and Brunei, the sale and distribution of Playboy is banned. In additon, its sale and distribution is banned in almost all Muslim countries in Asia and Africa, such as Saudi Arabia and Pakistan. However, it is sold in Hong Kong. Also, Japan has its own edition of Playboy, where according to Japanese custom, the pubic areas of the models are not shown.

An Indonesian Edition of Playboy launched in March 2006 but the controversy started before the first issue was published. Even the publisher said that the content of the Indonesian edition will be different from the original edition but the government was trying hard to ban it by using pornographic rules since the Indonesian government can't ban any media. A local Moslem Organization is also opposed to Playboy being published on the grounds that it is pornography.

In 1986, the American convenience store chain 7-Eleven removed the magazine from its stores. The store returned Playboy to its shelves in late 2003.

In many counties in the United States, Playboy is not sold in any stores. In some others, it is only sold in liquor & beer stores, and as for counties where such stores are forbidden, it is likely that Playboy is also.

Playboy is not sold in the State of Queensland, Australia. Apparently, the whole Australian edition of Playboy is discontinued as well.

Litigation

On the January 14, 2004, the Ninth Circuit U.S. Court of Appeals ruled that Playboy Enterprises Inc.'s (PEI) trademark terms "Playboy" and "Playmate" should be protected even in Internet searches that prompt pop-up advertisements. The suit originally started on April 15, 1999, when Playboy sued Excite Inc. and Netscape for trademark infringement.

Modelling Fees

Photo editing

There is some controversy over airbrushing (or, in recent times, Photoshopping) that is done on the photos featured in the magazine. Some readers say that this kind of photo-editing takes away from authenticity and makes photographs look unnatural.

One example was the case of Pamela Anderson and the "disappearing labia". In Pamela's original Playboy appearance in the issue of February 1990, there was a rear-view photo with her legs slightly apart and her labia majora plainly visible. In reprints in later "Newsstand Specials" as well as a poster-sized print, Pamela had been "defeminized," this area having been painted over in the color of the object in front of which she was standing.

Similarly, in Rena Mero's ("Sable") first Playboy shoot, one photo of Mero lying on her back was edited to add extra pubic hair over her genitalia. However, in the 50th Anniversary issue, this picture was printed in its original, unedited state.

Firsts

  • First issue with Leroy Neiman's Femlin: August 1955
  • First issue with a Vargas girl: March 1957
  • First issue with Ian Fleming story: March 1960
  • First issue with Playboy Advisor column: September 1960
  • First issue with Playboy Interview: September 1962 (with Miles Davis)
  • First issue to show female pubic hair: August 1969 (dancer Paula Kelly)
  • First issue with a Playmate showing pubic hair: January 1971 (Liv Lindeland)
  • First issue with a Playmate without any pubic hair: September 2001 (Dalene Kurtis)
  • First issue with an Asian-American Playmate: August 1964 (China Lee)
  • First issue with an African-American Playmate: March 1965 (Jennifer Jackson)
  • First issue with identical twins in centerfold: October 1970 - (Mary and Madeleine Collinson)
  • First issue with a double sided centerfold (the reverse side was a rear view). January 1974 (Nancy Cameron)
  • First issue with signed centerfold: October 1975
  • First issue with Playmate data sheet: July 1977
  • First issue without staple in the centerfold: October 1985
  • First national magazine with Web site: August 1994
  • First issue with identical triplets in the centerfold, The Dahm Triplets: December, 1998.

Celebrities

For a full listing, please see list of people in Playboy 2000-present and its accompanying pages.

Many celebrities (singers, actresses, models, etc.) have posed for Playboy over the years. Some of them are:

FILM:

  • Marilyn Monroe (December 1953)
  • Mara Corday (October 1958)
  • Dorothy Stratten (June 1980)
  • Drew Barrymore (January 1995)
  • Charlize Theron (May 1999)
  • Carré Otis (June 2000)
  • Kristy Swanson (November 2002)
  • Tia Carrere (January 2003)
  • Daryl Hannah (November 2003)
  • Denise Richards (December 2004)
  • Teri Polo (February 2005)
  • Bai Ling (June 2005)

MUSIC:

