Lille

Lille is part of the Lille Métropole Communauté urbaine (formerly also known as C.U.D.L.).
. Lille was elected European Capital of Culture in 2004, along with the Italian city of Genoa. Students from mainland Turkey also study at universities on the Turkish side of Cyprus which is a great economic income for the North Cyprus Turkish Republic. The project has finally been completed with modern architecture and disruption to the ancient city center. Eastern European countries, especially Bulgaria and Hungary, are still popular destinations for students. The Euralille urban development project, centred around the new TGV station has fostered a long debate among Lille's citizens. Traditionally the left wing party AKEL provided scholarships for its members to study in Eastern Europe.

The urban area is one of the biggest in France with more than 1 million inhabitants. A large number of students after sitting for A-levels and/or SATs study abroad, mainly in English speaking countries such as the US or UK, but also in other European destinations such as France and Germany. Lille has one of France's largest university student population with, depending on the information source, from 95,000 to 149,533 students in 2002-2003. Thus following 1974 the Cypriot system follows the Greek system in the south, in other words providing their students with an apolytirion, and the Turkish system in the north. The Deûle connects to Northern Europe via the River Scarpe and the River Escaut (towards Belgium and the Netherlands), and internationally via the Lys (to Dunkerque and Calais). State education was based on nationalisation of existing community supported schools from the colonial period. The river Deûle is connected to regional waterways with over 680 km of navigatable waters. According to the 1960 constitution, education is under the control of the two communities (the communal chambers).

Lille is the 3rd largest French river port after Paris and Strasbourg. Private colleges and state-supported universities have been developed by both the Turkish and Greek communities. In terms of shipping, it ranks fourth, with almost 38,000 tonnes of freight which pass through each year. The majority of Cypriots receive their higher education at Greek, British, Turkish, EU & US universities, while there are also sizeable emigrant communities in the United Kingdom and Australia. It is the 12th most frequented French airport in number of passengers:. Unlike in other countries, state schools are generally seen as equivalent or better in quality of education than private sector institutions. Lille Lesquin (http://www.lille.aeroport.fr/) International Airport is 15 minutes from the city center. Cyprus has a well-developed system of primary and secondary education offering both public and private education.

A sixth one, the A24, should link Amiens to Lille. English is widely understood, and is taught in schools from primary age. Five autoroutes pass by Lille, the densest confluence of highways in France after Paris:. Historically however, the Greek language was largely spoken by all Greek Cypriots and by many Turkish Cypriots. There are 60 stations which go as far as the Belgian border. This delineation is only reflective of the post-1974 division of the island, which involved an expulsion of Greek Cypriots from the north and the analoguous move of Turkish Cypriots from the south. Trains are only 26 m long (two linked cars) and are rubber-tired. Greek is the predominant language in the south, Turkish in the north.

Line 2 is 32 km long with 43 stations, the first and longest automatic metro line in the world, opened May 16, 1983. The major part of Greek Cypriots are Eastern Orthodox Christians, whereas Turkish Cypriots are Muslims. The VAL system (véhicule automatique léger = light automated vehicle) is a driverless metro. Greek and Turkish Cypriots share many customs but maintain their ethnicity based on religion, language, and close ties with their respective motherlands. It has two train stations, which stand next door to each other: the Lille-Europe station (Gare Lille-Europe) and the Lille-Flandres station (Gare Lille-Flandres). Eventual adoption of the euro currency is required of all new countries joining the European Union, and the Cyprus government currently intends to adopt the currency on 1 January 2008. Lille is an important crossroads in the European TGV network: it lies on the Eurostar line to London and the Thalys network to Paris, Brussels, Amsterdam and Cologne. Moreover, the small, vulnerable economy has suffered because the Turkish lira is legal tender.

A former major textile manufacturing center, Lille forms the heart of a larger conurbation, regrouping Lille, Roubaix and Tourcoing, which is France's 4th-largest urban conglomeration with a 1999 population of over 1.1 million. The influx of about 100,000 Turkish economic migrants in the occupied part of Cyprus, who in their majority are uneducated workers, has brought even more trouble in the economy of the occupied area. Lille tried an unsuccessful bid for the organization of the Games of the XXVIIIth Olympiad in 2004. The economy relies heavily on agriculture. In 1994 the "Grand Palais" was also opened. The economy in the occupied part of Cyprus is heavily dependent on Turkey for subsidies for its survival. The Euralille Center was opened in 1994, and the remodeled district is now full of parks and modern buildings containing offices, shops, and apartments. The level of the oil field in terms of production (barrels per day) that the two countries will be able to produce is still a matter of speculation.

