Manga

Many people outside of those circles view those works as being too focused on the American anime subculture, and not focused enough on telling stories that resonate with a wider audience. Other sets of holidays, varying between nine to twelve, pertains to festivals, religious holidays and births of leaders which are legislated by the individual states. For the most part, these artists are not yet recognized outside of the anime and manga fan community. India has three National Holidays. Many of these have their own small publishing houses, and some webcomics and webmanga in this style have become very popular (see Megatokyo). Formula 1 racing is also increasing in popularity, due to racing driver Narain Karthikeyan, though its reach is largely limited to urban areas. In addition, there are many amateur artists who are influenced exclusively by the manga style. Football (soccer) is also widely watched in almost the entire country, and is the most popular sport in many states.

While the movement also involves Japanese artists, a handful of French cartoonists other than Boilet have decided to embrace its ideal. Snooker and badminton have seen Indians achieve some international success. In France there is a "Nouvelle Manga" movement started by Frédéric Boilet which seeks to combine mature sophisticated daily life manga with the artistic style of traditional Franco-Belgian comics. Chess, badminton and carrom are also said to have originated in India. As a result his work features a strong influence from manga without influences from international otaku culture. Traditional indigenous sports include polo, kabaddi, Kho Kho and gilli-danda, which are played in most parts of the country. as Heavy Liquid. Its players have secured several individual titles and Grand Slam doubles wins, but an Indian is yet to win a Grand Slam singles.

Before he was fired (due to an editorial change at Kodansha) he was developing many ideas for the anthology that he would later publish in the U.S. India has done rather well in Davis Cup tennis tournaments, reaching the finals on three occasions. American artist Paul Pope worked in Japan for Kodansha on the manga anthology Afternoon. However, it had won eight field hockey golds until 1980. These artists have their roots in the anime/manga subculture of their particular regions. India has had relatively little success in other international events like the Olympics, where it garnered just one silver medal and two bronze medals in the previous three outings. These artists have many other influences that make their work more palatable to non-manga readers. India also has a tradition of cue sports (snooker, billiards, etc) and shooting.

Other artists such as Americans Brian Wood and Becky Cloonan (Demo) and Canadian Bryan Lee O'Malley (Lost At Sea) are heavily influenced by the mainstream manga style and have received acclaim for their work outside of anime/manga fan circles. Chess is another international sport in which India is quite strong: Viswanathan Anand was FIDE World Champion, and several players have made significant inroads in recent years, well past the Grandmaster level. American alternative comics artists such as Frank Miller and Scott McCloud were somewhat influenced by manga in a few of their works. But cricket is not the most popular sport in quite a few states, particularly in the northeast. Manga has long had an influence on international comics and animation the world over. India's national sport is field hockey, although cricket is now the de facto national game due to its success and popularity in recent times. Many of these genres apply equally well to anime (which very often includes adaptations of manga) and Japanese computer games (some of which are also adaptations of manga). Traditional raiments for men are the kurta and dhoti.

Some dōjinshi continue with a series' story or write an entirely new one using its characters, much like fan fiction. The traditional sari and the salwar kameez are popular styles of dress for women. Unofficial fan made comics are also called dōjinshi. Traditional dress in India greatly varies across the regions in its colours and styles, and depend on various factors, including climate. Comiket, the largest comic book convention in the world with over 400,000 gathering in 3 days, is devoted to dōjinshi. Spicy food and sweets are popular in India. Dōjinshi is produced by small amateur publishers outside of the mainstream commercial market in a similar fashion to small-press independently published comic books in the United States. The country is notable for its wide variety of vegetarian and non vegetarian cuisine.

"sketches"). The cuisine of India is extremely diverse, as ingredients, spices and cooking methods vary from region to region. They might also publish their unfinished drawings or sketches, known as oekaki (lit. Rice and wheat (in bread form) are the staple foods in the country. "bonus" or "extra"). India's contribution to world cinema was the internationally renowned Bengali director Satyajit Ray, who in 1992 won an Academy Award for Lifetime Achievement. Some manga artists will produce extra, sometimes unrelated material, which are known as omake (lit. Cinema in other vernacular languages is also particularly strong, with movies regularly produced in well-established Kannada, Malayalam, Tamil and Telugu industries.

