Jamaica

There are now estimated to be more than a million Rastafarians throughout the world. [6] Still, the Super Tangent invoked enough of a controversy that CNET Asia published a shootout between the iPod shuffle and its infamous copycat cousin. Bob Marley, a convert to the faith, spread the message of Rastafari to the world. Luxpro has since replaced its webpage on the Super Shuffle with a description of a new model, called the Super Tangent which is identical to the Super Shuffle except for a few cosmetic changes. This Back to Africa movement believes that Haile Selassie of Ethiopia is God incarnate, the returned black messiah, come to take the lost Twelve Tribes of Israel back to live with him in Holy Mount Zion in a world of perfect peace, love and harmony. Since the CeBIT event several media sources have claimed that the demonstration of the Super Shuffle was a publicity stunt designed by Luxpro to "leverage the media attention created by Apple to their advantage." [5] Engadget claims that Luxpro never intended to manufacture the iPod shuffle knock-off at all, but rather hoped that the attention from the Super Shuffle and the inevitable legal challenge to it from Apple would help sell the company's electronic circuitry for digital music players. The Rastafarian religion was founded in, and is associated with, Jamaica. According to a few individual reports, Apple tried to prevent the Super Shuffle from being shown at the exhibit by forcing legal pressure on Luxpro.

Bob Marley, perhaps the best known reggae musician, was born in Jamaica, and is very well respected there. Luxpro also released promo shots and commercials identical to Apple's advertising campaign to promote their player, which includes a voice recorder and FM tuner and is slightly thicker. The musical genres reggae, ska, rocksteady, dub, and, more recently, dancehall, ragga, and ragga jungle all originated in Jamaica. In March of 2005 at the CeBIT trade show, a Taiwanese company named Luxpro released Super Shuffle [4], which is cosmetically strikingly similar to iPod shuffle. Though a small nation, Jamaica is rich in culture, and has a strong global presence. A message from Jim on the 10th of February indicates that he is continuing with the project, in an effort to increase the speed of the array using a multi-port USB expansion card rather than a hub. Main articles: Culture of Jamaica, Music of Jamaica. His original intent was to install the Mac operating system onto the array, but the installer wouldn't allow it.

Jamaica is divided into 3 counties and 14 parishes:. [3] He purchased a USB Hub and connected four iPod shuffles in a striped array for a total of 3.9Gb of storage. Main article: Parishes of Jamaica. In February of 2005, "Jim" of Wright This Way published his iPod shuffle RAID project. This move has not garnered support in either organisation nor among the majority of citizens. These warnings have recently been removed. In early 2005, an opposition leader, Edward Seaga, called for the merger of the JDF and JCF. The UK and Ireland site had a slightly reworded version: "Do not chew iPod shuffle," while some other versions of the site, such as the Canadian, French and German versions, made no mention of this.

There has been vocal controversy as well as support of this JDF role. Due to its small size (8.38 × 2.49 × 0.84 cm or 3.3 × 0.98 × 0.33 inches), Apple's web site declared iPod shuffle "smaller than a pack of gum and much more fun," with the footnote on its American web site: "Do not eat iPod shuffle." As of the 29th of September, 2005, the footnote has disappeared from the American website; it remains on several international sites, however. JDF units actively conduct armed patrols with the JCF in high-crime areas and known gang neighbourhoods. NPD estimates that the iPod shuffle captured 43% of the flash-based music player market in February of 2005, only its second month of existence.[2] By March of 2005 the iPod shuffle's market share had risen to 58%. In recent years the JDF has been called upon to assist the nation's police, the Jamaican Constabulary Force (JCF) in fighting drug smuggling and a rising crime rate which includes one of the highest murder rates in the world. Although Apple has chosen not to specify how many iPod shuffles were sold in the product's first three months of existence, analysts at Piper Jaffray estimate that 1.8 million of the 5.3 million iPods sold in the second quarter were shuffles. The Headquarters JDF contains the JDF commander, command staff as well as intelligence, judge advocate office, administrative and procurement sections. By April 2005, the end of Apple's second fiscal quarter, the iPod shuffle had already proven itself to be a successful product for its manufacturer.