Work on Euralille, an urban remodeling project, began in 1991. Recently, oil has been discovered in the sea South of Cyprus (between Cyprus and Egypt) and talks are under way with Egypt to reach an agreement as to the exploitation of these resources. This, followed by the opening of the Channel Tunnel in 1994, then the arrival of the Eurostar train, puts Lille in the center of a triangle connecting Paris, London, and Brussels. Economic policy of the Cyprus government has focused on meeting the criteria for admission to the European Union. In 1993, a high-speed TGV train line was opened, connecting Paris with Lille in one hour. Cyprus has been sought as a basis for several offshore businesses, due to its highly developed infrastructure. In 1983, the VAL, the world's first automated subway, was opened. The Cypriot economy is prosperous and has diversified in recent years.

From the start of the 1980s, the city began to turn itself more towards the service sector. Economic affairs in Cyprus are dominated by the division of the country due to the Turkish occupation of the north part of the island. Throughout the 1960s and 70s, the region was faced with some problems after the decline of the coal, mining and textile industries. See also:. In 1967, the Chambers of Commerce of Lille, Roubaix, and Tourcoing were joined, and in 1969, the Communauté urbaine de Lille (Lille urban community) was created, linking 87 communes with Lille. In acknowledgement of the Turkish Cypriot community's support for reunification, however, the EU made it clear that trade concessions would be reached to stimulate economic growth in the north, and remains committed to reunification under acceptable terms. Rationing came to an end in 1947, and by 1948, some normalcy had returned to Lille. In May 2004, Cyprus entered the EU, although in practice membership only applies to the southern part of the island.

Following this, the Lille resistance managed to retake part of the city before the British tanks arrived. The Greek side overwhelmingly rejected the Annan Plan, and the Turkish side voted in favour. On September 3rd, the German troops began to leave Lille, fearing the British, who were on their way from Brussels. A United Nations plan sponsored by Secretary-General Kofi Annan was announced on 31 March 2004, based on what progress had been made during the talks in Switzerland and fleshed out by the UN, was put to both sides in separate referenda on 24 April 2004. The départments of Nord and Pas-de-Calais (with the exception of the coast, notably Dunkerque) were, for the most part, liberated in five days, from the 1st to 5th September 1944 by British, American, Canadian, and Polish troops. By mid-March, the UN declared that the talks had failed. Although Lille was part of the zone under control of the German commander in Brussels, the city was never controlled by the Vichy government. Papadopoulos had a reputation as a hard-liner on reunification and had rejected previous UN attempts to reunify the island.

When Belgium was invaded, the citizens of Lille, still marked by the events of World War I, began to flee the city in large numbers. However, weeks before the UN deadline, Klerides was defeated in presidential elections by center candidate Tassos Papadopoulos. Lille was taken by the Germans in May 1940, after brief resistance by a Morrocan Infantry division. In December 2002 the EU formally invited Cyprus to join in 2004, insisting that EU membership would apply to the whole island and hoping that it would provide a significant enticement for reunification resulting from the outcome of ongoing talks. In 1936, the city's mayor, Roger Salengro, became Minister of the Interior of the Popular Front, eventually killing himself after right-wing groups led a slanderous campaign against him. UN-sponsored talks between the Greek and Turkish leaders, Glafkos Klerides and Rauf Denktash, continued intensively in 2002, but without resolution. From 1931 Lille felt the repurcussions of the Great Depression, and by 1935 a third of the city's population lived in poverty. The continued difficulties in finding a settlement presented a potential obstacle to Cypriot entry to the European Union, for which the government had applied in 1997.

