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Panathinaikos

Panathinaikos Sports Club (Greek: Παναθηναϊκός Αθλητικός Όμιλος, Panathinaikos Athlitikos Omilos, i.e. Pan-Athenian Athletic Club) is the most historical sport club in Greece.Panathinaikos is the club with the most departments established (21) and most overall titles won by them (482). PAO (Panathinaikos is often referred to by its initials) was founded by George Kalafatis in 1908, when he and forty athletes decided to break away from Panellinios Gymnastikos Syllogos when the club refused to form a football team. The club emblem is the three-leaf clover in green.

Panathinaikos initially consisted of a single department, the football team. Before the club took the name P.A.O. it was called P.O.A (Athens Football Club). In 1909 it changed to P.P.O. (Panhellenic Football Club) and finally, in 1924 to the well known name of P.A.O. (Panathenian Athletic Club). Over the years Panathinaikos has established departments in 21 sports. Some of them are:

  • Athletics (track and field) and Volleyball, established in 1919
  • Basketball, established in 1922
    • The basketball team is a major force on the European stage, having won the continent's top club competition, the Euroleague, three times (1996, 2000, 2002)
  • Table-Tennis, established in 1924
  • Cycling, established in 1928
  • Swimming and Water Polo, established in 1930
  • Boxing, established in 1946
  • Diving, established in 1947
  • Chess and Weightlifting, established in 1959
  • Fencing, established in 1960
  • Gymnastics, established in 1962
  • Water Skiing, established in 1963
  • Wrestling, established in 1965

Football

Panathinaikos team at Wembley Stadium, 1971

Panathinaikos is one of the most successful greek football clubs, playing consistently in European competitions. They have participated in one European Champions Cup Final (1971 at Wembley Stadium, London, where they lost 2-0 to Ajax Amsterdam) and have twice reached the semifinals of the same competition (later renamed the Champions' League): in 1985 against Liverpool (0-4, 0-1) and in 1996 against Ajax (1 - 0, 0 - 3).

Titles

(40)

19 Greek Championships (1930, 1949,1953, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1964, 1965, 1969, 1970, 1972, 1977, 1984, 1986, 1990, 1991, 1995, 1996, 2004)

16 Greek Cups (1940, 1948, 1955, 1967, 1969, 1977, 1982, 1984, 1986, 1988, 1989, 1991, 1993, 1994, 1995, 2004)

7 Doubles (1969, 1977, 1984, 1986, 1991, 1995, 2004)

4 Super Cups (1970, 1988, 1993, 1994)

1 Balkan Cup (1978)

Famous football players

Antonis Antoniadis, Stratos Apostolakis, Angelos Basinas, Georgios Delikaris, Mimis Domazos, Giorgos Donis, Kostas Eleftherakis, Panagiotis Fissas, Kostas Frantzeskos, Mike Galakos, Giorgos Georgiadis, Takis Ikonomopoulos, George Kalafatis, Ioannis Kalitzakis, Aristidis Kamaras, Giorgos Kapouranis, Anthimos Kapsis, Giorgos Karagounis, Ioannis Kirastas, Sotiris Kirjakos, Kostas Linoxilakis, Spiros Livathinos, Takis Loukanidis, Spiros Marangos, Angelos Messaris, Antonis Miyiakis, Apostolos Nikolaidis, Antonios Nikopolidis, Nikos Nioplias, Loukas Panourgias, Michalis Papazoglou, Mimis Pierrakos, Nikos Sarganis, Dimitris Saravakos, Giourkas Seitaridis, Kostas Tsiklitiras, Nikos Vamvakoulas

Juan Ramon Veron, Oscar Alvarez, Juan Ramon Rotcha, Juan Jose Borelli

Júlio César da Silva, Flávio Conceição

Rene Henriksen, Jan Michaelsen

Karlheinz Pflipsen, Markus Münch

Velimir Zajec, Aljoša Asanović, Robert Jarni, Goran Vlaovic

Jonas Kolkka

Eric Mykland

Krzysztof Warzycha, Josef Wantzik, Emmanuel Olisadebe

Paolo Sousa

Actual Roster


Basketball

History

The name of Panathinaikos refers to a word in the top and most legendary team of Greece, which is far ahead from the second team. Twenty six championships, eight Greek Cups, three Cups Champions Cups (or Euroleague, as it has been called the top inter-club competition the last years) and one Inter-continental, are in brief the palmare of the top Greek club, that is accustomed to be the main actor in Greece and in Europe.

Within its 93 years of duration (the team was founded in 1908), Panathinaikos has filled "golden pages of glory", it has made great players known-that the reference to them can not be limited in just a few lines - and widely known team officials (in the "top of the pyramis" are undoubtedly Pavlos and Thanassis Giannakopoulos), certain of the "legends" of world basket have played with the club (see Dominique Wilkins, Byron Scott, Dino Radja, Dejan Bodiroga, Nikos Galis, Panagiotis Giannakis, Stojan Vrankovic, Fanis Christodoulou and many others), and generally the name of Panathinaikos refers to repute, prestige, power (playing and financial power), triumphs, successes.

The course of Panathinaikos in the European Cups commences in 1961-62, within the bounds of the Cup Champions Cup of the time, it played against Chapoel T.A. in the first round by which it was knocked out (72-84, 56-82). In this course of 39 years ending at this year's final game in Paris (PAO-Maccabi 67-81), the team has performed significant distinctions that fairly rank it among the top clubs of Europe. Certainly, the total reward was the two wins of the top European title. On April 1996 in Paris Panathinaiokos was the first Greek team bringing the European Championship in Greece, winning FC Barcelona in a unique final tournament by 67-66. On September of the same year the team also won the Inter-continental cup, prevailing by 2-1 wins over Olympia of Argentina (83-89, 83-78, 101-76). [2000] in Thesaloniki Panathinaikos was the champion of Europe for the second time winning Maccabi by 73-67 in the final. 2002 year in Bologna Panathinaikos was the champion of Europe for the third time winning Kinder Bologna by 89-83 in the final. Furthermore, the participations of the team in the Final Four held in Tel-Aviv worth mentioning (1994) and in Zaragoza (1995). Other significant successes are: the two participations in the semifinals of the Winners Cup (1969, 1998), the course up to the semi-finals of the Cup Champions Cup for the season 1971-72 (exclusion of the mighty team Inis Varese (78-70, 55-69). In the season of 1981-82, Panathinaikos participated in the finals of the Cup Champions Cup of that time, excluding consecutively CSKA Moscow and Lefski Sofia teams.