  • LaToya Jackson (March 1989 & November 1991)
  • Nancy Sinatra (May 1995)
  • Linda Brava (April 1998)
  • Geri Halliwell (May 1998)
  • Carmen Electra (May 1996 and December 2000)
  • Belinda Carlisle (August 2001)
  • Tiffany (April 2002)
  • Lutricia McNeal (October 2003 German Edition)
  • Debbie Gibson (March 2005)
  • Willa Ford (March 2006)

SPORT:

  • Katarina Witt (December 1998)
  • Tanja Szewczenko (April 1999 German Edition)
  • Mia St. John (November 1999)
  • Joanie Laurer (November 2000 and January 2002)
  • Gabrielle Reece (January 2001)
  • Kiana Tom (May 2002)
  • Torrie Wilson (March 2003 & May 2004)
  • Sable (Rena Mero) (April & September 1999)
  • Amy Acuff (September 2004)
  • Christy Hemme (April 2005)

TELEVISION:

  • Linda Evans (July 1971)
  • Claudia Christian (October 1999)
  • Charisma Carpenter (June 2004)
  • Shannen Doherty (March 1994 and December 2003)
  • Farrah Fawcett (December 1995 and July 1997)
  • Women of Baywatch (June 1998)
  • Shari Belafonte (September 2000)
  • Brooke Burke (May 2001 & November 2004)
  • Gena Lee Nolin (December 2001)
  • Peta Wilson (July 2004)


International editions

(starting at the accompanying date, or during the accompanying date range)

  • Argentina (1985–1995, 2006—)
  • Australia (1979–2000)
  • Brazil (1975—) - see specific article
  • Bulgaria (2002—)
  • Croatia (1997—)
  • Czech Republic (1991—)
  • France (1973—)
  • Germany (1972—)
  • Greece (1985—)
  • Hong Kong (1986–1993)
  • Hungary (1989–1993, 1999—)
  • Indonesia (2006—)
  • Italy (1972–2003)
  • Japan (1975—)
  • Mexico (1976–1998, 2002—)
  • The Netherlands (1983—)
  • Norway (1998–1999)
  • Poland (1992—)
  • Romania (1999—)
  • Russia (1995—)
  • Serbia (2004—)
  • Slovakia (1997–2002, 2005—)
  • Slovenia (2001—)
  • South Africa (1993–1996)
  • Spain (1978—)
  • Sweden (1998–1999)
  • Taiwan (1990–2003)
  • Turkey (1986–1995)
  • Ukraine (2005—)

Other Editions

March/April 2006 issue of Nude Playmates

The success of Playboy magazine has led PEI to market other versions of the magazine, the Special Editions[2] (formerly called News Stand Specials), such as Playboy's College Girls[3] and Playboy's Book of Lingerie, as well as the Playboy video collection. The growth of the internet also prompted the magazine to develop a pay web site called the Playboy Cyber Club in 1995 which features online chats, additional pictorials & videos of Playmates and Playboy Cyber Girls as well as archives of past Playboy articles and interviews. In September 2005, Playboy launched the online edition of the magazine Playboy Digital.

The National Library Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped (NLS) has published a braille edition of Playboy since 1970[4]. The braille version includes all the written words in the non-braille magazine, but no pictorial representations. Congress cut off funding for this braille magazine translation in 1985, but U.S. District Court Judge Thomas Hogan reversed the decision on First Amendment grounds[5].


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District Court Judge Thomas Hogan reversed the decision on First Amendment grounds[5]. In addition, under the 1972 Local Government Act, there is a little-known provision under which non-binding local referendums on any issue can be called by small groups of voters. Congress cut off funding for this braille magazine translation in 1985, but U.S. As of 2004 the British government is currently committed to holding a UK-wide referendum on the new EU Constitution, as well as on any plan to adopt the euro as the UK's currency or to change from 'first past the post' to an alternative electoral system. The braille version includes all the written words in the non-braille magazine, but no pictorial representations. There have also been referendums held at the local level on proposals for directly elected local mayors. The National Library Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped (NLS) has published a braille edition of Playboy since 1970[4]. However many referendums have been held in individual parts of the United Kingdom on issues relating to devolution in Scotland and Wales, and the status of Northern Ireland.