In July 1921, at the Pasteur Institute in Lille, Albert Calmette and Camille Guérin discovered the first antituberculosis vaccine, known as BCG ("Bacille de Calmette et Guérin"). The Greek side:. The general was made an honorary citizen of Lille on October 28th of that year. The Turkish side:. Lille was liberated by the British on October 17th 1918, when General William Birdwood and his troops were welcomed by joyous crowds. However, agreement was never reached on the finer details, and the two sides often met deadlock over the following points, among others:. When the Germans realized they had been tricked, they burned down an entire section of town, subsequently occupying the city. The results of early negotiations between the Greek and Turkish sides resulted in a broad agreement in principle to reunification as a bi-cameral, bi-zonal federation with territory allocated to the Greek and Turkish communities within a united island.

Despite the deception, the German bombardments destroyed over 2,200 buildings and homes. In that sense, the buffer zone turns the south-east corner of the island, the Paralimni area, into a de facto, though not de jure, exclave. From October 4th to 13th, 1914, the troops in Lille were able to trick the enemy by convincing them that Lille possesed more artillery than was the case; in reality, the city had only a single cannon. The United Nations (UN) buffer zone separating the territory controlled by the Turkish Cypriot administration from the rest of Cyprus runs up against Dhekelia and picks up again from its east side, off of Ayios Nikolaos (connected to the rest of Dhekelia by a thin land corridor). The entire region had grown wealthy thanks to the mines and to the textile industry. The northern part is an enclave like the two villages, whereas the southern part is located by the sea and therefore not an enclave —although it has no territorial waters of its own [1]. By 1912, Lille's population was at 217,000: the city profited from the Industrial Revolution, particularly via coal and the steam engine. Additionally there is the Dhekelia Power Station, which is divided by a British road into two parts.

In 1896 Lille became the first city in France to be led by a socialist, Gustave Delory. The first two are the villages of Ormidhia and Xylotimbou. Lille's population was 158,000 in 1872, growing to over 200,000 by 1891. Cyprus has four exclaves, all in territory that belongs to the British Sovereign Base Area of Dhekelia. In 1858, an imperial decree led to the annexation of the adjacent towns of Fives, Wazemmes, and Moulins. They are used as military bases. In 1853, Alexandre Desrousseaux composed his famous lullaby Dors mon p'tit quinquin. Under the independence agreement, the UK retained title to two areas on the southern coast of the island, around Akrotiri and Dhekelia, known collectively as the UK sovereign base areas.

The city was known for its cotton, and the nearby towns of Roubaix and Tourcoing worked wool. The other power with territory on Cyprus is the United Kingdom. At the beginning of the 19th century, Napoleon I's continental blockade against the United Kingdom led to Lille's textile industry developing itself even more fully. The Organization of the Islamic Conference granted it observer member status under the name of "Turkish Cypriot State". In 1846, a rail line connecting Paris and Lille was built. This state was recognised only by Turkey. The city continued to grow, and by 1800 held some 53,000 residents, leading to Lille becoming the county seat of the Nord départment in 1804. The north proclaimed its independence in 1975, and the self-styled Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus was established in 1983.

The "Column of the Goddess", erected in 1842 in the "Grand-Place", is a tribute to the city's resistance, led by Mayor François André. Its territory, the status of which remains disputed, extends over the northern third of the island. In the aftermath of the French Revolution, the Austrians, then in the United Provinces, laid siege to Lille. The Turkish Cypriot administration of the northern part of the island, together with Turkey, does not accept the Republic's rule over the whole island and refer to it as the "Greek Authority of Southern Cyprus". In 1790, the city held their first municipal elections. Turkey aside, all foreign governments and the United Nations recognise the sovereignty of the Republic of Cyprus over the whole island of Cyprus. Throughout the 18th century, Lille remained profoundly Catholic, which explains why the city did not really take part in the French Revolution, though there were riots and the destruction of churches. The Republic of Cyprus is the internationally recognised government of Cyprus, which controls the southern two-thirds of the island.

During five years, from 1708 to 1713, the city was occupied by the Dutch, during the War of the Spanish Succession. Since 1974, Cyprus has been divided, de facto, into the Greek-Cypriot controlled southern two-thirds of the island and the Turkish-occupied northern one-third. A number of important public works undertaken between 1667 and 1670, such as the Citadel (erected by Vauban), or the creation of the quartiers of Saint-André and la Madeleine, enabled the King to gain the confidence of his Flemish subjects. Cyprus gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1960, with the UK, Greece and Turkey retaining limited rights to intervene in internal affairs. In 1667, King Louis XIV (the Sun-King) successfully laid siege to Lille, resulting in it becoming French in 1668 under the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, provoking discontent among the citizens of the prosperous city. See also:. At the same time (1581), at the call of England's Queen Elisabeth I , the north of the Spanish Netherlands, having gained a Protestant majority, successfully revolted and formed the United Provinces. In 1985, the TRNC adopted a constitution and held its first elections.

