Naples

Naples is politically divided in 10 Community Boards :. Hazy conditions, atmospheric dust, and high humidity contribute to this atmospheric attenuation. The majority of these Neapolitans who left Italy went to the Americas, especially the United States, Canada, Brazil, and Argentina. During sunrise and sunset, sunlight is attenuated by a particularly long passage through Earth's atmosphere, and the direct Sun is sometimes faint enough to be viewed directly without discomfort or safely with binoculars. Naples has seen many of its children spread throughout the world, setting up 'Little Italies' in many countries. Viewing the partially eclipsed Sun with the naked eye can cause permanent localized damage to the retina, resulting in small, permanent blind spots for the viewer.^[20] This is an especially insidious hazard for inexperienced observers and for children, because there is no immediate perception of pain and it is tempting to stare at the spectacle of the eclipsing Sun, compounding any damage. In 2004 the football team was declared bankrupt and has been subsequently reborn into the lower division of Serie C1 as 'Napoli Soccer'. Each retinal cell that is exposed to the partially-eclipsed solar image thus receives about ten times as much light as it would looking at the normal, non-eclipsed Sun.

With the help of Diego Maradona, they achieved rare success in 1987 and in 1990 by winning the Scudetto, the UEFA Cup, Italian Super Cup and the Italian Cup. In the dim overall light, the pupil tends to dilate from about 2 mm to perhaps 6 mm diameter, increasing the eye's collecting area by a factor of nearly 10. Naples is the home of the underachieving soccer team Napoli. During partial eclipses, most sunlight is blocked by the Moon passing directly in front of the Sun, but the uncovered parts of the photosphere have the same surface brightness as during a normal day. As well, Naples is near the volcanic area known as the Campi Flegrei and the port towns of Pozzuoli and Baia, which were part of the vast Roman naval facility, Portus Julius. The pupil is controlled by the total amount of light in the visual field, not by the brightest object in the field. 79 eruption of Vesuvius) are also nearby. During partial eclipses of the Sun, another hazardous condition exists because of the way the eye responds to bright light.

The Roman ruins of Pompeii and Herculaneum (destroyed in the A.D. Even brief glances at the midday Sun through unfiltered binoculars can cause permanent blindness.^[19]. Sorrento and the Amalfi Coast are situated south of Naples. Viewing the Sun through unfiltered 7x50 mm binoculars can deliver as much as 2.5 watts of sunlight into each eye, over 300 times more power than naked eye viewing. The islands of Procida, (famously used as the set for much of il Postino), Capri and Ischia can all be reached quickly by hydrofoils and ferries. Using a proper filter is very important as some improvised filters reduce visible light while passing either infrared or ultraviolet rays that can still damage the eye. Capodichino is the site of the Naples International Airport. Suitable filters are available at welding supply shops and camera stores.

There is also the Support Site, which consists mostly of housing and personnel support facilities, located in Gricignano di Aversa. Viewing the Sun through light-concentrating optics such as binoculars is hazardous without an attenuating (ND) filter to dim the sunlight. Naval Support Activity Naples, located in Capodichino is a major US Navy base which is responsible for the support and control of US Naval assets in the 6th Fleet area of responsibility, and Bagnoli, known as Joint Force Command South (formerly AFSOUTH, many Sailors still call it this) is a major NATO base, which is responsible for the coordination of NATO forces in the south European Region. Brief viewing of the full direct Sun with the naked eye is unpleasant but generally safe.^[18]. Naples is the site of three major military bases. Direct viewing of the Sun with the naked eye delivers about 4 milliwatts of sunlight to the retina that is in the solar image, heating it up and potentially (though not normally) damaging it. There are also large catacombs in and around the city. Looking directly at the Sun when it is high in the sky causes temporary bleaching of the photosensitive pigments in the retina, which makes phosphene visual artifacts and may cause temporary partial blindness.