The 1st Engineer Regiment provides military engineering support to the JDF. However, the original and mini iPods were costly and the shuffle was intended to make the iPod accessible to the mainstream audience. The support battalion contains a Military Police platoon as well as vehicle, armourers and supply units. Previously, the success of Apple's iPod and especially the iPod mini had chipping away at the inexpensive Flash player market, causing Flash players at the beginning of 2005 to account for less than half the market share they did in 2004. It conducts maritime safety and maritime law enforcement as well as defence-related operations. These two products together can be seen as a conscious effort on the part of Apple management to target a lower-end market and increase visibility in the mass-market. The Coast Guard element is divided between sea-going crews and support crews. Like iPod shuffle, Mac mini is a scaled-down product which has been introduced at a lower price point.

The JDF Air Wing is divided into three flight units, a training unit, a support unit and the JDF Air Wing (National Reserve). The iPod shuffle was announced at the same time as the Mac mini. The infantry regiment contains the 1st, 2nd and 3rd (National Reserve) battalions. Users can download music from an online music store and use the iTunes software to upload it to the device. The Jamaica Defence Force (JDF) comprises an infantry Regiment and Reserve Corps, an Air Wing, a Coast Guard fleet and a supporting Engineering Unit. The main program that supports the Shuffle is iTunes, which is bundled with the product and can be updated from the Apple web site. The dissolution of the Federation resulted in the establishment of the JDF. Third-party manufacturers offer such things as iPod shuffle decorative and protective sleeves, belt clips, AC and DC power plugs, earphones, and FM transmitters.

The West Indies Regiment was reformed in 1958 as part of the West Indies Federation. Apple offers such things as armband attachments (so it can be worn on one's arm), a sport case that protects the iPod shuffle from the elements, and an iPod shuffle dock that allows easier connection to a computer, similar to the dock units available for the regular iPod and iPod mini. Other units in the JDF heritage include the early colonial Jamaica Militia, the Kingston Infantry Volunteers of WWI and reorganised into the Jamaican Infantry Volunteers in WWII. Both Apple and third-party manufacturers offer a variety of accessories for the iPod shuffle. The West Indies Regiment was used extensively by the British Empire in policing the empire from 1795 to 1926. iTunes allows a user to set how much of the drive will be allowed for storing files, and how much will be used for storing music. The JDF is directly descended from the British West Indies Regiment formed during the colonial era. iPod shuffle can also be used as a USB flash drive.

Additional military schools are available for specialty training in Canada, the U.S., and Britain. The unit also comes with a lanyard that attaches to the iPod shuffle via an attached cap and this allows the user to wear the iPod shuffle around his or her neck. As on the British model, NCOs are given several levels of professional training as they rise up the ranks. The USB plug is hidden beneath a cap. Enlisted soldiers are given basic training at JDF Training Depot, Newcastle. It plugs directly into a computer's USB port (either 1.1 or 2.0), through which it also recharges its battery, which has an expected life of around 12 hours between charges. Once chosen, officer candidates are sent to one of several British or Canadian basic officer courses depending upon which arm of service they are slated for. On the reverse, it has a battery level indicator light (activated by a button) and a three-position switch to turn the unit off or set it to play music in order or shuffled.

The JDF is based upon the British military model with organisation, training, weapons and traditions closely aligned with Commonwealth Realm Countries. The front of the iPod shuffle has buttons for Play/Pause, Next Song/Fast Forward, Previous Song/Fast Reverse, and up and down volume adjustment. The Jamaican Defence Force (JDF) is the small but professional military force of Jamaica. iTunes also allows an iPod shuffle playlist to be viewed and changed while the unit is not connected; the next time the unit is connected, it can then be updated with the changed playlist. Tertiary - Community Colleges, Teachers’Colleges, Vocational Training Centres, Colleges and Universities. The conversion is done automatically, with the original file left untouched on the computer and the smaller (lower bit rate) file sent to the iPod shuffle. Age cohort 11 – 18 years. One is the ability to reduce the bit rate of songs to 128 kbit/s AAC.

Secondary – Publicly and privately owned. iTunes offers some new features for iPod shuffle. Age cohort 4 – 11 years. [1]. Primary – Publicly and privately owned (Privately owned being called Preparatory Schools (Prep). Oddly, the iPod shuffle has a better bass sound quality than its larger iPod kin, according to one review. Age cohort – 2 – 4 years. In addition, it is incapable of playing Apple Lossless and AIFF audio files, unlike other iPod models.