Titles

(42)

1 Intercontinental Cup (1996)

3 European Championships(Euroleague) (1996, 2000, 2002)

26 Greek Championships (1947, 1951, 1954, 1961, 1962, 1967, 1969, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1977, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2004, 2005)

8 Greek Cups (1979, 1982, 1983, 1986, 1993, 1996, 2003, 2005)

3 Women's Greek Championships (1998, 2000, 2005)

1 Women's Greek Cup (2000)

Famous basketball players

Liveris Andritsos, Nikos Boudouris, Fanis Christodoulou, Antonios Fotsis, Nikos Galis, Panagiotis Giannakis, Giannis Giannoulis, Nikos Ikonomou, John Korfas, Lazaros Papadopoulos, Konstantinos Patavoukas, David Stergakos

Marcelo Nicola, Hugo Sconochini, Pepe Sanchez

Arian Komazec, Stojan Vrankovic, Dino Radja

John Amaechi

Michael Koch, Sascha Hupmann

Odded Katash

Nando Gentile

Zarko Paspalj, Dejan Bodiroga, Zeljko Rebraca

Ferran Martinez

Ibrahim Kutluay

Alexander Volkov

Antonio Davis, Dominique Wilkins, Byron Dinkins, John Salley, Byron Scott, Johnny Rodgers, Darryl Middleton, Ariel McDonald, Tracy Murray

Actual Roster


Volleyball

History

Since the year of its foundation in 1908, Panathinaikos has been one of the first athletic associations that created a volleyball club in Greece. The first dynamic presence of the team is dated in the years 1927 – 29 with many popular players of the time such as the historical member of the board Apostolos Nikolaidis as well as players such as Aravositas, Gkoumas, Arg. Nikolaidis, Papageorgiou and Papastefanou. In the following years the interest for volleyball became less until before the 2nd Word War when Panathinaikos presented a powerful team with leader players such as Labrou, Vallidis, Momferatos, Tzoumanis, Proselentis, Lykouris, Kakridis k.a.

In the recent history, the volleyball club has demonstrated many titles and honors due to the fact that the team roster has always included some of the leading volleyball players. The first and most popular generation of players of 60’s was Andreas and Nikos Bergeles, as well as Iliopoulos, Leloudas, Chasapis, Emmanouil, Perros and Fotiou who opened the road for the next generations. The most important achievement of the team was the participation in the final of the European Cup in 1980 with players such as Georgantis, Agrapidakis, Koliopoulos, Iliopoulos, Papadopoulos, Malousaris, Gkountakos, Astras and Kokkinaras. The following years Panathinaikos team has continued to dominate the Greek championship with players such as Kazazis, Tentzeris, Gontikas, Galakos, Dimitriadis, Margaronis, Karamaroudis and Andreopoulos.

One of the most successful periods were also the seasons 1994-95 and 1995-96 where Panathinaikos won 2 championships in a raw with Stelios Prosalikas as head coach and Andreopoulos, Triantafillidis, Filippof, Spanos, Hatziantoniou, Oyzounof, A. Kovatsef, P. Kovatsef, Karamaroudis, Mavrakis, Konstantinidis, Zakynthinos, Koutouleas, Tonef as players.

Today, after a difficult period for the team, Panathinaikos reached the top again. The administration, the coaching team, players, fans and supporters acted as the biggest guarantee for the cause but most important the long-lasting history which «condemns» the club to be an eternal leader.

Titles

(39)

17 Greek Championships (1963, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1975, 1977, 1982, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1995, 1996, 2004)

3 Greek Cups (1982, 1984, 1985)

3 Doubles (1982, 1984, 1985)

18 Women's Greek Championships (1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1982, 1983, 1985, 1988, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1998, 2000, 2005)

1 Women's Greek Cup (2005)

1 Double (2005)

Famous volleyball players who played for Panathinaikos

Dimitris Kazazis, Tasos Tentzeris, Akis Chatziantoniou.

Plamen Konstantinov

Andre Nascimento, Cleber De Oliveira

Dalibor Polak

Fabrice Bry

Dawid Murek

Clayton Stanley

Actual Roster


Titles in other Departments

Table Tennis

(112)

  • Greek Championship Men Single (30x): 1930, 1931, 1940, 1951, 1954, 1956, 1957, 1959, 1959 [Mantzaroglou], 1961, 1964, 1966, 1972, 1973, 1973 [A Category], 1974, 1974 [A Category], 1975, 1975 [A Category], 1975 [Mantzaroglou], 1978, 1979, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1986 [A Category], 1987, 1988
  • Greek Championship Women Single (18x): 1948, 1949, 1950, 1952, 1953, 1955, 1958, 1959 [Mantzaroglou], 1959 [Spring], 1972, 1972 [A Category], 1973, 1973 [A Category], 1974, 1974 [A Category], 1976, 1976 [A Category], 1976 [Mantzaroglou]
  • Greek Championship Men Double (21x): 1940, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1959, 1961, 1968, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1978, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988
  • Greek Championship Women Double (6x): 1953, 1954, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975
  • Greek Championship Men-Women Double (14x): 1955, 1957, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1978, 1979, 1982, 1986
  • Greek Club's Championship - Overall Standings (7x): 1951, 1952, 1955, 1956, 1959, 1961, 1962
  • Greek Club's Championship Men (6x): 1959, 1961, 1962, 1966, 1968, 1974
  • Greek Club's Championship Women (3x): 1972, 1973, 1974
  • Greek Cup Men (6x): 1966, 1969, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1982
  • Greek Cup Women (1x): 1969

Athletics

(59)

  • Greek Championship (23x): 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1977, 1989, 1990
  • Greek Indoor Championship (4x): 1986, 1989, 1990, 1994
  • Greek Cross Country Championship (25x): 1930, 1931, 1932, 1934, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1983, 1996, 1997, 1998
  • Greek Championship (Damen) (2x): 1949, 1950
  • Greek Cross Country Championshipn (Damen) (5x): 1949, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986

Cycling

(51)

  • Greek Championship (7x): 1956, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1967, 1969, 1973
  • Greek Championship (Street) (29x): 1951, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1972, 1973, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1989, 1990, 1997
  • Greek Championship (Velodrom) (15x): 1954, 1955, 1956, 1958, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1985, 1986, 1989, 1990

Boxing

(27)

  • Greek Championship (26x): 1949, 1950, 1951, 1952, 1954, 1955, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1964, 1966, 1968, 1969, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1982, 1985, 1986, 1992, 1993, 1996, 1997
  • Greek Cup (1x): 1988

Fencing

(27)

  • Greek Team Championship (11x): 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974
  • Greek Championship (16x): 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1979, 1980

Diving

(26)

  • Greek Championship (Men, 5m. board) (19x): 1952, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1961, 1962, 1968, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1980, 1981
  • Greek Championship (Men, 3m. board) (6x): 1969, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976
  • Greek Championship (Men, Total Standings) (1x): 1965

Archery

(15)

  • Greek Championship (Men and Women) (5x): 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986
  • Greek Championship (5x): 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986
  • Greek Championship Standard Bow (1x): 1993
  • Greek Championship Women (4x): 1982, 1983, 1985, 1986

Swimming

(13)

  • Greek Championship (13x): 1951, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1968

Shooting

(9)

  • Greek Team - Championship (8x): 1960, 1964, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1989, 1990, 1991
  • Greek Military Championship (1x): 1948

Chess

(8)

  • Greek Championship (7x): 1964, 1966, 1967, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1976
  • Greek Cup (1x): 1972

Weightlifting

(6)

  • Greek Championship (6x): 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969

Pentathlon

(2)

  • Greek Championship (2x): 1980, 1987

Wrestling

(2)

  • Greek Championship (2x): 1982, 1984

Gymnastics

(1)

  • Greek Championship (1x): 1972

Water Ski

(1)

  • Greek Championship (1x): 1968

Futsal

(1)

  • Greek Championship (1x): 1991

(Sources: Panathinaikos 1908-1998 from Panos Fiamengos and the website of the Greek National "General Secretariat for Sports")

Most popular fan clubs are: Gate 13, Independents, Athens Fans, Cockneys and PALEFIP.