You can visit approximately one kilometer of the many kilometers of tunnels under the city. Sunlight is very bright, and looking directly at the Sun is painful to the eyes. Subterranean Naples consists of old Greco-Roman reservoirs dug out from the soft tufo stone on which, and from which, the city is built. The energy stored in petroleum is thought to have been converted from sunlight by photosynthesis in the distant past. Guided tours operate around the Stratification of Naples which shows the city through the layers laid down across history. Photosynthesis by plants captures the energy of sunlight and converts it to chemical form (oxygen and reduced carbon compounds), while direct heating or electrical conversion by solar cells are used by solar power equipment to generate electricity or do other useful work. Other notable monuments are:. This energy can be harnessed through several natural and synthetic processes.

Naples is the home of the Teatro di San Carlo, the oldest active opera house in Europe, which opened its doors on November 4, 1737. Sunlight on the surface of Earth is attenuated by the Earth's atmosphere, so that less power arrives at the surface — closer to 1000 watts per directly exposed square meter in clear conditions when the Sun is near the zenith. The Museo Archeologico Nazionale Napoli contains a large collection of Roman artifacts from Pompeii and Herculaneum as well as the Farnese Marbles, some of the greatest surviving Roman statues, an amazing numismatical collection; The Museo Nazionale di Capodimonte contains art collections including works by Michelangelo, Raphael, Botticelli and Caravaggio. near Earth. It contains an aquarium which is possibly Europe's oldest and is favoured by the locals for family walks on Sunday mornings. from the Sun, i.e. La Villa Comunale (formerly a royal park) has been refurbished and stretches along the seafront in the smarter western end of the city. It is about 1370 watts per square meter of area, one A.U.

There are, however, many attractions within the city. The solar constant is the amount of power that the Sun deposits per unit area that is directly exposed to sunlight. Naples itself is less visited than some of the surrounding attractions. Sunlight — that is, light radiated from the surface of the Sun — is thought to be the main source of energy near the surface of Earth. Naples is also known for its ice cream (in Italian gelato). Thus, the Sun was considered by Greek astronomers to be one of the seven planets (Greek planetes "wanderer"), after which the seven days of the week are named in some languages. Another typical Neapolitan pastry is the Sfogliatella (riccia or frolla). With respect to the fixed stars, the Sun appears from Earth to revolve once a year along the ecliptic through the zodiac.

It is always combined with boiled rice. It was only after Einstein's theory of mass-energy convertibility in the early 20th century that it was finally understood that the sun runs on nuclear fusion and is billions of years old, with several other billion to go. The ingredients are typically annealed grain, eggs, and sometimes cream. In the early years of the modern scientific era, it was proposed that the Sun extracted its energy from friction of its gas masses, which would yield a Sun no older than a few million years, with a few more million years to go. The Pastiera is a cake with a complicated recipe, varying by the county in which it is prepared. For teaching this heresy he was imprisoned by the authorities and sentenced to death (though later released through the intervention of Pericles). Choux is a small "bubble" of leavened paste stuffed with light cream, usually coffee or chocolate flavored. One of the first people in the Western world to offer a scientific explanation for the sun was the Greek philosopher Anaxagoras, who reasoned that it was a giant flaming ball of metal even larger than the Peleponessus, and not the chariot of Helios.

The babà (also known as savarin) is a mushroom-shaped piece of leavend sweet paste, soaked with an orange flavoured mixture of ron|ruhm and water. In many prehistoric and ancient cultures, the Sun was thought to be a deity or other supernatural phenomenon. Naples offers several kinds of unique pastry, the most famous of which is perhaps the babà, followed by choux (Neapolitans write it as sciù) and the Pastiera, a cake prepared for Easter. Mankind's most fundamental understanding of the Sun is as the luminous disk in the heavens whose presence above the horizon creates day, and whose absence causes night. Often one can get another version of melanzane alla parmigiana with an addition of mozzarella cheese. This stellar evolution scenario is typical of low to medium mass stars. Another excellent Campanian dish found in Naples is melanzane alla parmigiana, which is fried slices of aubergine (eggplant) gratinéed with tomato sauce and parmesan cheese. The Sun will then evolve into a white dwarf, slowly cooling over eons.

