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Liverpool

Liverpool waterfront by night, as seen from the Wirral.

Liverpool is a city and metropolitan borough in Northwest England. The city is governed by Liverpool City Council, one of five councils within the Metropolitan county of Merseyside. The population of the borough in 2002 was 441,477, and that of the Merseyside conurbation was 1,362,026. Whilst it has lost most of its manufacturing base, Liverpool is still internationally famous as a port. In sporting terms, it is home to the internationally-known football clubs Everton F.C. and Liverpool F.C.. In the year 2008, Liverpool will hold the European Capital of Culture title. Liverpool is one of England's core cities.

Liverpool is Great Britain's 5th-biggest city.

Liverpool's skyline, as seen from the River Mersey. The Liver Building is central. (Closeup view)

Liverpool is situated along the eastern side of the Mersey Estuary, with the city centre located about 5 miles inland from the Irish Sea. Liverpool has a varied topography being built across a ridge of hills rising up to a height of around 70 metres above sea-level at Everton Hill. The city's urban area runs directly into Bootle and Crosby in Sefton, Huyton and Prescot in Knowsley. It faces Wallasey and Birkenhead across the River Mersey.


History

In 1190 the place was known as 'Liuerpul', meaning a pool or creek with muddy water. Other origins of the name have been suggested, including 'elverpool', a reference to the large number of eels in the Mersey.

The origins of the city are usually dated from August 1207 when letters patent were issued by King John advertising the establishment of a new borough at Liverpool, and inviting settlers to come and take up holdings there. It is thought that the king wanted a port in the district that was free from the control of the earl of Chester. Initially it served as a dispatch point for troops sent to Ireland, soon after Liverpool Castle was built, which was removed in 1726. For four centuries, Liverpool was relatively unimportant. In the middle of the 16th century the population of Liverpool was only around 500, and the port was regarded as subordinate to Chester until the 1650s. A number of battles for the town were waged during the English Civil War, including an eighteen-day siege in 1644.

In 1571 the inhabitants of Liverpool sent a memorial to Queen Elizabeth, praying relief from a subsidy which they thought themselves unable to bear, wherein they styled themselves "her majesty's poor decayed town of Liverpool." Some time towards the close of this reign, Henry Stanley, 4th Earl of Derby, on his way to the Isle of Man, stayed at his house at Liverpool called the Tower; at which the corporation erected a handsome hall or seat for him in the church, where he honoured them several times with his presence.

From this time until the end of the next century, Liverpool made but a slow progress in the extent of its trade and in the number of its inhabitants. Neither is there any remarkable occurrence recorded of it except the siege of it by Prince Rupert, in the English Civil Wars in 1644, some traces of which were discovered when the foundation of the Liverpool Infirmary was sunk, particularly the marks of the trenches thrown up by the prince, and some cartouches, etc., left behind by the besiegers.

In 1699 Liverpool was made a parish on its own by Act of Parliament, separate from that of Walton-on-the-Hill, with two parish churches. From that time may be traced the rapid progress of population and commerce, until Liverpool had become the second metropolis of Great Britain.

In the 18th century, as trade from the West Indies was added to that of Ireland and Europe, Liverpool began to grow. The first wet dock in Britain was built in Liverpool in 1715. Substantial profits from the slave trade helped the town grow and prosper. Liverpool's black community dates from this period and grew rapidly, reaching a population of 10,000 within five years. By the beginning of the 19th century, 40% of the world's trade was passing through the docks at Liverpool. During the 1840's, the Irish began arriving by the thousands due to the Great Famine 1845-1849. By 1851, approximately 25% of the city was Irish-born.

Albert Dock

Liverpool expanded significantly in the 19th century and a number of major buildings were constructed (St. George's Hall, Lime Street Station etc.). When the American Civil War broke out Liverpool became a hot bed of intrigue. The last Confederate ship, the CSS Alabama, was built at Birkenhead on the Mersey and the CSS Shenandoah surrendered there. Liverpool was granted city status in 1880.

During the first part of the 20th century Liverpool continued to expand, pulling in emigrants from Europe. The formerly independent urban districts of Allerton, Childwall, Little Woolton and Much Woolton were added in 1913, and the parish of Speke added in 1932. [1]

Adolf Hitler's half-brother Alois and his Irish sister-in-law Bridget Dowling are known to have lived in Upper Stanhope Street in the 1910s. Bridget's alleged memoirs, which surfaced in the 1970s, said that Adolf stayed with them in 1912-1913, though this is much disputed and many believe the memoirs to be a forgery.[2] [3]

The maiden voyage of Titanic was originally planned to depart from Liverpool, as Liverpool was its port of registration and the home of owners White Star Line. However, it was changed to depart from Southampton instead.

Aside from the large Irish community in Liverpool, there were other pockets of cultural diversity. The area of Gerard, Hunter, Lionel and Whale streets, off Scotland Road, was referred to as Little Italy. Inspired by an old Venetian custom, Liverpool was 'married to the sea' in September 1928. Liverpool was also home to a large Welsh population and was sometimes referred to as the Capital of North Wales. In 1884, 1900 and 1929, Eisteddfod were held in Liverpool. The population of the city exceeded 850,000 in 1930.

During World War II there were eighty air-raids on Merseyside, with an especially concentrated series of raids in May 1941 which interrupted operations at the docks for almost a week. Although 'only' 2,500 people were killed, almost half the homes in the metropolitan area sustained some damage and 11,000 were totally destroyed. John Lennon, one of the founding members of The Beatles, was born in Liverpool during an air-raid on October 9, 1940.

Significant rebuilding followed the war, including massive housing estates and the Seaforth Dock, the largest dock project in Britain. However, the city has been suffering since the 1950s with the loss of numerous employers. By 1985 the population had fallen to 460,000. Declines in manufacturing and dock activity struck the city particularly hard.

Map of Liverpool from 1880

In the 1960s Liverpool became a centre of youth culture. The city produced the distinctive Merseybeat sound, and, most famously, The Beatles.