The Hurlus were notably held back by the legendary Jeanne Maillotte. In 1983, the Turkish Cypriots declared an independent state called the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC), an action opposed by the United Nations Security Council. They were removed four months later by a Catholic Wallon regiment, after which they tried several times between 1581 and 1582 to take the city of Lille, all in vain. Subseqently, the Turkish Cypriots established their own seperatist institutions with a popularly elected de facto President and a Prime Minister responsible to the National Assembly exercising joint executive powers. In 1578, the Hurlus, a group of Protestant rebels, stormed the castle of the Counts of Mouscron. Many thousands of others, from both sides, left the island entirely. The first Calvinists appeared in the area in 1542; by 1555 there was anti-Protestant repression taking place. Turkish forces captured the northern part of the island(see Cyprus dispute).

The 16th century was marked, above all, by the outbreak of the Plague, a boom in the regional textile industry, and the Protestant revolts. The intervention is called "Cyprus Peace Operation" by the Turkish side. The city remained under Spanish rule until the reign of Philip IV of Spain. Turkey responded by launching a military operation on Cyprus in a move not approved by the other two international guarantor powers, Greece and the United Kingdom which aimed to protect the Turkish minority from Greek militias. At the end of the reign of the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, Spanish Flanders fell to his eldest son, and thus under the rule of Philip II of Spain, King of Spain. Dissatisfaction in Greece with Makarios's perceived failure to deliver on earlier promises of enosis convinced the Greek colonels to sponsor the 1974 coup in Nicosia. In 1477, at the death of the last duke of Burgundy, Charles le Téméraire, Marie de Bourgogne married a Hapsburg, Maximilian of Austria, who thus became Count of Flanders. Enosis remained an ideological goal, despite being pushed significantly further down the political agenda.

There the Duke and his court undertook an oath to Christianity. By 1967, when a military junta had seized power in Greece, the political impetus for enosis had faded, partly as a result of the non-aligned foreign policy of Cypriot President Makarios. On February 17, 1454, one year after the taking of Constantinople by the Turks, Philippe le Bon organised a Patagruelian banquet at his Lille palace, the still-celebrated "Banquet of the Pheasant's Vow". The responsibilities of the chamber were transferred to the newfounded Ministry of Education. Philippe le Bon, Duke of Burgundy, was even more powerful than the King of France, and made Lille an administrative and financial capital. Since 1964, following clashes between the two communities, the Turkish Cypriot seats in the House remained vacant, while the Greek Cypriot Communal Chamber was abolished. By 1445, Lille counted some 25,000 residents. The House of Representatives was elected on the basis of separate voters' rolls.

Lille thus became one of the three capitals of said Duchy, along with Brussels and Dijon. The executive, for example, was headed by a Greek Cypriot president, Archbishop Makarios III, and a Turkish Cypriot vice president, Dr Fazıl Küçük, elected by their respective communities for 5-year terms and each possessing a right of veto over certain types of legislation and executive decisions. The county of Flanders fell to the Duchy of Burgundy next, after the 1369 marriage of Marguerite de Male, Countess of Flanders, and Philippe II le Hardi, Duke of Burgundy. The 1960 Cypriot Constitution provided for a presidential system of government with independent executive, legislative, and judicial branches, as well as a complex system of checks and balances, including a weighted power-sharing ratio designed to protect the interests of the Turkish Cypriots. Lille fell under the rule of France from 1304 to 1369, after the battle of Mons-en-Pévèle. Cyprus left the Non-Aligned Movement in 2004 to join the EU. The rule of Flanders and Hainaut thus fell to her sister, Marguerite of Flanders, then to Marguerite's brother, Guy de Dampierre. After independence Cyprus became a founding member of the Non-Aligned Movement despite all three guarantor powers (Greece, Turkey and the UK) being NATO members.