Naples is also famous for its pasta dishes, where spaghetti is often served with sugo di pomodoro, a tomato sauce which gets its full flavour from sun-ripe Campanian San Marzano tomatoes. Following the red giant phase, giant thermal pulsations will cause the Sun to throw off its outer layers forming a planetary nebula. La vera pizza ("true pizza") should be made in a wood-burning oven similar to a Tandoori oven. While it is likely that the expansion of the outer layers of the Sun will reach the current position of Earth's orbit, recent research suggests that mass lost from the Sun earlier in its red giant phase will cause the Earth's orbit to move further out, preventing it from being engulfed. The pizza was named after it was served to Queen Margherita when she visited the city. Helium fusion will begin when the core temperature reaches about 3×10⁸ K. It is the birthplace of the Pizza Margherita, which traditionally is made with mozzarella cheese, pomodoro (tomato) and basil - each representing the red, white, and green of the Italian flag. Instead, in 4-5 billion years it will enter its red giant phase, its outer layers expanding as the hydrogen fuel in the core is consumed and the core contracts and heats up.

Naples is by tradition the home of pizza. Our Sun does not have enough mass to explode as a supernova, and its mass is below the Chandrasekhar limit.
. This is suggested by a high abundance of heavy elements such as iron, gold and uranium in the solar system: the most plausible ways that these elements could be produced are by endothermic nuclear reactions during a supernova or by transmutation via neutron absorption inside a massive first generation star. see main article History of Naples. The Sun is thought to be a second-generation star, whose formation may have been triggered by shockwaves from a nearby supernova. . It returned to Earth in 2004 and is undergoing analysis, but it was damaged by crash-landing when its parachute failed to deploy on reentry to Earth's atmosphere.

The city is served by Naples International Airport. A solar wind sample return mission, Genesis, was designed to allow astronomers to directly measure the composition of solar material. The metropolitan area of Naples is second in Italy by population, with over 4,400,000 inhabitants. Elemental abundances in the photosphere are well known from spectroscopic studies, but the composition of the interior of the Sun is much less well known. Neapolitan is a colourful, rich italian dialect- known in Naples as Napulitano. It has proved so useful that a follow-on mission, the Solar Dynamics Observatory, is planned for launch in 2008. It is rich in historical, artistic and cultural traditions and gastronomy. Originally a two-year mission, SOHO is now over ten years old (as of late 2005).

Napoli is where pizza originally came from. To obtain an uninterrupted view of the Sun, the European Space Agency and NASA cooperatively launched the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) on December 2, 1995. It is located just halfway between the Vesuvius volcano and a separate volcanic area, the Campi Flegrei, all part of the Campanian volcanic arc. The North/South swing in apparent angle is the main source of seasons on Earth. The city has a population of about 1 million, and together with its suburbs, the urban area has 4.4 million inhabitants (Neapolitans). The most obvious variation in the Sun's apparent position through the year is a North/South swing over 47 degrees of angle, due to the 23.5 degree tilt of the Earth, but there is an East/West component as well. Naples (Italian Nàpoli, Neapolitan Napule, from Greek Νέα Πόλις - Néa Pólis - meaning "New City"; see also List of traditional Greek place names) is the largest city in southern Italy and capital of Campania Region and the Province of Naples. The shape described by the Sun's position, considered at the same time each day for a complete year, is called the analemma, and resembles a figure 8, aligned along the North/South direction.

. Observed from Earth, the path of the Sun across the sky varies throughout the year. 10 : Bagnoli and Fuorigrotta. the interplanetary medium) in a magnetic field, induces electric currents which in turn generates magnetic fields, and in this respect it behaves like an MHD dynamo. 9 : Pianura and Soccavo. Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) theory predicts that the motion of a conducting fluid (e.g. 8 : Chiaiano, Piscinola-Marianella and Scampia. But satellite observations show that it is about 100 times greater at around 10^-9 tesla.

7 : Miano, S.Pietro a Patierno and Secondigliano. If space were a vacuum, then the Sun's 10^-4 tesla magnetic dipole field would reduce with the cube of the distance to about 10^-11 tesla. 6 : Barra, Ponticelli and S.Giovanni a Teduccio. The plasma in the interplanetary medium is also responsible for the strength of the Sun's magnetic field at the orbit of the Earth being over 100 times greater than originally anticipated. 5 : Arenella and Vomero. The influence of the Sun's rotating magnetic field on the plasma in the interplanetary medium creates the largest structure in the Solar System, the Heliospheric current sheet. 4 : S.Lorenzo, Vicaria and Poggioreale-Zona Industriale. The magnetic field of the sun reverses once for each 11-year sunspot cycle.

