Hockey

Other games derived from hockey or its predecessors include the following:. Lille is part of the Lille Métropole Communauté urbaine (formerly also known as C.U.D.L.). In southern European countries (such as Spain, Portugal and Italy) and certain South American countries, especially Brazil and Argentina), the dominant form of hockey is Inline Hockey. Lille was elected European Capital of Culture in 2004, along with the Italian city of Genoa. Rink hockey sticks have a curled "L" shape, and are about the same size as those in field hockey. The project has finally been completed with modern architecture and disruption to the ancient city center. Modern ones have a hooked blade and are only curved right, whereas ice hockey sticks have a long blade that can lie flat on the playing surface when the stick is held upright and can be curved both ways. The Euralille urban development project, centred around the new TGV station has fostered a long debate among Lille's citizens.

Field hockey sticks are smaller than ice hockey sticks. The urban area is one of the biggest in France with more than 1 million inhabitants. colleges, men in East Asia, and both sexes in Western Europe and Australia. Lille has one of France's largest university student population with, depending on the information source, from 95,000 to 149,533 students in 2002-2003. Field hockey is popular among women at U.S. The Deûle connects to Northern Europe via the River Scarpe and the River Escaut (towards Belgium and the Netherlands), and internationally via the Lys (to Dunkerque and Calais). Today, Hockey Night in Canada, which first broadcast at the beginning of the wireless age, is roundly agreed to be the most popular show on Canadian television every Saturday night. The river Deûle is connected to regional waterways with over 680 km of navigatable waters.

Others argue that ice hockey started in Montréal, Québec. Lille is the 3rd largest French river port after Paris and Strasbourg. Some assert that the game was started in the early 19th century, in Nova Scotia, by Scottish immigrants to Canada, who played on Skinner's Pond with sticks and skates, using cow dung as the puck. In terms of shipping, it ranks fourth, with almost 38,000 tonnes of freight which pass through each year. Ice hockey is played almost exclusively in the northern hemisphere and predominantly in colder regions such as Canada, Russia, the USA and northern Europe (particularly in Scandinavia). It is the 12th most frequented French airport in number of passengers:. For example, in North America, hockey refers to ice hockey, whereas in the UK the same word denotes field hockey. Lille Lesquin (http://www.lille.aeroport.fr/) International Airport is 15 minutes from the city center.

The dominant version of hockey in a particular region tends to be known simply as hockey, other forms being more fully specified. A sixth one, the A24, should link Amiens to Lille. The major forms of hockey are:. Five autoroutes pass by Lille, the densest confluence of highways in France after Paris:. Hockey is any of a family of sports in which two teams compete by trying to maneuver a hard, round disc, ball or hockey puck into the opponent's net or goal, past the goaltender or goalkeeper (often abbreviated goalie), using a hockey stick. There are 60 stations which go as far as the Belgian border. The game is played with many of the same rules as regular ice hockey. Trains are only 26 m long (two linked cars) and are rubber-tired.

The players sit on sleds, and push themselves up and down the ice with picks on the butt end of their shortened hockey sticks. Line 2 is 32 km long with 43 stations, the first and longest automatic metro line in the world, opened May 16, 1983. Sled Hockey is a form of ice hockey played by the disabled. The VAL system (véhicule automatique léger = light automated vehicle) is a driverless metro. It uses a plastic puck and plastic sticks. It has two train stations, which stand next door to each other: the Lille-Europe station (Gare Lille-Europe) and the Lille-Flandres station (Gare Lille-Flandres). Gym Hockey is a form of hockey played in a gymnasium. Lille is an important crossroads in the European TGV network: it lies on the Eurostar line to London and the Thalys network to Paris, Brussels, Amsterdam and Cologne.

Hurling is an Irish game. A former major textile manufacturing center, Lille forms the heart of a larger conurbation, regrouping Lille, Roubaix and Tourcoing, which is France's 4th-largest urban conglomeration with a 1999 population of over 1.1 million. Shinty is a Scottish Highlands game. Lille tried an unsuccessful bid for the organization of the Games of the XXVIIIth Olympiad in 2004. The rules are basically the same as ice hockey, but one variation has an extra player on the ice called a "rover". In 1994 the "Grand Palais" was also opened. A stick and puck are used as in hockey (the puck is a softer version called a "sponge puck"), and the same soft-soled shoes used in broomball are worn. The Euralille Center was opened in 1994, and the remodeled district is now full of parks and modern buildings containing offices, shops, and apartments.