Some publishers of translated manga keep that format, but some switch the direction to left to right, so as not to confuse Western readers. The most recognisable face is that of cinema production based in Mumbai, which produces mainly commercial Hindi films, often referred to as "Bollywood". Traditionally, manga are written from right to left. India produces the world's largest number of movies every year. Many things appear in manga format, including wanted posters for criminals. India's only Nobel laureate in literature was the Bengali writer Rabindranath Tagore. At a manga kissaten, people drink coffee and read manga. There have been many notable modern Indian writers, both in Indian languages and in English.

Japan also has manga cafés, or manga kissaten. Sangam literature from Tamil Nadu represents some of India's oldest traditions. In particular, books and magazines sold to boys (shōnen) and girls (shōjo) have distinctive cover art and are placed on different shelves in most bookstores. Most of these spring from Indian (later called Hindu) traditions, and are represented by sacred works like the Vedas and the epics of the Mahabharatha and Ramayana. Manga are primarily classified by the age and gender of the target audience. The earliest literary traditions in India were mostly oral, and were later transcribed. Old manga have also been reprinted using somewhat lesser quality paper and sold for 100 yen each to compete with the used book market. They often have a narrative form (based on the itihasa (Indian epics), and are usually infused with devotional and spiritual elements.

Recently, "deluxe" versions have also been printed as readers have gotten older and the need for something special grew. Many classical dance forms exist, including the Bharatanatyam, Kathakali, Mohiniyattam and Kuchipudi from the south, and Odissi, Kathak and Manipuri from the north and east. These volumes use higher-quality paper, and are useful to those who want to "catch up" with a series so they can follow it in the magazines or if they find the cost of the weeklies or monthlies to be prohibitive. In addition to this are the diverse traditions of folk music from different parts of the country. When a series has been running for a while, the stories are usually collected together and printed in dedicated book-sized volumes, called tankōbon. Popular forms of music also prevail, the most notable being Filmi music. If these are successful and receive good reviews, they are continued. The two main forms of classical music are Carnatic from South India, and Hindustani from North India.

Manga artists sometimes start out with a few "one-shot" manga projects just to try to get their name out. Indian music is represented by a wide variety of forms. Manga series can run for many years if they are successful. Durga Puja in West Bengal, and Ganesh Chaturthi in Maharastra and Karnataka (both during autumn) are two festivals which have social as well as religious significance. Manga magazines also contain one-shot comics and various four-panel yonkoma (equivalent to comic strips). Pongal in Tamil Nadu and Onam in Kerala are harvest festivals celebrated by people belonging to all religions in their respective states. These manga magazines, or "anthology magazines", as they are also known (colloquially "phone books"), are usually printed on low-quality newsprint and can be anywhere from 200 to more than 850 pages long. The most widely known and popular celebrations include the Hindu festivals of Diwali, Holi, and Dussehra.

Manga magazines usually have many series running concurrently with approximately 20–40 pages allocated to each series per issue. A melting pot of many religions, India has a rich diversity of festivals, many of which are celebrated by all, irrespective of caste and creed. The Tenchi series in particular is known for this; there are more than thirteen different unrelated story arcs based around Tenchi and his friends. Religion in India is a very public affair, with many practices imbued with pomp and vitality accompanying their underlying spiritual qualities. in one set of stories ("story arc") only to have another story arc run where the same characters do not know each other. Traditional Indian family values are highly respected, and considered sacred, although urban families have grown to prefer a nuclear family system, owing to the socio-economic constraints imposed by the traditional joint family system. So a set of characters may build relationships, jobs, etc. Education is highly regarded by members of every socio-economic stratum.