From the 1970s onwards Liverpool's docks and traditional manufacturing industries went into sharp decline. The advent of containerization meant that Liverpool's docks became largely obsolete.

Historically Liverpool was part of Lancashire, it became a county borough in 1888. In 1974, it became a metropolitan district within the newly created metropolitan county of Merseyside.

The 1980s saw Liverpool's fortunes sink to their lowest point. In the early 1980s unemployment rates in Liverpool were amongst the highest in the UK. In 1981 the infamous Toxteth Riots took place, during which, for the first time in the UK outside Northern Ireland, tear gas was used by police against civilians.

Liverpool City Council was taken over by the far-left wing Militant group during the 1980s, under the de facto leadership of Derek Hatton (although Hatton was formally only Deputy Leader). The city council sank heavily into debt, as the City Council fought a campaign to prevent central government from reducing funding for local services. Ultimately this led to 49 of the City's Councillors being removed from office by the unelected District Auditor, for refusing to make staff redundant or remove council services to reduce their spending.

In 1989, 96 Liverpool fans died and many more were severely injured in the Hillsborough disaster at a football game in Sheffield. This had a traumatic effect on people in both cities, and resulted in legally imposed changes in the way in which football fans have since been accommodated. In particular this led to strong feeling in Liverpool because it was widely reported in the media that the Liverpool fans were at fault. It has since become clear that South Yorkshire Police made a range of mistakes at the game, though the senior officer in charge of the event retired soon after.

A similar outpouring of grief and shock occurred in 1993 when two year-old James Bulger was killed by two ten year-old boys, Jon Venables and Robert Thompson, and again over the murders of Kenneth Bigley in 2004 and Anthony Walker in 2005.

In recent years, the city has emphasised its cultural attractions, winning the accolade of European Capital of Culture for 2008. Capitalising on the popularity of the 1960s pop group The Beatles and other groups of the Merseybeat era, tourism has also become a significant factor in Liverpool's economy.

A general economic and civic revival has been underway since the mid-nineties. For all of this period Liverpool's economy has grown faster than the national average and crime levels have remained lower than most other metropolitan areas in England and Wales, with recorded crime per head in Merseyside comparable to the national average — unusually low for an urban area.

Culture

"The Sons of Liverpool", The Beatles. Liverpool European Capital of Culture 2008 flag, flying in front of the Port of Liverpool Building

Inhabitants of Liverpool are referred to as "Liverpudlians" and nicknamed "Scousers", though this term is often (erroneously) used to cover other Merseysiders. They are noted for their distinctive accent and dialect, called Scouse.

Liverpool has a vibrant artistic life. Several pre-Raphaelites are among the important paintings in the Walker Art Gallery. Sudley House contains another major collection of pre 20th century art [4]. The Tate Liverpool gallery houses the modern art collection of the Tate in the north of England. The Liverpool Biennial [5] is a festival of arts held (as the name implies) every two years. The festival generally runs from mid September to late November and comprises three main sections; the International, The Independents and New Contemporaries although many fringe events are timed to coincide. It was during this event in 2004 that Yoko Ono's work "My mother is beautiful" caused widespread public protest by exhibiting photographs of a naked woman's pubic area on the main shopping street. Despite widespead protest the work remained in place.

A flourishing orchestra, the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra performs in its own hall, the Philharmonic Hall. The city also became well known for the Liverpool poets, of whom Roger McGough and the late Adrian Henri are among the best known. These three poets, sold more than a million copies of their first book of poetry The Liverpool Sound. Also from Liverpool is a writer, poet and author, who lives in Crosby, called John Haines, who uses the pen name Josh Rogan for fiction.

The city is also home to several successful theatre companies, such as the Everyman & Playhouse and the Unity Theatre [6].

In 2003, Liverpool was awarded status as European Capital of Culture for 2008 and property developer Grosvenor started a £750 million regeneration of part of the city centre. In light of Liverpool receiving Capital of Culture status, an effort has been created to bring the people of Liverpool together on an online dedicated Liverpool based forum called SpeakLiverpool.

Sport

Liverpool has two Premier League football clubs: Everton F.C. at Goodison Park and Liverpool F.C. at Anfield. Liverpool are historically the more successful of the two, having won 18 league titles, the European Cup five times and the FA Cup six times. Everton have won nine league titles and the FA Cup five times, but have been in football's top flight for over 100 years, longer than any other team in the football league. They won the first Merseyside Derby.

Important landmarks and buildings

Pier Head area, seen from the Albert Dock The Royal Liver Building towers over Water Street and the Town Hall View of Liverpool's Anglican cathedral SuperlambBanana, a well-known sculpture in the Albert Dock, recently relocated BBC Big Screen

The built environment of Liverpool contains over 2,500 listed buildings (26 Grade I and 85 Grade II*) it is the inheritance of high-minded public spirit since the later 18th century, largely with Dissenter impetus, that has resulted in more public sculpture than in any UK city aside from Westminster, more listed buildings than any city apart from London and, surprisingly, more Georgian houses than the City of Bath.

In 2004 Liverpool's waterfront was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage site, the justification is Liverpool's importance in the development of world trading system and dock technology.

Amongst its superlatives: Liverpool has the largest panel of stained glass in the world (in Liverpool Metropolitan Cathedral), the largest brick building in the world, and the first enclosed integrated dock system in the world. The Anglican Cathedral has the longest nave, largest organ and heaviest and highest peal of bells in the world. Architects well represented in Liverpool: Giles Gilbert Scott, Peter Ellis, Harvey Lonsdale Elmes, and John Foster. Sir Edwin Lutyens is represented by the completed crypt of his projected Metropolitan Cathedral, which was built to a simpler design by Frederick Gibberd.

