This page will contain videos about monkey, as they become available.MonkeyA monkey is any member of two of the three groupings of simian primates. These two groupings are the New World and Old World monkeys of which together there are nearly 200 species. Because of their similarity to monkeys, apes such as chimpanzees and gibbons are sometimes incorrectly called monkeys. Also, a few monkey species have the word "ape" in their common name. Because they are not a single coherent group, monkeys do not have any important characteristics that they all share and are not shared with the remaining group of simians, the apes. Monkeys range in size from the Pygmy Marmoset, at 10 cm (4 inch) long (plus tail) and 120 g (4 oz) in weight to the male Mandrill, almost 1 metre (3 ft) long and weighing 35 kg (75 lb). Some are arboreal (living in trees), some live on the savanna; diets differ among the various species but may contain any of the following: fruit, leaves, seeds, nuts, flowers, insects, spiders, eggs and small animals. Some characteristics are shared among the groups; most New World monkeys have prehensile tails while Old World monkeys do not; some have trichromatic colour vision like that of humans, others are dichromats or monochromats. Although both the New and Old World monkeys, like the apes, have forward facing eyes, the faces of Old World and New World monkeys look very different though again, each group shares some features such as the types of noses, cheeks and rumps. To understand the monkeys, therefore, it is necessary to study the characteristics of the different groups individually. The name monkey may come from a German version of the Reynard the Fox fable, published in around 1580. In this version of the fable, a character named Moneke is the son of Martin the Ape. The word Moneke may have been derived from the Italian monna, which means "a female ape." The name Moneke persisted over time likely due to the popularity of Reynard the Fox. Monkeys in captivityOn boatsWhen the British first began to explore Africa, young monkeys were often captured and taken back on board the ship to entertain sailors. Some were later kept in zoos, many modern captive monkeys in the UK are descended from such Victorian era monkeys. In the Napoleonic Wars, the same practice is thought to have occurred. It is rumoured that one such monkey washed up ashore and, being mistaken for a Frenchman, was hanged in Hartlepool, England this caused the people of Hartlepool to be nicknamed the monkey hangers. As petsAlthough they may appear to be nice and friendly and can resemble human babies for some people, many people believe that monkeys should not be kept as, or seen as, pets. While baby monkeys are usually as easy to keep clean as a human infant (by diapering), monkeys that have reached puberty usually remove their diapers and cannot be toilet trained. They require constant supervision and mental stimulation. They usually require a large amount of attention. Monkeys can not handle being away from their owners for long periods of time, such as family trips for example, due to their need of attention. Bored monkeys can become extremely destructive and may even go so far as to smear or throw their own feces. There needs to be a lot of time set aside for cleaning up whatever mess the monkey might make. Most adolescent monkeys begin to bite unpredictably and pinch adults and children. Any surgical means to stem this behavior (such as removing the teeth or fingertips of the monkey) is widely considered cruel, and it is usually difficult to find veterinarians who will treat them: even exotic-animal veterinarians may not be familiar with them. The nice looking monkey eventually has to grow up and may in most cases become wild and not easy to control. The monkeys may also become aggressive even to their owners. They can change from one minute to the next without warning making it hard for the owner to fully understand them. While a majority of monkey owners find other homes for them, such as zoos and monkey rescues, some people report having long and rewarding relationships with monkeys. Monkeys are known to get attached to their first owner so switching from one to another would not be a good idea. It is not easy for a monkey to get used to their new environment. Monkeys need to be placed in social areas. It might be bad for the monkey to place them in non-social areas which could lead to problems. It is not cheap to bring up a monkey. It becomes very costly when it comes to buying food and housing them. Some monkeys may even have special needs such as diets. In most large metropolitan areas in the U.S. it is illegal to keep monkeys in the home; even in places where they are legal, a Department of Agriculture permit is usually required. Their legal status as pets varies in other countries. Permits may be issued to those who qualify in the caring of monkeys. In laboratoriesThe neutrality of this section is disputed.Please see discussion on the talk page. A macaque sits in a cage in a German laboratory. [1] Macaques and African green monkeys are widely used in animal testing facilities because of their relative ease of handling and their psychological and physical similarity to humans. In the United States, around 50,000 non-human primates, most of them monkeys, have been used in experiments every year since 1973 [2] (pdf); 10,000 monkeys were used in the European Union in 2004. Highly sociable animals, monkeys are kept in many different environments. Use of monkeys in laboratories is highly controversial with polarizing views. Viktor Reinhardt, a former research veterinarian, wrote for the International Primate Protection League that: "the conditions I witnessed were so depressing that most monkeys had developed stereotypic behaviors such as pacing, rocking, bouncing, somersaulting, swaying from side to side, biting parts of their own bodies, pulling their ears, tossing their heads back and forth, or smearing feces on the cage walls." [3] [4] (mpg) ClassificationThe following lists shows where the various monkey families (bolded) are placed in the Primate classification. Note that the smallest grouping that contains them all is the Simiiformes, the simians, which also contains the apes. Calling apes monkeys is incorrect. Calling either a simian is correct.