A fair number of manga artists do not feel that their stories and characters are set in stone. Religious practices of various faiths are an integral part of everyday life in society. Being a very diverse artform, however, not all manga artists adhere to the conventions most popularized in the west through anime such as Akira, Sailor Moon, Dragon Ball Z, and Ranma ½. Indian society is largely pluralist, multilingual and multicultural. Large eyes have become a permanent fixture in manga and anime since the 1960s when Osamu Tezuka(see above) started drawing them in this way, mimicking the style of Disney cartoons from the United States. These are the result of a syncretic tradition that combined elements from all parts of the country. While the art can be incredibly realistic or cartoonish, it is often noted that the characters look "Western", or have large eyes. Famous monuments, such as the Taj Mahal and other examples of Islamic-inspired architecture have been inherited from the Mughal dynasty.

Panels and pages are typically read from right to left, consistent with traditional Japanese writing. Many cultural practices, languages, customs and even monuments are examples of this co-mingling over centuries. Emphasis is often placed on line over form, and the storytelling and panel placement differs from those in Western comics. It has always absorbed customs, traditions and ideas from both invaders and immigrants. The popular and recognizable style of manga is very distinctive. India has a rich and unique cultural heritage, and has managed to preserve its established traditions throughout history. However, there have been no official inquiries or laws trying to limit what can be drawn in manga, except for vague decency laws applying to all published materials, stating that "overly indecent materials should not be sold." This freedom has allowed artists to draw manga for every age group and for about every topic. The number of mother tongues in India is as high as 1,652.

For example, a number of film adaptation of manga such as Ichi the Killer or Old Boys were rated Restricted or Mature in the west. Two classical languages native to the land are Sanskrit and Tamil. Like its American counterpart, some manga has been criticized for being violent and sexual. Hindi and English are used by the Central Government for official purposes. Manga is well respected both as an art form and as a form of popular literature though it has not reached acceptance of "higher" art genre like film or music. The Indian constitution recognises 23 official languages^[1]. Several major manga magazines sell several million copies each per week. Other languages spoken in India come from the Austro-Asiatic and Tibeto-Burman linguistic families.

In economic terms, a weekly sales of comics in Japan outsell entire annual output of the American comic industry. India is home to two major linguistic families: Indo-Aryan (spoken by about 74% of the population) and Dravidian (spoken by about 24%). Though roughly equivalent to the American comic book, manga holds more importance in Japanese culture than comics do in American culture. Other religious groups include Christians (2.3%), Sikhs (1.84%), Buddhists (0.76%), Jains (0.40%), Jews, Zoroastrians, Ahmadi-muslims, and Bahá'ís. The most famous gekiga style manga in the West is Akira. Although 80.5% of the people are Hindus, India is also home to the third-largest population of Muslims in the world (13.4%; see Islam in India), after Indonesia and Pakistan. Eventually, gekiga was absorbed into manga and now are used to describe manga style which does not use cartoonish drawing. India has no state religion.

However, gekiga's rental business model eventually died out in the 1970s, while comic artists in manga format significantly improved their graphic quality and story. Work Participation Rate (WPR; the percentage of workers to total population) is 39.1%, with male WPR at 51.7% and female WPR at 25.6% India's median age is 24.66, and the population growth rate is 22.32 births per 1,000. For this reason, gekiga was considered to be much more artistically superior. The sex ratio is 933 females per 1000 males. Gekiga on the other hand did not have any deadline so the artist could use much more detailed drawing and more realistic portraial of character with a greatly complex and mature story line. India's literacy rate is 64.8%, 53.7% for females and 75.3% of males. Consequently, most manga artist adopted Tezuka-style drawing where characters are drawn in a simpler but exagerated manner - most typified by large round eyes which is regarded as a defining feature of Japanese comic in the west. Its biggest metropolitan agglomerations are Mumbai (formerly Bombay), Delhi, Kolkata (formerly Calcutta) and Chennai (formerly Madras).