  • Albert Dock
  • Bluecoat Arts Centre
  • Cast Iron Shore
  • Cunard Building
  • Lime Street Station
  • Royal Liver Building
  • Liverpool John Moores University
  • Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine
  • Liverpool University
  • Merseyside Maritime Museum
  • Museum of Liverpool Life
  • Oriel Chambers design by Peter Ellis.
  • The Philharmonic Dining Rooms
  • Pier Head
  • Port of Liverpool Building
  • Quiggins
  • St George’s Hall
  • Stanley Dock Tobacco Warehouse
  • The Beatles Story
  • Town-Hall
  • Walker Art Gallery
  • Wellington's Column
  • William Brown Library
  • Williamson's tunnels

Theatres

  • Empire
  • Everyman
  • Neptune
  • Philharmonic Hall
  • The Playhouse
  • Royal Court
  • Unity

Ritual sites

  • Greek Orthodox Church of St Nicholas
  • Gustav Adolfus Kyrka The Swedish Seamen's Church.
  • Liverpool Cathedral (Anglican)
  • Liverpool Metropolitan Cathedral of Christ the King (Roman Catholic),
  • Princes Road Synagogue
  • Church of St Luke, Liverpool
  • Church of Our Lady and Saint Nicholas the seafarers church and Liverpool parish church.

Education

In Liverpool primary education is available in various forms supported by the state include secular, Church of England, Islamic, Jewish and Roman Catholic. Currently no specific Islamic secondary education is provided.

One of Liverpool important early schools was The Liverpool Blue Coat School was founded in 1708 as a charitable school, it continues today. Liverpool College[7] is the leading private school. Another of Liverpool's notable senior schools is St. Edward's College, a former private high school located in West Derby.

Liverpool has three universities, the University of Liverpool, Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Hope University. It also has a university college, Edge Hill College of Higher Education, which has re-located to Ormskirk in South-West Lancashire. Liverpool John Moores University is one of the polytechnics given university status in 1992 and is named after the owner of the Littlewoods retail group. The Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine was founded to address some of the problems created by trade, today it continues as a post graduate school and is one of only two institutions on planet Earth that house the de facto standard anti-venom repository.

The University of Liverpool awarded the first ever Philosophy PhD in Robert Pirsig's Metaphysics of Quality to Anthony McWatt in July 2005.

The Liverpool Institute for Performing Arts which was set up by Sir Paul McCartney in 1996, to train artistes and technicians, in the building which formerly housed the Liverpool Institute for Boys.

Transport

There are three tunnels under the River Mersey: one railway tunnel, the Mersey Railway Tunnel, and two road tunnels, Queensway Tunnel and Kingsway Tunnel. There is also the Mersey Ferry, made famous by the song Ferry Cross the Mersey by Gerry and the Pacemakers. In fact the song is now played on the ferryboats themselves every time they prepare to dock at Liverpool.

In 2001, Liverpool Airport, situated near Speke in the south of the city, was renamed Liverpool John Lennon Airport, in honour of the late Beatle John Lennon. The airport's logo consists of a sketch that Lennon had drawn of himself, and the words "Above us only sky", lyrics from his song Imagine. The airport was the starting point for many Beatles tours in the sixties, and image of the boys boarding planes there were seen throughout the world. In 2002 716,000 passengers used the Port of Liverpool, with the Isle of Man and Ireland being the two most important passenger routes.

Liverpool is served by the Merseyrail railway network. The sections in the city centre are mostly underground. It has two lines: the Northern Line, which runs to Southport, Ormskirk, Kirkby and Hunts Cross, and the Wirral Line, which runs through the Mersey Railway Tunnel and has branches to West Kirby, New Brighton, Ellesmere Port and Chester. The city's main railway station for longer-distance services is Lime Street station.

Historically, Liverpool had an extensive tram network; however, this was dismantled in the 1950s. From 1893 to 1956, the Liverpool docks were served by the Liverpool Overhead Railway. A number of other railway lines, such as that from Edge Hill to Kirkdale, no longer see passenger services, or have been removed completely, such as the North Liverpool Extension Line.

In 2001 a plan to build new a light rail system, Merseytram, was developed, although after central Government refused to underwrite the project, it was cancelled in November 2005 due to spiralling costs.

Famous Liverpudlians

A great many famous names have been associated with Liverpool; for a list, see List of famous people from Liverpool.

Liverpool has also played a large part in UK (and sometimes world) Pop Music culture since the 1960s. For a list of some noteworthy groups from the area, consult the list of famous bands from Liverpool.

Media

Because no television broadcasters are based there, Liverpool could be seen as poorly represented in the media when compared with other major UK cities. The ITV region which covers Liverpool is ITV Granada, which based in Manchester. The BBC's regional news is also based in Manchester. This arrangement has always been controversial locally and one which will likely become more so with the BBC decision to build new national facilities in Manchester, increasing Manchester's influence over regional media.

Liverpool is the home of the TV production company Mersey Television which formerly produced the now-defunct soap opera, Brookside, and currently produces Hollyoaks for Channel 4 and Grange Hill for the BBC. Mersey Television is owned by All3Media.

The city fares better with regards to other media. The city has two daily newspapers: the Liverpool Daily Post in the morning and the evening Liverpool Echo, both published by the same company, the Trinity Mirror group. The Daily Post, especially, serves a wider area, including north Wales. Radio stations include BBC Radio Merseyside, Juice FM and Radio City as well as Magic 1548. The last two are both based in St. John's Beacon which, along with the two cathedrals, dominates the city's skyline. The independent media organisation Indymedia also covers Liverpool.

Liverpool appeared in the film 51st State starring Samuel L Jackson and Robert Carlyle. See also List of films made in Liverpool.

Economy

The economy of Liverpool is beginning to recover from its long post WWII decline. Between 1995 and 2001 GVA per head grew at 6.3% annum. This compared with 5.8% for inner London and 5.7% for Bristol. The rate of Jobs growth was 9.2% compared with a national average of 4.9% for the same period, 1998-2002.

Like the rest of the United Kingdom the city has seen a large growth in service industries and has several major call centres. The activities of the port have left the site with a communications infrastructure that had for a long time exceeded requirements. Growth in the areas of New Media has been helped by the existence of a relatively large Computer game development community.

Tourism is a major factor in the economy and will be of increasing importance in the run up to the Liverpool years as European Capital of Culture. This has led to a great increase in the provision of high quality services such as Hotels, restaurants and clubs. The buildings of Liverpool not only attract tourists but also film makers, who regularly use Liverpool to double for many cities around the worlds and making it the second most filmed city in the UK.