Early Childhood – Basic, Infant and privately operated pre- school. It lacks the trademark display, scroll wheel, playlist management features, games, address book, calendar, and notes capability of earlier iPods, and cannot be used with iSync. Presently the following categories of schools exist:. It can hold up to 240 songs (1 GB model, based on Apple's estimate, of four minutes per song and 128 kbit/s AAC encoding). This was the genesis of the stratified system of education that is still currently embedded in the policies of the 21st Century. It relies on the use of an "Autofill" feature in iTunes, which can select songs at random from a user's music library (or from a specific playlist) and copy as many as will fit into iPod shuffle's memory. Most of these schools were established by the churches. It was found that owners of existing iPods had often left the music selection to "shuffle", and the new iPod shuffle was a way to implementing that in a much more cost-effective fashion.

After emancipation the West Indian Commission granted a sum of money to establish Elementary Schools, now known as All Age Schools, for the children of the freed slaves. iPod shuffle is designed to be easily loaded with a selection of songs and to play them in random order. Others sent their children off to England to access quality education. . Prior to emancipation there were some elite schools for the plantocracy. Note:1MB = 1 million bytes, 1GB = 1 billion bytes; actual formatted capacity less.. The emancipation of the slaves heralded in the establishment of Jamaican Education System for the masses. Two models are available:.

The largest and most famous and vibrant Jamaican community in the world is probably Brixton in South London. It weighs 0.78 ounces (22 grams). Concentrations of expatriate Jamaicans are large in the South Florida metro area of Miami/Fort Lauderdale, Atlanta, Philadelphia, New York City, Los Angeles in the United States; Toronto in Canada, centred mostly in the borough of Scarborough, Ontario; London, as well as the area of Chapeltown in Leeds, in the United Kingdom. It was announced at the Macworld Conference & Expo on January 11, 2005, with the tagline "Life is random." Instead of storing data on a hard disk, it was the first iPod to use flash memory (the more recent iPod nano also uses this form of memory). Due to Commonwealth law and Jamaica's history with Britain, most Jamaicans that emigrate go to the United Kingdom, where laws are lax on ex-Commonwealth country citizens gaining full British Nationality. iPod shuffle is an iPod digital audio player designed and marketed by Apple Computer. This emigration appears to have been tapering off somewhat in recent years, however the great number of Jamaicans living abroad has become known as the "Jamaican diaspora". 1 GB, for USD$ 149 (later dropped to USD 129), € 139, GBP£ 89, AUD$ 199, CAD$ 169, ¥ 14,980.

Over the past several decades, hundreds of thousands of Jamaicans have emigrated, especially to the United States but also to Canada and the United Kingdom. 512 MB, for USD$ 99, € 99, GBP£ 69, AUD$ 149, CAD$ 129, ¥ 10,980. Islam and Judaism number less than half a per cent combined. Hinduism, and Buddhism are significant and growing due to immigration from India and China. Non-Christian religions are numerous, the largest being Rastafari, which is very strongly related to Christianity.

The top 5 denominations in Jamaica are: Church of God: 21.2%, Seventh-Day Adventist: 9.0%, Baptist: 8.8%, Pentecostal: 7.6%, and Anglican: 5.0%. Roman Catholicism also enjoys a significant presence on the island. According to adherants.com, 80.0% of Jamaica's 2.7 million people are Christian – the vast majority of them from various Protestant denominations, which is evident of Jamaica's Anglo past. There are also small numbers of people that speak Hindi, Chinese, Hebrew, Arabic and Spanish.

The language of government and education is English, although the patois form Jamaican Creole is widely spoken. Those who are East Indian, Chinese, European (chiefly British, and Irish), and Christian Syrian and Lebanese make up a smaller but influential number. People of mixed Chinese, East Indian, and Black and white ancestry make up the second largest group. The majority of Jamaicans, at least 90%, are of primarily black and white mixed ancestry.