In September 2005, Playboy launched the online edition of the magazine Playboy Digital. Referendums are rare and only once has a referendum proposal been put to the entire electorate of the UK; this was a referendum in 1975 on membership of the European Economic Community. The growth of the internet also prompted the magazine to develop a pay web site called the Playboy Cyber Club in 1995 which features online chats, additional pictorials & videos of Playmates and Playboy Cyber Girls as well as archives of past Playboy articles and interviews. Owing to the doctrine of parliamentary sovereignty a binding referendum cannot be held in the United Kingdom (UK). The success of Playboy magazine has led PEI to market other versions of the magazine, the Special Editions[2] (formerly called News Stand Specials), such as Playboy's College Girls[3] and Playboy's Book of Lingerie, as well as the Playboy video collection. Even referendums on tax cuts are often not passed. (starting at the accompanying date, or during the accompanying date range). Citizens' initiatives are usually not passed.


. The decisions made in referendums tend to be conservative. TELEVISION:. However, the percentage of voters is generally very low, about 20 to 30 percent unless there is an election. SPORT:. Elections are as well often combined with referendums. MUSIC:. The votes on referendums are always held on a Sunday, typically three or four times a year, and in most cases, the votes concern several referendums at the same time, often at different political levels (federal, cantonal, municipal).

FILM:. The referendums slow politics down. Some of them are:. In many cases, the mere threat of a facultative referendum or of an initiative is enough to make the parliament adjust a law. Many celebrities (singers, actresses, models, etc.) have posed for Playboy over the years. The possibility of facultative referendums forces the parliament to search for a compromise between the major interest groups. For a full listing, please see list of people in Playboy 2000-present and its accompanying pages.. There are two types of referendums:.

However, in the 50th Anniversary issue, this picture was printed in its original, unedited state. They are a central feature of Swiss political life. Similarly, in Rena Mero's ("Sable") first Playboy shoot, one photo of Mero lying on her back was edited to add extra pubic hair over her genitalia. In Switzerland, there are binding referendums at federal, cantonal and municipal level. In reprints in later "Newsstand Specials" as well as a poster-sized print, Pamela had been "defeminized," this area having been painted over in the color of the object in front of which she was standing. Two, in 1957 and 1980, were multiple choice referendums. In Pamela's original Playboy appearance in the issue of February 1990, there was a rear-view photo with her legs slightly apart and her labia majora plainly visible. All have been non-binding, consultative referendums.

One example was the case of Pamela Anderson and the "disappearing labia". Since the introduction of parliamentary democracy six referendums have been held in Sweden: the first was on prohibition in 1922 and the most recent on euro membership in 2003. Some readers say that this kind of photo-editing takes away from authenticity and makes photographs look unnatural. The Constitution of Sweden provides for both binding and non-binding referendums. There is some controversy over airbrushing (or, in recent times, Photoshopping) that is done on the photos featured in the magazine. Any citizen entitled to vote in an election to the Chamber of Deputies may participate in a referendum. and Netscape for trademark infringement. It is forbidden to call a referendum regarding financial laws or laws relating to pardons or the ratification of international treaties.

The suit originally started on April 15, 1999, when Playboy sued Excite Inc. The referendum is valid only if at least a majority of electors goes to the polling station. Court of Appeals ruled that Playboy Enterprises Inc.'s (PEI) trademark terms "Playboy" and "Playmate" should be protected even in Internet searches that prompt pop-up advertisements. A referendum can be called in order to abrogate totally or partially a law, but only at the request of 500,000 electors or five regional councils. On the January 14, 2004, the Ninth Circuit U.S. The constitution of Italy provides for binding referendums. Apparently, the whole Australian edition of Playboy is discontinued as well. However such a referendum can only take place in rare circumstances and so none has yet occurred.

Playboy is not sold in the State of Queensland, Australia. The constitution also provides for a referendum on an ordinary law known as the 'ordinary referendum'. In some others, it is only sold in liquor & beer stores, and as for counties where such stores are forbidden, it is likely that Playboy is also. However the role of the president is merely ceremonial and she cannot refuse to sign an amendment into law that has been legitimately approved in a referendum. In many counties in the United States, Playboy is not sold in any stores. Constitutional amendments are first adopted by both Houses of the Oireachtas (parliament), then submitted to a referendum and finally signed into law by the President. The store returned Playboy to its shelves in late 2003. In the Republic of Ireland it is mandatory that every constitutional amendment be approved by referendum and since 1937 over twenty constitutional referendums have occurred.