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Most popular fan clubs are: Gate 13, Independents, Athens Fans, Cockneys and PALEFIP. Beforehand, these same people also attempted several times to place King's image on the twenty dollar bill. (Sources: Panathinaikos 1908-1998 from Panos Fiamengos and the website of the Greek National "General Secretariat for Sports"). A group of civil rights activists attempted unsuccessfully in 2000 to place his image on the half dollar. (1). The penny will be permanently redesigned in 2010, and the current design will no longer be issued beyond 2008, but Abraham Lincoln will remain on the coin. (1). Coin redesign advocates have asked that King's image be placed on the penny or dime.

(1). The difference in philosophy between King and the pre-hajj Malcolm X is part of the inspiration for the relationship between comic book characters Professor Charles Xavier, the leader of the X-Men and his rival Magneto. (2). King would think of modern Black America. (2). The point of the episode was a theoretical look at what Dr. (6). The animated program depicted a fantasy world in which King was not fatally shot, but instead went into a coma, and awoke thirty-two years after his shooting to find that his ideals of non-violence are met with disdain in the post 9/11 era.

(8). A year later, King was the central figure in the January 15, 2006 episode of The Boondocks television series, "The Return of the King". (9). King was featured in the January 20, 2005 installment of The Boondocks comic strip, in which young Michael Caesar imagines King enjoying his birthday celebration by engaging in a number of modern hip hop dances. (13). He is one of the ten 20th-century martyrs from across the world who are depicted in statues above the Great West Door of Westminster Abbey, London. (15). The King Memorial will be administered by the National Park Service.

(26). King will be the first African American honored with his own memorial in the National Mall area and the second non-President to be commemorated in such a way. (27). [17] King was a prominent member of Alpha Phi Alpha, the first intercollegiate Greek-letter fraternity established for African Americans. (27). National Memorial. (51). In 1998, Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity was authorized by the United States Congress to establish a foundation to manage fund raising and design of a Martin Luther King, Jr.

(59). The city government center in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania is the only city hall in the United States to be named in honor of King. (112). King County, Washington rededicated its name in honor of King in 1986.
. cities have officially renamed one of their streets to honor King. Clayton Stanley. In addition, many U.S.

Dawid Murek. states. Fabrice Bry. On January 18, 1993, for the first time, Martin Luther King Day was officially observed in all 50 U.S. Dalibor Polak. It is observed on the third Monday of January each year, around the time of King's birthday. Andre Nascimento, Cleber De Oliveira. It was observed for the first time on January 20, 1986 and is called Martin Luther King Day.

Plamen Konstantinov. President Ronald Reagan signed a bill creating a federal holiday to honor King. Dimitris Kazazis, Tasos Tentzeris, Akis Chatziantoniou. At the White House Rose Garden on November 2, 1983, U.S. 1 Double (2005). National Historic Site. 1 Women's Greek Cup (2005). In 1980, King's boyhood home in Atlanta and several other nearby buildings were declared as the Martin Luther King, Jr.

18 Women's Greek Championships (1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1982, 1983, 1985, 1988, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1998, 2000, 2005). [16]. 3 Doubles (1982, 1984, 1985). The King Center lists homophobia as an evil that must be opposed. 3 Greek Cups (1982, 1984, 1985). [15]. 17 Greek Championships (1963, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1975, 1977, 1982, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1995, 1996, 2004). Although King's widow Coretta has said publicly that she believes her husband would have supported gay rights, his daughter Bernice believes he would have been opposed to them.

(39). For example, there is some debate even within the King family as to where he would have stood on gay rights issues. The administration, the coaching team, players, fans and supporters acted as the biggest guarantee for the cause but most important the long-lasting history which «condemns» the club to be an eternal leader. King's name and legacy have often been invoked since his death as people have begun to debate where he would have stood on various modern political issues were he alive today. Today, after a difficult period for the team, Panathinaikos reached the top again. Daughter Yolanda King is a motivational speaker, author and founder of Higher Ground Productions, an organization specializing in diversity training. Kovatsef, Karamaroudis, Mavrakis, Konstantinidis, Zakynthinos, Koutouleas, Tonef as players. His son, Dexter King, currently serves as the Center's president and CEO.

Kovatsef, P. King established the King Center [14] in Atlanta, Georgia, dedicated to preserving his legacy and the work of championing nonviolent conflict resolution and tolerance worldwide. One of the most successful periods were also the seasons 1994-95 and 1995-96 where Panathinaikos won 2 championships in a raw with Stelios Prosalikas as head coach and Andreopoulos, Triantafillidis, Filippof, Spanos, Hatziantoniou, Oyzounof, A. The same year Martin Luther King was assassinated, Mrs. The following years Panathinaikos team has continued to dominate the Greek championship with players such as Kazazis, Tentzeris, Gontikas, Galakos, Dimitriadis, Margaronis, Karamaroudis and Andreopoulos. King's wife, Coretta Scott King, followed her husband's footsteps and was active in matters of social justice and civil rights until her recent death. The most important achievement of the team was the participation in the final of the European Cup in 1980 with players such as Georgantis, Agrapidakis, Koliopoulos, Iliopoulos, Papadopoulos, Malousaris, Gkountakos, Astras and Kokkinaras. Even posthumous accusations of marital infidelity, communism, and academic plagiarism have not seriously damaged his public reputation but merely reinforced the image of a very human hero and leader.

The first and most popular generation of players of 60’s was Andreas and Nikos Bergeles, as well as Iliopoulos, Leloudas, Chasapis, Emmanouil, Perros and Fotiou who opened the road for the next generations. Today he is often compared with Abraham Lincoln, with supporters remarking that both men were leaders who strongly advanced human rights against poor odds, in a nation divided against itself on the issue - and were ultimately assassinated in part for it. In the recent history, the volleyball club has demonstrated many titles and honors due to the fact that the team roster has always included some of the leading volleyball players. King's reputation has grown to become one of the most revered names in American history. In the following years the interest for volleyball became less until before the 2nd Word War when Panathinaikos presented a powerful team with leader players such as Labrou, Vallidis, Momferatos, Tzoumanis, Proselentis, Lykouris, Kakridis k.a. While some political opponents have used these findings to criticize King, most of the scholars in question have sought to put them into broader context; for example, Keith Miller, probably the foremost expert on language-borrowing in King's oratory, has argued that the practice falls within the tradition of African-American folk preaching, and should not necessarily be labeled plagiarism. Nikolaidis, Papageorgiou and Papastefanou. It is also a feature of many of his speeches, which borrowed heavily from those of other preachers and white radio evangelists.