Films set in Liverpool

  • The Arrest of Goudie (1901) arguably the world's first filmed crime reconstruction by Mitchell and Kenyon.
  • Penny Paradise (1938)
  • Waterfront (1949)
  • The Magnet (1950) filmed in New Brighton & Liverpool
  • Violent Playground (1958)
  • Beyond This Place (1959)
  • Ferry 'Cross The Mersey (1965) Gerry & The Pacemakers
  • The Reckoning (1969)
  • Gumshoe (1971) starring Albert Finney
  • Educating Rita (1983) (Filmed in Dublin)
  • Letter to Brezhnev (1985)
  • No Surrender (1985)
  • Distant Voices, Still Lives (1988)
  • The Fruit Machine (1988)
  • Shirley Valentine (1989)
  • Dancin' Thru the Dark (1990)
  • The Long Day Closes (1992)
  • The Bullion Boys (1993)
  • Blood on the Dole (1994)
  • Dark Summer (1994)
  • Priest (1994)
  • An Awfully Big Adventure (1995)
  • Rich Deceiver (1995)
  • Three Businessmen (1999)
  • Liam (2000)
  • Going Off Big Time (2000)
  • Revengers Tragedy (2002)
  • The 51st State (2002)

Districts of Liverpool

Districts of Liverpool include:

  • Aigburth, Allerton, Anfield
  • Broadgreen
  • Childwall, Clubmoor, Cressington, Croxteth
  • Dingle
  • Edge Hill, Everton
  • Fairfield, Fazakerley
  • Garston, Gateacre, Grassendale
  • Hunts Cross
  • Kensington
  • Kirkdale, Knotty Ash
  • Mossley Hill
  • Netherley, Norris Green
  • Old Swan
  • St Michael's Hamlet, Sefton Park, Speke, Stoneycroft
  • Toxteth, Tuebrook
  • Walton, Wavertree, West Derby, Woolton

Parliamentary constituencies and MP's

Liverpool has five parliamentary constituencies: Liverpool Garston, Liverpool Riverside, Liverpool Walton, Liverpool Wavertree and Liverpool West Derby. At the 2005 general election, all were held by the Labour Party, and are represented by Maria Eagle, Louise Ellman, Jane Kennedy, Peter Kilfoyle and Robert Wareing respectively.


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At the 2005 general election, all were held by the Labour Party, and are represented by Maria Eagle, Louise Ellman, Jane Kennedy, Peter Kilfoyle and Robert Wareing respectively. The heart may also be illustrated as an icon (), symbolizing love. Liverpool has five parliamentary constituencies: Liverpool Garston, Liverpool Riverside, Liverpool Walton, Liverpool Wavertree and Liverpool West Derby. It can vary from one to four chambers (2 atria and 2 ventricle). Districts of Liverpool include:. Different species have different heart chambers. The buildings of Liverpool not only attract tourists but also film makers, who regularly use Liverpool to double for many cities around the worlds and making it the second most filmed city in the UK. It resembles venison in structure and taste.

This has led to a great increase in the provision of high quality services such as Hotels, restaurants and clubs. They are counted among offal, but being a muscle, the taste of heart is much more like regular meat than that of other offal. Tourism is a major factor in the economy and will be of increasing importance in the run up to the Liverpool years as European Capital of Culture. The hearts of cattle, sheep, pigs and certain fowl are consumed as food in many countries. Growth in the areas of New Media has been helped by the existence of a relatively large Computer game development community. The earthworm has a series of multiple primitive hearts. The activities of the port have left the site with a communications infrastructure that had for a long time exceeded requirements. The Gray Whale's heart beats 9 times per minute, Harbour Seal 10 when diving, 140 when on land, elephant 25, human 70, sparrow 500, shrew 600, and hummingbird 1,200 when hovering.

Like the rest of the United Kingdom the city has seen a large growth in service industries and has several major call centres. See "Early development" above for information about the early human heart rates. The rate of Jobs growth was 9.2% compared with a national average of 4.9% for the same period, 1998-2002. This is evident within a species as well, as the young beat their hearts faster than the adults. This compared with 5.8% for inner London and 5.7% for Bristol. Smaller animals have faster heartbeats. Between 1995 and 2001 GVA per head grew at 6.3% annum. Birds and mammals show complete separation of the heart into two pumps, for a total of four heart chambers; it is thought that the four-chambered heart of birds evolved independently of that of mammals.

The economy of Liverpool is beginning to recover from its long post WWII decline. The blood from the single ventricle is then pumped to both the lungs and the body tissues, an type of double circulation. See also List of films made in Liverpool. Blood from both the body and the lungs is pumped into the single ventricle, where unoxygenated and oxygenated blood may mix. Liverpool appeared in the film 51st State starring Samuel L Jackson and Robert Carlyle. Amphibians and reptiles have a three-chambered heart: two atria and one ventricle. The independent media organisation Indymedia also covers Liverpool. The blood pumps through the gills and on to the the body tissues without returning to the heart.

John's Beacon which, along with the two cathedrals, dominates the city's skyline. In fish, the system has only one circuit. The last two are both based in St. The heart of fish have only two chambers: one atrium and one ventricle. Radio stations include BBC Radio Merseyside, Juice FM and Radio City as well as Magic 1548. If an automated external defibrillator is available, this device may automatically administer defibrillation if this is indicated. The Daily Post, especially, serves a wider area, including north Wales. If a person is encountered in cardiac arrest (no heartbeat), cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) should be started, and help called.

The city has two daily newspapers: the Liverpool Daily Post in the morning and the evening Liverpool Echo, both published by the same company, the Trinity Mirror group. See cardiac arrest for emergencies involving the heart. The city fares better with regards to other media. See also: Cardiology diagnostic tests and procedures. Mersey Television is owned by All3Media. The transplant team was headed by Christiaan Barnard. Liverpool is the home of the TV production company Mersey Television which formerly produced the now-defunct soap opera, Brookside, and currently produces Hollyoaks for Channel 4 and Grange Hill for the BBC. At Groote Schuur Hospital in Cape Town, South Africa, 53-year-old Louis Washkansky on December 3, 1967 became the first human to receive a heart transplant (however he died 18 days later from double pneumonia).

