Liverpool

At the 2005 general election, all were held by the Labour Party, and are represented by Maria Eagle, Louise Ellman, Jane Kennedy, Peter Kilfoyle and Robert Wareing respectively. The tongue can also be an important part of the kiss. Liverpool has five parliamentary constituencies: Liverpool Garston, Liverpool Riverside, Liverpool Walton, Liverpool Wavertree and Liverpool West Derby. The most important muscle involved is the orbicularis oris muscle; it is used to pucker the lips and informally known as the kissing muscle. Districts of Liverpool include:. Kissing is a complex behaviour that requires significant coordination. The buildings of Liverpool not only attract tourists but also film makers, who regularly use Liverpool to double for many cities around the worlds and making it the second most filmed city in the UK. (data from Nature 421, 711 (13 February 2003); doi:10.1038/421711a).

This has led to a great increase in the provision of high quality services such as Hotels, restaurants and clubs. Güntürkün ascribed this asymmetry to a neonatal right side preference. Tourism is a major factor in the economy and will be of increasing importance in the run up to the Liverpool years as European Capital of Culture. Writing in Nature, psychologist Oner Güntürkün observed couples kissing in public places such as airports and parks, and showed that the direction of turning is more frequently to the right than the left by a 2:1 ratio. Growth in the areas of New Media has been helped by the existence of a relatively large Computer game development community. The person supporting the other is most likely taking the more active role in kissing the other. The activities of the port have left the site with a communications infrastructure that had for a long time exceeded requirements. Often, to make this more comfortable, one person, sitting upright, will support another, perhaps across their lap and in their arms, thus combining hugging and kissing.

Like the rest of the United Kingdom the city has seen a large growth in service industries and has several major call centres. In order to avoid clashing noses, a couple will often turn their faces to one side or another when kissing, so that their heads are at an angle from one another. The rate of Jobs growth was 9.2% compared with a national average of 4.9% for the same period, 1998-2002. The kiss does not exist in all cultures, as certain societies find it repugnant. This compared with 5.8% for inner London and 5.7% for Bristol. Blown kisses are also used when a popular person wishes to convey affection to a large crowd or audience. Between 1995 and 2001 GVA per head grew at 6.3% annum. This is used to convey affection usually while parting, when the partners are physically distant but can view each other.

The economy of Liverpool is beginning to recover from its long post WWII decline. A kiss can be "blown" using actions of the hand and the mouth. See also List of films made in Liverpool. A "butterfly kiss" consists of two people putting their eyes close to each other and fluttering their eyelashes upon one another's. Liverpool appeared in the film 51st State starring Samuel L Jackson and Robert Carlyle. The "Eskimo Kiss" is executed by the two individuals gently rubbing the tips of their noses together — in the Maori culture of New Zealand this is called a hongi. The independent media organisation Indymedia also covers Liverpool. The term is also used for expressions of affection that do not involve the lips.

John's Beacon which, along with the two cathedrals, dominates the city's skyline. (Kissing the hand is still practised as a romantic flourish, especially in Latin countries.). The last two are both based in St. When figures such as the British Prime Minister, cabinet members and diplomatics are formally appointed, they are said to have Kissed Hands. Radio stations include BBC Radio Merseyside, Juice FM and Radio City as well as Magic 1548. Though in the past, the monarch's hand was actually kissed, this is no longer so. The Daily Post, especially, serves a wider area, including north Wales. The term Kissing Hands is used to formally describe the appointment of the senior state figures to office by British monarchs.

The city has two daily newspapers: the Liverpool Daily Post in the morning and the evening Liverpool Echo, both published by the same company, the Trinity Mirror group. A more ominous use of the kiss is as a symbol of condemnation as may be observed when a crime lord kisses an underling, in effect imposing a sentence of death upon that person, the ultimate "goodbye kiss" or the "kiss of death.". The city fares better with regards to other media. A rude kiss or a kiss with a smack is referred to, in the USA, as a buss. Mersey Television is owned by All3Media. A kiss can also be rude or done for the sake of irritating or proving one's superiority. Liverpool is the home of the TV production company Mersey Television which formerly produced the now-defunct soap opera, Brookside, and currently produces Hollyoaks for Channel 4 and Grange Hill for the BBC. Kissing may also be used to signify reverence and subordination, as in kissing the ring of a king or pope.