The first dynamic presence of the team is dated in the years 1927 – 29 with many popular players of the time such as the historical member of the board Apostolos Nikolaidis as well as players such as Aravositas, Gkoumas, Arg. (Though not widely known during his lifetime, most of his published writings during his civil rights career were ghostwritten, or at least heavily adapted from his speeches.) Concerns about his doctoral dissertation at Boston University led to a formal inquiry by university officials, which concluded that approximately a third of it had been plagiarized from a paper written by an earlier graduate student, but it was decided not to revoke his degree, as the paper still "makes an intelligent contribution to scholarship." Such uncredited "textual appropriation," as King scholar Clayborne Carson has labeled it, was apparently a habit of King's begun earlier in his academic career. Since the year of its foundation in 1908, Panathinaikos has been one of the first athletic associations that created a volleyball club in Greece. Beginning in the 1980s, questions have been raised regarding the authorship of King's dissertation, other papers, and his speeches.
. U2 vocalist Bono admits he "screwed up" when writing the lyrics and now performs the song live with the correction. Antonio Davis, Dominique Wilkins, Byron Dinkins, John Salley, Byron Scott, Johnny Rodgers, Darryl Middleton, Ariel McDonald, Tracy Murray. King was killed shortly after 6 PM - early evening.

Alexander Volkov. King's assassination) reads "Early morning, April 4/Shot rings out in the Memphis sky", whereas Dr. Ibrahim Kutluay. However, the song contains a historical error, as the first line of the last chorus (which references Dr. Ferran Martinez. King and his work. Zarko Paspalj, Dejan Bodiroga, Zeljko Rebraca. The band U2 wrote the song "Pride (In the Name of Love)" as a tribute to Dr.

Nando Gentile. [13]. Odded Katash. In 1977, the Presidential Medal of Freedom was awarded posthumously to King by Jimmy Carter. Michael Koch, Sascha Hupmann. You have it all or you are not free.". John Amaechi. with the American Liberties Medallion for his "exceptional advancement of the principles of human liberty." Reverend King said in his acceptance remarks, "Freedom is one thing.

Arian Komazec, Stojan Vrankovic, Dino Radja. Martin Luther King, Jr. Marcelo Nicola, Hugo Sconochini, Pepe Sanchez. Besides winning the 1964 Nobel Peace Prize, in 1965 the American Jewish Committee presented the Reverend Dr. Liveris Andritsos, Nikos Boudouris, Fanis Christodoulou, Antonios Fotsis, Nikos Galis, Panagiotis Giannakis, Giannis Giannoulis, Nikos Ikonomou, John Korfas, Lazaros Papadopoulos, Konstantinos Patavoukas, David Stergakos. Their presence nearby has led to speculation that the FBI was involved in the assassination. 1 Women's Greek Cup (2000). King.

3 Women's Greek Championships (1998, 2000, 2005). Immediately following the shooting, all six agents rushed out of the station and were the first people to administer first-aid to Dr. 8 Greek Cups (1979, 1982, 1983, 1986, 1993, 1996, 2003, 2005). Using papered-over windows with peepholes cut into them, the agents watched over the scene until Martin Luther King was shot. 26 Greek Championships (1947, 1951, 1954, 1961, 1962, 1967, 1969, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1977, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2004, 2005). The FBI was assigned to observe King during the appearance he was planning to make on the Lorraine Motel second-floor balcony later that day, and utilized the fire station as a makeshift base. 3 European Championships(Euroleague) (1996, 2000, 2002). Across from the Lorraine Motel, next to the rooming house in which James Earl Ray was staying, was a vacant fire station.

1 Intercontinental Cup (1996). United States District Judge John Lewis Smith, Jr., ordered all known copies of the recorded audiotapes and written transcripts resulting from the FBI's electronic surveillance of King between 1963 and 1968, be held in the National Archives and sealed from public access until 2027. (42). Kelley, et al. In the season of 1981-82, Panathinaikos participated in the finals of the Cup Champions Cup of that time, excluding consecutively CSKA Moscow and Lefski Sofia teams. Clarence M. Other significant successes are: the two participations in the semifinals of the Winners Cup (1969, 1998), the course up to the semi-finals of the Cup Champions Cup for the season 1971-72 (exclusion of the mighty team Inis Varese (78-70, 55-69). and Southern Christian Leadership Conference v.

Furthermore, the participations of the team in the Final Four held in Tel-Aviv worth mentioning (1994) and in Zaragoza (1995). Kelley, et al. 2002 year in Bologna Panathinaikos was the champion of Europe for the third time winning Kinder Bologna by 89-83 in the final. Clarence M. [2000] in Thesaloniki Panathinaikos was the champion of Europe for the second time winning Maccabi by 73-67 in the final. Lee v. On September of the same year the team also won the Inter-continental cup, prevailing by 2-1 wins over Olympia of Argentina (83-89, 83-78, 101-76). On January 31, 1977, in the cases of Bernard S.

On April 1996 in Paris Panathinaiokos was the first Greek team bringing the European Championship in Greece, winning FC Barcelona in a unique final tournament by 67-66. Finally, the Bureau's investigation shifted away from King's personal life to intelligence and counterintelligence work on the direction of the SCLC and the Black Power movement. Certainly, the total reward was the two wins of the top European title. The Bureau also sent anonymous letters to King threatening to reveal information if he didn't cease his civil rights work. In this course of 39 years ending at this year's final game in Paris (PAO-Maccabi 67-81), the team has performed significant distinctions that fairly rank it among the top clubs of Europe. The Bureau distributed reports regarding such affairs to the executive branch, friendly reporters, potential coalition partners and funding sources of the SCLC, and King's family. in the first round by which it was knocked out (72-84, 56-82). Johnson who notoriously said that King was a “hypocrite preacher”.

The course of Panathinaikos in the European Cups commences in 1961-62, within the bounds of the Cup Champions Cup of the time, it played against Chapoel T.A. Further remarks of King's lifestyle were made by several prominent officials, such as President Lyndon B. Within its 93 years of duration (the team was founded in 1908), Panathinaikos has filled "golden pages of glory", it has made great players known-that the reference to them can not be limited in just a few lines - and widely known team officials (in the "top of the pyramis" are undoubtedly Pavlos and Thanassis Giannakopoulos), certain of the "legends" of world basket have played with the club (see Dominique Wilkins, Byron Scott, Dino Radja, Dejan Bodiroga, Nikos Galis, Panagiotis Giannakis, Stojan Vrankovic, Fanis Christodoulou and many others), and generally the name of Panathinaikos refers to repute, prestige, power (playing and financial power), triumphs, successes. Accounts of such behavior also have been provided by King's associates, including close friend Ralph Abernathy who said King spent his last night on earth engaged in an adulterous liaison with several prostitutes. Twenty six championships, eight Greek Cups, three Cups Champions Cups (or Euroleague, as it has been called the top inter-club competition the last years) and one Inter-continental, are in brief the palmare of the top Greek club, that is accustomed to be the main actor in Greece and in Europe. FBI surveillance of King, some of it since made public, demonstrates that he also engaged in numerous extramarital sexual affairs. The name of Panathinaikos refers to a word in the top and most legendary team of Greece, which is far ahead from the second team. Later, the focus of the Bureau's investigations shifted to attempting to discredit King through revelations regarding his private life.