Monkeys in pop cultureMonkeys are prevalent in numerous books, television programs, and movies. The television series Monkey, the literary characters Monsieur Eek and Curious George are all examples. However, pop culture often incorrectly labels apes, particularly chimpanzees, gibbons, and gorillas, as monkeys. Terry Pratchett makes use of this trait in his Discworld novels, in which the Librarian of the Unseen University is an orangutan who gets very violent if referred to as a monkey. ZodiacThe Monkey is the ninth in the 12-year cycle of animals which appear in the Chinese zodiac related to the Chinese calendar. The next time that the monkey will appear as the zodiac sign will be in the year 2016. References
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The next time that the monkey will appear as the zodiac sign will be in the year 2016. Even though in monotheistic religions, the God is considered to represent love, there are often angels or similar beings that represent love as well. The Monkey is the ninth in the 12-year cycle of animals which appear in the Chinese zodiac related to the Chinese calendar. Here is a list of the gods and goddesses of love in different mythologies. Terry Pratchett makes use of this trait in his Discworld novels, in which the Librarian of the Unseen University is an orangutan who gets very violent if referred to as a monkey. Different cultures have deified love, typically in both male and female form. However, pop culture often incorrectly labels apes, particularly chimpanzees, gibbons, and gorillas, as monkeys. Romantic love per se has few echoes in Jewish literature, although the medieval rabbi Judah Halevi wrote romantic poetry in Arabic in his younger years (he appears to have regretted this later). The television series Monkey, the literary characters Monsieur Eek and Curious George are all examples. I). Monkeys are prevalent in numerous books, television programs, and movies. The 20th-century rabbi Eliyahu Eliezer Dessler is frequently quoted as defining love from the Jewish point-of-view as "giving without expecting to take" (from his Michtav me-Eliyahu, vol. Calling either a simian is correct. The Biblical book Song of Songs is a considered a romantically-phrased metaphor of love between God and his people, but in its plain reading reads like a love song. Calling apes monkeys is incorrect. As for love between marital partners, this is deemed an essential ingredient to life: "See life with the wife you love" (Ecclesiastes 9:9). Note that the smallest grouping that contains them all is the Simiiformes, the simians, which also contains the apes. by contemplating Divine deeds or witnessing the marvels of nature. The following lists shows where the various monkey families (bolded) are placed in the Primate classification. Rabbinic literature differs how this love can be developed, e.g. Viktor Reinhardt, a former research veterinarian, wrote for the International Primate Protection League that: "the conditions I witnessed were so depressing that most monkeys had developed stereotypic behaviors such as pacing, rocking, bouncing, somersaulting, swaying from side to side, biting parts of their own bodies, pulling their ears, tossing their heads back and forth, or smearing feces on the cage walls." [3] [4] (mpg). As for the latter, one is commanded to love God "with all your heart, with all your soul and with all your might" (Deuteronomy 6:5), taken by the Mishnah (a central text of the Jewish oral law) to refer to good deeds, willingness to sacrifice one's life rather than commit certain serious transgressions, willingness to sacrifice all one's possessions and being grateful to the Lord despite adversity (tractate Berachoth 9:5). Use of monkeys in laboratories is highly controversial with polarizing views. As for the former, the Torah states: "Love your neighbor like yourself" (Leviticus 19:18). Highly sociable animals, monkeys are kept in many different environments. Judaism employs a wide definition of love, both between people and between man and the Deity. In the United States, around 50,000 non-human primates, most of them monkeys, have been used in experiments every year since 1973 [2] (pdf); 10,000 monkeys were used in the European Union in 2004. Other related but dissimilar terms are Chen (grace) and Hesed, which basically combines the meaning of "affection" and "compassion" and is sometimes rendered in English as "loving-kindness". Macaques and African green monkeys are widely used in animal testing facilities because of their relative ease of handling and their psychological and physical similarity to humans. In Hebrew Ahava is the most commonly used term for both interpersonal love and love of God. Permits may be issued to those who qualify in the caring of monkeys. A common viewpoint of Sufism is that through Love humankind can get back to its inherent purity and grace. Their legal status as pets varies in other countries. God in Sufism is referred to in three main terms which are the Lover, Loved, and Beloved with the last of these terms being often seen in Sufi