3 : Stella and S.Carlo all'Arena. The solar activity cycle includes old magnetic fields being stripped off the Sun's surface starting from one pole and ending at the other. 2 : Avvocata, Montecalvario, S.Giuseppe, Porto, Mercato and Pendino. (See magnetic reconnection). 1 : Chiaia, Posillipo and S.Ferdinando. The differential rotation of the Sun's latitudes causes its magnetic field lines to become twisted together over time, causing magnetic field loops to erupt from the Sun's surface and trigger the formation of the Sun's dramatic sunspots and solar prominences. Giuseppe Migliozzi General (military). This makes it possible for the Sun to rotate faster at its equator (about 25 days) than it does at higher latitudes (28 days near its poles).

Sophia Loren actress. All matter in the Sun is in the form of gas and plasma due to its high temperatures. Raffaele Viviani. Others suggest that cosmic rays might strongly influence the Earth's climate, and that their flux was much higher in the early history of the solar system ^[17]. Giambattista Vico philosopher. Some scientists have suggested that the young Earth's atmosphere contained much larger quantities of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and/or ammonia than are present today ^[16]. Domenico Antonio Vaccaro sculptor, architect and painter. In fact, the young Earth was actually warmer than it is today.

Massimo Troisi actor. However, the geologic record shows that the Earth has remained at a fairly constant temperature throughout its history. Massimo Stanzione. Such a weak star would not have been able to sustain liquid water on the Earth's surface, and thus life should not have been able to develop. Matilde Serao journalist and novelist. Theoretical models of the sun's development suggest that 3.8 to 2.5 billion years ago, during the Archean period, the Sun was only about 75 percent as bright as it is today. Domenico Scarlatti. One possible candidate to explain coronal heating is continuous flaring at small scales ^[15], but this is still an open topic of investigation.

Edoardo Scarfoglio. Current research focus has therefore shifted towards flare heating mechanisms. Antonio Scarfoglio. In addition, Alfven waves do not easily dissipate in the corona ^[14]. Jacopo Sannazaro. All waves except Alfven waves have been found to dissipate or refract before reaching the corona (^[12], ^[13]). Ferdinando Sanfelice. Currently, it is unclear whether waves are an efficient heating mechanism.

Raffaele Sacco poet and lyricist. ^[8], ^[9], ^[10], ^[11]. Venerable Ludovico Sabbatini, religious teacher and priest. The other proposed mechanism is flare heating, in which magnetic energy is continuously built up by photospheric motion and released through magnetic reconnection in the form of solar flares and waves. Andrea Sabbatini, Renaissance painter. These waves travel upward and dissipate in the corona, depositing their energy in the ambient gas in the form of heat. Vincenzo Russo politcal philosopher. Two main mechanisms have been proposed to explain coronal heating: Wave heating, in which sound, gravitational and magnetohydrodynamic waves are produced by turbulence in the convection zone.

Ferdinando Russo poet, journalist and writer. It is thought that the energy necessary to heat the corona is provided by turbulent motion in the convection zone below the photosphere. Salvator Rosa poet, satirist and Baroque era painter. The high temperature of the corona shows that it is heated by something other than the photosphere. Basilio Puoti. Above it lies the solar corona with a temperature of one million kelvins. Giovanni Pontano. The optical surface of the Sun (the photosphere) is known to have a temperature of about 6,000 K.

Giovanni Battista Pergolesi. Thus, measurement and theory have been reconciled. Giovanni Paisiello. It has recently been found that neutrinos have rest mass, and can therefore transform into harder-to-detect varieties of neutrinos while en route from the Sun to Earth in a process known as neutrino oscillation ^[7]. Domenico Morelli painter. Several neutrino observatories were constructed, including the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory and Kamiokande to try to measure the solar neutrino flux. Giovan Battista Marino. For some time it was thought that the number of neutrinos produced by the nuclear reactions in the Sun was only a third of the number predicted by theory, a result that was termed the solar neutrino problem.

Alfonso Maria de' Liguori jurist and writer (Catholic saint). The temperature of the corona is several megakelvins. Pirro Ligorio, mannerist architect. The low corona, which is very near the surface of the Sun, has a particle density of 10¹¹/m³ (Earth's atmosphere near sea level has a particle density of about 2x10²⁵/m³). Ruggero Leoncavallo. The corona merges smoothly with the solar wind that fills the solar system and heliosphere. Giuseppe Patroni Griffi screenwriter. The corona is the extended outer atmosphere of the Sun, which is much larger in volume than the Sun itself.

Giacinto Gigante. It is called the chromosphere from the Greek root chroma, meaning color, because the chromosphere is visible as a colored flash at the beginning and end of total eclipses of the Sun. Luca Giordano. Above the visible surface of the Sun is a thin layer, about 2,000km thick, that is dominated by a spectrum of emission and absorption lines. Vincenzo Gemito sculptor. This part of the Sun is cool enough to support simple molecules such as carbon monoxide and water which can be detected by their absorption spectra. Gaetano Filangieri jurist. It is about 4,000 K.

Armando Diaz general and politician. The coolest layer of the Sun is the temperature minimum region about 500km above the photosphere. Salvatore di Giacomo writer, poet and lyricist. They can be viewed with telescopes operating across the electromagnetic spectrum, from radio through visible light to gamma rays. Enrico De Nicola jurist, journalist and politician. The parts of the Sun above the photosphere are referred to collectively as the solar atmosphere. Titina De Filippo actress. The photosphere has a particle density of about 10²³/m³ (this is about 1% of the particle density of Earth's atmosphere at sea level).

Peppino De Filippo actor. Sunlight has approximately a black-body spectrum that indicates its temperature is about 6,000 K, interspersed with atomic absorption lines from the tenuous layers above the photosphere. Eduardo De Filippo writer and actor. Conversely, the visible light we see is produced as electrons react with hydrogen atoms to produce H^- ions. Antonio de Curtis (Totò) writer and actor. The change in opacity has to do with the decreasing amount of H^- ions, which absorb visible light easily. Vincenzo Cuoco political philosopher. Above the photosphere, sunlight is free to propagate into space and its energy escapes the Sun entirely.

Benedetto Croce philosopher. The visible surface of the Sun, the photosphere, is the layer below which the Sun becomes opaque to visible light. Enrico Caruso. The turbulent convection of this outer part of the solar interior gives rise to a 'small-scale' dynamo that produces magnetic north and south poles all over the surface of the Sun. Renato Carosone. The thermal columns in the convection zone form an imprint on the surface of the Sun, in the form of the solar granulation and supergranulation. Battistello Caracciolo. Convective overshoot is thought to occur at the base of the convection zone, carrying turbulent downflows into the outer layers of the radiative zone.

Al Capone (born in Brooklyn to Neapolitan parents). Once the material cools off at the surface, it plunges back downward to the base of the convection zone, to receive more heat from the top of the radiative zone. Giordano Bruno. As a result, thermal convection occurs as thermal columns carry hot material to the surface (photosphere) of the Sun. Libero Bovio. From about 0.7 solar radii to 1.0 solar radii, the material in the Sun is not dense enough or hot enough to transfer the heat energy of the interior outward via radiation. Gian Lorenzo Bernini. Because of this, it can take a photon nearly 1,000,000 years to reach the photosphere.

Giambattista Basile poet, courtier, and fairy tale collector. Heat is transferred by ions of hydrogen and helium emitting photons, which travel a brief distance before being re-absorbed by other ions. Thomas Aquinas. In this zone, there is no thermal convection: while the material grows cooler with altitude, this temperature gradient is slower than the adiabatic lapse rate and hence cannot drive convection. Enrico Alvino architect. From about 0.2 to about 0.7 solar radii, the material is hot and dense enough that thermal radiation is sufficient to transfer the intense heat of the core outward. Pozzuoli. Neutrinos are also released in the fusion reactions in the core, but unlike photons they very rarely interact with matter, and so almost all are able to escape the Sun immediately.

Positano. Upon reaching the surface after a final trip through the convective outer layer, the photons escape as visible light. Sorrento. 65) to as little as 17,000 years [6]. Procida. Lewis, The Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Universe, Harmony Books, New York, 1983, p. Capri. Estimates of the "photon travel time" range from as much as 50 million years (Richard S.

Ischia. The high-energy photons (gamma and X rays) released in fusion reactions take a long time to reach the Sun's surface, slowed down by the indirect path taken, as well as constant absorption and re-emission at lower energies in the solar mantle (see below). church of San Domenico Maggiore. All of the energy of the interior fusion must travel through the successive layers to the solar photosphere, before it escapes to space. church of Gesù Nuovo ("new Jesus"). The core extends from the center of the Sun to about 0.2 solar radii, and is the only part of the Sun where an appreciable amount of heat is produced by fusion: the rest of the star is heated by energy that is transferred outward. church of Santa Maria Donna Regina. About 8.9×10³⁷ protons (hydrogen nuclei) are converted to helium nuclei every second, releasing energy at the matter-energy conversion rate of 4.26 million tonnes per second or 383 yottawatts (9.15×10¹⁶ tons of TNT per second).

church of San Lorenzo Maggiore. At the center of the Sun, where its density reaches up to 150,000 kg/m³ (150 times the density of water on Earth), thermonuclear reactions (nuclear fusion) convert hydrogen into helium, producing the energy that keeps the Sun in a state of equilibrium. church of Santa Chiara. Computer modeling of the Sun is also used as a theoretical tool to investigate its deep layers. Januarius. However, just as the study of the waves generated by earthquakes (seismology) can be used to study the interior structure of the Earth, helioseismology, the study of sound waves that travel through the Sun's interior, has also contributed greatly to our understanding of the Sun's structure. Cathedral of St. The solar interior is not directly observable and the Sun itself is opaque to electromagnetic radiation.

Piazza del Plebiscito. Most of the mass is within about 0.7 radii. Palazzo Reale. This is simply the layer above which the gases are too cool or too thin to radiate a significant amount of light. Castel Nuovo with the Arch of Triumph of Alfonso I. The Sun's radius is measured from centre to the edges of the photosphere. Castel dell'Ovo. Nevertheless, the Sun has a well-defined interior structure, described below.

The Sun does not have a definite boundary as rocky planets do, as the density of its gases drops off following an approximately exponential relationship with distance from the centre of the Sun. The mass of the Sun is so comparatively great that the center of mass of the solar system is generally within the bounds of the Sun itself. Tidal effects from the planets do not significantly affect the shape of the Sun, although the Sun itself orbits the center of mass of the solar system, which is offset from the Sun's center mostly because of the large mass of Jupiter. This is because the centrifugal effect of the Sun's slow rotation is 18 million times weaker than its surface gravity (at the equator).

The Sun is a near-perfect sphere, with an oblateness estimated at about 9 millionths, which means the polar diameter differs from the equatorial by about 10 km. The astronomical symbol for the Sun is a circle with a point at its centre: . Compared to the average movement of other stars in the area, the Sun is moving with a speed of 20 km/s toward the star Vega. The orbital speed is 217 km/s, equivalent to one light year every 1400 years, and one AU every 8 days.

The Sun orbits the center of the Milky Way galaxy at a distance of about 25,000 to 28,000 light-years from the galactic centre, completing one revolution in about 226 million years. Its current age is thought to be about 4.5 billion years, a figure which is determined using computer models of stellar evolution, and nucleocosmochronology ^[5]. The Sun has a predicted main sequence lifetime of about 10 billion years. The Sun has a spectral class of G2V, with the G2 meaning that its color is yellow and its spectrum contains spectral lines of ionized and neutral metals as well as very weak hydrogen lines [3], and the V signifying that it, like most stars, is a "main sequence" star [4].

The Sun is classified as a main sequence star, which means it is in a state of "hydrostatic balance", neither contracting nor expanding, and is generating its energy through nuclear fusion of hydrogen nuclei into helium. . See below for details. Looking directly at the Sun can damage the retina and one's eyesight.