. The Committee was renamed in 1969 and eventually abolished. Paolo Sousa. HUAC later was discredited for its coercion of witnesses and the manner in which it sought to implicate individuals with vague and often sweeping accusations and assumptions of guilt by association. Krzysztof Warzycha, Josef Wantzik, Emmanuel Olisadebe. The attempt to prove that King was a communist was in keeping with the feeling of many segregationists that blacks in the South were happy with their lot, but had been stirred up by "Communists" and "outside agitators." Movement leaders countered that voter disenfranchisement, lack of education and employment opportunities, discrimination and vigilante violence were the reasons for the strength of the Civil Rights Movement, and that blacks had the intelligence and motivation to organize on their own. Eric Mykland. For his part, King adamantly denied having any connections to Communism, stating at one point that "there are as many Communists in this freedom movement as there are Eskimos in Florida"; to which Hoover responded by calling King "the most notorious liar in the country.".

Jonas Kolkka. Kennedy, both of whom unsuccessfully tried to persuade King to dissociate himself from Levison. Velimir Zajec, Aljoša Asanović, Robert Jarni, Goran Vlaovic. Kennedy and then-President John F. Karlheinz Pflipsen, Markus Münch. The Bureau also informed then-Attorney General Robert F. Rene Henriksen, Jan Michaelsen. The Bureau placed wiretaps on Levison and King's home and office phones, and bugged King's rooms in hotels as he traveled across the country.

Júlio César da Silva, Flávio Conceição. The Bureau of Investigation suspected that Levison had been involved with the Communist Party, USA—to which another key King lieutenant, Hunter Pitts O'Dell, was also linked by sworn testimony before the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC). Juan Ramon Veron, Oscar Alvarez, Juan Ramon Rotcha, Juan Jose Borelli. Its investigations were largely superficial until 1962, when it learned that one of King's most trusted advisers was New York City lawyer Stanley Levison. Antonis Antoniadis, Stratos Apostolakis, Angelos Basinas, Georgios Delikaris, Mimis Domazos, Giorgos Donis, Kostas Eleftherakis, Panagiotis Fissas, Kostas Frantzeskos, Mike Galakos, Giorgos Georgiadis, Takis Ikonomopoulos, George Kalafatis, Ioannis Kalitzakis, Aristidis Kamaras, Giorgos Kapouranis, Anthimos Kapsis, Giorgos Karagounis, Ioannis Kirastas, Sotiris Kirjakos, Kostas Linoxilakis, Spiros Livathinos, Takis Loukanidis, Spiros Marangos, Angelos Messaris, Antonis Miyiakis, Apostolos Nikolaidis, Antonios Nikopolidis, Nikos Nioplias, Loukas Panourgias, Michalis Papazoglou, Mimis Pierrakos, Nikos Sarganis, Dimitris Saravakos, Giourkas Seitaridis, Kostas Tsiklitiras, Nikos Vamvakoulas. The FBI began tracking King and the SCLC in 1961. 1 Balkan Cup (1978). Edgar Hoover, who had deeply detested the civil rights leader.

4 Super Cups (1970, 1988, 1993, 1994). King had a mutually antagonistic relationship with the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), especially its director, J. 7 Doubles (1969, 1977, 1984, 1986, 1991, 1995, 2004). [12]. 16 Greek Cups (1940, 1948, 1955, 1967, 1969, 1977, 1982, 1984, 1986, 1988, 1989, 1991, 1993, 1994, 1995, 2004). He is supported by King assassination author Gerald Posner. 19 Greek Championships (1930, 1949,1953, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1964, 1965, 1969, 1970, 1972, 1977, 1984, 1986, 1990, 1991, 1995, 1996, 2004). Pepper's claims that the government killed King.

(40). King biographer David Garrow disagrees with William F. They have participated in one European Champions Cup Final (1971 at Wembley Stadium, London, where they lost 2-0 to Ajax Amsterdam) and have twice reached the semifinals of the same competition (later renamed the Champions' League): in 1985 against Liverpool (0-4, 0-1) and in 1996 against Ajax (1 - 0, 0 - 3). Our government was very involved in setting the stage for and I think the escape route for James Earl Ray." [11]. Panathinaikos is one of the most successful greek football clubs, playing consistently in European competitions. I will never believe that James Earl Ray had the motive, the money and the mobility to have done it himself. Some of them are:. ..

Over the years Panathinaikos has established departments in 21 sports. So infiltration within, saboteurs from without and the press attacks. (Panathenian Athletic Club). [And] within our own organization, we found a very key person who was on the government payroll. (Panhellenic Football Club) and finally, in 1924 to the well known name of P.A.O. "The fact is there were saboteurs to disrupt the march. In 1909 it changed to P.P.O. Jesse Jackson, who was with King at the time of his death, noted:.

it was called P.O.A (Athens Football Club). [10]. Before the club took the name P.A.O. The investigation report recommends no further investigation unless some new reliable facts are presented. Panathinaikos initially consisted of a single department, the football team. In 2000, the Department of Justice completed the investigation about Jowers' claims, but did not find evidence to support the allegations about conspiracy. The club emblem is the three-leaf clover in green. [8] [9].

PAO (Panathinaikos is often referred to by its initials) was founded by George Kalafatis in 1908, when he and forty athletes decided to break away from Panellinios Gymnastikos Syllogos when the club refused to form a football team. William Pepper represented the King family in the trial. Pan-Athenian Athletic Club) is the most historical sport club in Greece.Panathinaikos is the club with the most departments established (21) and most overall titles won by them (482). Dr. Panathinaikos Sports Club (Greek: Παναθηναϊκός Αθλητικός Όμιλος, Panathinaikos Athlitikos Omilos, i.e. The jury of six whites and six blacks found Jowers guilty and that "governmental agencies were parties" to the assassination plot. Greek Championship (1x): 1991. Jowers claimed to have received $100,000 to arrange King's assassination.

Greek Championship (1x): 1968. In 1999, Coretta Scott King, King's wife (and a civil rights leader herself), along with the rest of King's family won a wrongful death civil trial against Loyd Jowers and "other unknown co-conspirators". Greek Championship (1x): 1972. In 1997 Martin Luther King's son Dexter King met with Ray, and publicly supported Ray's efforts to obtain a trial. Greek Championship (2x): 1982, 1984. Ray and six other convicts escaped from Brushy Mountain State Penitentiary in Petros, Tennessee on June 10, 1977 shortly after Ray testified that he did not shoot King to the House Select Committee on Assassinations, but were recaptured on June 13 and returned to prison.[7] More years were then added to his sentence for attempting to escape from the penitentiary. Greek Championship (2x): 1980, 1987. Atlanta police found Ray's abandoned Mustang six days after King had been shot.

Greek Championship (6x): 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969. However, moments before the assassination, Ray had apparently suspected a setup and instead quickly left town in his Mustang, heading for Atlanta, Georgia. Greek Cup (1x): 1972. Meanwhile, according to Green, two men, one of them allegedly a Memphis police detective, were waiting to ambush and kill Ray while Ray was on his way to the planned diner holdup and then plant the Remington rifle in the trunk of Ray's pale yellow (not white) 1966 Ford Mustang, effectively framing a dead man. Greek Championship (7x): 1964, 1966, 1967, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1976. King was shot a minute later by a sniper hidden in the shrubbery near the rooming house. Greek Military Championship (1x): 1948. Dr.