Manga was based on weekly or biweekly magazine publications so the demand for prompt production and deadline was paramount. Language, religion, and caste are major determinants of social and political organisation within the highly diverse population. The other, gekiga, was based on a rental format, much in the same line as the modern movie rental systems. India is the second-most populous country in the world, after China. One, the manga format, was based on sales of comic magazine. For the year 2004, India's total exports stood at US$ 69.18 billion, imports at US $89.33 billion. Between the 1960s and the 1970s, there were two forms of comic serialisation. India's main exports include agricultural products, textile goods, gems and jewelry, software services, engineering goods, chemicals and leather products, while its main imports are crude oil, machinery, gems, fertiliser, and chemicals.

Another important trend in manga was gekiga. India's major trading partners are the United States, Japan, China and the United Arab Emirates. He also mentored a number of important comic artists, such as Fujiko Fujio (creator of Doraemon), Akatuka Fujio and Shotaro Ishinomori. Directly and indirectly, it generates an estimated 42 million jobs, about 10% of India's work force. His qualification as a medical doctor as well as his serious story lines were used to deflect criticism that manga was vulgar and undesirable for children. Tourism contributes 5.3% of GDP, about US$4 billion in foreign exchange. Tezuka also contributed to the social acceptace of manga. While India receives only around three million foreign visitors a year, tourism is still an important but under-developed source of national income.

As the manga generation of children grew up, the market for comics expanded accordingly and manga soon become a major cultural force of Japan. Many small-scale industries provide steady employment to workers in small towns and villages. Some criticise Tezuka's somewhat excessive use of tragic dramatisation in his stories. In recent years, India has emerged as one of the largest players in the software and BPO industries, with revenues of US$ 17.2 billion in 2004 to 2005. Hyakkimaru in Dororo was born severly crippled because his father offered 48 parts of Dororo's infant body to 48 demons. Most of India's industrial regions are centred around major cities. Kimba's father was killed by human hunters and the theme of conflict between man and nature was a reccuring theme for the comic. Other important industries are mining, petroleum, diamond polishing, films, textiles, IT and business process outsourcing (BPO) services, pharmaceuticals and chemicals, and handicrafts.

Atom (Astro Boy) was created by a grieving scientist trying to create an imitation of his dead son, who then later abandoned the boy. The Indian economy has shed much of its historical dependence on agriculture, which now contributes about 21% to GDP. Most of his comics' central characters had a tragic background. While a quarter of Indians still live below the poverty line, a large middle class has now emerged along with the rapid growth of the information technology (IT) and service industries. Though he is known in the West as a creator of the children's animation Astro Boy, many of his comics had some very mature and sometimes dark undertones. Mumbai is the financial capital and home to the headquarters of the Reserve Bank of India and the pre-eminent Bombay Stock Exchange. It is often commented that any manga genre which Tezuka did not create was done by someone who was desperately trying to find something Tezuka wasn't doing. India's foreign exchange reserves amount to over US$ 145 billion.

Dororo, Mitumega Tooru.). Per-capita income (by PPP) is US$ 3100, ranked 125th according to the World Bank. Astro Boy), horror (eg. It recorded one of the fastest growth rates (8.1%) for the fourth quarter of 2005. Black Jack) to science fiction (eg. India's economy ranks tenth in the world in terms of currency conversion (GNP), and fourth in terms of Purchasing power parity (PPP). Kimba the White Lion (Jungle Emperor Leo)) to serious drama (eg. India gets most of its rains through the monsoons.

His manga series cover from action adventure (eg. Parts of India which lie in the Himalayas have a tundra climate. Tezuka adopted his comic to almost all film genres at the time. The Indian climate varies from tropical in the south to more temperate in the north. Soon, it became a specialised weekly or monthly comic magazine, which is now the foundation of the Japanese comic industry. India has three archipelagos – Lakshadweep off the southwest coast, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands volcanic island chain to the southeast, and the Sunderbans in the Gangetic Delta in West Bengal State. Initially, his comic was published in a children's magazine. India is home to several major rivers, including the Ganga, Brahmaputra, Yamuna, Godavari, Kaveri, and Krishna.