In 1986, the American convenience store chain 7-Eleven removed the magazine from its stores. The current Constitution of Ireland was adopted by plebiscite on 1 July 1937. A local Moslem Organization is also opposed to Playboy being published on the grounds that it is pornography. It was later modified to provides for the establishment of a committee by the parliament to be elected in December of 2005 to consider changes to the constitution in 2006. Even the publisher said that the content of the Indonesian edition will be different from the original edition but the government was trying hard to ban it by using pornographic rules since the Indonesian government can't ban any media. The coalition was designed to shift crucial decisions about government, the judiciary and human rights to a future national assembly. An Indonesian Edition of Playboy launched in March 2006 but the controversy started before the first issue was published. The Iraq referendum was voted on by the Iraqi people in on 15 October 2005, two years after the invasion of by the United States led coaliton to oust Saddam Hussein.

Also, Japan has its own edition of Playboy, where according to Japanese custom, the pubic areas of the models are not shown. The TCE has both been rejected by proponents of national sovereignty and by the left-wing liberal anti-globalization movement in France. However, it is sold in Hong Kong. The other EU countries, apart from Spain and Luxembourg, approved it during parliamentary votes. In additon, its sale and distribution is banned in almost all Muslim countries in Asia and Africa, such as Saudi Arabia and Pakistan. The "Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe" (TCE) was rejected in France and Netherlands in popular referendums. In many parts of Asia, including China, South Korea, India, Burma, Malaysia, Thailand, Taiwan, Singapore, and Brunei, the sale and distribution of Playboy is banned.
.

It is known simply as the "Lenna" (also "Lena") image in that field.[1]. The 1980 Quebec referendum and 1995 Quebec referendum on the secession of Québec are notable cases. Perhaps coincidentally, a cropped image of the issue's centerfold (which featured Lena Soderberg) became a standard image for testing image processing algorithms. Referendums can also occur at the provincial level. Artist Jack Niland designed the cover to embody the principles of Dharma Art as taught by the Tibetan meditation master Chogyam Trungpa Rinpoche. Although the Constitution of Canada does not expressly require that amendments be approved by referendum some argue that, in light of the precedent set by the Charlottetown Accord referendum, this may have become an unwritten convention. The best-selling Playboy edition was the November 1972 edition, which sold 7,161,561 copies. The most recent was a referendum in 1992 on a package of proposed constitutional measures known as the Charlottetown Accord.

Clarke, Yasir Arafat, Steve Jobs, Stephen Hawking, Larry Ellison, Shintaro Ishihara, Robert De Niro, and Carl Sagan. Referendums are rare in Canada and only three have ever occurred at the federal level. Over the years they have conducted interviews with Jimmy Carter, John Lennon, Fidel Castro, Ayn Rand, Malcolm X, George Lincoln Rockwell, Kurt Vonnegut, Bertrand Russell, Salvador Dali, Martin Luther King Jr., Jean-Paul Sartre, George Wallace, Cassius Clay (Muhammad Ali), Madalyn Murray O'Hair, Orson Welles, Ralph Nader, Arthur C. Due to the specific mention of referenda in the Australian constitution, non-constitutional referenda are usually termed plebescites in Australia. "Playboy Interview" started with Miles Davis in September 1962 (Volume 9, Number 9). Out of the 44 referendums held since federation in 1901, only eight have been passed, making the Australian referendum system one of the most restrictive in the developed world. The interviewers employed have included Alex Haley and Alvin Toffler. If a majority of those voting, as well as separate majorities in each of a majority of states, (and where appropriate a majority of people in any affected state) vote in favour of the amendment, it is presented for Royal Assent, given in the Queen's name by the Governor-General.

A typical interview would range from 7 to 10 hours long. A bill must first be passed by both houses of Parliament or, in certain limited circumstances, by only one house of Parliament, and is then submitted to a referendum. The “Playboy Interview”, a monthly interview of someone prominent, has become famous for its confrontational style and in-depth process. Approval in a referendum is necessary in order to amend the Australian constitution. Celebrations were held at Las Vegas, Los Angeles, New York, and Moscow during the year to commerate this event. Other voting methods that could be employed are Condorcet's Method and approval voting that are not subject to the effects of irrelevant alternatives and less susceptible to insincere preference intensity. The magazine celebrated its 50th Anniversary with the January 2004 issue. Critics of the Borda count argue that it is particularly susceptible to tactical voting and to the tactical nomination of candidates, and that it may produce results that are opposed by a majority of voters.