This arrangement has always been controversial locally and one which will likely become more so with the BBC decision to build new national facilities in Manchester, increasing Manchester's influence over regional media. Kisses on the cheek as salutations are traditional in many parts of continental Europe, and the number of kisses, alternating cheeks, depends on which region one comes from. The BBC's regional news is also based in Manchester. When not an expression of affection, a kiss is a largely symbolic gesture in that the purpose of the kiss is to convey a meaning, such as salutations or subordination, rather than to experience the physical sensations associated with kissing. The ITV region which covers Liverpool is ITV Granada, which based in Manchester. In romantic and sexual kissing, the physical sensations are often of primary importance. Because no television broadcasters are based there, Liverpool could be seen as poorly represented in the media when compared with other major UK cities. Sexualized kissing may also involve one person kissing another on various parts of the body.

For a list of some noteworthy groups from the area, consult the list of famous bands from Liverpool. In more passionate kissing couples may open their mouths, suck on each others' lips, or move their tongues into each others' mouths (see French kissing). Liverpool has also played a large part in UK (and sometimes world) Pop Music culture since the 1960s. As an expression of romantic affection or sexual desire, kissing involves two people kissing one another on the lips, usually with much more intensity, and for a considerably longer period of time. A great many famous names have been associated with Liverpool; for a list, see List of famous people from Liverpool. Relatives may kiss children to comfort them or show affection, and vice versa. In 2001 a plan to build new a light rail system, Merseytram, was developed, although after central Government refused to underwrite the project, it was cancelled in November 2005 due to spiralling costs. Such kissing is a common greeting in European and Latin American countries between a man and a woman or between two women.

A number of other railway lines, such as that from Edge Hill to Kirkdale, no longer see passenger services, or have been removed completely, such as the North Liverpool Extension Line. This kind of kiss is typically made by brief contact of puckered lips to the skin of the cheek or no contact at all, and merely performed in the air near the cheek with the cheeks touching. From 1893 to 1956, the Liverpool docks were served by the Liverpool Overhead Railway. Between people of close acquaintance, a kiss, often reciprocal, is offered as a greeting or a good-bye. Historically, Liverpool had an extensive tram network; however, this was dismantled in the 1950s. In modern Western culture, kissing is most commonly an expression of affection. The city's main railway station for longer-distance services is Lime Street station. .

It has two lines: the Northern Line, which runs to Southport, Ormskirk, Kirkby and Hunts Cross, and the Wirral Line, which runs through the Mersey Railway Tunnel and has branches to West Kirby, New Brighton, Ellesmere Port and Chester. Many non-human primates also exhibit kissing behaviour. The sections in the city centre are mostly underground. Kissing is a learned behaviour, related to the grooming behaviour seen between other animals. Liverpool is served by the Merseyrail railway network. Science of kissing is called Philematology. In 2002 716,000 passengers used the Port of Liverpool, with the Isle of Man and Ireland being the two most important passenger routes. A kiss (from Old English cyssan "to kiss", in turn from coss "a kiss", perhaps onomatopoeic) is the touching of the lips to some other thing, usually another person.

The airport was the starting point for many Beatles tours in the sixties, and image of the boys boarding planes there were seen throughout the world. It lasted 30 hours and 45 minutes. The airport's logo consists of a sketch that Lennon had drawn of himself, and the words "Above us only sky", lyrics from his song Imagine. The longest recorded kiss took place in Tel Aviv, Israel, on April 5, 1999, between Karmit Tsubera and Dror Orpaz. In 2001, Liverpool Airport, situated near Speke in the south of the city, was renamed Liverpool John Lennon Airport, in honour of the late Beatle John Lennon. In Lady and the Tramp, while Lady and Tramp were both eating the end of a noodle at the same time, their lips end up touching. In fact the song is now played on the ferryboats themselves every time they prepare to dock at Liverpool. Auguste Rodin created the sculpture The Kiss (Le Baiser).