This somewhat revived the old ukiyo-e like tradition where the picture is a projection of an idea rather than actual physical reality. The southern Indian Peninsula is almost entirely composed of the Deccan plateau, which is flanked by two hilly coastal ranges, the Western Ghats and Eastern Ghats. Tezuka also adopted Disney like facial feature where eyes, mouth, eyebrows or nose are drawn in a very exagerated manner to add more distinct characterisation with fewer lines which made his prolific output possible. In the west, bordering southeast Pakistan, lies the Thar Desert. Moreover, each of the pictures in pages flow from top right to bottom left so that people could see and read comic in speed reading manner (note that vertical Japanese is written in top-right down to bottom left order). The rest of northern, central and eastern India consists of the fertile Indo-Gangetic plain. And just like film, the only text in Tezuka's comic was character's spoken line. India's northern and northeastern states are partially situated in the Himalayan Mountain Range.

Tezuka introduced film like story telling and character in comic format in which each short-film like episode is part of larger story arch. India has had two scientific bases in Antarctica – the Dakshin Gangotri and Maitri, but has made no territorial claims so far. Before Tezuka, most Japanese comics were drawn on one or four picture format dealing with social or political satire or humour. National Capital Territory:. He later commented that a part of reason he went to medical school was to avoid conscription and he actually didn't like seeing blood. Union Territories:. Tezuka was greatly inspired by the film and later decided to become a comic artist, which at the time (and somewhat even now) was an unthinkable choice for someone who qualified as a medical doctor and Ph.D in medicine. States:.

Though a war propaganda film, it was also a children's film, so the main theme of the film was peace and hope in the time of darkness. States have their own elected government, whereas Union Territories are governed by an administrator appointed by the Union Government, though some have elected governments. In 1945, Tezuka who was studying medicine, saw a war propaganda animation film called "Momotarou Uminokaihei" whose style was largely copied from Disney's Fantasia. India is divided into twenty-eight states (which are further subdivided into districts), six Union Territories and the National Capital Territory of Delhi. Osamu Tezuka, widely acknowledged to be the father of story-based manga, became popular. All governments since 1996 have required party coalitions, with no single party claiming a majority, due to the steady rise of regional parties at the national level. Manga as people know it in the 20th and 21st centuries only really came into being after Dr. The NDA, led by the BJP, currently forms the main opposition.

Manga at this period was known as Ponchi-e (Punch-picture) and, like its British counterpart Punch magazine, mainly depicted humour and political satire in short 1 or 4 picture format. It formed a government in alliance with several regional parties, known as the United Progressive Alliance (UPA), with the outside support of the Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPI(M)). Thus, they imported Western artists to teach their students things such as line, form and colour (things which were never concentrated on in ukiyo-e as the idea behind the picture was normally considered more important). In the 2004 Indian elections the INC returned to power after winning the largest number of seats. When the United States began trading with Japan, Japan tried to modernise itself and catch up with the rest of the world. The decade prior to 1999 was marked by a state of political flux, with seven separate governments formed within that period. Manga developed from a mixture of ukiyo-e and Western art movements. In 1998, the BJP formed the National Democratic Alliance (NDA) along with smaller regional parties, and became the first non-Congress government to sustain a full five-year tenure (1999 to 2004).

However, gi-ga (literally "funny pictures") drawn in the 12th century by various artists contain many manga-like qualities such as emphasis on story and simple, artistic lines. But power was de facto held by two successive coalition governments, with the active support of the Congress. The word first came into common usage after the publication of the 19th century Hokusai manga, containing assorted drawings from the sketchbook of the famous ukiyo-e artist Hokusai. In 1996, the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), a political party with a right-wing nationalist ideology, became the largest single party, and established, for the first time, a serious opposition to the largely centre-left Congress. Literally translated, manga means "random (or whimsical) pictures". After emergency was lifted in 1977, and fresh elections were called, a united opposition, under the banner of the Janata Party won the elections and formed a non-Congress government for a short period. . In 1975, the government led by Indira Gandhi imposed Emergency Rule across the nation.

Stories are often modified to appeal to a more mainstream market. Following its position as the largest political organisation in pre-independence India, the INC, usually led by a member of the Nehru-Gandhi family, dominated national politics for over four decades. A small amount of the total Manga output of Japan is adapted into anime, which is usually created afterwards, once a market interest has been established. For most of its independent history, India has been ruled by the Indian National Congress Party (INC). It comes mainly in black and white, except for the covers and maybe the first few pages. A conflict between the legislature and the judiciary is referred to the President. Manga developed from a mixture of ukiyo-e and Western styles of drawing, and took its current form shortly after World War II. Each of these states has a tiered system of lower courts.

Manga (漫画) is the Japanese word for comics and/or cartoons it usually refers specifically to Japanese comics. There are 18 appellate High Courts, each having jurisdiction over a state or a group of smaller states. Mangaka (漫画家) Literally "Manga professional" is a Japanese term for a manga author/artist. The Supreme Court has both original jurisdiction over disputes between states and the Centre, and appellate jurisdiction over the High Courts of India. It is also commonly called コミック(komikku, from comic) in Japanese. India's independent judiciary consists of the Supreme Court, headed by the Chief Justice of India. Because nouns in Japanese do not have a plural form, manga is the form for both plural and singular. In the Indian parliamentary system, the executive is subordinate to the legislature.

Densha Otoko (Comedy/Drama). Any minister holding a portfolio must be a member of either house of parliament. MONSTER (Horror/Drama). The executive arm consists of the President, Vice-President and the Council of Ministers (the Cabinet), headed by the Prime Minister. Lone Wolf and Cub (Samurai Drama). All Indian citizens above age 18 are eligible to vote. Ghost in the Shell (Sci-Fi). The 545-member Lok Sabha is directly elected by popular vote for a five-year term, and is the determinative constituent of political power and government formation.

Blade of the Immortal (Samurai Drama). The 245-member Rajya Sabha is chosen indirectly through an electoral college, and has a staggered six-year term. Berserk (Medieval/Fantasy). The legislature of India is the bicameral Parliament, which consists of the upper house called the Rajya Sabha (Council of States), and the lower house called the Lok Sabha (House of the People). Angel Densetsu (Drama). The constitution does not explicitly provide for a post of Deputy Prime Minister, but this option has been exercised from time to time. Oh My Goddess! (Fantasy/Action). He or she is elected by legislators of the political party or coalition commanding a parliamentary majority, and serves a five-year term, with re-election.

Akira (Sci-Fi). The Prime Minister is the head of government, and has most executive powers. 3x3 Eyes (Mythology/Comedy/Horror). The President and the Vice President are elected indirectly by an electoral college for five-year terms. Bishoujo Senshi Sailormoon (fantasy/romance/action). He is also the Commander-in-Chief of India's armed forces. Cardcaptor Sakura(Action/Fantasy). The President is the head of state, and has a largely ceremonial role, including interpreting the constitution, signing laws into action and issuing pardons.

X/1999 (Paranormal). It has a three branches of governance: the Legislature, Executive and Judiciary. Revolutionary Girl Utena (Action/Drama). India has a quasi-federal form of government and a bicameral parliament operating under a Westminster-style parliamentary system. Please Save My Earth (Sci-fi/Drama). India is a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic. Marmalade Boy (Comedy/Romance/Drama). Significant economic reforms beginning in 1991 have transformed India into one of the fastest-growing economies in the world, and added to its global clout.

Kareshi Kanojo no Jijō) (Comedy/Romance/Drama). This was followed by a series of five more tests in Operation Shakti in 1998. Kare Kano (His and Her Circumstances a.k.a. In 1974, India conducted an underground nuclear test, making it an unofficial member of the "nuclear club". Hana-Kimi (Hanazakari no Kimi-tachi e) (Comedy/Romance/Drama). India is a founding member of the Non-Aligned Movement and the United Nations. Fruits Basket (Comedy/Romance/Paranormal). It has unresolved border disputes with China (which escalated into the brief Sino-Indian War in 1962), and with Pakistan, which resulted in wars in 1947, 1965, 1971 and in 1999 in Kargil (at the northern fringe of Jammu and Kashmir State).