Christie Hefner, a daughter of Hugh Hefner, became the CEO of Playboy in 1988 and is now also the Chairman of the Board. The De Borda Institute argues that the Borda count would produce results based on consensus rather than majoritarianism; it is therefore suggested for use in plebiscites held in areas of conflict such as Northern Ireland, the Balkans or Kashmir. In response Playboy has attempted to re-assert its hold on the 18–35 male demographic it once controlled through slight changes to its content and focussing on issues and personalities more appropriate to its audience—such as hip-hop artists being featured in the Playboy Interview. Some groups, such as the Northern Ireland De Borda Institute, advocate the conduct of referendums using the Borda count form of preferential voting, and refer to such a vote as a Borda 'preferendum'. Since reaching its peak in the 1970s, Playboy has seen a decline in circulation and cultural relevance because of increased competition in the field it founded— first from Penthouse, Oui, and Gallery in the 1970s; later from pornographic videos; and more recently from lad mags such as Maxim, FHM, and Stuff. In the 1977 Australian referendum the winner was chosen by the system of Instant Run-off Voting (also known as the 'Alternative Vote'). The stars, which ranged in number between zero and twelve, actually indicated the domestic or international advertising region for that printing. In other words the winning option was deemed to be that supported by a plurality, rather than an absolute majority, of voters.

The legend stated that this was either a rating that Hefner gave to the Playmate according to how attractive she was, the number of times that Hefner had slept with her, or how good she was in bed. In the Swedish case, in both referendums the 'winning' option was chosen by the Single Member Plurality ("first past the post") system. From 1955 to 1979 (except for a six month gap in 1976), the "P" in Playboy had a number of stars printed in or around the letter. Swiss referendums get around this problem by offering a separate vote on each of the multiple options as well as an additional decision about which of the multiple options should be preferred. An urban legend started about Hefner and the Playmates of the Month because of markings on the front covers of the magazine. This can be resolved by applying voting systems designed for single winner elections to a multiple-choice referendum. Hefner said that he chose the rabbit as a mascot for its “humorous sexual connotation”, and because the image was “frisky and playful”. A multiple choice referendum poses the problem of how the result is to be determined if no single option receives the support of an absolute majority (i.e., more than half) of voters.

The famous Playboy logo, depicting the stylized profile of a rabbit wearing a tuxedo bow tie, was designed by art designer Art Paul for the magazine's second issue and has appeared on every issue since; a running joke in the magazine involves hiding the logo somewhere in the cover art or photograph. In Switzerland, for example, multiple choice referendums are common; two multiple choice referendums held in Sweden, in 1957 and 1980, offered voters a choice of three options; and in 1977 a referendum held in Australia to determine a new national anthem was held in which voters were presented with four choices. Copies of the first issue in Mint to Near Mint condition fetched over $5,000 in 2002. A referendum usually offers the electorate only two choices, either to accept or reject a proposal, but this need not necessarily be the case. The cover price was 50¢. If one issue is in fact, or in perception, related to another on the ballot, the imposed simultaneous voting of first preference on each issue can result in an outcome that is displeasing to most voters. Known circulation was 53,991 (Source: Playboy Collector's Association Playboy Magazine Price Guide). A difficulty which can plague a referendum of two issues or more is called the separability problem.

The first issue was an immediate sensation; it sold out within a matter of weeks. Some critics of the referendum attack the usual practice of only offering the electorate two options, of either accepting or rejecting a proposal, in a referendum. The first centerfold was Marilyn Monroe, although the picture used had originally been taken for a calendar, rather than for Playboy. The repeated holding of a referendum on a single issue has been pejoratively referred to as the phenomenon of the "never-end-um". The first issue, published in December 1953, did not carry a date, as Hefner was unsure whether there would be a second issue. This is especially a problem where a proposal may be difficult to reverse, such as secession from a larger country or the abolition of a monarchy. Sellers, whose mother had worked for the short-lived Playboy Automobile Company in Chicago, suggested the name "Playboy". A further perceived flaw of the referendum is that in some circumstances the democratic spirit of the referendum may be flouted by the repeated submission to the referendum of a proposal until it is eventually endorsed, perhaps due to a low turn-out or public fatigue with the issue.