Greek Team - Championship (8x): 1960, 1964, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1989, 1990, 1991. on April 4th. Greek Championship (13x): 1951, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1968. Green (who, like Ray, had asserted that FBI assistant director Cartha DeLoach headed the assassination plot) had claimed Ray had been ordered to stay in the rooming house and as a diversion for the purported bank heist, to then hold up a small diner near the rooming house at approximately 6:00 p.m. Greek Championship Women (4x): 1982, 1983, 1985, 1986. After several trips to and from Canada and Mexico during this time, Ray had gone to Memphis after agreeing to participate (allegedly controlled by his mysterious benefactor "Raoul" who reportedly had weeks before while in Birmingham, Alabama ordered Ray to purchase the Remington Gamemaster rifle) in what he was told was a major bank robbery while King was in town--since city police resources would be dedicated toward maintaining security for King and his entourage, the intended bank heist would be much simpler than usual. Greek Championship Standard Bow (1x): 1993. King, Ray had been targeted as the patsy for the King assassination shortly before his April 1967 prison escape and had been tracked by the Bureau during his year as a fugitive.

Greek Championship (5x): 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986. According to a former Pemiscot County, Missouri deputy sheriff, Jim Green, who claimed to have been part of an FBI-led conspiracy to kill Dr. Greek Championship (Men and Women) (5x): 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986. Lomax had been publishing a series of investigative stories on the King assassination for the North American Newspaper Alliance, stories challenging the official view of the case, and had been reportedly pressured by the FBI to halt his investigation. Greek Championship (Men, Total Standings) (1x): 1965. According to Ray, all of this had been accomplished with the aid of the still unidentified "Raoul." Investigative reporter Louis Lomax had also discovered the Missouri Department of Corrections, shortly after Ray's April 1967 prison escape, had sent the incorrect set of fingerprints to the FBI and had failed to notice or correct this error. board) (6x): 1969, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976. Also, Ray's petty criminal history had been one of colossal and repeated ineptitude, he'd been quickly and easily apprehended each time he committed an offense, behavior in sharp contrast to that of his shortly before and after the shooting; he'd easily managed to secure several different pieces of legitimate identification, using the names and personal data of living men who all coincidentally looked like and were of about the same age and physical build as Ray, he spent large sums of cash and traveled overseas without being apprehended at any border crossing, even though he had been a wanted fugitive.

Greek Championship (Men, 3m. Moreover, witnesses surrounding King at the moment of his death say the shot came from another location, from behind thick shrubbery near the rooming house, not from the rooming house itself, shrubbery which had been suddenly and inexplicably cut away in the days following the assassination. board) (19x): 1952, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1961, 1962, 1968, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1980, 1981. Many suspecting a conspiracy in the assassination point out the two separate ballistic tests conducted on the Remington Gamemaster had neither conclusively proved Ray had been the killer nor that it had even been the murder weapon. Greek Championship (Men, 5m. Some of the claims used to support this assertion are:. Greek Championship (16x): 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1979, 1980. Kennedy assassin Lee Harvey Oswald was supposed to have been.

Greek Team Championship (11x): 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974. Some have speculated that Ray had been used as a "patsy" similar to the way that alleged John F. Greek Cup (1x): 1988. He spent the remainder of his life attempting (unsuccessfully) to withdraw his guilty plea and secure the trial he never had. Greek Championship (26x): 1949, 1950, 1951, 1952, 1954, 1955, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1964, 1966, 1968, 1969, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1982, 1985, 1986, 1992, 1993, 1996, 1997. King," he may have been "partially responsible without knowing it," hinting at a conspiracy. Greek Championship (Velodrom) (15x): 1954, 1955, 1956, 1958, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1985, 1986, 1989, 1990. Ray fired Foreman as his attorney (from then on derisively calling him "Percy Fourflusher") claiming that a man he met in Montreal, Canada with the alias "Raoul" was involved, as was his brother Johnny, but not himself, further asserting that although he didn't "personally shoot Dr.

Greek Championship (Street) (29x): 1951, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1972, 1973, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1989, 1990, 1997. Georgia that invalidated all state death penalty laws then in force. Greek Championship (7x): 1956, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1967, 1969, 1973. Supreme Court's 1972 decision in the case of Furman v. Greek Cross Country Championshipn (Damen) (5x): 1949, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986. On the advice of his attorney Percy Foreman, Ray took a guilty plea to avoid a trial conviction and thus the possibility of receiving the death penalty, although it is unlikely that a death sentence would have been carried out, due to the U.S. Greek Championship (Damen) (2x): 1949, 1950. Ray, a presumed white supremacist and segregationist, allegedly killed King because of the latter's extensive civil rights work.

Greek Cross Country Championship (25x): 1930, 1931, 1932, 1934, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1983, 1996, 1997, 1998. Later, Ray would be sentenced to a 99-year prison term. Greek Indoor Championship (4x): 1986, 1989, 1990, 1994. Ray was quickly extradited to Tennessee and charged with King's murder, confessing to the assassination on March 10, 1969, (though he recanted this confession three days later). Greek Championship (23x): 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1977, 1989, 1990. Two months after King's death, escaped convict James Earl Ray was captured at London's Heathrow Airport while trying to leave the United Kingdom on a false Canadian passport in the name of Ramon George Sneyd. Greek Cup Women (1x): 1969. LBJ did not attend, and instead sent Vice-President Hubert Humphrey because he was meeting with several advisors and cabinet officers on the Vietnam War in Camp David, and on fears he may be hit with protests and abuses over the war.

Greek Cup Men (6x): 1966, 1969, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1982. A crowd of 300,000 attended his funeral that same day. Greek Club's Championship Women (3x): 1972, 1973, 1974. Five days later, President Lyndon Johnson declared a national day of mourning for the lost civil rights leader. Greek Club's Championship Men (6x): 1959, 1961, 1962, 1966, 1968, 1974. The assassination led to a nationwide wave of riots in more than 60 cities. Greek Club's Championship - Overall Standings (7x): 1951, 1952, 1955, 1956, 1959, 1961, 1962. Joseph's hospital at 7:05 PM .

Greek Championship Men-Women Double (14x): 1955, 1957, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1978, 1979, 1982, 1986. He was pronounced dead at St. Greek Championship Women Double (6x): 1953, 1954, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975. Friends inside the motel room heard the shot fired and ran to the balcony to find King shot in the throat. Greek Championship Men Double (21x): 1940, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1959, 1961, 1968, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1978, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988. King was assassinated the next evening, April 4, 1968, at 6:01 PM, on the balcony of the Lorraine Motel in Memphis, Tennessee, while preparing to lead a local march in support of the predominantly black Memphis sanitation workers' union who was on strike at the time. Greek Championship Women Single (18x): 1948, 1949, 1950, 1952, 1953, 1955, 1958, 1959 [Mantzaroglou], 1959 [Spring], 1972, 1972 [A Category], 1973, 1973 [A Category], 1974, 1974 [A Category], 1976, 1976 [A Category], 1976 [Mantzaroglou]. On April 3, 1968, King prophetically told a euphoric crowd:.