This arrangement has always been controversial locally and one which will likely become more so with the BBC decision to build new national facilities in Manchester, increasing Manchester's influence over regional media. Nitroglycerin and other compounds that give off nitric oxide are used to treat heart disease as they cause the dilation of coronary vessels. The BBC's regional news is also based in Manchester. Beta blockers are drugs that lower the heart rate and blood pressure and reduce the heart's oxygen requirements. The ITV region which covers Liverpool is ITV Granada, which based in Manchester. If a coronary artery is blocked or narrowed, the problem spot can be bypassed with coronary artery bypass surgery or it can be widened with angioplasty. Because no television broadcasters are based there, Liverpool could be seen as poorly represented in the media when compared with other major UK cities. Important diseases of the heart include:.

For a list of some noteworthy groups from the area, consult the list of famous bands from Liverpool. The study of diseases of the heart is known as cardiology. Liverpool has also played a large part in UK (and sometimes world) Pop Music culture since the 1960s. The heart also secretes ANF (atrial natriuretic factor), a powerful peptide hormone, that affects the blood vessels, the adrenal glands, the kidneys and the regulatory regions of the brain to regulate blood pressure and volume. A great many famous names have been associated with Liverpool; for a list, see List of famous people from Liverpool. In the event of severe pathology, the Purkinje fibers can also act as a pacemaker; this is usually not the case because their rate of spontaneous firing is considerably lower than that of the other pacemakers and hence is overridden. In 2001 a plan to build new a light rail system, Merseytram, was developed, although after central Government refused to underwrite the project, it was cancelled in November 2005 due to spiralling costs. The time taken for the wave to reach this node from the sinoatrial nerve creates a delay between contraction of the two chambers and ensures that each contraction is coordinated simultaneously throughout all of the heart.

A number of other railway lines, such as that from Edge Hill to Kirkdale, no longer see passenger services, or have been removed completely, such as the North Liverpool Extension Line. Once the wave reaches the atrioventricular node, situated in the lower right atrium, it is conducted through the bundles of His and causes contraction of the ventricles. From 1893 to 1956, the Liverpool docks were served by the Liverpool Overhead Railway. The sinoatrial node, often known as the cardiac pacemaker, is located in the upper wall of the right atrium and is responsible for the wave of electrical stimulation (See action potential) that initiates atria contraction. Historically, Liverpool had an extensive tram network; however, this was dismantled in the 1950s. The rhythmic sequence of contractions is coordinated by the sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes. The city's main railway station for longer-distance services is Lime Street station. The heart's rhythmic contractions occur spontaneously, although the frequency or heart rate can be changed by nervous or hormonal influences such as exercise or the perception of danger.

It has two lines: the Northern Line, which runs to Southport, Ormskirk, Kirkby and Hunts Cross, and the Wirral Line, which runs through the Mersey Railway Tunnel and has branches to West Kirby, New Brighton, Ellesmere Port and Chester. This is in contrast with skeletal muscle, which requires either conscious or reflex nervous stimuli. The sections in the city centre are mostly underground. Cardiac muscle is self-exciting. Liverpool is served by the Merseyrail railway network. Finally complete cardiac diastole involves relaxation of the atria and ventricles in preparation for refilling with circulating blood. In 2002 716,000 passengers used the Port of Liverpool, with the Isle of Man and Ireland being the two most important passenger routes. The ventricular systole consists of the contraction of the ventricles and flow of blood into the circulatory system. Again, once all the blood empties from the ventricles, the pulmonary and aortic semilunar valves close.

The airport was the starting point for many Beatles tours in the sixties, and image of the boys boarding planes there were seen throughout the world. It is the closing of the valves that produces the familiar beating sounds of the heart, commonly referred to as the "lub-dub" sound due to the closing of the semilunar and atrioventricular valves. The airport's logo consists of a sketch that Lennon had drawn of himself, and the words "Above us only sky", lyrics from his song Imagine. This prevents any backflow into the atria. In 2001, Liverpool Airport, situated near Speke in the south of the city, was renamed Liverpool John Lennon Airport, in honour of the late Beatle John Lennon. Once the blood has fully left the atria, the atrioventricular valves, which are situated between the atria and ventricular chambers, close. In fact the song is now played on the ferryboats themselves every time they prepare to dock at Liverpool. Every single beat of the heart involves a sequence of events known as the cardiac cycle, which consists of three major stages: atrial systole, ventricular systole and complete cardiac diastole. The atrial systole consists of the contraction of the atria and the corresponding influx of blood into the ventricles.

There is also the Mersey Ferry, made famous by the song Ferry Cross the Mersey by Gerry and the Pacemakers. The function of the heart is to pump blood around the body. There are three tunnels under the River Mersey: one railway tunnel, the Mersey Railway Tunnel, and two road tunnels, Queensway Tunnel and Kingsway Tunnel. See main page cardiac cycle. The Liverpool Institute for Performing Arts which was set up by Sir Paul McCartney in 1996, to train artistes and technicians, in the building which formerly housed the Liverpool Institute for Boys. The blood supply to the heart itself is supplied by the left and right coronary arteries, which branch off from the aorta. The University of Liverpool awarded the first ever Philosophy PhD in Robert Pirsig's Metaphysics of Quality to Anthony McWatt in July 2005. The endocardium is a further layer of flattened epithelial cells and connective tissue which lines the chambers of the heart.

The Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine was founded to address some of the problems created by trade, today it continues as a post graduate school and is one of only two institutions on planet Earth that house the de facto standard anti-venom repository. Beneath this is a much thicker myocardium made up of cardiac muscle. Liverpool John Moores University is one of the polytechnics given university status in 1992 and is named after the owner of the Littlewoods retail group. The first is the outer epicardium which is composed of a layer of flattened epithelial cells and connective tissue. It also has a university college, Edge Hill College of Higher Education, which has re-located to Ormskirk in South-West Lancashire. The heart wall is made of three distinct layers. Liverpool has three universities, the University of Liverpool, Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Hope University. The contractile nature of the heart is due to the presence of cardiac muscle in its wall which can work continuously without fatigue.

Edward's College, a former private high school located in West Derby. Even though the ventricles lie below the atria, the two vessels through which the blood exits the heart (the pulmonary artery and the aorta) leave the heart at its top side. Another of Liverpool's notable senior schools is St. As the right ventricle needs to pump blood only to the lungs, it requires less muscle. Liverpool College[7] is the leading private school. The left ventricle is much more muscular (1.3 - 1.5 cm thick) than the right (0.3 - 0.5 cm thick) as it has to pump blood around the entire body, which involves exerting a considerable force to overcome the vascular pressure. One of Liverpool important early schools was The Liverpool Blue Coat School was founded in 1708 as a charitable school, it continues today. Even the lungs take some of the blood supply from the aorta via bronchial arteries.

Currently no specific Islamic secondary education is provided. The left ventricle then pumps the blood through the aorta to the entire body. In Liverpool primary education is available in various forms supported by the state include secular, Church of England, Islamic, Jewish and Roman Catholic. From the left atrium this newly oxygenated blood passes through the mitral valve to enter the left ventricle. Sir Edwin Lutyens is represented by the completed crypt of his projected Metropolitan Cathedral, which was built to a simpler design by Frederick Gibberd. The oxygenated blood then flows through pulmonary veins to the left atrium. Architects well represented in Liverpool: Giles Gilbert Scott, Peter Ellis, Harvey Lonsdale Elmes, and John Foster. In the lungs gaseous exchange takes places and the blood releases carbon dioxide into the lung cavity and picks up oxygen.

The Anglican Cathedral has the longest nave, largest organ and heaviest and highest peal of bells in the world. The right ventricle pumps the deoxygenated blood to the lungs, through the pulmonary artery. Amongst its superlatives: Liverpool has the largest panel of stained glass in the world (in Liverpool Metropolitan Cathedral), the largest brick building in the world, and the first enclosed integrated dock system in the world. The blood then passes through the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle. In 2004 Liverpool's waterfront was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage site, the justification is Liverpool's importance in the development of world trading system and dock technology. Oxygen-depleted or deoxygenated blood from the body enters the right atrium through two great veins, the superior vena cava which drains the upper part of the body and the inferior vena cava that drains the lower part. The built environment of Liverpool contains over 2,500 listed buildings (26 Grade I and 85 Grade II*) it is the inheritance of high-minded public spirit since the later 18th century, largely with Dissenter impetus, that has resulted in more public sculpture than in any UK city aside from Westminster, more listed buildings than any city apart from London and, surprisingly, more Georgian houses than the City of Bath. On both sides, the lower ventricles are thicker than the upper atria.

They won the first Merseyside Derby. The left side (see left heart) collects oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it out to the body. Everton have won nine league titles and the FA Cup five times, but have been in football's top flight for over 100 years, longer than any other team in the football league. this happens through a process called diffusion. Liverpool are historically the more successful of the two, having won 18 league titles, the European Cup five times and the FA Cup six times. The function of the right side of the heart (see right heart) is to collect deoxygenated blood from the body and pump it into the lungs so that carbon dioxide can be dropped off and oxygen picked up. at Anfield. Finally complete cardiac diastole involves relaxation of the atria and ventricles in preparation for refilling with circulating blood.

at Goodison Park and Liverpool F.C. Again, once all the blood empties from the ventricles, the pulmonary and aortic semilunar valves close. Liverpool has two Premier League football clubs: Everton F.C. Valves between the atria and ventricles (atrioventricular valves) maintain coordinated unidirectional flow of blood from the atria to the ventricles.The ventricular systole consists of the contraction of the ventricles and flow of blood into the circulatory system. In light of Liverpool receiving Capital of Culture status, an effort has been created to bring the people of Liverpool together on an online dedicated Liverpool based forum called SpeakLiverpool. A septum divides the right atrium and ventricle from the left atrium and ventricle, preventing blood from passing between them. In 2003, Liverpool was awarded status as European Capital of Culture for 2008 and property developer Grosvenor started a £750 million regeneration of part of the city centre. It consists of four chambers, the two upper atria (singular: atrium) and the two lower ventricles.

The city is also home to several successful theatre companies, such as the Everyman & Playhouse and the Unity Theatre [6]. In normal adults, its mass is 250-350 g, but extremely diseased hearts can be up to 1000 g in mass. Also from Liverpool is a writer, poet and author, who lives in Crosby, called John Haines, who uses the pen name Josh Rogan for fiction. A stethoscope can be placed directly over the apex and count the beats. These three poets, sold more than a million copies of their first book of poetry The Liverpool Sound. The apex is the blunt point at the base of the heart. The city also became well known for the Liverpool poets, of whom Roger McGough and the late Adrian Henri are among the best known. It is enclosed by a sac known as the pericardium and is surrounded by the lungs.

A flourishing orchestra, the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra performs in its own hall, the Philharmonic Hall. In the human body, the heart is normally situated slightly to the left of the middle of the thorax, underneath the sternum (breastbone). Despite widespead protest the work remained in place. [2]. It was during this event in 2004 that Yoko Ono's work "My mother is beautiful" caused widespread public protest by exhibiting photographs of a naked woman's pubic area on the main shopping street. There is no difference in male and female heart rates before birth. The festival generally runs from mid September to late November and comprises three main sections; the International, The Independents and New Contemporaries although many fringe events are timed to coincide. After the 15th week the deceleration slows reaching an average rate of about 145 (+/-25 bpm) bpm at term.