These Tainos (sub-Arawaks) were known for archery and have left many remnants of their culture in artifacts and in at least one popular food (bammy- a small flat cake made of grated cassava). Jamaica is mainly a blend of African and Anglo-Irish cultures, with influences from the Spanish and Taino cultures, although the Tainos as a people were completely wiped out as an identifiable community by the Spanish between their settlement of the island in 1511 and the English conquest of 1655. Main article: Demographics of Jamaica. Growth in tourist arrivals accelerated in the third quarter of 1998 and tourism earnings, increased 8.5% from January to December 31, 1998 compared to the corresponding period in 1997.

Tourism, which is the largest foreign exchange earner, showed improvement as well. January's bauxite production recorded a 7.1% increase relative to January 1998. Bauxite and alumina production increased 5.5% from January to December, 1998 compared to the corresponding period in 1997. Agricultural production, an important engine of growth increased 15.3% in third quarter of 1998 compared to the corresponding period in 1997, signaling the first positive growth rate in the sector since January 1997.

Recent economic performance shows the Jamaican economy is recovering. The economy in 1997 was marked by low levels of import growth, high levels of private capital inflows and relative stability in the foreign exchange market. In 1997, nominal GDP was approximately J$220,556.2 million (US$6,198.9 million based on the average annual exchange rate of the period). The decrease in GDP in 1996 and 1997 was largely due to significant problems in the financial sector and, in 1997, a severe island-wide drought (the worst in 70 years) that drastically reduced agricultural production.

After a period of steady growth from 1985 to 1995, real GDP decreased by 1.8% and 2.4% in 1996 and 1997, respectively. The Government remains committed to lowering inflation, with a long-term objective of bringing it in line with that of its major trading partners. inflation for FY1998/99 was 6.2% compared to 7.2% in the corresponding period in FY1997/98. The annual inflation rate has decreased from a high of 80.2% in 1991 to 7.9% in 1998.

The macroeconomic stabilization program introduced in 1991, which focused on tight fiscal and monetary policies, has contributed to a controlled reduction in the rate of inflation. During this period, a large share of the economy was returned to private sector ownership through divestment and privatization programs. Emphasis has been placed on maintaining strict fiscal discipline, greater openness to trade and financial flows, market liberalization and reduction in the size of government. Since 1991, the Government has followed a program of economic liberalization and stabilization by removing exchange controls, floating the exchange rate, cutting tariffs, stabilizing the Jamaican currency, reducing inflation and removing restrictions on foreign investment.

Supported by multilateral financial institutions, Jamaica has, since the early 1980's, sought to implement structural reforms aimed at fostering private sector activity and increasing the role of market forces in resource allocation. Tourism and mining are the leading foreign exchange earners. Major sectors of the Jamaican economy include agriculture, mining, manufacturing, tourism and financial and insurance services. Jamaica operates as a mixed, free-market economy with state enterprises as well as private sector businesses.

Main article: Economy of Jamaica. Some regions on the south coast, such as the Liguanea Plain and the Pedro Plains are relatively dry rain-shadow areas. The climate in Jamaica is tropical, with hot and humid weather, although inland regions have a more temperate climate. A live webcam atop the Gleaner Newspaper building on 7 North Street in Kingston is available.

More satellite maps which allow zoom in and zoom out are available from Google's map server. Chief towns include the capital Kingston, Spanish Town, Mandeville, and Montego Bay. For this reason, most major cities are located on the coast. The island of Jamaica has mountainous inlands surrounded by a narrow coastal plain.

Main article: Geography of Jamaica. Jamaica is a full and participating member of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM). Jamaica has traditionally had a two party system, with power often alternating between the People's National Party and Jamaica Labour Party. Jamaica's constitution requires the Prime Minister to call the next general election by October 2007.

Patterson has been re-elected three times, the last being in 2002. The current leader of the opposition is Bruce Golding. Patterson who has held office since the 1992 resignation of Michael Manley. J.

The current Prime Minister of Jamaica is P. Senators are appointed by the Prime Minister, and the parliamentary Leader of the Opposition. Members of the House (known as 'Members of Parliament' or MPs) are directly elected, and the leader of the majority party in the House becomes the Prime Minister. The Jamaican Parliament is bicameral, consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate.