The Countess died in 1244 in the Abbey of Marquette, leaving no heirs. Cyprus is divided into six districts. It was in her honor that the hospital of the Regional Medical University of Lille was named "Jeanne of Flanders Hospital" in the 20th century. See also:. On February 6th, 1236, she founded the Countess's Hospital, which remains one of the most beautiful buildings in Old Lille. All the other major cities are situated on the coast: Paphos to the south-west, Limassol to the south, Larnaca to the south-east, Famagusta to the east and Kyrenia to the north. In 1235, Jeanne granted a city charter by which city governors would be chosen each All Saint's Day by four commissioners chosen by the ruler. The capital city, Nicosia, is located to the north-east of the centre of the island.

Count Ferrand died in 1233, and his daughter Marie soon after. The climate is temperate and Mediterranean with hot, dry summers and cool, variably rainy winters. In 1226 the King agreed to free Ferrand of Portugal. There are also scattered but significant plains along the southern coast. He unmasked the imposter, who Countess Jeanne quickly had hanged. The central plain (Mesaoria) with the Kyrenia and Pentadactylos mountains to the north and the Troodos mountain range to the south and west. She called her cousin, Louis VIII ("The Lion"). Historically, Cyprus has been at the crossroads between Europe, Southwest Asia, and North Africa, with lengthy periods of mainly Greek and intermittent Levantine, Anatolian and British influences.

He pushed the kingdoms of Flanders and Hainaut towards sedition against Jeanne in order to recover his land. Cyprus is geographically close to the Middle East (see also Southwest Asia and Near East) and due to the island's geographic proximity is often included in the region, though politically and culturally it is closely aligned with Europe, in particular Greece and to a lesser extent Turkey. In 1224, the monk Bertrand of Rains, doubtlessly encouraged by local lords, tried to pass himself off as Baldwin I of Constantinople (the father of Jeanne of Flanders), who had disappeared during battle in Andrinople. The north maintains a lower standing of living due to the economic embargoes placed since its unilateral declaration of independence. They say she was well-loved by the residents of Lille, who by that time numbered 10,000. Since the invasion, the southern part of Cyprus has greatly grown economically, and the country enjoys a high standard of living. Count Ferrand of Portugal was imprisoned and the county fell into dispute: it would be his wife, Jeanne, Countess of Flanders and Constantinople, who ruled the city. Cyprus has joined the European Union as a full member since January 2005.

The counts of Flanders, Boulogne, and Hainaut came together with England and the Holy Roman Empire of Germany and declared war on France and King Philippe Auguste, a war that ended with the French victory at Bouvines in 1214. Since then, the Turkish occupying force in Cyprus has been fortified with US weapons. In 1144 Saint Sauveur parish was formed, which would give its name to the modern-day quartier saint Sauveur. The United States set an embargo on sale of arms to Turkey which was voted down a few years later after the invasion. From the 12th century, the fame of the Lille cloth fair began to grow. The S-300 missiles, in fact, never arrived in Cyprus but stayed on the neighbouring island of Crete. It is in this context that the city was created. Relations in the eastern Mediterranean were particularly frayed in the mid-1990s, especially after the acquisition by the Cypriot government of Russian missiles in 1997 which were capable of reaching the Turkish coast.

After the destruction caused by Norman and Hungarian invasion, the eastern part of the region fell under the eyes of the area princes. Conversely, it continues to reject calls to recognise the Republic of Cyprus as the sole legitimate government of Cyprus, and this political point has caused strained relations with the European Union. From 830 until around 910, the Vikings invaded Flanders. Turkey is to date the only country to recognise the "government" of the occupied part of Cyprus. The original inhabitants of this region were the Celts, who were followed by the Menapiens, the Morins, the Atrébates, and the Verviens, Germanic tribes. The UN Security Council, in its Resolution 541 of November 18, 1983, declared the action illegal and called for withdrawal. The region of Flanders thus extended to the left bank of the River Escaut, one of the most rich and properous regions of Europe. Turkish Cypriots proclaimed a separate state under Rauf Denktash on November 15, 1983.