The Liverpool Biennial [5] is a festival of arts held (as the name implies) every two years. After peaking at about 9.2 weeks after the LMP, it decelerates to about 150 bpm (+/-25 bpm) during the 15 week after the LMP. The Tate Liverpool gallery houses the modern art collection of the Tate in the north of England. [1]. Sudley House contains another major collection of pre 20th century art [4]. This acceleration is approximately 3.3 bpm per day, or about 10 bpm every three days, an increase of 100 bpm in the first month. Several pre-Raphaelites are among the important paintings in the Walker Art Gallery. It then accelerates linearly for the first month of beating, peaking at 165-185 bpm during the early 7th week, (early 9th week after the LMP).

Liverpool has a vibrant artistic life. The human heart begins beating at a rate near the mother’s, about 75-80 beats per minute (bpm). They are noted for their distinctive accent and dialect, called Scouse. The human embryonic heart (EHR) begins beating at approximately 21 days after conception, or five weeks after the last normal menstrual period (LMP), which is the date normally used to date pregnancy. Inhabitants of Liverpool are referred to as "Liverpudlians" and nicknamed "Scousers", though this term is often (erroneously) used to cover other Merseysiders. . For all of this period Liverpool's economy has grown faster than the national average and crime levels have remained lower than most other metropolitan areas in England and Wales, with recorded crime per head in Merseyside comparable to the national average — unusually low for an urban area. The term cardiac means "related to the heart", from the Greek kardia (καρδια) for "heart".

A general economic and civic revival has been underway since the mid-nineties. The heart (Latin cor) is a hollow, muscular organ that pumps blood through the blood vessels by repeated, rhythmic contractions. Capitalising on the popularity of the 1960s pop group The Beatles and other groups of the Merseybeat era, tourism has also become a significant factor in Liverpool's economy. Congenital heart defects. In recent years, the city has emphasised its cultural attractions, winning the accolade of European Capital of Culture for 2008. It is sometimes treated by implanting an artificial pacemaker. A similar outpouring of grief and shock occurred in 1993 when two year-old James Bulger was killed by two ten year-old boys, Jon Venables and Robert Thompson, and again over the murders of Kenneth Bigley in 2004 and Anthony Walker in 2005. Cardiac arrhythmia is an irregularity in the heartbeat.

It has since become clear that South Yorkshire Police made a range of mistakes at the game, though the senior officer in charge of the event retired soon after. Endocarditis and myocarditis are inflammations of the heart. In particular this led to strong feeling in Liverpool because it was widely reported in the media that the Liverpool fans were at fault. Congestive heart failure is the gradual loss of pumping power of the heart. This had a traumatic effect on people in both cities, and resulted in legally imposed changes in the way in which football fans have since been accommodated. A heart attack occurs when heart muscle cells die because blood circulation to a part of the heart is interrupted. In 1989, 96 Liverpool fans died and many more were severely injured in the Hillsborough disaster at a football game in Sheffield. Coronary heart disease is the lack of oxygen supply to the heart muscle; it can cause severe pain and discomfort known as Angina.

Ultimately this led to 49 of the City's Councillors being removed from office by the unelected District Auditor, for refusing to make staff redundant or remove council services to reduce their spending. The city council sank heavily into debt, as the City Council fought a campaign to prevent central government from reducing funding for local services. Liverpool City Council was taken over by the far-left wing Militant group during the 1980s, under the de facto leadership of Derek Hatton (although Hatton was formally only Deputy Leader). In 1981 the infamous Toxteth Riots took place, during which, for the first time in the UK outside Northern Ireland, tear gas was used by police against civilians.

In the early 1980s unemployment rates in Liverpool were amongst the highest in the UK. The 1980s saw Liverpool's fortunes sink to their lowest point. In 1974, it became a metropolitan district within the newly created metropolitan county of Merseyside. Historically Liverpool was part of Lancashire, it became a county borough in 1888.

The advent of containerization meant that Liverpool's docks became largely obsolete. From the 1970s onwards Liverpool's docks and traditional manufacturing industries went into sharp decline. The city produced the distinctive Merseybeat sound, and, most famously, The Beatles. In the 1960s Liverpool became a centre of youth culture.

Declines in manufacturing and dock activity struck the city particularly hard. By 1985 the population had fallen to 460,000. However, the city has been suffering since the 1950s with the loss of numerous employers. Significant rebuilding followed the war, including massive housing estates and the Seaforth Dock, the largest dock project in Britain.

John Lennon, one of the founding members of The Beatles, was born in Liverpool during an air-raid on October 9, 1940. Although 'only' 2,500 people were killed, almost half the homes in the metropolitan area sustained some damage and 11,000 were totally destroyed. During World War II there were eighty air-raids on Merseyside, with an especially concentrated series of raids in May 1941 which interrupted operations at the docks for almost a week. The population of the city exceeded 850,000 in 1930.

In 1884, 1900 and 1929, Eisteddfod were held in Liverpool. Liverpool was also home to a large Welsh population and was sometimes referred to as the Capital of North Wales. Inspired by an old Venetian custom, Liverpool was 'married to the sea' in September 1928. The area of Gerard, Hunter, Lionel and Whale streets, off Scotland Road, was referred to as Little Italy.

Aside from the large Irish community in Liverpool, there were other pockets of cultural diversity. However, it was changed to depart from Southampton instead. The maiden voyage of Titanic was originally planned to depart from Liverpool, as Liverpool was its port of registration and the home of owners White Star Line. Bridget's alleged memoirs, which surfaced in the 1970s, said that Adolf stayed with them in 1912-1913, though this is much disputed and many believe the memoirs to be a forgery.[2] [3].

Adolf Hitler's half-brother Alois and his Irish sister-in-law Bridget Dowling are known to have lived in Upper Stanhope Street in the 1910s. [1]. The formerly independent urban districts of Allerton, Childwall, Little Woolton and Much Woolton were added in 1913, and the parish of Speke added in 1932. During the first part of the 20th century Liverpool continued to expand, pulling in emigrants from Europe.

Liverpool was granted city status in 1880. The last Confederate ship, the CSS Alabama, was built at Birkenhead on the Mersey and the CSS Shenandoah surrendered there. When the American Civil War broke out Liverpool became a hot bed of intrigue. George's Hall, Lime Street Station etc.).

Liverpool expanded significantly in the 19th century and a number of major buildings were constructed (St. By 1851, approximately 25% of the city was Irish-born. During the 1840's, the Irish began arriving by the thousands due to the Great Famine 1845-1849. By the beginning of the 19th century, 40% of the world's trade was passing through the docks at Liverpool.

Liverpool's black community dates from this period and grew rapidly, reaching a population of 10,000 within five years. Substantial profits from the slave trade helped the town grow and prosper. The first wet dock in Britain was built in Liverpool in 1715. In the 18th century, as trade from the West Indies was added to that of Ireland and Europe, Liverpool began to grow.

From that time may be traced the rapid progress of population and commerce, until Liverpool had become the second metropolis of Great Britain. In 1699 Liverpool was made a parish on its own by Act of Parliament, separate from that of Walton-on-the-Hill, with two parish churches. Neither is there any remarkable occurrence recorded of it except the siege of it by Prince Rupert, in the English Civil Wars in 1644, some traces of which were discovered when the foundation of the Liverpool Infirmary was sunk, particularly the marks of the trenches thrown up by the prince, and some cartouches, etc., left behind by the besiegers. From this time until the end of the next century, Liverpool made but a slow progress in the extent of its trade and in the number of its inhabitants.

In 1571 the inhabitants of Liverpool sent a memorial to Queen Elizabeth, praying relief from a subsidy which they thought themselves unable to bear, wherein they styled themselves "her majesty's poor decayed town of Liverpool." Some time towards the close of this reign, Henry Stanley, 4th Earl of Derby, on his way to the Isle of Man, stayed at his house at Liverpool called the Tower; at which the corporation erected a handsome hall or seat for him in the church, where he honoured them several times with his presence. A number of battles for the town were waged during the English Civil War, including an eighteen-day siege in 1644. In the middle of the 16th century the population of Liverpool was only around 500, and the port was regarded as subordinate to Chester until the 1650s. For four centuries, Liverpool was relatively unimportant.

Initially it served as a dispatch point for troops sent to Ireland, soon after Liverpool Castle was built, which was removed in 1726. It is thought that the king wanted a port in the district that was free from the control of the earl of Chester. The origins of the city are usually dated from August 1207 when letters patent were issued by King John advertising the establishment of a new borough at Liverpool, and inviting settlers to come and take up holdings there. Other origins of the name have been suggested, including 'elverpool', a reference to the large number of eels in the Mersey.

In 1190 the place was known as 'Liuerpul', meaning a pool or creek with muddy water. .
. It faces Wallasey and Birkenhead across the River Mersey.

The city's urban area runs directly into Bootle and Crosby in Sefton, Huyton and Prescot in Knowsley. Liverpool has a varied topography being built across a ridge of hills rising up to a height of around 70 metres above sea-level at Everton Hill. Liverpool is situated along the eastern side of the Mersey Estuary, with the city centre located about 5 miles inland from the Irish Sea. Liverpool is Great Britain's 5th-biggest city.

Liverpool is one of England's core cities. In the year 2008, Liverpool will hold the European Capital of Culture title. and Liverpool F.C. In sporting terms, it is home to the internationally-known football clubs Everton F.C.

Whilst it has lost most of its manufacturing base, Liverpool is still internationally famous as a port. The population of the borough in 2002 was 441,477, and that of the Merseyside conurbation was 1,362,026. The city is governed by Liverpool City Council, one of five councils within the Metropolitan county of Merseyside. Liverpool is a city and metropolitan borough in Northwest England.

Walton, Wavertree, West Derby, Woolton. Toxteth, Tuebrook. St Michael's Hamlet, Sefton Park, Speke, Stoneycroft. Old Swan.

Netherley, Norris Green. Mossley Hill. Kirkdale, Knotty Ash. Kensington.

Hunts Cross. Garston, Gateacre, Grassendale. Fairfield, Fazakerley. Edge Hill, Everton.

Dingle. Childwall, Clubmoor, Cressington, Croxteth. Broadgreen. Aigburth, Allerton, Anfield.

The 51st State (2002). Revengers Tragedy (2002). Going Off Big Time (2000). Liam (2000).

Three Businessmen (1999). Rich Deceiver (1995). An Awfully Big Adventure (1995). Priest (1994).

Dark Summer (1994). Blood on the Dole (1994). The Bullion Boys (1993). The Long Day Closes (1992).

Dancin' Thru the Dark (1990). Shirley Valentine (1989). The Fruit Machine (1988). Distant Voices, Still Lives (1988).

No Surrender (1985). Letter to Brezhnev (1985). Educating Rita (1983) (Filmed in Dublin). Gumshoe (1971) starring Albert Finney.

The Reckoning (1969). Ferry 'Cross The Mersey (1965) Gerry & The Pacemakers. Beyond This Place (1959). Violent Playground (1958).

The Magnet (1950) filmed in New Brighton & Liverpool. Waterfront (1949). Penny Paradise (1938). The Arrest of Goudie (1901) arguably the world's first filmed crime reconstruction by Mitchell and Kenyon.

Church of Our Lady and Saint Nicholas the seafarers church and Liverpool parish church. Church of St Luke, Liverpool. Princes Road Synagogue. Liverpool Metropolitan Cathedral of Christ the King (Roman Catholic),.

Liverpool Cathedral (Anglican). Gustav Adolfus Kyrka The Swedish Seamen's Church. Greek Orthodox Church of St Nicholas. Unity.

Royal Court. The Playhouse. Philharmonic Hall. Neptune.

Everyman. Empire. Williamson's tunnels. William Brown Library.

Wellington's Column. Walker Art Gallery. Town-Hall. The Beatles Story.

Stanley Dock Tobacco Warehouse. St George’s Hall. Quiggins. Port of Liverpool Building.

Pier Head. The Philharmonic Dining Rooms. Oriel Chambers design by Peter Ellis. Museum of Liverpool Life.

Merseyside Maritime Museum. Liverpool University. Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine. Liverpool John Moores University.

Royal Liver Building. Lime Street Station. Cunard Building. Cast Iron Shore.

Bluecoat Arts Centre. Albert Dock.