Hefner and co-founder and executive vice president Eldon Sellers met to discuss the problem and to seek a new name. Many of the arguments used by those who oppose the referendum are summarised in the following comment made in an interview in 2003 by the British politician Chris Patten concerning the possibility of a referendum in the UK on the European Union Constitution:. Playboy's original title was to be "Stag Party," but an unrelated outdoor magazine, Stag, contacted Hefner and informed him that they would legally protect their trademark if he were to launch his magazine with that name. Hitler's use of the plebiscite is one reason why, since World War II, there has been no provision in Germany for the holding of referendums at the federal level. . Some opposition to the referendum has arisen from its use by dictators such as Hitler and Mussolini who, it is argued, used the plebiscite to clothe oppressive policies in a veneer of legitimacy. Playboy's use of "tasteful" nude photos is often classified as “softcore” in contrast to the more “hardcore” pornographic magazines that started to appear in the 1970s in response to the success of Playboy's more explicit rival, Penthouse. Some argue that tools such as the referendum may lead to the "tyranny of the majority" and to the erosion of the rights of individuals and minorities.

The magazine has been known to express liberal opinions on most major political issues. Voters might furthermore be swayed by strong personalities, or the adverse influence of propaganda or expensive advertising campaigns. Clarke as well. It is also argued that voters in a referendum may be driven by transient whims rather than careful deliberation, or that they may not be sufficiently well informed to take decisions on complicated or technical issues. The magazine is published monthly and features photographs of nude women, along with various articles on fashion, sports, consumer goods, and public figures, and often short fiction by top literary writers, such as Arthur C. Examples of these would include laws abolishing slavery, granting universal sufferage and removing prohibitions on homosexual relationships in various countries. In addition to the flagship magazine in the United States, special nation-specific versions of Playboy are published worldwide. As evidence, many critics frequently cite numerous controversial changes which did not appear to have the support of a majority of voters at the time and so presumable would have failed under a referendum but which are now strongly supported by the majority of voters.

Playboy is one of the world's best known brands. Some opponents therefore insist that the referendum is used by politicians as a way of abrogating responsibility in the taking of difficult or controversial decisions. Playboy is an adult entertainment magazine, founded in 1953 by Hugh Hefner and his associates, which has grown into Playboy Enterprises, Inc., reaching into every form of media. As often conceived by such opponents, representative democracy is a system in which elected officials are the exercisers of independent judgement rather than merely delegates bound to robotically carry out the wishes of voters. Ukraine (2005—). Opponents of the referendum argue that representative democracy is superior to direct democracy. Turkey (1986–1995). Other advocates insist that the principle of popular sovereignty demands that certain foundational questions, such as the adoption or amendment of a constitution, the secession of a state or the altering of national boundaries, be determined with the directly expressed consent of the people.

Taiwan (1990–2003). Some adopt a strict definition of democracy in which elected parliaments are merely a necessary expedient needed to make governance possible in the large, modern nation-state; direct democracy is nonetheless preferable and so a referendum must always take preference over a decision of parliament. Sweden (1998–1999). Advocates of the referendum argue that certain decisions are best taken out of the hands of political elites and determined directly by the people. Spain (1978—). Nonetheless the referendum is sometimes the subject of controversy. South Africa (1993–1996). Furthermore, in most jurisdictions that practice them, referendums are relatively rare occurrences and are restricted to issues of major importance.

Slovenia (2001—). Although some advocates of direct democracy would have the referendum become the dominant institution of government, in practice, in almost all cases, the referendum exists solely as a complement to the system of representative democracy, in which most major decisions are made by an elected legislature. Slovakia (1997–2002, 2005—). For example, in the Republic of Ireland only citizens may vote in a referendum whereas British citizens resident in the state are entitled to vote in general elections. Serbia (2004—). The franchise in a referendum is not necessarily the same as that for elections. Russia (1995—). An alternative is to insist on a certain minimum absolute number of yes votes before a measure can be deemed to have been carried—or of no votes if it is to be deemed vetoed.