The Count of Flanders controlled a number of old Roman cities (Boulogne, Arras, Cambrai) as well as some founded by the Carolingians (Valenciennes, Saint-Omer, Gand, Brugge, Anvers). After 1974 there were near-continual efforts to negotiate a settlement, which met with varying levels of hostility from either side. This name was used for the Count of Flanders' castle (Château du Buc), built on dry land in the middle of the marsh. He accepted a bizonal bicommunal federation as the form of a future state, but rejected any solution "involving transfer of populations and amounting to partition of Cyprus." The events of the summer of 1974 have dominated Cypriot politics ever since and have been a major point of contention between Greece and Turkey. The name Lille comes from insula or l'Isla, since the area was at one time marshy. The tension continued after Makarios returned to the presidency on December 7, 1974. Although the first mention of the town appears in archives from the year 1066, some archeological digs seem to show the area as inhabited by as early as 2000 BCE, most notably in the modern-day quartiers of Fives, Wazemmes, and Old Lille. Greece then suspended military participation in the NATO alliance.

The legend of "Lyderic and Phinaert" puts the foundation of the city of "L'Isle" at 640. The Greek Junta made no armed response to the superior Turkish force but collapsed days after. It thus became a central part of the country's rail network. Greek Cypriot soldiers were taken prisoners, with a number of 1,619 of those still missing and their fate is still unaccounted for. In the 19th century Lille became the centre of French industry due to the large nearby coal deposits. About 160,000 Greek Cypriots were uprooted, with Greek Cypriots forced to flee to the south, while approximately 50,000 Turkish Cypriots moved north.
. Talks in Geneva involving Greece, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the two Cypriot factions failed in mid-August, and the Turks subsequently moved to gain control of 37% of the island's territory.

. Seven days after these events, Turkey invaded Cyprus by sea and air on 20 July, 1974, presenting the invasion as an act of protection for the island's 18% Turkish Cypriot minority. The whole metropolitan area of Lille, both on French and Belgian territory (Kortrijk) was estimated in 2000 at around 1,730,000 inhabitants, ranking as one of the major metropolitan areas of Europe. The new regime replaced Makarios with Nikos Giorgiades Sampson as president, and Bishop Gennadios as head of the Cypriot Orthodox Church. Their combined population at the 1999 census was 212,597 inhabitants. However, by 1974 dissatisfaction among right-wing elements in favour of the long-term goal of Enosis - union with Greece - precipitated a coup d'etat against Makarios which was sponsored by the military government of Greece and led by the Cypriot National Guard. The city of Lille absorbed Lomme on February 27, 2000. During the 1960s, Makarios and Küçük pursued a non-aligned foreign policy, cultivating good relations with the Britain, Greece and Turkey and taking a leading role in developing the Non-Aligned Movement.

It lies near the border with Belgium and its Dutch name is Rijsel. The first President was the Greek Cypriot leader Archbishop Makarios III, and his Vice President was the leading Turkish Cypriot politician Dr Fazıl Küçük. It is also the préfecture (capital) of the Nord département. The constitution did not promote a healthy relationship between the residents of the island. It is the capital of the Nord-Pas de Calais région. The constitution produced by the negotiations was a binding document allocating government posts and public offices by ethnic quota. Lille is a city in northern France on the Deûle River. Independence was attained in 1960 after exhaustive negotiations between the United Kingdom, as the colonial power, and Greece and Turkey, the cultural 'motherlands' for the two communities on Cyprus.

¹ Including the annexed communes of Hellemmes and Lomme
² Only the part of the metropolitan area on French territory
³ Including the part of the metropolitan area on Belgian territory (Mouscron, Kortrijk, etc.). In 1955 the struggle erupted into guerrilla activity with the foundation of EOKA, and in the closing years of the 1950s the political and intercommunal atmosphere on the island became increasingly fraught. Martine Aubry (1950~), deputy, minister, and Mayor of Lille. The Greek community held referenda in support of annexation, while the British sought to quell any movement which could threaten their possession of the island. Pierre Mauroy (1928~), deputy, senator, Prime Minister of France, and Mayor of Lille. During the 1940s and 1950s, Cypriots began to demand union with Greece. Madeleine Damerment (1917-1944), French Resistance fighter - Legion of Honor, Croix de Guerre, Médaille combattant volontaire de la Résistance. Many Cypriots, now British subjects, signed up to fight in the British Army, in this and in the Second World War.