Greek Championship Men Single (30x): 1930, 1931, 1940, 1951, 1954, 1956, 1957, 1959, 1959 [Mantzaroglou], 1961, 1964, 1966, 1972, 1973, 1973 [A Category], 1974, 1974 [A Category], 1975, 1975 [A Category], 1975 [Mantzaroglou], 1978, 1979, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1986 [A Category], 1987, 1988. He saw a crying need to confront a Congress that had demonstrated its "hostility to the poor" -- appropriating "military funds with alacrity and generosity," but providing "poverty funds with miserliness.". Wrestling, established in 1965. King's economic bill of rights called for massive government jobs programs to rebuild America's cities. Water Skiing, established in 1963. Reader's Digest warned of an "insurrection.". Gymnastics, established in 1962. He crisscrossed the country to assemble "a multiracial army of the poor" that would descend on Washington -- engaging in nonviolent civil disobedience at the Capitol, if need be -- until Congress enacted a poor people's bill of rights.

Fencing, established in 1960. demanding economic aid to the poorest communities of the United States. Chess and Weightlifting, established in 1959. The campaign culminated in a march on Washington, D.C. Diving, established in 1947. In 1968, King and the SCLC organized the "Poor People's Campaign" to address issues of economic justice. Boxing, established in 1946. was suppressing revolutions "of the shirtless and barefoot people" in the Third World, instead of supporting them.

Swimming and Water Polo, established in 1930. was "on the wrong side of a world revolution." King questioned "our alliance with the landed gentry of Latin America," and asked why the U.S. Cycling, established in 1928. King also stated in his "Beyond Vietnam" speech that "True compassion is more than flinging a coin to a beggar; it comes to see that an edifice which produces beggars needs restructuring." From Vietnam to South Africa to Latin America, King said, the U.S. Table-Tennis, established in 1924. Though his public language was guarded, so as to avoid being linked to communism by his political enemies, in private he sometimes spoke of his support for democratic socialism:. The basketball team is a major force on the European stage, having won the continent's top club competition, the Euroleague, three times (1996, 2000, 2002). Toward the end of his life, King more frequently expressed his opposition to the war and his desire to see a redistribution of resources to correct racial and economic injustice.

Basketball, established in 1922

    . King began to speak of the need for fundamental changes in the political and economic life of the nation. Athletics (track and field) and Volleyball, established in 1919. The speech was a reflection of King's evolving political advocacy in his later years, sparked in part by his affiliation with and training at the progressive Highlander Research and Education Center. TIME called the speech "demagogic slander that sounded like a script for Radio Hanoi (a propaganda radio station run by the North Vietnamese Army during the Vietnam War)", and the Washington Post declared that King had "diminished his usefulness to his cause, his country, his people.". King was long hated by many white southern segregationists, but this speech turned the more mainstream media against him.

    On April 4, 1967 -- exactly one year before his death -- King spoke out strongly against the US's role in the war, insisting that the US was in Vietnam "to occupy it as an American colony" and calling the US government "the greatest purveyor of violence in the world today." But he also argued that the country needed larger and broader moral changes:. Starting in 1965 , King began to express doubts about the United States' role in the Vietnam War. Chicago could be seen as a point where the civil rights movement lost its momentum and began to fade to a shadow of what King had planned for it. They asked him for financial information, and he sent them a bag of unorganized receipts.

    While Jackson had a great deal of heart and oratorical skill, he knew very little about running an organization. When King and his allies returned to the South, they left Jesse Jackson, then a young Chicago activist, in charge of their organization. However, they did light the fire of ideas like Affirmative Action and organizing labor as legitimate techniques in the minds of the people. Some of their small successes such as Operation Breadbasket, did not translate into anything as large as the desegregation cases of the bus boycott in the South.

    Daley's corrupt machine. Abernathy and King secured agreements on action to be taken, but this action was largely bureaucratically killed after-the-fact by politicians within mayor Richard J. But worse than the violence was the two-facedness of the city leaders. And in Chicago the violence was so formidable, it shook the two friends.

    But he himself still faced death many a time by marching at the front in the face of death threats to his person. If King had intimations that a peaceful march would be put down with violence he would call it off for the safety of people. King had always felt a responsibility to the people he was leading to not unnecessarily stage a violent event, something rather unique to him as a radical social leader of the 1960s or any other decade. Thrown bottles and screaming throngs met their marches and they were truly afraid of starting a riot.

    In Chicago, Abernathy would later write, they received a worse reception than they had received in the South. King stayed and wrote about how Coretta and his children suffered emotional problems from the horrid conditions and inability to play outside. Abernathy could not stand the slums and secretly moved out after a short period. King and Ralph Abernathy, both middle class folk, moved into Chicago's slums as an educational experience and to demonstrate their support and empathy for the poor.

    In 1966, after several successes in the South, King and other people in the civil rights organizations tried to spread the movement to the North, with Chicago as its first target. However, Rustin's open homosexuality and support of democratic socialism and ties to the Communist Party USA caused many white and African Americans leaders to demand that King distance himself from Rustin, which he did on several occasions, but not all — such as when he ensured Rustin's role in the March on Washington. African American civil rights activist Bayard Rustin counseled King to dedicate himself to the principles of non-violence in 1956, and had a leadership role in organizing the 1963 March on Washington. On October 14, 1964, King became the youngest recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize, which was awarded to him for leading non-violent resistance to end racial prejudice in the United States.

    His "Letter from Birmingham Jail", written in 1963, is a passionate statement of his crusade for justice. Throughout his career of service, King wrote and spoke frequently, drawing on his long experience as a preacher. It is regarded, along with President Lincoln's Gettysburg Address, as one of the finest speeches in the history of American oratory. King's I Have a Dream speech electrified the crowd.

    At the time, it was the largest gathering of protesters in Washington's history. More than a quarter of a million people of diverse ethnicities attended the event, sprawling from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial onto the National Mall and around the reflecting pool. Despite tensions, the march was a resounding success. The march did, however, make specific demands: an end to racial segregation in public school; meaningful civil rights legislation, including a law prohibiting racial discrimination in employment; protection of civil rights workers from police brutality; a $2 minimum wage for all workers; and self-government for the District of Columbia, then governed by congressional committee.

    As a result, some civil rights activists felt it presented an inaccurate, sanitized pageant of racial harmony; Malcolm X called it the "Farce on Washington," and members of the Nation of Islam who attended the march faced a temporary suspension.[5]. However, the group acquiesced to presidential pressure and influence, and the event ultimately took on a far less strident tone. Organizers intended to excoriate and then challenge the federal government for its failure to safeguard the civil rights and physical safety of civil rights workers and blacks, generally, in the South. The march originally was conceived as an event to dramatize the desperate condition of blacks in the South and a very public opportunity to place organizers' concerns and grievances squarely before the seat of power in the nation's capital.

    Kennedy initially opposed the march outright, because he was concerned it would negatively impact the drive for passage of civil rights legislation, but the organizers were firm that the march would proceed. Kennedy in changing the focus of the march. For King, this role was another which courted controversy, as he was one of the key figures who acceded to the wishes of President John F. Philip Randolph, Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters; John Lewis, SNCC; and James Farmer of the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE).

