July 4

. Reindeer Research Program, University of Alaska Fairbanks. The phrase "Fourth of July" has acquired widespread significance in American culture as a reference to the Independence Day celebration in the United States and that celebration's many cultural accoutrements. Smith. July 4 is the 185th day of the year (186th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 180 days remaining. Carrie Bucki with Greg Finstad and Tammy A. In astronomy, the approximate date of Earth's aphelion. 2004.

Filipino-American Friendship Day. Reindeer Roundup! A K-12 Educator's Guide to Reindeer in Alaska. United States and Denmark - Independence Day (1776). The name Caribou is thought to come from a Mi'kmaq word that means "one that paws (the ground)". 1923). In Sami, the male is called sarve, a castrated bull (which in old time was performed by a bite) hierke and the female sex is called vaya. 2005 - Hank Stram, American football coach (b. Reindeer antler is powdered and sold as a nutritional or medicinal supplement to Asian markets.

1920). In Alaska, reindeer sausage is sold locally to supermarkets and grocery stores. 2004 - Jean-Marie Auberson, Swiss conductor (b. Reindeer stew is the best-known dish in Lapland. 1944). Reindeer meatballs are sold canned. 2003 - Barry White, American singer and record producer (b. Reindeer meat is popular in the Scandinavian countries.

1912). Reindeer herders on the Seward Peninsula have experienced significant losses to their herds from animals following the wild caribou during their migrations. Davis Jr., American general (b. Reindeer were introduced into Alaska near the end of the 19th century; they interbreed with native caribou subspecies there. 2002 - Benjamin O. The fur and meat is sold, which is an important source of income. 1934). The numbers of Russian herders have been drastically reduced since the fall of the Soviet Union.

1997 - Charles Kuralt, American television reporter (b. (Siberian reindeer are larger than their Scandinavian relatives.) For breeders, a single deer-owner usually own some hundreds or up to thousands of animals. 1919). Siberian deer-owners also use the reindeer to ride on. 1995 - Eva Gabor, Hungarian-born actress (b. It is believed that domestication started between Bronze Age-Iron Age. 1921). The reindeer has (or has had) an important economic role for all circumpolar peoples, including the Sami, Nenets, Khants, Evenks, Yukaghirs, Tjuktjer and Korjaker in Eurasia.

1992 - Astor Piazzolla, Argentinian composer (b. In the traditional lifestyle of the Inuit people and Northern First Nations people, the caribou is a source of food, clothing, shelter and tools. 1936). Wild caribou are still hunted in North America. Victor Chang, Australian physician (murdered) (b. A regular mail run in Wales, Alaska used a sleigh drawn by reindeer. 1991 - Dr. The use of reindeer as semidomesticated livestock in Alaska was introduced in the late 1800s by Sheldon Jackson as a means of providing a livelihood for Native peoples there.

1899). They are raised for their meat, milk, hides, and antlers, and for transportation. 1986 - Oscar Zariski, Russian mathematician (b. Reindeer have been raised in captivity for centuries in Finland, but are not considered fully domesticated, being referred to as "captive bred". 1918). Diseases include brucellosis, foot rot, and keratitis (white-eye, an infection of the eye). 1977 - Gersh Budker, Russian physicist (b. Roundworms and tapeworms can also afflict reindeer.

1895). Parasites include warble flies, mosquitoes, and nose bot flies. 1976 - Antoni Słonimski, Polish poet and writer (b. Ravens can indirectly kill caribou calves by blinding them (eating their eyes). 1902). In mesolithic and neolithic periods, Europeans hunted them, too. 1975 - Georgette Heyer, English author (b. Natural threats to caribou include avalanches and the predators wolves, wolverines, lynxes, bears, etc.

1909). Males usually split apart from the group and become solitary, while the remaining herd consists mostly of females, usually a matriarchy. 1971 - August Derleth, American writer and editor (b. Wild reindeer are considered to be very vulnerable to human disturbance, especially during the calving period in April. 1905). Other areas, such as Filefjell, have populations of reindeer that have been herded in the past but are now left free. 1970 - Barnett Newman, American artist (b. The last remaining European herds of the genetic wild reindeer are found in central Norway, mainly in the mountainous areas of Rondane, Hardangervidda, Dovre and Forrelhogna.

1881). There are an estimated 5 million reindeer in Eurasia, mainly semi-domesticated. 1941 - Antoni Łomnicki, Polish mathematician (b. About 1 million live in Alaska, and a comparable number live in northern Canada. 1867). Their wide hooves help the animals move through snow and tundra; they also help propel the animal when it swims. 1934 - Maria Skłodowska-Curie, Polish-born scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in chemistry and physics (b. In the wild, caribou migrate in large herds between their birthing habitat and their winter habitat.

1931 - Buddie Petit, American jazz cornetist. A caribou or reindeer swims easily and fast; migrating herds will not hesitate to swim across a large lake or broad river. 1901). The outer coat is boyant to the point that a full third of the animal is always above water. 1926 - Pier Giorgio Frassati, Italian mountaineer (b. The reindeer coat has two layers of fur, a dense woolly undercoat and longer-haired overcoat consisting of hollow, air-filled hairs. 1835). In the winter, the pads shrink and tighten, exposing the rim of the hoof which cuts into the ice and crusted snow to keep the animal from slipping.