Augustin Laurent (1896-1990), minister, deputy, resistance fighter, and Mayor of Lille. Cyprus was formally annexed by the United Kingdom in 1913 in the run-up to the First World War. Roger Salengro (1890-1936), minister, deputy, and Mayor of Lille. Famagusta harbour was completed in June 1906; by this time the island was a strategic naval outpost for the British Empire, shoring up influence over the Eastern Mediterranean and Suez Canal, the crucial main route to India. Charles de Gaulle (1890-1970), general, resistance fighter, President of France. Cyprus was placed under British control on 4 June 1878 as a result of the Cyprus Convention, which granted control of the island to Britain in return for British support of the Ottoman Empire in the Russian-Turkish War. Achille Liénart (1884-1973), « cardinal des ouvriers ». The Republic of Venice took control in 1489 after the death of the last Lusignan Queen, after which the Ottoman Empire conquered the Island in 1570.

Louis Faidherbe (1818-1889), general, founder of the city of Dakar and senator. Guy of Lusignan purchased the island from Richard in 1192. Jeanne Maillotte, (circa 1580), resistance fighter during the Hurlus attacks. After the rule of an independent Emperor (Isaac Comnenus), King Richard I of England captured the island in 1191 during the Crusades. Jeanne de Flandre, (1188/1200? -1244), Countess. The island negotiated a relatively secure independence, but paid tribute to the Ummayads. Lydéric, (620-?) legendary founder of the city. In 654 a second, devastating Arab invasion took place.

Gilles Béhat (1949~), actor and director. The Arabs pillaged the island in 646. Philippe Noiret (1930~), actor. Cyprus became part of the Byzantine Empire after the partitioning of the Roman Empire in 395, and remained so for almost 800 years. Yvonne Furneaux (1928~), actress. Her birth was famously depicted by the artist Botticelli in The Birth of Venus. Alain Decaux (1925~), television presenter, minister, writer, and member of the Académie Française. Throughout ancient history, Cyprus was a flourishing centre for the cultic worship of Aphrodite.

Raoul de Godewaersvelde (1928-1977), singer. The legendary site of Aphrodite's birth from the foam is at 'Petra tou Romiou' ('Aphrodite's Rock'), a large stack in the sea close to the coastal cliffs near Paphos. Léopold Simons (1901-1979), poet, caricaturist, painter, sculptor. According to Hesiod's Theogony, the goddess, who was also known as Kypris or the Cyprian, emerged fully grown from the sea where the severed genitals of the god Uranus were cast by his son, Kronos, causing the sea to foam (Greek: Aphros). Robert Arnoux (1899-1964), actor. Cyprus is the legendary birthplace of the goddess of beauty, love, sex and passion, the beautiful Aphrodite. Renée Adorée (1898-1933), actress. In this way Cyprus became the first country in the world to be governed by a Christian ruler.

Julien Duvivier (1896-1967), director. After their arrival at Salamis they proceeded to Paphos where they converted the Roman Governor Sergius Paulus to Christianity. Line Dariel (1886-1956), comedian. No doubt the most important event that occurred in Roman Cyprus was the visit by Apostles Paul and Barnabas accompanied by St Mark who came to the island at the outset of their first missionary journey in 45 AD. Émile Bernard (1868-1941), neoimpressionist painter and friend of Paul Gauguin. Later, the Greek rulers of Egypt controlled it; finally Rome annexed it in 58-57 BC. Albert Samain (1858-1900), poet. Alexander the Great (356-323 B.C.) finally liberated the island from the Persians.

Pierre Degeyter (1848-1932), worker and composer of the music of the Internationale. After their defeat, the Greeks mounted various expeditions in order to liberate Cyprus from the Persian yoke, but all their efforts bore only temporary results. Carolus-Duran (1837-1917), painter. The Persians finally won despite Ionian help. Antoine Renard (1825-1872), composer (Temps des cerises). The Persians reacted quickly sending a considerable force against Onesilos. Édouard Lalo (1823-1892), composer. When the Ionian Greeks revolted against Persia (499 BC) the Cypriots except for the city of Amathus, joined in at the instigation of Onesilos, brother of the king of Salamis, whom he dethroned for not wanting to fight for independence.