There is also the Mersey Ferry, made famous by the song Ferry Cross the Mersey by Gerry and the Pacemakers. The Australian cover version is even titled Kiss Kiss. There are three tunnels under the River Mersey: one railway tunnel, the Mersey Railway Tunnel, and two road tunnels, Queensway Tunnel and Kingsway Tunnel. The Turkish 1997 hit song Simarik has a chorus that ends with two kiss sounds. The Liverpool Institute for Performing Arts which was set up by Sir Paul McCartney in 1996, to train artistes and technicians, in the building which formerly housed the Liverpool Institute for Boys. Gustav Klimt painted a work entitled The Kiss. The University of Liverpool awarded the first ever Philosophy PhD in Robert Pirsig's Metaphysics of Quality to Anthony McWatt in July 2005. In the Frog Prince fairytale, it is the male who is transformed from frog to man by a romantic kiss.

The Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine was founded to address some of the problems created by trade, today it continues as a post graduate school and is one of only two institutions on planet Earth that house the de facto standard anti-venom repository. The Matrix turns the tables on this motif when Trinity kisses the sleeping main character Neo, bringing him back to life at the end of the movie. Liverpool John Moores University is one of the polytechnics given university status in 1992 and is named after the owner of the Littlewoods retail group. In the fairytale Sleeping Beauty and the Greek myth of Pygmalion and Galatea, a romantic kiss is used by a male to awaken or breathe life into a female, which feminist critics have interpreted as symbolising the suspect idea that women don't have much of a life unless their sexuality is awakened through the attention of men. It also has a university college, Edge Hill College of Higher Education, which has re-located to Ormskirk in South-West Lancashire. The last words of British naval commander Horatio, Lord Nelson, are said to have been 'Kiss me Hardy!' to one of his subordinates. Liverpool has three universities, the University of Liverpool, Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Hope University. In the gospels, Judas betrayed Jesus with a kiss — a subversive use of the kiss, as it is a symbol of affection.

Edward's College, a former private high school located in West Derby. Another of Liverpool's notable senior schools is St. Liverpool College[7] is the leading private school. One of Liverpool important early schools was The Liverpool Blue Coat School was founded in 1708 as a charitable school, it continues today.

Currently no specific Islamic secondary education is provided. In Liverpool primary education is available in various forms supported by the state include secular, Church of England, Islamic, Jewish and Roman Catholic. Sir Edwin Lutyens is represented by the completed crypt of his projected Metropolitan Cathedral, which was built to a simpler design by Frederick Gibberd. Architects well represented in Liverpool: Giles Gilbert Scott, Peter Ellis, Harvey Lonsdale Elmes, and John Foster.

The Anglican Cathedral has the longest nave, largest organ and heaviest and highest peal of bells in the world. Amongst its superlatives: Liverpool has the largest panel of stained glass in the world (in Liverpool Metropolitan Cathedral), the largest brick building in the world, and the first enclosed integrated dock system in the world. In 2004 Liverpool's waterfront was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage site, the justification is Liverpool's importance in the development of world trading system and dock technology. The built environment of Liverpool contains over 2,500 listed buildings (26 Grade I and 85 Grade II*) it is the inheritance of high-minded public spirit since the later 18th century, largely with Dissenter impetus, that has resulted in more public sculpture than in any UK city aside from Westminster, more listed buildings than any city apart from London and, surprisingly, more Georgian houses than the City of Bath.

They won the first Merseyside Derby. Everton have won nine league titles and the FA Cup five times, but have been in football's top flight for over 100 years, longer than any other team in the football league. Liverpool are historically the more successful of the two, having won 18 league titles, the European Cup five times and the FA Cup six times. at Anfield.

at Goodison Park and Liverpool F.C. Liverpool has two Premier League football clubs: Everton F.C. In light of Liverpool receiving Capital of Culture status, an effort has been created to bring the people of Liverpool together on an online dedicated Liverpool based forum called SpeakLiverpool. In 2003, Liverpool was awarded status as European Capital of Culture for 2008 and property developer Grosvenor started a £750 million regeneration of part of the city centre.