Romania (1999—). This is intended to ensure that the result is representative of the will of the electorate and is analogous to the quorum required in a committee or legislature. Poland (1992—). In some countries there is also a requirement that there be a certain minimum turn-out of the electorate in order for the result of a referendum to be considered valid. Norway (1998–1999). In Lithuania certain proposals must be endorsed by a three-quarters majority. The Netherlands (1983—). However a referendum may also require the support of a super-majority, such as two-thirds of votes cast.

Mexico (1976–1998, 2002—). In most referendums it is sufficient for a measure to be approved by a simple majority of voters in order for it to be carried. Japan (1975—). In countries, such as the United Kingdom, in which referendums are neither mandatory nor binding there may, nonetheless, exist an unwritten convention that certain important constitutional changes will be put to a referendum and that the result will be respected. Italy (1972–2003). in Ireland). Indonesia (2006—). In countries in which a referendum must be initiated by parliament it is sometimes mandatory to hold a binding referendum on certain proposals, such as constitutional amendments (e.g.

Hungary (1989–1993, 1999—). In the United States the term referendum is often reserved for a direct vote initiated by a legislature while a vote originating in a petition of citizens is referred to as an "initiative," "ballot measure" or "proposition.". Hong Kong (1986–1993). The process of initiating a referendum by petition is known as the popular or citizen's initiative. Greece (1985—). In other circumstances a referendum is usually initiated either by a legislature or by citizens themselves by means of a petition. Germany (1972—). A foundational referendum or plebiscite may be drafted by a constituent assembly before being put to voters.

France (1973—). According to an authoritative study by Matt Qvortrup (A Comparative Study of Referendums 2006), only Sweden among democratic nations has not honoured the outcome of a referendum. Czech Republic (1991—). Nonetheless, actual political circumstances in countries that hold non-binding referendums are such that the results of such a referendum are usually honoured. Croatia (1997—). It is left to the government or legislature to interpret the results of a non-binding referendum and it may even choose to ignore them. Bulgaria (2002—). A non-binding referendum is merely consultative or advisory.

Brazil (1975—) - see specific article. Referendums may be either binding or non-binding. Australia (1979–2000). However the use of referenda is deprecated by the Oxford English Dictionary which advises that:. Argentina (1985–1995, 2006—). Referendums and referenda are both commonly used as plurals of referendum. Peta Wilson (July 2004). Thus the direct vote that adopted the constitution of the modern Republic of Ireland is referred to as a 'plebiscite' while every subsequent such direct vote has been described as a 'referendum'.

Gena Lee Nolin (December 2001). The term referendum is usually preferred to describe routine votes held in liberal democracies. Brooke Burke (May 2001 & November 2004). Plebiscites held by undemocratic governments may request approval for a radical governmental decree, or of the general policies of the government. Shari Belafonte (September 2000). Plebiscite is also often the term used to describe a direct vote held by a dictator or an undemocratic regime, in circumstances in which a free and fair vote is impossible. Women of Baywatch (June 1998). The terms referendum and plebiscite are often used interchangeably but the term plebiscite is usually preferred in circumstance in which a decision is being made on fundamental issues of sovereignty, such as in determining national borders or adopting a new constitution.

Farrah Fawcett (December 1995 and July 1997). . Shannen Doherty (March 1994 and December 2003). The referendum or plebiscite is a form of direct democracy. Charisma Carpenter (June 2004). Certain kinds of referendums held in some states of the United States are referred to as ballot measures or propositions. Claudia Christian (October 1999). This may be the adoption of a new constitution, a constitutional amendment, a law, the recall of an elected official or simply a specific government policy.

Linda Evans (July 1971). A referendum (plural: referendums or referenda) or plebiscite is a direct vote in which an entire electorate is asked to either accept or reject a particular proposal. Christy Hemme (April 2005). The de Borda Institute is at [www.deborda.org]. Amy Acuff (September 2004). Defining Democracy puts both two-option and multi-option referendums into their historical context, and suggests which are the more accurate measures of "the will of the people". Sable (Rena Mero) (April & September 1999). Emerson, P J.

Torrie Wilson (March 2003 & May 2004). 2004 from http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/breakfast_with_frost/2954232.stm. Kiana Tom (May 2002). Retrieved 13 Oct. Gabrielle Reece (January 2001). bbc.co.uk. Joanie Laurer (November 2000 and January 2002). Interview with Chris Patten, EU Commissioner for External Affairs (2003).