Boys Over Flowers (Hana Yori Dango) (Drama/Romance). As a multi-ethnic and multi-religious nation, India has had some sectarian violence and insurgencies in various parts of the country, but has stayed together as a vibrant democracy. Ceres, Celestial Legend (Ayashi no Ceres) (Paranormal/Romance). The struggle culminated on 1947-08-15, when India gained full independence from British rule, and became a republic on 1950-01-26. Nana (Drama/Romance). In the early 20th century, the prolonged, non-violent struggle for independence was led by Mahatma Gandhi, widely regarded as the "Father Of The Nation". Inuyasha (action/adventure/comedy). After it was put down, much of India came under the direct administrative control of the crown of the British Empire.

Saint Seiya (Mythological/Adventure/Action). An 1857 insurrection against the British East India Company failed, known locally as the First War of Indian Independence, and in British and some Western literature as the Indian Mutiny, Sepoy Mutiny or Sepoy Rebellion. Rurouni Kenshin (Historical Fiction/Romantic Comedy/Action). During mid-second millennium AD, several European countries, including Portugal, Netherlands, France and the United Kingdom, who initially wanted to trade with India, took advantage of the fractured kingdoms fighting each other, to establish colonies in the country. Negima (Harem/Magic/Comedy). Nevertheless, several indigenous kingdoms flourished, especially in the relatively sheltered south, one of which was the Vijayanagara Empire. Great Teacher Onizuka (High School Comedy/Action). Following the Islamic invasions from Central Asia and Persia in the beginning of the second millennium AD, much of north and central India came under the rule of the Delhi Sultanate, and later the Mughal dynasty, who gradually expanded their reign to much of the Indian subcontinent.

Dragon Ball (Super-Powered Martial Arts). Science, engineering, art, literature, mathematics, astronomy, religion and philosophy flourished under the patronage of these kings. One Piece (Pirate Action/Comedy). In the south, several dynasties, including the Chalukyas, Cheras, Cholas, Kadambas, Pallavas and Pandyas prevailed during different periods. Samurai Deeper Kyo (Samurai Epic). From the 3rd century AD, the Gupta dynasty oversaw the period referred to as ancient India's "Golden Age". Naruto (Fantasy/Ninja). This led to the establishment of the Indo-Greek, Indo-Scythian and Indo-Parthian kingdoms in the northern Indian Subcontinent, and finally the Kushan Empire.

Fullmetal Alchemist (Action/Adventure/Comedy). From 180 BC, a series of invasions from Central Asia followed. Bleach (Action/Adventure/Fantasy). In the north, the Maurya dynasty, which included Aşoka The Great, contributed greatly to India's cultural landscape. Shōnen-ai (or Yaoi, gay romance). From around 550 BC, many independent kingdoms came into being. Shōjo-ai (or Yuri, lesbian romance). It was followed by the Vedic Civilisation.

Moé (also mahō kanojo or magical girlfriend). The first known permanent settlements appeared over 9,000 years ago, and gradually developed into the Indus Valley Civilisation, which began around 3300 BC and peaked between 2600 BC and 1900 BC. Mecha (giant robots). Stone Age rock shelters with paintings at Bhimbetka in Madhya Pradesh are the earliest known traces of human life in present-day India. Magical girl (mahō shōjo). . Dōjinshi Fan-art or self-published manga. In the last 20 years, it has grown significantly, especially in the economic and military spheres.

Battling companion (not an official name). India was a part of the British Empire before gaining independence in 1947. Semi-alternative (popular publication individualistic style). Four major world religions — Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism — have Indian origins. La nouvelle manga (Franco-Belgian/Japanese artistic movement). It is home to the Indus Valley Civilisation — one of the most ancient civilizations in recorded history — and a centre of important historic trade routes. Gekiga (dramatic pictures). It is the second most populous country, with a population of over one billion, and the seventh largest by geographical area.

Alternative (See also: Garo)