The city is also home to several successful theatre companies, such as the Everyman & Playhouse and the Unity Theatre [6]. Also from Liverpool is a writer, poet and author, who lives in Crosby, called John Haines, who uses the pen name Josh Rogan for fiction. These three poets, sold more than a million copies of their first book of poetry The Liverpool Sound. The city also became well known for the Liverpool poets, of whom Roger McGough and the late Adrian Henri are among the best known.

A flourishing orchestra, the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra performs in its own hall, the Philharmonic Hall. Despite widespead protest the work remained in place. It was during this event in 2004 that Yoko Ono's work "My mother is beautiful" caused widespread public protest by exhibiting photographs of a naked woman's pubic area on the main shopping street. The festival generally runs from mid September to late November and comprises three main sections; the International, The Independents and New Contemporaries although many fringe events are timed to coincide.

The Liverpool Biennial [5] is a festival of arts held (as the name implies) every two years. The Tate Liverpool gallery houses the modern art collection of the Tate in the north of England. Sudley House contains another major collection of pre 20th century art [4]. Several pre-Raphaelites are among the important paintings in the Walker Art Gallery.

Liverpool has a vibrant artistic life. They are noted for their distinctive accent and dialect, called Scouse. Inhabitants of Liverpool are referred to as "Liverpudlians" and nicknamed "Scousers", though this term is often (erroneously) used to cover other Merseysiders. For all of this period Liverpool's economy has grown faster than the national average and crime levels have remained lower than most other metropolitan areas in England and Wales, with recorded crime per head in Merseyside comparable to the national average — unusually low for an urban area.

A general economic and civic revival has been underway since the mid-nineties. Capitalising on the popularity of the 1960s pop group The Beatles and other groups of the Merseybeat era, tourism has also become a significant factor in Liverpool's economy. In recent years, the city has emphasised its cultural attractions, winning the accolade of European Capital of Culture for 2008. A similar outpouring of grief and shock occurred in 1993 when two year-old James Bulger was killed by two ten year-old boys, Jon Venables and Robert Thompson, and again over the murders of Kenneth Bigley in 2004 and Anthony Walker in 2005.

It has since become clear that South Yorkshire Police made a range of mistakes at the game, though the senior officer in charge of the event retired soon after. In particular this led to strong feeling in Liverpool because it was widely reported in the media that the Liverpool fans were at fault. This had a traumatic effect on people in both cities, and resulted in legally imposed changes in the way in which football fans have since been accommodated. In 1989, 96 Liverpool fans died and many more were severely injured in the Hillsborough disaster at a football game in Sheffield.

Ultimately this led to 49 of the City's Councillors being removed from office by the unelected District Auditor, for refusing to make staff redundant or remove council services to reduce their spending. The city council sank heavily into debt, as the City Council fought a campaign to prevent central government from reducing funding for local services. Liverpool City Council was taken over by the far-left wing Militant group during the 1980s, under the de facto leadership of Derek Hatton (although Hatton was formally only Deputy Leader). In 1981 the infamous Toxteth Riots took place, during which, for the first time in the UK outside Northern Ireland, tear gas was used by police against civilians.

In the early 1980s unemployment rates in Liverpool were amongst the highest in the UK. The 1980s saw Liverpool's fortunes sink to their lowest point. In 1974, it became a metropolitan district within the newly created metropolitan county of Merseyside. Historically Liverpool was part of Lancashire, it became a county borough in 1888.

The advent of containerization meant that Liverpool's docks became largely obsolete. From the 1970s onwards Liverpool's docks and traditional manufacturing industries went into sharp decline. The city produced the distinctive Merseybeat sound, and, most famously, The Beatles. In the 1960s Liverpool became a centre of youth culture.

Declines in manufacturing and dock activity struck the city particularly hard. By 1985 the population had fallen to 460,000. However, the city has been suffering since the 1950s with the loss of numerous employers. Significant rebuilding followed the war, including massive housing estates and the Seaforth Dock, the largest dock project in Britain.

John Lennon, one of the founding members of The Beatles, was born in Liverpool during an air-raid on October 9, 1940. Although 'only' 2,500 people were killed, almost half the homes in the metropolitan area sustained some damage and 11,000 were totally destroyed. During World War II there were eighty air-raids on Merseyside, with an especially concentrated series of raids in May 1941 which interrupted operations at the docks for almost a week. The population of the city exceeded 850,000 in 1930.

In 1884, 1900 and 1929, Eisteddfod were held in Liverpool. Liverpool was also home to a large Welsh population and was sometimes referred to as the Capital of North Wales. Inspired by an old Venetian custom, Liverpool was 'married to the sea' in September 1928. The area of Gerard, Hunter, Lionel and Whale streets, off Scotland Road, was referred to as Little Italy.

Aside from the large Irish community in Liverpool, there were other pockets of cultural diversity. However, it was changed to depart from Southampton instead. The maiden voyage of Titanic was originally planned to depart from Liverpool, as Liverpool was its port of registration and the home of owners White Star Line. Bridget's alleged memoirs, which surfaced in the 1970s, said that Adolf stayed with them in 1912-1913, though this is much disputed and many believe the memoirs to be a forgery.[2] [3].

Adolf Hitler's half-brother Alois and his Irish sister-in-law Bridget Dowling are known to have lived in Upper Stanhope Street in the 1910s. [1]. The formerly independent urban districts of Allerton, Childwall, Little Woolton and Much Woolton were added in 1913, and the parish of Speke added in 1932. During the first part of the 20th century Liverpool continued to expand, pulling in emigrants from Europe.

Liverpool was granted city status in 1880. The last Confederate ship, the CSS Alabama, was built at Birkenhead on the Mersey and the CSS Shenandoah surrendered there. When the American Civil War broke out Liverpool became a hot bed of intrigue. George's Hall, Lime Street Station etc.).

Liverpool expanded significantly in the 19th century and a number of major buildings were constructed (St. By 1851, approximately 25% of the city was Irish-born. During the 1840's, the Irish began arriving by the thousands due to the Great Famine 1845-1849. By the beginning of the 19th century, 40% of the world's trade was passing through the docks at Liverpool.

Liverpool's black community dates from this period and grew rapidly, reaching a population of 10,000 within five years. Substantial profits from the slave trade helped the town grow and prosper. The first wet dock in Britain was built in Liverpool in 1715. In the 18th century, as trade from the West Indies was added to that of Ireland and Europe, Liverpool began to grow.

From that time may be traced the rapid progress of population and commerce, until Liverpool had become the second metropolis of Great Britain. In 1699 Liverpool was made a parish on its own by Act of Parliament, separate from that of Walton-on-the-Hill, with two parish churches. Neither is there any remarkable occurrence recorded of it except the siege of it by Prince Rupert, in the English Civil Wars in 1644, some traces of which were discovered when the foundation of the Liverpool Infirmary was sunk, particularly the marks of the trenches thrown up by the prince, and some cartouches, etc., left behind by the besiegers. From this time until the end of the next century, Liverpool made but a slow progress in the extent of its trade and in the number of its inhabitants.

In 1571 the inhabitants of Liverpool sent a memorial to Queen Elizabeth, praying relief from a subsidy which they thought themselves unable to bear, wherein they styled themselves "her majesty's poor decayed town of Liverpool." Some time towards the close of this reign, Henry Stanley, 4th Earl of Derby, on his way to the Isle of Man, stayed at his house at Liverpool called the Tower; at which the corporation erected a handsome hall or seat for him in the church, where he honoured them several times with his presence. A number of battles for the town were waged during the English Civil War, including an eighteen-day siege in 1644. In the middle of the 16th century the population of Liverpool was only around 500, and the port was regarded as subordinate to Chester until the 1650s. For four centuries, Liverpool was relatively unimportant.