    The other leaders and organizations comprising the Big Six were: Roy Wilkins, NAACP; Whitney Young, Jr., Urban League; A. King, representing SCLC, was among the leaders of the so-called "Big Six" civil rights organizations who were instrumental in the organization of the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom in 1963. The march finally went ahead fully on March 25, with the agreement and support of President Johnson, and it was during this march that Willie Ricks coined the phrase "Black Power" (widely credited to Stokely Carmichael). This unexpected action aroused the surprise and anger of many within the local movement.

    The second attempt at the march on March 9 was ended when King stopped the procession at the Edmund Pettus Bridge on the outskirts of Selma, an action which he seemed to have negotiated with city leaders beforehand. The footage of the police brutality against the protesters was broadcast extensively across the nation and aroused a national sense of public outrage. Johnson, he had attempted to delay the march until March 8, but the march was carried out against his wishes and without his presence by local civil rights workers. After meeting with President Lyndon B.

    King, however, was not present. Bloody Sunday was a major turning point in the effort to gain public support for the Civil Rights Movement, the clearest demonstration up to that time of the dramatic potential of King's nonviolence strategy. This day since has become known as Bloody Sunday. The first attempt to march on March 7, was aborted due to mob and police violence against the demonstrators.

    King and SCLC, in partial collaboration with SNCC, then attempted to organize a march from Selma to the state capital of Montgomery, for March 25, 1963. While it may seem that he alternates between advocating socioeconomic and racial affirmative action, the latter predominated. King himself admitted that the vast majority of the poor were black anyway, implying that he could put his proposed programs in terms of class and not race, while still achieving the end of compensatory treatment, albeit via a more agreeable position. Scholars argue whether he advocated affirmative action for the poor, blacks, or both.

    As one site puts it: "King actually suggested it might be necessary to have, something akin to 'discrimination in reverse' as a form of national 'atonement' for the legacy of slavery and Jim Crow segregation." [2][3][4]. Among his comments:. may have supported affirmative action. Martin Luther King Jr.

    King and the SCLC joined forces with SNCC in Selma, Alabama, in December 1964, where SNCC had been working on voter registration for a number of months. Augustine, Florida, in 1964. King and the SCLC were instrumental in the unsuccessful protest movement in Albany, in 1961 & 1962, where divisions within the black community and the canny, low-key response by local government defeated efforts; in the Birmingham protests in the summer of 1963; and in the protest in St. Sometimes these confrontations turned violent.

    King and the SCLC applied the principles of nonviolent protest with great success by strategically choosing the method of protest and the places in which protests were carried out in often dramatic stand-offs with segregationist authorities. Most of these rights were successfully enacted into United States law with the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. King organized and led marches for blacks' right to vote, desegregation, labor rights and other basic civil rights. Indeed, journalistic accounts and televised footage of the daily deprivation and indignities suffered by southern blacks, and of segregationist violence and harassment of civil rights workers and marchers, produced a wave of sympathetic public opinion that made the Civil Rights Movement the single most important issue in American politics in the early 1960s.

    King correctly recognized that organized, nonviolent protest against the racist system of southern segregation known as Jim Crow laws would lead to extensive media coverage of the struggle for black equality and voting rights. King was an adherent of the philosophies of nonviolent civil disobedience used successfully in India by Mahatma Gandhi, and he applied this philosophy to the protests organized by the SCLC. The SCLC derived its membership principally from black communities associated with Baptist churches. The organization's nonviolent principles were criticized by some blacks and challenged by the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC).

    King continued to dominate the organization until his death. Following the campaign, King was instrumental in the founding of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) in 1957, a group created to harness the moral authority and organizing power of black churches to conduct nonviolent protests in the service of civil rights reform. King was arrested during this campaign, which ended with a United States Supreme Court decision outlawing racial segregation on intrastate buses. (The number of days is often quoted as 381, but that overlooks the fact that 1956 was a leap year.) The situation became so tense that King's house was bombed.

    The boycott lasted for 382 days. He was a leader of the 1955 Montgomery Bus Boycott that began when Rosa Parks refused to comply with the Jim Crow law that required her to surrender her seat to a white man. In 1953, King became the pastor of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama. On January 30, 2006, King's wife Coretta Scott King passed away.

    All four children have followed their father's footsteps as civil rights activists, although their pet issues and opinions differ. King and Scott had four children:. King's father performed the wedding ceremony in Scott's parents' house in Marion, Alabama. King married Coretta Scott on June 18, 1953.

    in Systematic Theology from Boston University. In 1955 he received his Ph.D. Later he graduated from Crozer Theological Seminary in Chester, Pennsylvania [1] with a Bachelor of Divinity degree in 1951. At Morehouse, King was mentored by President Benjamin Mays, a civil rights leader.

    He graduated from Morehouse College with a Bachelor of Arts degree in Sociology in 1948. list his first name as Michael, apparently due to some confusion on the part of the family doctor regarding the true name of King's father, who was known as Mike throughout his childhood. Birth records for Martin Luther King Jr. and Alberta Williams King.

    Martin Luther King, Sr. King was born in Atlanta, Georgia (on Auburn Avenue) to the Rev. . Martin Luther King Day was established in his honor.

    For his promotion of non-violence and racial equality, King is considered a peacemaker and martyr by many people around the world. In 1977, King was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom, by Jimmy Carter. King won the Nobel Peace Prize before being assassinated in 1968. Martin Luther King, Jr. (January 15, 1929–April 4, 1968) was a Baptist minister and American political activist who was the most famous leader of the American civil rights movement.


    . ISBN 0140064869. The FBI and Martin Luther King, Jr. New York: Penguin Books, 1981. Garrow, David.

    ISBN 0684808196. Pillar of fire : America in the King years, 1963-1965.: Simon & Schuster, 1998. ISBN 0671460978. Parting the waters : America in the King years, 1954-1963. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1988.

    ISBN 068485712X. At Canaan's Edge: America In the King Years, 1965-1968. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2006. Branch, Taylor. ISBN 0060161922.

    And the Walls Came Tumbling Down: An Autobiography. New York: Harper & Row, 1989. Abernathy, Ralph. and Clayborne Carson (1998). The Autobiography of Martin Luther King, Jr. by Martin Luther King Jr.

    A Testament of Hope : The Essential Writings and Speeches of Martin Luther King, Jr. (1986). The Trumpet of Conscience (1968). Where do we go from here: Chaos or community? (1967). Why We Can't Wait (1964).

    Strength to Love (1963). The Measure of a Man (1959). Stride toward freedom; the Montgomery story (1958). Army in the late 1940s.

    Ray was believed to have been an average marksman, and it is claimed by many that Ray had not fired a rifle since his discharge from the U.S. The rooming-house bathroom from which Ray is said to have fired the fatal shots did not have any of his fingerprints at all. According to several fellow prison inmates, Ray had never expressed any political or racial opinions of any kind, casting doubt on Ray's purported motive for committing the crime. The weapon that Ray is believed to have used in the assassination (a Remington Gamemaster Model 760 .30-'06 caliber rifle) had only two of Ray's fingerprints on it.

    Ray was a small-time thief and burglar, and had no record of committing violent crimes with a weapon. Bernice Albertine (March 28, 1963, Atlanta, Georgia). Dexter Scott (January 30, 1961, Atlanta, Georgia). Martin Luther III (October 23, 1957, Montgomery, Alabama).

    Yolanda Denise (November 17, 1955, Montgomery, Alabama).