Spongee is a cross between ice hockey and broomball and is most popular in Manitoba, Canada. Work on Euralille, an urban remodeling project, began in 1991. Instead of using skates, special shoes are used that have very soft rubbery soles to maximize grip while running around. This, followed by the opening of the Channel Tunnel in 1994, then the arrival of the Eurostar train, puts Lille in the center of a triangle connecting Paris, London, and Brussels. Broomball is played on an ice hockey rink, but with a ball instead of a puck and a "broom" (actually a stick with a small plastic implement on the end) in place of the ice hockey stick. In 1993, a high-speed TGV train line was opened, connecting Paris with Lille in one hour. Ringette is an ice hockey variant that was designed for female players; it uses a straight stick and a rubber ring in place of a puck. In 1983, the VAL, the world's first automated subway, was opened.

Because the game is played in the middle of the road, it is often interrupted by traffic, at which point someone will yell "car" and players stand to the side of the road to allow the vehicle to pass. From the start of the 1980s, the city began to turn itself more towards the service sector. Games are usually informal with no referee and no set teams. Throughout the 1960s and 70s, the region was faced with some problems after the decline of the coal, mining and textile industries. Street hockey is a version of ice hockey played (most typically) on residential streets with or without inline skates, on bare pavement. In 1967, the Chambers of Commerce of Lille, Roubaix, and Tourcoing were joined, and in 1969, the Communauté urbaine de Lille (Lille urban community) was created, linking 87 communes with Lille. Underwater hockey is played on the bottom of a swimming pool. Rationing came to an end in 1947, and by 1948, some normalcy had returned to Lille.

Air hockey and table hockey are played on tables indoors. Following this, the Lille resistance managed to retake part of the city before the British tanks arrived. Shinny is an informal version of ice hockey. On September 3rd, the German troops began to leave Lille, fearing the British, who were on their way from Brussels. Roller hockey is also known as rink hockey and Inline hockey. The départments of Nord and Pas-de-Calais (with the exception of the coast, notably Dunkerque) were, for the most part, liberated in five days, from the 1st to 5th September 1944 by British, American, Canadian, and Polish troops. Roller hockey is a variant of ice hockey that is played on concrete, asphalt or (ideally) a roller rink using inline roller skates, and is often played by ice hockey players for training purposes when ice is not available. Although Lille was part of the zone under control of the German commander in Brussels, the city was never controlled by the Vichy government.

Floorball is played in sport halls. When Belgium was invaded, the citizens of Lille, still marked by the events of World War I, began to flee the city in large numbers. It is in many ways field hockey played on ice. Lille was taken by the Germans in May 1940, after brief resistance by a Morrocan Infantry division. Bandy is played with a ball on a football-sized ice arena, typically outdoors. In 1936, the city's mayor, Roger Salengro, became Minister of the Interior of the Popular Front, eventually killing himself after right-wing groups led a slanderous campaign against him. Indoor field hockey is an indoor variation of field hockey. From 1931 Lille felt the repurcussions of the Great Depression, and by 1935 a third of the city's population lived in poverty.

This is popular throughout North America, though it has not yet made the jump to Europe. In July 1921, at the Pasteur Institute in Lille, Albert Calmette and Camille Guérin discovered the first antituberculosis vaccine, known as BCG ("Bacille de Calmette et Guérin"). They shoot into miniature goals as well. The general was made an honorary citizen of Lille on October 28th of that year. Players get down on their knees, using a miniature plastic stick, usually about 1 1/4 feet long. Lille was liberated by the British on October 17th 1918, when General William Birdwood and his troops were welcomed by joyous crowds. Mini Sticks is a form of hockey which is played in basements of houses. When the Germans realized they had been tricked, they burned down an entire section of town, subsequently occupying the city.

Most widely played in in North America and Europe. Despite the deception, the German bombardments destroyed over 2,200 buildings and homes. Ice hockey, played on ice with a small, 168-gram (6-oz) rubber disc called a puck. From October 4th to 13th, 1914, the troops in Lille were able to trick the enemy by convincing them that Lille possesed more artillery than was the case; in reality, the city had only a single cannon. Inline hockey, played in an indoor rink with a ball or or a plastic puck. The entire region had grown wealthy thanks to the mines and to the textile industry. Field hockey, played with a ball on gravel, grass, sand- or water-based astroturf. By 1912, Lille's population was at 217,000: the city profited from the Industrial Revolution, particularly via coal and the steam engine.

In 1896 Lille became the first city in France to be led by a socialist, Gustave Delory. Lille's population was 158,000 in 1872, growing to over 200,000 by 1891. In 1858, an imperial decree led to the annexation of the adjacent towns of Fives, Wazemmes, and Moulins. In 1853, Alexandre Desrousseaux composed his famous lullaby Dors mon p'tit quinquin.

The city was known for its cotton, and the nearby towns of Roubaix and Tourcoing worked wool. At the beginning of the 19th century, Napoleon I's continental blockade against the United Kingdom led to Lille's textile industry developing itself even more fully. In 1846, a rail line connecting Paris and Lille was built. The city continued to grow, and by 1800 held some 53,000 residents, leading to Lille becoming the county seat of the Nord départment in 1804.

The "Column of the Goddess", erected in 1842 in the "Grand-Place", is a tribute to the city's resistance, led by Mayor François André. In the aftermath of the French Revolution, the Austrians, then in the United Provinces, laid siege to Lille. In 1790, the city held their first municipal elections. Throughout the 18th century, Lille remained profoundly Catholic, which explains why the city did not really take part in the French Revolution, though there were riots and the destruction of churches.

During five years, from 1708 to 1713, the city was occupied by the Dutch, during the War of the Spanish Succession. A number of important public works undertaken between 1667 and 1670, such as the Citadel (erected by Vauban), or the creation of the quartiers of Saint-André and la Madeleine, enabled the King to gain the confidence of his Flemish subjects. In 1667, King Louis XIV (the Sun-King) successfully laid siege to Lille, resulting in it becoming French in 1668 under the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, provoking discontent among the citizens of the prosperous city. At the same time (1581), at the call of England's Queen Elisabeth I , the north of the Spanish Netherlands, having gained a Protestant majority, successfully revolted and formed the United Provinces.

The Hurlus were notably held back by the legendary Jeanne Maillotte. They were removed four months later by a Catholic Wallon regiment, after which they tried several times between 1581 and 1582 to take the city of Lille, all in vain. In 1578, the Hurlus, a group of Protestant rebels, stormed the castle of the Counts of Mouscron. The first Calvinists appeared in the area in 1542; by 1555 there was anti-Protestant repression taking place.

The 16th century was marked, above all, by the outbreak of the Plague, a boom in the regional textile industry, and the Protestant revolts. The city remained under Spanish rule until the reign of Philip IV of Spain. At the end of the reign of the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, Spanish Flanders fell to his eldest son, and thus under the rule of Philip II of Spain, King of Spain. In 1477, at the death of the last duke of Burgundy, Charles le Téméraire, Marie de Bourgogne married a Hapsburg, Maximilian of Austria, who thus became Count of Flanders.

There the Duke and his court undertook an oath to Christianity. On February 17, 1454, one year after the taking of Constantinople by the Turks, Philippe le Bon organised a Patagruelian banquet at his Lille palace, the still-celebrated "Banquet of the Pheasant's Vow". Philippe le Bon, Duke of Burgundy, was even more powerful than the King of France, and made Lille an administrative and financial capital. By 1445, Lille counted some 25,000 residents.

Lille thus became one of the three capitals of said Duchy, along with Brussels and Dijon. The county of Flanders fell to the Duchy of Burgundy next, after the 1369 marriage of Marguerite de Male, Countess of Flanders, and Philippe II le Hardi, Duke of Burgundy. Lille fell under the rule of France from 1304 to 1369, after the battle of Mons-en-Pévèle. The rule of Flanders and Hainaut thus fell to her sister, Marguerite of Flanders, then to Marguerite's brother, Guy de Dampierre.

The Countess died in 1244 in the Abbey of Marquette, leaving no heirs. It was in her honor that the hospital of the Regional Medical University of Lille was named "Jeanne of Flanders Hospital" in the 20th century. On February 6th, 1236, she founded the Countess's Hospital, which remains one of the most beautiful buildings in Old Lille. In 1235, Jeanne granted a city charter by which city governors would be chosen each All Saint's Day by four commissioners chosen by the ruler.

Count Ferrand died in 1233, and his daughter Marie soon after. In 1226 the King agreed to free Ferrand of Portugal. He unmasked the imposter, who Countess Jeanne quickly had hanged. She called her cousin, Louis VIII ("The Lion").

He pushed the kingdoms of Flanders and Hainaut towards sedition against Jeanne in order to recover his land. In 1224, the monk Bertrand of Rains, doubtlessly encouraged by local lords, tried to pass himself off as Baldwin I of Constantinople (the father of Jeanne of Flanders), who had disappeared during battle in Andrinople. They say she was well-loved by the residents of Lille, who by that time numbered 10,000. Count Ferrand of Portugal was imprisoned and the county fell into dispute: it would be his wife, Jeanne, Countess of Flanders and Constantinople, who ruled the city.

The counts of Flanders, Boulogne, and Hainaut came together with England and the Holy Roman Empire of Germany and declared war on France and King Philippe Auguste, a war that ended with the French victory at Bouvines in 1214. In 1144 Saint Sauveur parish was formed, which would give its name to the modern-day quartier saint Sauveur. From the 12th century, the fame of the Lille cloth fair began to grow. It is in this context that the city was created.

After the destruction caused by Norman and Hungarian invasion, the eastern part of the region fell under the eyes of the area princes. From 830 until around 910, the Vikings invaded Flanders. The original inhabitants of this region were the Celts, who were followed by the Menapiens, the Morins, the Atrébates, and the Verviens, Germanic tribes. The region of Flanders thus extended to the left bank of the River Escaut, one of the most rich and properous regions of Europe.

The Count of Flanders controlled a number of old Roman cities (Boulogne, Arras, Cambrai) as well as some founded by the Carolingians (Valenciennes, Saint-Omer, Gand, Brugge, Anvers). This name was used for the Count of Flanders' castle (Château du Buc), built on dry land in the middle of the marsh. The name Lille comes from insula or l'Isla, since the area was at one time marshy. Although the first mention of the town appears in archives from the year 1066, some archeological digs seem to show the area as inhabited by as early as 2000 BCE, most notably in the modern-day quartiers of Fives, Wazemmes, and Old Lille.

The legend of "Lyderic and Phinaert" puts the foundation of the city of "L'Isle" at 640. It thus became a central part of the country's rail network. In the 19th century Lille became the centre of French industry due to the large nearby coal deposits.
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. The whole metropolitan area of Lille, both on French and Belgian territory (Kortrijk) was estimated in 2000 at around 1,730,000 inhabitants, ranking as one of the major metropolitan areas of Europe. Their combined population at the 1999 census was 212,597 inhabitants. The city of Lille absorbed Lomme on February 27, 2000.

It lies near the border with Belgium and its Dutch name is Rijsel. It is also the préfecture (capital) of the Nord département. It is the capital of the Nord-Pas de Calais région. Lille is a city in northern France on the Deûle River.

¹ Including the annexed communes of Hellemmes and Lomme
² Only the part of the metropolitan area on French territory
³ Including the part of the metropolitan area on Belgian territory (Mouscron, Kortrijk, etc.). Martine Aubry (1950~), deputy, minister, and Mayor of Lille. Pierre Mauroy (1928~), deputy, senator, Prime Minister of France, and Mayor of Lille. Madeleine Damerment (1917-1944), French Resistance fighter - Legion of Honor, Croix de Guerre, Médaille combattant volontaire de la Résistance.

Augustin Laurent (1896-1990), minister, deputy, resistance fighter, and Mayor of Lille. Roger Salengro (1890-1936), minister, deputy, and Mayor of Lille. Charles de Gaulle (1890-1970), general, resistance fighter, President of France. Achille Liénart (1884-1973), « cardinal des ouvriers ».

Louis Faidherbe (1818-1889), general, founder of the city of Dakar and senator. Jeanne Maillotte, (circa 1580), resistance fighter during the Hurlus attacks. Jeanne de Flandre, (1188/1200? -1244), Countess. Lydéric, (620-?) legendary founder of the city.

Gilles Béhat (1949~), actor and director. Philippe Noiret (1930~), actor. Yvonne Furneaux (1928~), actress. Alain Decaux (1925~), television presenter, minister, writer, and member of the Académie Française.

Raoul de Godewaersvelde (1928-1977), singer. Léopold Simons (1901-1979), poet, caricaturist, painter, sculptor. Robert Arnoux (1899-1964), actor. Renée Adorée (1898-1933), actress.

Julien Duvivier (1896-1967), director. Line Dariel (1886-1956), comedian. Émile Bernard (1868-1941), neoimpressionist painter and friend of Paul Gauguin. Albert Samain (1858-1900), poet.

Pierre Degeyter (1848-1932), worker and composer of the music of the Internationale. Carolus-Duran (1837-1917), painter. Antoine Renard (1825-1872), composer (Temps des cerises). Édouard Lalo (1823-1892), composer.

Alexandre Desrousseaux (1820-1892), songwriter. Jean Perrin (1870, 1942), Nobel Prize in physics and creator of the French CNRS (National Center for Scientific Research). Albert Calmette (1863 - 1933) and Camille Guérin (1872-1961), discovery of the antituberculosis vaccine. Alfred Mongy (1840-1914), modernizer of the city.

Auguste Scalbert (1815, 1899), creator of the first Nordiste bank. Antoine Scrive-Labbe (1789-1864), industrialist in the textile field and French spy. Charles Joseph Panckoucke, (1736-1788), founder of the Moniteur Universel, owner of Mercure de France, promoter of the Lumières and editor of the Encyclopédie Méthodique. almost 873,000 passengers in 2003.

around 970,000 passengers in 2001. Autoroute A22 : Lille - Anvers - Netherlands. Autoroute A25 : Lille - Dunkerque - Calais - England. Autoroute A1  : Lille - Arras - Paris / Reims - Lyon.

Autoroute A23 : Lille - Valenciennes. Autoroute A27 : Lille - Tournai - Brussels / Liège - England.