1910 - Giovanni Schiaparelli, Italian astronomer (b. Reindeer hooves adapt to the season: In the summer, when the tundra is soft and wet, the footpads become spongy and provide extra traction. 1830). Incoming cold air is warmed by the animal's body heat before entering the lungs, and water is condensed from the expired air and captured before the deer's breath is exhaled, used to moisten dry incoming air and possibly absorbed into the blood through the mucous membranes. 1905 - Élisée Reclus, French geographer and anarchist (b. Reindeer have specialized noses featuring nasal turbinate bones that dramatically increase the surface area within the nostrils. 1863). lemmus lemmus), birds and bird eggs.

1902 - Swami Vivekananda, Indian spiritual leader (b. clethrionomys glareolus), lemmings (lat. 1843). They can also eat voles (lat. 1901 - Johannes Schmidt, German linguist (b. However, they also eat the leaves of willows and birches, as well as sedges and grasses. 1809). They mainly eat lichens in winter, especially reindeer moss.

Vice President (b. Reindeer are ruminants, having a four-chambered stomach. 1891 - Hannibal Hamlin, U.S. The caribou of North America can run at speeds of almost 50 miles per hour and may travel 3,000 miles in a year. 1797). Domesticated animals (reindeer) are shorter-legged and heavier than their wild counterparts (caribou). 1882 - Joseph Brackett, American religious leader and composer (b. The antlers typically have two separate groups of points (see image), a lower and upper.

1806). Both sexes grow antlers, which (in the Scandinavian variety) for old males fall off in December, for young males in the spring and for females during the summer. 1881 - Johan Vilhelm Snellman, Finnish statesman (b. In some subspecies of reindeer, the male is slightly larger; in others, the male can weigh up to 300 kg. 1786). The weight of a female varies between 60 and 170 kg. Marcy, American statesman (b. Its natural occurrence is approximately bounded within the 62° latitude.

1857 - William L. The last wild reindeer in Europe are found in habitats in southern Norway. 1759). Domesticated deer are mostly found in Northern Scandinavia and Russia, and wild deer are mostly found in North America, Greenland and Iceland (introduced by man in 19th century ). 1850 - William Kirby, English entomologist (b. In 1952 reindeer were re-introduced to Scotland, as the natural stock had become extinct in the 10th century. 1768). Reindeer are found throughout Scandinavia (including Iceland); in Finland; at Spitsbergen; in Russian Europe including Northern Russia and Novaya Zemlya; in Russian Asia, to the Pacific Ocean; in North America on Greenland, Canada and Alaska.

1848 - François-René de Chateaubriand, French writer and diplomat (b. The reindeer is distributed throughout a number of northern locales. 1758). . 1831 - James Monroe, 5th President of the United States (b. The reindeer, known as caribou when wild in North America, is an Arctic and Subarctic-dwelling deer (Rangifer tarandus). 1743). The Swedish are portrayed as reindeer.

1826 - Thomas Jefferson, 3rd President of the United States (b. In the Art Spiegelman graphic novel series Maus, which deals with the Holocaust, different ethnic groups are portrayed as various animals in order to call attention to racism. 1735). Chet from The Santa Clause 2. 1826 - John Adams 2nd President of the United States (b. Tony Tony Chopper of One Piece series. 1742). Olive, the other Reindeer.

1821 - Richard Cosway, English artist (b. Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer. 1715). Nicholas. 1787 - Charles de Rohan, prince de Soubise, Marshal of France (b. Dasher, Dancer, Prancer, Vixen, Comet, Cupid, Donder (or Donner) and Blitzen pull the airborne sleigh in A Visit from St. 1712). tarandus eogroenlandicus) which is an East Greenland population that has been extinct since 1900.

1780 - Prince Charles of Lorraine, Austrian military leader (b. Arctic reindeer (R. 1689). tarandus granti) which are found in Alaska and northwestern Canada. 1761 - Samuel Richardson, English writer (b. Grant's Caribou (R. 1680). This is the most numerous subspecies in North America.

1754 - Philippe Néricault Destouches, French dramatist (b. tarandus groenlandicus) which are found in northern Canada. 1671). Barren-ground Caribou (R. 1742 - Guido Grandi, Italian mathematician (b. tarandus pearyi) which are found in the islands of the Canadian Arctic. 1623 - William Byrd, English composer. Peary Caribou (R.

1521). Woodland Caribou have disappeared from most of their original range and are considered "threatened" where they remain, with the notable exception of the Migratory Woodland Caribou of northern Quebec and Labrador, Canada. 1603 - Philippe de Monte, Flemish composer (b. tarandus caribou) which are found in North American woodlands as far south as Maine and Washington. 1495). Woodland Caribou (R. 1541 - Pedro de Alvarado, Spanish explorer (b. The Karelia population reaches far in to Russia, however, so far that it remains an open question whether reindeer further to the east are fennicus as well.

1187 - Raynald of Chatillon, Prince of Antioch (executed). tarandus fennicus) Wild forest reindeer in Fennoscandia are only found in two areas, in Finnish/Russian Karelia, and a small population in central south Finland. 965 - Pope Benedict V. Finnish Forest Reindeer (R. 1995 - María Isabel, Spanish singer. tarandus tarandus) which have a continuous distribution in the tundra biome from west to east across the Eurasian continent, including Fennoscandia. 1976 - Daijiro Kato, Japanese motorcycle racer. Mountain/Wild Reindeer (R.

1974 - La'Roi Glover, American football player. tarandus platyrhynchus) which are found on Svalbard is the smallest subspecies of reindeer. 1973 - Gackt, Japanese singer. Svalbard Reindeer (R. 1967 - Andy Walker, Canadian television personality. In Alaska, reindeer herders use satellite telemetry to track their herds, using online maps and databases to chart the herd's progress. 1967 - Vinny Castilla, Mexican Major League Baseball player. A poronkusema is generally 10 to 15 kilometers or about 30 minutes of riding.