Initially it served as a dispatch point for troops sent to Ireland, soon after Liverpool Castle was built, which was removed in 1726. It is thought that the king wanted a port in the district that was free from the control of the earl of Chester. The origins of the city are usually dated from August 1207 when letters patent were issued by King John advertising the establishment of a new borough at Liverpool, and inviting settlers to come and take up holdings there. Other origins of the name have been suggested, including 'elverpool', a reference to the large number of eels in the Mersey.

In 1190 the place was known as 'Liuerpul', meaning a pool or creek with muddy water. .
. It faces Wallasey and Birkenhead across the River Mersey.

The city's urban area runs directly into Bootle and Crosby in Sefton, Huyton and Prescot in Knowsley. Liverpool has a varied topography being built across a ridge of hills rising up to a height of around 70 metres above sea-level at Everton Hill. Liverpool is situated along the eastern side of the Mersey Estuary, with the city centre located about 5 miles inland from the Irish Sea. Liverpool is Great Britain's 5th-biggest city.

Liverpool is one of England's core cities. In the year 2008, Liverpool will hold the European Capital of Culture title. and Liverpool F.C. In sporting terms, it is home to the internationally-known football clubs Everton F.C.

Whilst it has lost most of its manufacturing base, Liverpool is still internationally famous as a port. The population of the borough in 2002 was 441,477, and that of the Merseyside conurbation was 1,362,026. The city is governed by Liverpool City Council, one of five councils within the Metropolitan county of Merseyside. Liverpool is a city and metropolitan borough in Northwest England.

Walton, Wavertree, West Derby, Woolton. Toxteth, Tuebrook. St Michael's Hamlet, Sefton Park, Speke, Stoneycroft. Old Swan.

Netherley, Norris Green. Mossley Hill. Kirkdale, Knotty Ash. Kensington.

Hunts Cross. Garston, Gateacre, Grassendale. Fairfield, Fazakerley. Edge Hill, Everton.

Dingle. Childwall, Clubmoor, Cressington, Croxteth. Broadgreen. Aigburth, Allerton, Anfield.

The 51st State (2002). Revengers Tragedy (2002). Going Off Big Time (2000). Liam (2000).

Three Businessmen (1999). Rich Deceiver (1995). An Awfully Big Adventure (1995). Priest (1994).

Dark Summer (1994). Blood on the Dole (1994). The Bullion Boys (1993). The Long Day Closes (1992).

Dancin' Thru the Dark (1990). Shirley Valentine (1989). The Fruit Machine (1988). Distant Voices, Still Lives (1988).

No Surrender (1985). Letter to Brezhnev (1985). Educating Rita (1983) (Filmed in Dublin). Gumshoe (1971) starring Albert Finney.

The Reckoning (1969). Ferry 'Cross The Mersey (1965) Gerry & The Pacemakers. Beyond This Place (1959). Violent Playground (1958).

The Magnet (1950) filmed in New Brighton & Liverpool. Waterfront (1949). Penny Paradise (1938). The Arrest of Goudie (1901) arguably the world's first filmed crime reconstruction by Mitchell and Kenyon.

Church of Our Lady and Saint Nicholas the seafarers church and Liverpool parish church. Church of St Luke, Liverpool. Princes Road Synagogue. Liverpool Metropolitan Cathedral of Christ the King (Roman Catholic),.

Liverpool Cathedral (Anglican). Gustav Adolfus Kyrka The Swedish Seamen's Church. Greek Orthodox Church of St Nicholas. Unity.

Royal Court. The Playhouse. Philharmonic Hall. Neptune.

Everyman. Empire. Williamson's tunnels. William Brown Library.

Wellington's Column. Walker Art Gallery. Town-Hall. The Beatles Story.

Stanley Dock Tobacco Warehouse. St George’s Hall. Quiggins. Port of Liverpool Building.

Pier Head. The Philharmonic Dining Rooms. Oriel Chambers design by Peter Ellis. Museum of Liverpool Life.

Merseyside Maritime Museum. Liverpool University. Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine. Liverpool John Moores University.

Royal Liver Building. Lime Street Station. Cunard Building. Cast Iron Shore.

Bluecoat Arts Centre. Albert Dock.