poetry. it is illegal to keep monkeys in the home; even in places where they are legal, a Department of Agriculture permit is usually required. Sufism is oftentimes referred to as the religion of Love. In most large metropolitan areas in the U.S. Since everything is a reflection of God, the school of Sufism practices to see the beauty inside the apparently ugly. Some monkeys may even have special needs such as diets. God desires to recognize beauty, and as if one looks at a mirror to see oneself, God "looks" at itself within the dynamics of nature. It becomes very costly when it comes to buying food and housing them. Sufis believe that love is a projection of the essence of God to the universe. It is not cheap to bring up a monkey. Ishq, or divine love, is the emphasis of Sufism. It might be bad for the monkey to place them in non-social areas which could lead to problems. All who hold the faith have God's love, but to what degree or effort he has pleased God depends on the individual itself. Monkeys need to be placed in social areas. One still has God's love, but how the person evaluates his own worth is to his own and God's own counsel. It is not easy for a monkey to get used to their new environment. In Islam, love is more often than not used as an incentive for sinners to aspire to be as worthy of God's love as they may. Monkeys are known to get attached to their first owner so switching from one to another would not be a good idea. It refers to God as being "full of loving kindness". While a majority of monkey owners find other homes for them, such as zoos and monkey rescues, some people report having long and rewarding relationships with monkeys. There are no direct references stating that God is love, but amongst the 99 names of God (Allah), there is the name Al-Wadud or 'the Loving One', which is found in Surah 11:90 as well as Surah 85:14. They can change from one minute to the next without warning making it hard for the owner to fully understand them. In a sense, love does encompass the Islamic view of life as universal brotherhood which applies to all who hold the faith. The monkeys may also become aggressive even to their owners. The booklet Narada bhakti sutra written by an unknown author distinguishes eleven forms of love. The nice looking monkey eventually has to grow up and may in most cases become wild and not easy to control. Hindu writers, theologians, and philosophers have distinguished nine forms of devotion that they call bhakti, for example in the Bhagavatha-Purana and according to Tulsidas. Any surgical means to stem this behavior (such as removing the teeth or fingertips of the monkey) is widely considered cruel, and it is usually difficult to find veterinarians who will treat them: even exotic-animal veterinarians may not be familiar with them. A person who practices bhakti is called bhakta. Most adolescent monkeys begin to bite unpredictably and pinch adults and children. Bhakti is a Sanskrit term from Hinduism meaning 'loving devotion to the supreme God'. There needs to be a lot of time set aside for cleaning up whatever mess the monkey might make. Karuna is compassion and mercy, which reduces the suffering of others. Bored monkeys can become extremely destructive and may even go so far as to smear or throw their own feces. In contrast to kāma, prema or prem refers to elevated love. Monkeys can not handle being away from their owners for long periods of time, such as family trips for example, due to their need of attention. For many Hindu schools it is the third end in life (artha). They usually require a large amount of attention. In Hinduism kāma is pleasurable, sexual love, personified by the god Kama. They require constant supervision and mental stimulation. Many Christian theologians see God as the source of love, which is mirrored in humans and their relationships. While baby monkeys are usually as easy to keep clean as a human infant (by diapering), monkeys that have reached puberty usually remove their diapers and cannot be toilet trained. For God did not send his Son into the world to condemn the world, but the save the world through him." (NIV John 3:16-17). Although they may appear to be nice and friendly and can resemble human babies for some people, many people believe that monkeys should not be kept as, or seen as, pets. John the Apostle wrote, "For God so loved the world that he gave his one and only Son, that whoever believes in him shall not perish but have eternal life. It is rumoured that one such monkey washed up ashore and, being mistaken for a Frenchman, was hanged in Hartlepool, England this caused the people of Hartlepool to be nicknamed the monkey hangers. Christians also believe that God felt so much agape love for man that he sacrificed his son for them. In the Napoleonic Wars, the same practice is thought to have occurred. Love never fails."(NIV 13:4-8). Some were later kept in zoos, many modern captive monkeys in the UK are descended from such Victorian era monkeys. It always protects, always trusts, always hopes, and always perseveres. When the British first began to explore Africa, young monkeys were often captured and taken back on board the ship to entertain sailors. Love does not delight in evil but rejoices with the truth. . It is not rude, it is not self-seeking, it is not easily angered, it keeps no record of wrongs. The word Moneke may have been derived from the Italian monna, which means "a female ape." The name Moneke persisted over time likely due to the popularity of Reynard the Fox. It does not envy, it does not boast, it is not proud. In this version of the fable, a character named Moneke is the son of Martin the Ape. Attempting to define it he wrote, "Love is patient, love is kind. The name monkey may come from a German version of the Reynard the Fox fable, published in around 1580. Saint Paul glorified agape love as the most important virtue of all in 1 Corinthians, chapter 13. To understand the monkeys, therefore, it is necessary to study the characteristics of the different groups individually. Saint Augustine summarised this when he wrote "Love God, and do as thou wilt". Although both the New and Old World monkeys, like the apes, have forward facing eyes, the faces of Old World and New World monkeys look very different though again, each group shares some features such as the types of noses, cheeks and rumps. See The Gospel of Mark chapter 12, verses 28-34). Some characteristics are shared among the groups; most New World monkeys have prehensile tails while Old World monkeys do not; some have trichromatic colour vision like that of humans, others are dichromats or monochromats. Christians believe that to love God with all your heart, mind, and strength and Love your neighbour as yourself are the two most important things in life (the greatest commandment of God, according to Jesus). Some are arboreal (living in trees), some live on the savanna; diets differ among the various species but may contain any of the following: fruit, leaves, seeds, nuts, flowers, insects, spiders, eggs and small animals. Lewis, an influential Christian theologian, wrote a book called The Four Loves. Monkeys range in size from the Pygmy Marmoset, at 10 cm (4 inch) long (plus tail) and 120 g (4 oz) in weight to the male Mandrill, almost 1 metre (3 ft) long and weighing 35 kg (75 lb). C.S. Because they are not a single coherent group, monkeys do not have any important characteristics that they all share and are not shared with the remaining group of simians, the apes. There are several Greek words for Love that are regularly referred to in Christian circles. Also, a few monkey species have the word "ape" in their common name. The strongest motivation one has in order to take the path of the Bodhisattva is the idea of salvation within unselfish love for others. Because of their similarity to monkeys, apes such as chimpanzees and gibbons are sometimes incorrectly called monkeys. The Bodhisattva ideal in Tibetan Buddhism involves the complete renunciation of oneself in order to take on the burden of a suffering world. These two groupings are the New World and Old World monkeys of which together there are nearly 200 species. Instead, in Buddhism it refers to detachment and unselfish interest in others' welfare. A monkey is any member of two of the three groupings of simian primates. This is quite different from the ordinary love, which is usually about attachment and sex, which rarely occur without self-interest. The Problem with Pet Monkeys. This love is unconditional and requires considerable self-acceptance. Inside the monkey house at Covance, shot undercover by the British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection. Advesa and maitrī are benevolent love. "The Impossible Housing and Handling Conditions of Monkeys in Research Laboratories", by Viktor Reinhardt, International Primate Protection League, August 2001. It is complementary to wisdom, and is necessary for enlightenment. Family Hominidae: humans and other great apes. Karunā is compassion and mercy, which reduces the suffering of others. Family Hylobatidae: gibbons ("lesser apes"). It is an obstacle on the path to enlightenment, since it is selfish. Superfamily Hominoidea
Superfamily Cercopithecoidea
Family Aotidae: night monkeys, owl monkeys, douroucoulis. This meaning, however, is not found in Classical pagan Roman literature. Family Cebidae: marmosets, tamarins, capuchins and squirrel monkeys. Caritas is used in Latin translations of the Christian Bible to mean 'charitable love'. Platyrrhini: New World monkeys
Family Tarsiidae: tarsiers. This word would be appropriate to describe the friendship of two men. Infraorder Tarsiiformes
ORDER PRIMATES
The Romans used it both in an affectionate sense, as well as in a Romantic or sexual sense. Amare is the basic word for to love, as it still is in Italian today. The Latin language has several different verbs corresponding to the English word 'love'. The importance of this can be seen throughout Greek mythology, in particular Homer's Iliad and Odyssey. The host fed and provided quarters for the guest, who was only expected to repay with gratitude. It was an almost ritualized friendship formed between a host and their guest, who could previously be strangers. Xenia (ξενία philoxenía), means hospitality in modern Greek, was an extremely important practice in ancient Greece. Storge (στοργή storgē) means affection in modern Greek; it is natural affection, like that felt by parents for offspring. Philia is motivated by practical reasons; one or both of the parties benefit from the relationship. It includes loyalty to friends, family, and community, and requires virtue, equality and familiarity. Philia (φιλία philía), means friendship in modern Greek, a dispassionate virtuous love, was a concept developed by Aristotle. Some translations list it as "love of the body". Lovers and philosophers are all inspired to seek truth by eros. Eros helps the soul recall knowledge of beauty, and contributes to an understanding of spiritual truth. Although eros is initially felt for a person, with contemplation it becomes an appreciation of the beauty within that person, or even becomes appreciation of beauty itself. Plato refined his own definition. The Greek word erota means in love. Eros (ἔρως érōs) is passionate love, with sensual desire and longing. It has also been translated as "love of the soul". However, there are some examples of agape used to mean the same as eros. It generally refers to a "pure", ideal type of love rather than the physical attraction suggested by eros. The word agapo is the verb I love. The term s'agapo means I love you in Greek. Agape (ἀγάπη agápē) means love in modern day Greek. At the same time the ancient Greek text of the Bible has examples of the verb agapo being used with the same meaning as phileo. However, with Greek as with many other languages, it has been historically difficult to separate the meanings of these words totally. For example, ancient Greek has the words philia, eros, agape, storge and xenia. Greek distinguishes several different senses in which the word love is used. Rather than using ai shiteiru (愛している) or koi shiteiru (恋している) to say "I love you", for example, most Japanese would say suki desu (好きです), which literally means "I like you" -- suki (好き) being the same word used to express preferences for food, music, etc., as in sushi ga suki desu (寿司が好きです), or "I like sushi." Rather than diluting the sentiment, however, the implied meaning of "love" is understood. In everyday conversation, however, ai (愛) and koi (恋) are rarely used. The word aijin (愛人) means "lover" and implies an illicit, often extra-marital relationship, whereas koibito (恋人) has the connotation of "boyfriend", "girlfriend", or "partner". There are of course exceptions. "Parental love", for example, is oya no ai (親の愛), while "to be in love with" is koi suru (恋する). Generally speaking, most forms of non-romantic love are expressed using the former, while romantic love is expressed using the latter. Linguistically, the two most common words for love are ai （愛）and koi (恋). Some sociologists (most notably, Takeo Doi) have suggested that Japanese social interactions in later life are modeled on the mother-child amae. Japanese mothers are expected to hug and indulge their children, and children are expected to reward their mothers by clinging and serving. Amae (甘え), a Japanese word meaning "indulgent dependence", is part of the child-rearing culture of Japan. It can develop towards either selfishness or selflessness and enlightenment. In Japanese Buddhism, ai (愛) is passionate caring love, and a fundamental desire. Reports have appeared in Chinese newspapers and other media detailing the prevalence of the phenomenon and its perceived dangers to students and the fears of parents. The concept essentially indicates a prevalent belief in contemporary Chinese culture that due to the demands of their studies (especially true in the highly competitive educational system of China), youth should not form romantic attachments lest they jeopardize their chances for success in the future. Zaolian describes both relationships among a teenaged boyfriend and girlfriend, as well as the "crushes" of early adolescence or childhood. Zaolian (Simplified: 早恋, Traditional: 早戀, pinyin: zǎoliàn), literally, "early love," is a contemporary term in frequent use for romantic feelings or attachments among children or adolescents. A similar conceptualization in English is, "They were made for each other," "fate," or "destiny". It is very similar to serendipity. A meaningful relationship is often conceived of as dependent strong yuanfen. Yuanfen (緣份) is a connection of bound destinies. Emotional attachment toward another person or anything. A person will express love by building good gănqíng, accomplished through helping or working for another. Gănqíng (感情), the feeling of a relationship. Although Mozi's thought was influential, the Confucian lian is how most Chinese conceive of love. Extravagance and offensive war are inimical to ai. Ai, in Mohism, is universal love towards all beings, not just towards friends or family, without regard to reciprocation. The Chinese philosopher Mozi developed the concept of ai (愛) in reaction to Confucian lian. Lian should be pursued by all human beings, and reflects a moral life. In Confucianism, lian is a virtuous benevolent love. In contemporary Chinese language and culture, several terms or root words are used for the concept of "love":. After that time, the passion fades, changing love from consummate to companionate, or from romantic love to liking. According to current scientific understanding of love, this transition from the attraction to the attachment phase usually happens in about 30 months. Likewise, when a person has known a loved one for a long time, they develop a deeper attachment to their partner. At the attraction stage the person concentrates their affection on a single mate and fidelity becomes important. So what starts as infatuation or empty love may well develop into one of the fuller types of love. However, as time passes, the other elements may grow and passion may shrink — this depends upon the individual. Appearance, smells, and other similar factors play a decisive role in screening potential mates. The primary motivator at this stage is the basic sexual instinct. Generally love will start off in the lust phase, strong in passion but weak in the other elements. Helen Fisher suggests three main phases of love: lust, attraction, and attachment. Relationships based on similar love styles were found to last longer. The Hendricks found men tend to be more ludic and manic, whereas women tend to be storgic and pragmatic. Lee identified six basic theories that people use in their interpersonal relationships:. Susan Hendrick and Clyde Hendrick developed a Loves Attitude Scale based on John Alan Lee's theory called Love styles. Each of these elements can be present in a relationship, producing the following combinations:. In psychologist Robert Sternberg's triangular theory of love, love is characterized by three elements: intimacy, passion and commitment. Companionate love is affection and a feeling of intimacy not accompanied by physiological arousal. Passionate love is intense longing, and is often accompanied by physiological arousal (shortness of breath, rapid heart rate). The traditional psychological view sees love as being a combination of companionate love and passionate love. Attachment between adults is presumed to work on the same principles that lead an infant to become attached to his or her mother or father. The conventional view in biology is that there are two major drives in love — sexual attraction and attachment. There are probably elements of truth in both views — certainly love is influenced by hormones (such as oxytocin) and pheromones, and how people think and behave in love is influenced by their conceptions of love. Psychology sees love as more of a social and cultural phenomenon. Biological models of love tend to see it as a mammalian drive, just like hunger or thirst. Refer to Religious Views below. Some traditions encourage the development of passionate love in the believer for the deity. Reciprocally, the followers may believe that the deity loves the followers and all of creation. This love can be expressed by prayer, service, good deeds, and personal sacrifice. Most religions use the term love to express the devotion the follower has to their deity, who may be a living guru or religious teacher. Religious 'love' might be considered a euphemistic term, more closely describing feelings of deference or acquiescence. Whether religious love can be expressed in similar terms to interpersonal love is a matter for philosophical debate. If that desire reaches the point of being acted out, it may be considered unhealthy, and fall under the category of paraphilia. (ex: "I love cheese.") In some cases there may be an erotic component to such feeling of love. People can also 'love' material objects, animals, or activities if they invest themselves in bonding their identity with that item. Similarly, compassionate outreach and volunteer workers' 'love' of their cause may be born not of interpersonal love, but impersonal love coupled with altruism and strong political convictions. A person can be said to love a country, principle, or goal if they value it greatly and are deeply committed to it. . Love is essentially an abstract concept, easier to experience than to explain. Different people place varying degrees of importance on the kinds of love they receive. Expressions of love may include the love for a soul or mind, the love of laws and organizations, love for a body, love for nature, love of food, love of money, love for learning, love of power, love of fame, love for the respect of others, etcetera. See the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. It is precisely these cultural differences that make any universal definition of love difficult, but not impossible, to establish. Love is inherent in all human cultures and thus may be seen as a defining trait of humanity, that is, love is a quality that makes one human. Or to put simply, love responds intentionally to promote well-being (Thomas Jay Oord). Love might best be defined as acting intentionally, in sympathetic response to others (including God), to promote overall well-being. Probably due to its emotional primacy, love is one of the most common themes in art. In ordinary use, it usually refers to interpersonal love. It can describe an intense feeling of affection, an emotion or an emotional state. Love has several different meanings in every language, from something that gives a little pleasure ("I loved that meal") to something one would die for (patriotism, pairbonding). Mihr — angel of love in Persian mythology. Raphael — Angel of love(agape) in Judeo-Christian theology. Haniel — Angel of Venus, and of eros, in Judeo-Christian theology. Xochipilli — god in Aztec mythology. Venus — goddess of beauty and passionate love in Roman mythology. Rati — goddess of passionate love in Hindu mythology. Kama — god of sensual love in Hindu mythology. Ishtar — goddess of love and war in Babylonian mythology. Inanna — goddess of love and war in Sumerian mythology. Freya — goddess in Norse mythology. Eros — god of passionate love in Greek mythology. Astarte — goddess of love in Canaanite mythogy. Aphrodite — goddess of beauty and passionate love in Greek mythology. Aonghus or Aengus— god of beauty, youth, and sensual love in Irish mythology. Amor or Cupid — god of passionate love in Roman mythology. Áine — goddess of fertility and passionate love in Irish mythology. Two other words for love in the Greek language -- Eros (sexual love) and storge (needy child-to parent love) were never used in the New Testament. Also known as "brotherly love". Phileo - Also used in the New Testament, Phileo is a human response to something that is found to be delightful. It is parental love seen as creating goodness in the world, it is the way God is seen to love humanity, and it is seen as the kind of love that Christians aspire to have for one another. Agape - In the New Testament, agapē is charitable, selfless, altruistic, and unconditional. It is contained in the word aiqing (愛情); qingren (情人) is a term for "lover". Qing (情), commonly meaning "feeling" or "emotion," often indicates "love" in several terms. Lian (戀) is not generally used alone, but instead as part of such terms as "being in love" (談戀愛, tan lian'ai—also containing ai), "lover" (戀人, lianren) or "homosexuality" (同性戀, tongxinglian). Wo ai ni, "I love you") or as a noun, especially in aiqing (愛情), "love" or "romance." In mainland China since 1949, airen (愛人, originally "lover," or more literally, "love person") is the dominant word for "spouse" (with separate terms for "wife" and "husband" originally being de-emphasized); the word once had a negative connotation, which it retains among many on Taiwan. Ai (愛) is used as a verb (e.g. Agapē — selfless altruistic love; spiritual. Mania — highly emotional love; unstable; the stereotype of romantic love. Pragma — pragmatic love. Storge — an affectionate love that slowly develops, based on similarity. Ludus — love is played as a game; love is playful. Eros — a passionate physical love based on physical appearance. "Without expression," he warns, "even the greatest of loves can die" (1987, p.341). He stresses the importance of translating the components of love into action. Sternberg cautions that maintaining a consummate love may be even harder than achieving it. Consummate love is the most complete form of love, and it represents the ideal love relationship for which many people strive but which apparently few achieve. Consummate love is the only type of love that includes all three components--intimacy, passion and commitment. This type of love can be exemplified by a whirlwind courtship and marriage in which a commitment is motivated largely by passion, without the stabilizing influence of intimacy. Fatuous love has the passion and the commitment components but not the intimacy component. This type of love is often found in marriages in which the passion has gone out of the relationship, but a deep affection and commitment remain. Companionate love consists of intimacy and commitment. Romantic lovers are bonded emotionally (as in liking) and physically through passionate arousal. Romantic love is a combination of intimacy and passion. Empty love can also be seen in couples that are estranged but feel that they are bound by commitment. In cultures in which arranged marriages are common, relationships often begin as empty love. Sometimes, a stronger love deteriorates into empty love, in which the commitment remains, but the intimacy and passion have died. Empty love consists of the commitment component without intimacy or passion. Infatuated love consists solely of passion and is often what is felt as "love at first sight." But without the intimacy and the commitment components of love, infatuated love may disappear suddenly. Sternberg says that this intimate liking characterizes true friendships, in which a person feels a bondedness, a warmth, and a closeness with another but not intense passion or long-term commitment. In this case, liking is not used in a trivial sense. Liking includes only one of the love components - intimacy. |