John (November 1999). Commonwealth, or Estado Libre Asociado, has won each of those referendums. Mia St. Puerto Rico: Several referendums have taken place since 1967, including one in 1994 and another one in 1998, seeking an answer to the century-old question of what do Puerto Ricans want for the archipielago of nearly 4 million inhabitants: Independence (Comprising Republic and a Associated Republic , Statehood or mantain the Commonwealth status. Tanja Szewczenko (April 1999 German Edition). This referendum was offered by the government as part of a violence minimization initiative known as project disarmament.. Katarina Witt (December 1998). Brazil: In October 2005, 122 million voters have decided to continue to allow the sale of firearms in Brazil.

Willa Ford (March 2006). Also, in 1986 another referendum approved Spain's membership to NATO. Debbie Gibson (March 2005). Spaniards chose (94%) to change ("Referéndum para la reforma política", literally «Referendum in order to the political reformation»). Lutricia McNeal (October 2003 German Edition). Spain: In 1976 a referendum was held to determine if citizens wanted to change the political system (i.e., the dictatorship) or not to change it, after the death of Francisco Franco. Tiffany (April 2002). state initiative is probably California's Proposition 13 which severely limited property tax increases.

Belinda Carlisle (August 2001). The most famous U.S. Carmen Electra (May 1996 and December 2000). However the constitutions of 24 states and many local and city governments provide for referendums and citizen's initiatives. Geri Halliwell (May 1998). United States: There is no provision for the holding of referendums at the federal level in the United States. Linda Brava (April 1998). France: In France a constitutional amendment must be approved by either a super-majority in parliament or by the people in a referendum.

Nancy Sinatra (May 1995). Very few such initiatives pass the vote, but more often, the parliamentary counter proposal is approved. LaToya Jackson (March 1989 & November 1991). Often, parliament elaborates a counter-proposal to an initiative, leading to a multiple-choice referendum. Bai Ling (June 2005). Constitutional amendments are either proposed by the parliament or the cantons, or they may be proposed by citizens' initiatives, which—on the federal level—need to collect 100,000 valid signatures within 18 months, and must not contradict international laws or treaties. Teri Polo (February 2005). In many municipalities, expenditures that exceed a certain amount of money also are subject to the obligatory referendum.

Denise Richards (December 2004). Obligatory referendum: There must be a referendum on any amendments to the constitution and on any joining of a multinational community or organization for collective security. Daryl Hannah (November 2003). The facultative referendum is the most usual type of referendum, and it is mostly carried out by political parties or by interest groups. Tia Carrere (January 2003). In cantons and municipalities, the required number of people is smaller, and there may be additional causes for a faculatative referendum, e.g., expenditures that exceed a certain amount of money. Kristy Swanson (November 2002). Facultative referendum: Any federal law, certain other federal resolutions, and international treaties that are either perpetual and irredeemable, joinings of an international organization, or that change Swiss law may be subject to a facultative referendum if at least 50,000 people or eight cantons have petitioned to do so within 100 days.

Carré Otis (June 2000). Charlize Theron (May 1999). Drew Barrymore (January 1995). Dorothy Stratten (June 1980).

Mara Corday (October 1958). Marilyn Monroe (December 1953). First issue with identical triplets in the centerfold, The Dahm Triplets: December, 1998. First national magazine with Web site: August 1994.

First issue without staple in the centerfold: October 1985. First issue with Playmate data sheet: July 1977. First issue with signed centerfold: October 1975. January 1974 (Nancy Cameron).

First issue with a double sided centerfold (the reverse side was a rear view). First issue with identical twins in centerfold: October 1970 - (Mary and Madeleine Collinson). First issue with an African-American Playmate: March 1965 (Jennifer Jackson). First issue with an Asian-American Playmate: August 1964 (China Lee).

First issue with a Playmate without any pubic hair: September 2001 (Dalene Kurtis). First issue with a Playmate showing pubic hair: January 1971 (Liv Lindeland). First issue to show female pubic hair: August 1969 (dancer Paula Kelly). First issue with Playboy Interview: September 1962 (with Miles Davis).

First issue with Playboy Advisor column: September 1960. First issue with Ian Fleming story: March 1960. First issue with a Vargas girl: March 1957. First issue with Leroy Neiman's Femlin: August 1955.