Alexandre Desrousseaux (1820-1892), songwriter. In their new fate the Greeks of Cyprus had as companions the Greeks of Ionia (west coast of Anatolia) with whom they forged closer ties. Jean Perrin (1870, 1942), Nobel Prize in physics and creator of the French CNRS (National Center for Scientific Research). In the Persian Empire, Cyprus formed part of the fifth satrapy and in addition to tribute it had to supply the Persians with ships and crews. Albert Calmette (1863 - 1933) and Camille Guérin (1872-1961), discovery of the antituberculosis vaccine. In the 16th century B.C., Amasis of Egypt conquered Cyprus, which soon fell under the rule of the Persians when Cambyses conquered Egypt. Alfred Mongy (1840-1914), modernizer of the city. In times Cyprus supplied the rest of the Greeks with timber for their fleets.

Auguste Scalbert (1815, 1899), creator of the first Nordiste bank. Cyprus has remained predominantly Greek in culture, language and population despite various influences resulting from successive conquests. Antoine Scrive-Labbe (1789-1864), industrialist in the textile field and French spy. Thus from 1220 B.C. Charles Joseph Panckoucke, (1736-1788), founder of the Moniteur Universel, owner of Mercure de France, promoter of the Lumières and editor of the Encyclopédie Méthodique. The newcomers brought with them their language, their advanced technology and introduced a new outlook for visual arts. almost 873,000 passengers in 2003. This migration is remembered in many sagas concerning how some of the Greek heroes that participated in the Trojan war came to settle in Cyprus.

around 970,000 passengers in 2001. begins the massive arrival of the Mycenæan Greeks as permanent settlers to Cyprus, a process which lasted for more than a century. Autoroute A22 : Lille - Anvers - Netherlands. Around 1200 B.C. Autoroute A25 : Lille - Dunkerque - Calais - England. Cyprus was invaded by Thothmes III of Egypt about 1500 B.C., and was forced to pay tribute. Autoroute A1  : Lille - Arras - Paris / Reims - Lyon. and several Greek and Phœnician settlements that belong to the Iron Age can be found on the island.

Autoroute A23 : Lille - Valenciennes. The Mycenæan civilization seems to have reached Cyprus at around 1600 B.C. Autoroute A27 : Lille - Tournai - Brussels / Liège - England. The people quickly learned to work the rich copper mines of the island. There are but scanty traces of the Stone Age, but the Bronze Age is characterized by a well-developed and clearly marked civilization. It is also characteristic that in ancient times the name "Κύπρος (Cyprus)" in Greek was the first or second synthetic of names, such as: Αριστόκυπρος, Φιλόκυπρος, Κυπράνορας, Κυπροθέμης.

Homer in his epics Iliad and Odyssey refers to the island of "Kύπρον (kypron)": “Μούσα μοι έννεπε έργα πολυχρύσου Αφροδίτης Κύπριδος” – “Muse sing to me the works of golden haired Aphrodite Cypridos”. Note that Cyprus was the mythical birthplace of Aphrodite. Another probable suggestion is that it was named after the Greek goddess Aphrodite which was also called "Κυπρίς (kipris)". From there the word passed into European languages as "copper" in the English language, "cuivre" in French, "Kupfer" in German and "cobre" in Portuguese and in Spanish.

Through overseas trade, the island has already given its name to the Classical Latin word for the metal, which appears in the phrase aes Cyprium , "metal of Cyprus", later shortened to cuprum. Dossin, for example, suggests that it has roots to the Sumerian word for copper, "zubar" or even the word "kubar" (bronze), due to the large deposits of copper ore found on the island. Another school suggests that it stems from the eterocyprian word for copper. One suggestion is that it comes from the Greek word "κυπάρισσος (kypa'rissos)" meaning "cypress tree" or even from the Greek name of the plant Lawsonia alba (henna), "κύπρος (kypros)".

The name Cyprus has a somewhat uncertain etymology. . The Republic of Cyprus (Greek: Κύπρος, Kýpros; Turkish: Kıbrıs; see also List of traditional Greek place names) is an island nation in the eastern Mediterranean Sea, 113 kilometres (70 miles) south of Turkey and around 120 km west of the Syrian coast. +90-392 (a Turkish access number) is used in the north.

Number does not include any TRNC inhabitants
7. 230,000 inhabitants in the north
6. Number does not include approx. Of which 5,895 km² is in the south and 3,355 km² in the north
5.

The TRNC is only recognised by Turkey
4. Not recognised by Turkey, which instead recognises the TRNC. The north has a separate president of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC).
3. 2.