Both the Queen and the Governor-General serve largely ceremonial roles. The Queen is represented by a Governor-General, nominated by the Prime Minister and appointed by the monarch. The Jamaican head of state is Queen Elizabeth II, who is given the title of "Queen of Jamaica". It came into force with the Jamaica Independence Act, 1962 of the United Kingdom Parliament, which gave Jamaica political independence.

Jamaica's current Constitution was drafted in 1962 by a bipartisan joint committee of the Jamaican legislature. Main article: Politics of Jamaica. Catherine parish, the site of the old Spanish colonial capital and the English capital during the 18th and 19th century. Former capitals of Jamaica include Port Royal, where the pirate Governor Morgan held sway, and which was destroyed by a storm and earthquake, and Spanish Town, in St.

It must be noted however that the rural sections of the island, especially in and around the resort towns of Negril, Montego Bay and Ocho Rios, remain quite safe. The Jamaican police force has also been accused of complicity in this murderous side of the island. The ultimate result of this cycle of violence, drugs and poverty has been the brutal gun warfare seen on Kingston's streets from the mid-1990s onwards. This policy, along with the increasing emergence of Jamaica as a smuggling point for cocaine during the 1980s, led to recurrent violence and only served to increase the impoverishment of a large section of the Jamaican populace.

Both political parties became linked with rival gangs in Kingston which were duly armed. Deteriorating economic conditions led to a desperately fraught re-election campaign between Manley's People's National Party and the main opposition, the Jamaican Labour Party. Rising foreign debt under the government of Michael Manley, who was determined to alleviate Jamaica's severe economic inequality, led to the imposition of IMF austerity measures. However, the initial optimism following Jamaican independence for the next decade or so vanished as Jamaica became a victim of the international economic system.

Jamaica attained full independence by leaving the federations in 1962. Jamaica slowly gained increasing independence from the United Kingdom, and in 1958 Jamaica became a province in the Federation of the West Indies, a federation between all the British West Indies. Following a series of rebellions, slavery was formally abolished in 1834, with full emancipation from chattel slavery declared in 1838. By the beginning of the 19th century, Britain's heavy reliance on slavery resulted in blacks outnumbering whites by a ratio of almost 20 to one, leading to constant threat of revolt.

During its first 200 years of British rule, Jamaica became the world's largest sugar exporting nation and produced over 77,000 tons of sugar annually between 1820 - 1824, which was achieved through the massive use of imported African slave labor. The English Admiral William Penn (father of William Penn of Pennsylvania) and General Venables seized the island in 1655. Columbus used it as his family's private estate. Jamaica was claimed for Spain after Christopher Columbus first landed there in 1494.

Although some claim they became virtually extinct following contact with Europeans, another group claim that some survived. The original Arawak or Taino people from South America, first settled on the island between 1000 and 400 BC. Main article: History of Jamaica. .

It is the third most populous Anglophone country in the Americas, after the United States and Canada. Its indigenous Arawakan-speaking Taíno inhabitants named the island Xaymaca, meaning either the "land of springs," or the "Land of wood and water." Formerly a Spanish possession known as Santiago, then the British West Indies Crown colony of Jamaica, the country's population is composed mainly of the descendants of former African slaves. It is 630 kilometers from the Central American mainland, 150 kilometers from Cuba on the north, and 180 kilometers from the island of Hispaniola, on which Haiti and the Dominican Republic are situated, on the east. Jamaica is an island nation of the Greater Antilles, 240 kilometers in length and as much as 80 kilometers in width situated in the Caribbean Sea.

- Date.
2,695,867 (July 2003)
245/km².
 - Total
 - Density. Transportation in Jamaica.

Technology in Jamaica. Public Holidays in Jamaica. Military of Jamaica. Marcus Garvey.

List of Jamaicans. Jamaican Posses. Geography of Jamaica. Foreign relations of Jamaica.

Communications in Jamaica. Bob Marley. National Motto - "Out of Many, One People." (Unity among many cultures and races.). National Dish - Ackee and Saltfish (dried salted Cod).

National Tree - Blue Mahoe (Hibiscus elatus). National Flower - Lignum vitae (Guaiacum officinale). National Bird - Doctor bird (Green-and-black Streamertail, Trochilus polytmus). Westmoreland.

Trelawny. Saint James. Saint Elizabeth. Hanover.

Cornwall (county) in the west, containing the parishes of: