Hamburg

For the interested visitor, some events held every year:. Poland has also had a strong influence on the countries surrounding it. A lot more visitors also came from East Asia (Taiwan, China) and especially the Baltic states. Today, we can see these influences in Polish architecture, folklore and art. Medical tourism became an issue in 2004 because of the number of rich Arabic patients seeking medical treatment in one of Hamburg's hospitals; accordingly, the number of visitors from the Persian Gulf states grew by nearly 30% compared to 2003. Polish culture has a rich thousand-year history influenced from both west and east. The majority of visitors comes from Germany (80%), most foreigners are European, especially from the United Kingdom and Switzerland, and the largest group from outside Europe comes from the USA. [6].

The described type of tourism leaves clear tracks in the statistics: In 2004, each visitor spent an average of two nights. The rest of the population consists mainly of Eastern Orthodox (about 509 500), Jehovah's Witnesses (about 123 034) and various Protestant (about 86 880 in the largest Evangelical-Augsburg Church and about as many in smaller churches) religious minorities. However, as already indicated, most people visit Hamburg because of a specific interest, notably one of the musicals, a sports event or an exhibition. Most Poles adhere to the Roman Catholic faith and 95% count as practising Catholics. Many visitors take a walk in the evening around the area of Reeperbahn, considered Europe's second largest red light district and home of many theatres, bars and night clubs. The Polish language, a member of the West Slavic branch of the Slavic languages, functions as the official language of Poland. Of course, a visit in one of the world's largest harbours would definitely be incomplete without having taken one of the harbour and/or canal boat tours (Große Hafenrundfahrt, Fleetfahrt) which start from the Landungsbrücken. The officially recognised ethnic minorities include: Germans, Ukrainians, Lithuanians, Jews and Belarusians.

Sightseeing busses connect these points of interest. 774,900 people (2.03%) didn't declare any nationality. Michaelis (called the Michel), and visiting the old warehouse district (Speicherstadt) and the harbour promenade (Landungsbrücken). Today 36,983,700 people, or 96.74% of the population considers itself Polish (Census 2002), 471,500 (1.23%) declared another nationality. A typical Hamburg visit includes a tour of the city hall and the grand church St. However, the outcome of World War II and the following shift westwards to the area between the Curzon line and the Oder-Neisse line gave Poland an appearance of homogeneity. Hamburg is best visited in spring or summer. Poland formerly played host to many languages, cultures, and religions.

German and a regional dialect called Missingsch which is influenced by Low German, which is rarely spoken now but can be still heard from harbour labourers. Nevertheless, despite high expenditures for telecom infrastructure (the coverage increased from 78 users per 1000 inhabitants in 1989 to 282 in 2000)
the coverage mobile cellular is 660 users per 1000 people (2005). Hamburg is the birthplace of the "Alsterwasser", a reference to the Alster lakes in Hamburg, which is an equal parts mixture of beer and carbonated lemonade (Zitronenlimonade), wherein the lemonade is added to the beer. The share of the telecom sector in the GDP is 4.4% (end of 2000 figure), compared to 2.5% in 1996. Today eel is often included to meet the expectations of unsuspecting diners.), "Bratkartoffeln" (fried potatoes), "Finkenwerder Scholle" (fried plaice), Pannfisch (fried fish), Rote Grütze (something similar to summer pudding consisting mainly of red berries) and "Labskaus" (a strange looking combination of corned beef, mashed potatoes and beet root – with a name oddly similar to Liverpool's lobscouse). In total, there are around 91,000 scientists in Poland today. Original Hamburg dishes are "Birnen, Bohnen und Speck" (green runner beans cooked with pears and bacon), "Aalsuppe" (Often mistaken to be German for "eel soup" (aal = eel), however the name probably comes from the Low Saxon "aalens", meaning "all" - anything could be in it, but not necessarily eel. There are also around 300 research and development institutes, with about 10,000 more researchers.

The hamburger was named after Hamburg. Today, Poland has more than a hundred tertiary education instutions; traditional universities to be found in its major cities of Gdańsk, Bydgoszcz, Katowice, Kraków, Lublin, Łódź, Poznań, Rzeszów, Warsaw and Wrocław as well as technical, medical, economic institutions elsewhere, employing around 61,000 workers. Although Hamburg is jokingly said to be the birthplace of the Hamburger, this is just a myth. In 1773 King Stanisław August Poniatowski established his Commission on National Education (Komisja Edukacji Narodowej), the world's first state ministry of education. Museums in Hamburg include:. In 1364, in Kraków, the Jagiellonian University, founded by King Kazimierz Wielki, became one of Europe's great early universities. Five musicals are being played in the city with Cats since 1985, and Phantom of the Opera to name a few. The library catalog of the Cathedral Chapter of Kraków dating back to 1110 shows that already in the early 12th century Polish intellectuals had access to the European literature.

The influences of these bands and other bands from the area were critical to establishing the subgenre of Power metal. The education of Polish society was a goal of rulers as early as the 12th century. Many bands such as Helloween, Running Wild and Grave Digger got their start in Hamburg. Poland produces: clothes, electronics, cars (including luxury car Leopard), buses (Autosan, Jelcz SA, Solaris, Solbus) helicopters (PZL Świdnik), planes (PZL Mielec), ships, military engineering (including tanks), medicines (Polpharma, Polfa, etc), food, chemical products etc. Hamburg was one of the major centers of the heavy metal music world in the 1980's. Since joining the European Union, many young Polish people have left their country to work in other EU countries because of high unemployment rate (about 17%). Hamburg is also famous for an original kind of German alternative music called Hamburger Schule ("School of Hamburg"), a term used for bands like Die Sterne, Tocotronic, Blumfeld and Tomte. For now, Poland is preparing to make the Euro its official currency (as other countries of the European Union), and the Złoty will eventually be abolished from the modern Polish economy.

Some of the musicians of the famous electronic band Kraftwerk also came from Hamburg. There is much speculation as to just when Poland might be ready to join the Eurozone, although the best guess estimates put the entry date somewhere between 2009 and 2013. There is also a quite big alternative and punk scene which gathers around the Rote Flora, an occupied villa located in the district of Sternschanze. The most notable task on the horizon is the preparation of the economy (through continuing deep structural reforms) to allow Poland to meet the strict economic criteria for entry into the European Single Currency. More recently it is known for some of the most popular German hip-hop acts, such as 5 Sterne Deluxe, Samy Deluxe, Beginner and Fettes Brot. Although the Polish economy is currently undergoing an economic boom there are many challenges ahead. Pauli near the perhaps most famous street of Hamburg, the Reeperbahn. Annual growth rates broken down by quarters:.

They played at the Star Club, which was located in the district St. Forecasted GDP for 2006 is 4.3%. Contemporary: Hamburg is known for giving the Beatles a start in their musical career in the early 1960s. In 2004 GDP growth equalled 5.4%, and in 2005 3.3%. Famous Composers:. The prospect of closer integration with the European Union has put the economy back on track, with growth of 3.7% annually in 2003, a rise from 1.4% annually in 2002. Classical:. GDP growth had been strong and steady from 1993 to 2000 with only a short slowdown from 2001 to 2002.

The skyline of Hamburg features the high spires of the five main churches ('Hauptkirchen') covered with green copper plates. Warsaw leads Central Europe in foreign investment and allegedly needs a continued large inflow. The many canals in Hamburg are crossed by over 2300 bridges — more than Amsterdam (1200) and Venice (400) combined. Structural reforms in health care, education, the pension system, and state administration have resulted in larger-than-expected fiscal pressures. Speicherstadt,. Challenges remain, especially under-investment. Hamburg has a number of prominent buildings from the past and present. Poland has a large agricultural sector of private farms, that could be a leading producer of food in the European Union now that Poland is a member.

. The biggest privatisations so far were a sale of Telekomunikacja Polska, a national telecom to France Telecom (2000) and an issue of 30% shares of the biggest Polish bank, PKO BP, on the Polish stockmarket (2004). While mainly needed by Hamburg citizens and dock workers they can also be used for sightseeing tours at the (relatively) low fees of a HVV public transport ticket. Restructuring and privatisation of "sensitive sectors" (e.g., coal, steel, railways, and energy) has begun. Another rather unique means of transportation are 5 ferry lines along the river Elbe, operated by the HADAG. The privatisation of small and medium state-owned companies and a liberal law on establishing new firms have allowed for the rapid development of an aggressive private sector, followed by a development of consumer rights organisations later on. A day and night bus network operates as frequently as 2 minutes at important places to 30 minutes in suburban areas. Since its return to democracy, Poland has steadfastly pursued a policy of liberalising the economy and today stands out as one of the most successful and open examples of the transition from a partially state-capitalist market economy to a primarily privately owned market economy.

Except at the three bigger stations in the center of Hamburg, the regional trains hardly stop again inside the area of the city. Lower levels of administrative division are:. Finally, regional trains of Germany's major railway company Deutsche Bahn AG and the regional Metronom trains may be used with a HVV public transport ticket, too. Poland is subdivided into sixteen administrative regions known as voivodships (województwa, singular - województwo):. Hamburg has no trams or trolley-buses, but is experimenting in using hydrogen fuelled busses. Poland enjoys a temperate climate, with cold, cloudy, moderately severe winters and mild summers with frequent showers and thunderstorms. Gaps in the light rail network are filled by bus routes, plied by single-deck, two- and three-axle diesel buses. Remains of the ancient forests survive: see list of forests in Poland.

A third light rail system, the AKN connects to satellite towns in Schleswig-Holstein state. Masuria (Mazury) forms the largest and most-visited lake district in Poland. Most of the U-Bahn tracks are on embankments or viaducts; older residents still speak of the system as the Hochbahn ("elevated railway"). Poland also contains over 9,300 lakes, predominantly in the north of the country. The lesser part of the Hamburg U-Bahn operates through underground tunnels. Several large rivers cross the plains; for instance, the Vistula (Wisła), Oder (Odra), Warta the (Western) Bug. U-Bahn, short for Untergrundbahn (underground, subway), is a standard German term for a municipally owned electric light rail system. The Polish landscape consists almost entirely of the lowlands of the North European Plain, at an average height of 173 metres (568 ft), though the Sudetes (including the Karkonosze) and the Carpathian Mountains (including the Tatra mountains, where one also finds Poland's highest point, Rysy, at 2,499 m or 8,199 ft) form the southern border.

Three lines comprise the U-Bahn and six the S-Bahn system. The Ombudsman has the duty of guarding the observance and implementation of the rights and liberties of the human being and of the citizen, the law and principles of community life and social justice. Nine light rail routes across the city are the backbone of Hamburg public transport. The Sejm (on approval of the Polish Senate) appoints the Ombudsman or the Commissioner for Civil Rights Protection (Rzecznik Praw Obywatelskich) for a five-year term. Tickets sold by one HVV company are accepted by all other HVV companies. Its major institutions include the Supreme Court (Sąd Najwyższy), the Supreme Administrative Court (Naczelny Sąd Administracyjny) (judges appointed by the president of the republic on the recommendation of the National Council of the Judiciary for an indefinite period), the Constitutional Tribunal (Trybunał Konstytucyjny) (judges chosen by the Sejm for nine-year terms) and the Tribunal of State (Trybunał Stanu) (judges chosen by the Sejm for for the current term of office of the Sejm, except for the position of chairperson which is held by the First President of the Supreme Court). In and around Hamburg, it's the HVV (Hamburger Verkehrsverbund). The judicial branch plays a minor role in decision-making.

Like in most larger German cities, the local public transport is organised by a Verkehrsverbund, basically a joint venture of all public transport companies servicing the area. Only the first kind has occurred to date. B for Berlin), Hamburg's vehicle licence plate prefix is "HH" (Hansestadt Hamburg, English: Hanseatic City Hamburg), which underlines Hamburg's historic roots and allows the city of Hannover to use the prefix "H". The National Assembly is formed on three occasions: Taking the oath of office by a new president, bringing an indictment against the President of the Republic to the Tribunal of State, and declaration of a President's permanent incapacity to exercise their duties due to the state of their health. Though large cities in Germany normally only have a one letter prefix (e.g. When sitting in joint session, members of the Sejm and Senate form the National Assembly, (Polish Zgromadzenie Narodowe). Hamburg's international airport is Hamburg Airport, which is the oldest airport in Germany still in operation. With the exception of ethnic minority parties, only candidates of political parties receiving at least 5% of the total national vote can enter the Sejm.

Hamburg is connected by four Autobahnen (motorways) and is the most important railway junction on the route to Northern Europe. The Senate, on the other hand, is elected under a rare plurality bloc voting method where several candidates with the highest support are elected from each electorate. Research DESY - Deutsches Elektronen SYnchrotron, the German Electron Synchrotron. The Sejm is elected under a proportional representation electoral system using the d'Hondt method similar to that used in many parliamentary political systems. Heavy industry includes a steel, an aluminium and Europe's largest copper plant [4], and a number of shipyards like Blohm + Voss [5]. Polish voters elect a two house parliament, consisting of a 460 member lower house Sejm and a 100 member Senate (Senat). AOL and Google Germany). The current president is Lech Kaczyński.

There are also a number of music companies (the largest being Warner Music Germany) and Internet businesses (e.g. The president, elected by popular vote every five years, serves as the head of state. About half of Germany's national newspapers and magazines are produced in Hamburg. The president appoints the cabinet according to the proposals of the prime minister, typically from the majority coalition in the bicameral legislature's lower house (the Sejm).
Other important industries are the aerospace company Airbus, which has one of its two assembly plants located there, and media businesses, most notably three of Germany's largest publishing companies, Axel Springer Verlag [1], Gruner + Jahr [2] and Heinrich Bauer Verlag [3]. The government structure centres on the Council of Ministers, led by a prime minister. Although situated several kilometers upwards the Elbe, due to its ability to handle sea ships it is considered a sea harbour. Its current constitution dates from 1997.

International trade is also the reason for the large number of consulates in the city. Poland is a democratic republic.
The most significant economic basis for Hamburg in the past centuries has been (and still is) its harbour (see: Hamburg Harbour), which ranks 2^nd in Europe and 9^th worldwide with transshipments of 7 million standard container units (TEU) and 115 million tonnes of goods in 2004. Poland joined the European Union on 1 May 2004. Hamburg 2020. Polish voters then said yes to the EU in a referendum in June 2003. After German reunification in 1990 and the accessions of some Eastern European and Baltic States into the EU in 2004, Hamburg Harbour and Hamburg is ambitious in regaining its position as the regions largest deep-sea ports for container shipping and its major commercial and trading center. Poland joined the NATO alliance in 1999 along with the Czech Republic and Hungary.

During German Division from 1945 until 1990 Hamburg happened to be West Germany's only proper World City and by this grew into a prominent cultural role. Poland was the first post-communist country to regain pre-1989 GDP levels. On February 16, 1962 a severe storm causes the Elbe to rise to an all-time high, thus drowning one fifth of Hamburg and killing more than 300 people. Despite a temporary slump in social and economic standards, there were numerous improvements in other human rights (free speech, functioning democracy and the like). The Iron Curtain - only 50 kilometers east of Hamburg - seperated the city with most of it's hinterland and further reduced Hamburgs global trade. A shock therapy program during the early 1990s enabled the country to transform its economy into one of the most robust in Central Europe. Trough this and the 1960s new zoning guidelines the inner city lost much of it's architectural past. The Solidarity movement greatly contributed to the soon-following collapse of Communism all over Eastern Europe.

During World War II Hamburg suffered a series of devastating air raids which killed 42,000 German civilians (Bombing of Hamburg in World War II). It eroded the dominance of the Communist Party; by 1989 it had triumphed in parliamentary elections, and Lech Wałęsa, a Solidarity candidate, eventually won the presidency in 1990. The city counts 1.7 million inhabitants. Labour turmoil in 1980 led to the formation of the independent trade union, "Solidarity", which over time became a political force. In 1937 the city boundaries were extended with the Groß-Hamburg-Gesetz (Greater Hamburg Act) to incorporate Wandsbek, Harburg, Wilhelmsburg and Altona. It was a time when the economy was more modern, and the government had large credits. After World War I Germany lost her colonies and Hamburg lost many of its trade routes. In 1970 the government was changed.

Hamburg was the port for most Germans and Eastern Europeans to leave for the New World and became home to trading communities from all over the world (like a small Chinatown in Altona). In 1956 the régime became more liberal, freeing many people from prison and expanding some personal freedoms. Hamburg became a cosmopolitan metropolis based on worldwide trade. The People's Republic of Poland (Polska Rzeczpospolita Ludowa) was officially proclaimed in 1952. In 1900 Hamburg-America Lines was the World's largest transatlantic shipping company and besides Hamburg was also home to shipping companies to South America, Africa, India and East Asia. In 1948 a turn towards Stalinism brought in the beginning of the next period of totalitarian rule. Hamburg experienced its fastest growth during the second half of the 19th century, when its population more than quadrupled to 800,000 as the growth of the city's Atlantic trade helped make it Europe's third-largest port. Military alignment within the Warsaw Pact throughout the Cold War was also part of this change.

Hamburg had several great fires, notably in 1284 and 1842. The Soviet Union instituted a new communist government in Poland, analogous to much of the rest of the Eastern Bloc. During the first half of the 19th century a patron goddess with Hamburg's Latin name Hammonia emerged, mostly in romantic and poetic references, and although she has no mythology to call her own, Hammonia became the symbol of the city's spirit during this time. The largest number of ethnic Poles outside of the country can be found in the United States. Russian forces under General Bennigsen finally freed the city in 1814. A Polish minority is still present in neighbouring countries of Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania, as well as in other countries (see Poles article for the population numbers). The city was besieged for over a year by Allied forces (mostly Russian, Swedish and German). As a result of these events, Poland became, for the first time in history, an ethnically unified country.

Briefly annexed by Napoleon I (1810-14), Hamburg suffered severely during his last campaign in Germany. The shift forced the migration of millions of people – Poles, Germans, Ukrainians, Jews. Hamburg was at times under Danish sovereignty while remaining part of the Holy Roman Empire as an Imperial Free City. After the shift, Poland emerged 20% smaller by 77,500 km² (29,900 mi²); although the important cities of Gdańsk (Danzig), Szczecin (Stettin) and Wrocław (Breslau) were all incorporated into its post-war borders.
In 1520 the city embraced Lutheranism, and Hamburg subsequently received Protestant refugees from the Netherlands and France. On the other hand, the western border of Poland was moved to the Oder-Neisse line. Its trade alliance with Lübeck in 1241 marks the origin and core of the powerful Hanseatic League of trading cities. The second aggressor, the Soviet Union, was given the right to occupy former Polish territory in negotiations, which means that the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact was partially confirmed.

This and Hamburg's proximity to the main trade routes of the North Sea and Baltic Sea quickly made it a major port in Northern Europe. At its conclusion, Poland's borders were shifted westwards, pushing the eastern border to the Curzon line, even though the defense of Poland was the reason that France and the United Kingdom had declared war on Germany. The charter in 1189 by Frederick I "Barbarossa" granted Hamburg the status of a Imperial Free City and tax free access up the Lower Elbe into the North Sea. Of all the countries involved in the war, Poland lost the highest percentage of its citizens: over 6 million perished, half of them Polish Jews. After further raids in 1066 and 1072 the bishop permanently moved to Bremen. The eastern part of the German occupied zone was transformed into the General Government area, and the western part was just incorporated to German Reich. In 1030 the city was burned down by King Mieszko II of Poland. Warsaw surrendered on September 28, 1939.

Two years later, Hamburg was united with Bremen as the bishopric of Hamburg-Bremen. The 1926 May Coup of Józef Piłsudski turned the Second Polish Republic into Sanacja that lasted until the start of World War II when Germany and the Soviet Union invaded Poland. In 845 a fleet of 600 Viking ships came up the River Elbe and destroyed Hamburg, at this time a town of around 500 inhabitants. It was established after a series of military conflicts, like the 1919-1921 Polish-Soviet War. In 834 Hamburg was designated the seat of a bishopric, whose first bishop, Ansgar, became known as the Apostle of the North. Shortly after the surrender of Germany in November 1918, Poland regained its independence as the Second Polish Republic (II Rzeczpospolita Polska). However, a derivation of "home city" is perhaps too direct, as the city was named after the castle. During World War I all the Allies agreed on the restitution of Poland that United States President Woodrow Wilson proclaimed in point 13 of his Fourteen Points.

It could be related to heim and Hamburg could have been placed in the territory of the ancient Chamavi. Later in the 19th century, Austrian-ruled Galicia became the oasis of Polish freedom. Hamm as a place name occurs a number of times in Germany, but its meaning is equally uncertain. However, the tsars soon reduced Polish freedoms and Russia eventually de facto annexed the country. Other theories are that the fort was named for a surrounding Hamma forest, or for the village of Hamm, later incorporated into the city. The eastern part was ruled by the Russian tsar as a Congress Kingdom, and possessed a liberal constitution. However, the language spoken might not have been Old High German, as Plattdüütsch was spoken there later. Napoleon recreated a Polish state, the Duchy of Warsaw, but after the Napoleonic wars, Poland was split again by the Allies at the Congress of Vienna.

Old High German includes both a hamma, "angle" and a hamme, "pastureland." The angle might refer to a spit of land or to the curvature of a river. Poles resented their shrinking freedoms and several times rebelled against their oppressors (see List of Polish Uprisings). The "Hamma" element remains uncertain. The process of reforms ceased with the partitions of Poland between Russia, Prussia, and Austria in 1772, 1793 and 1795 which ultimately dissolved the country. The fort was named Hamma Burg, while "burg" means "fort.". The Enlightenment in Poland fostered a growing national movement to repair the state, resulting in what is claimed to be the first modern written constitution in Europe, the Constitution of May 3 in 1791. The fort was build on some rocky ground in a marsh between the Alster and the Elbe as a defence against Slavic incursion. Russian tsars took advantage of this unique political vulnerability by offering money to Parliamentary traitors, who in turn would consistently and subversively block necessary reforms and new solutions.

The city takes its name from the first permanent building on the site, a fort ordered by Emperor Charlemagne to be built in 808 AD. In Polish Democracy every member of parliament was able to break any work or project by shouting 'Liberum Veto' during the session. Three small islands in the North Sea also belong to the City State of Hamburg: Neuwerk, Scharhörn and Nigehörn. During the following 80 years, the waning of the central government and deadlock of the institutions weakened the nation, leading to anarchistic tendencies and a growing dependency on Russia. Hamburg is organized into seven boroughs (Bezirke) comprising 104 quarters (Stadtteile):. Numerous wars against the Ottoman Empire, Russia, Cossacks, Transylvania and Brandenburg-Prussia ultimately came to an end in 1699. The Greater Hamburg Metropolitan Region (Metropolregion Hamburg) includes some districts in the adjacent federal states of Schleswig-Holstein and Lower Saxony and covers an area of 18,100 km² with a population of just over 4 million. In the mid-17th century a Swedish invasion rolled through the country in the turbulent time known as "The Deluge" (potop).

The state and administrative city cover 750 km² with 1.8 million inhabitants, while another 0.8 million live in neighboring urban areas. Poles often call themselves the nation of the free people. The current major is Ole von Beust (see also List of mayors of Hamburg). Since that time Poles have regarded freedom as their most important value. The Erster Bürgermeister (First Mayor) is head of the senate (which forms the government) and gets elected by the city assembly and is thus head of the city state. Landowners gained almost unlimited ownership over serfs. The Bürgerschaft (City Assembly) is the parliament of the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg, which gets voted by the citizens of Hamburg every four years. The citizens of Poland took pride in their ancient freedoms and Sejm parliamentary system, although the szlachta monopolised most of the benefits as most of Poles since the middle of the fourteenth century were serfs.

. A golden age occurred in the 16th century during its union (Lublin Union) with Lithuania in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
. Under the Jagiellon dynasty, Poland forged an alliance with its neighbour Lithuania.
. Teeple, ISBN 0-7894-8926-0 www.dk.com Dorling Kindersley). Hamburg is famous for its sophisticated music scene. The only areas which escaped were Milan, Poland, Belgium, eastern Germany and part of southwest France." (Page 235 of "Timelines of World History" by John B.

Hamburg is an international trade city and the commercial and cultural center of Northern Germany. Their fortress there had been besieged by Mongol invaders who had suddenly begun to die of a disease that caused black, blood-oozing swellings and immense pain....By 1351, it had spread over most of Europe. The city of Hamburg lies at the junction of the river Elbe with the rivers Alster and Bille and the city center is beautifully set around Lake Binnenalster and Lake Außenalster. Luckily, the Black Death which affected most parts of Europe from 1347 to 1351 did not come to Poland: "One of the greatest calamities in European history began in 1347 when bubonic plague struck, brought to Italy, it is thought, by a group of Genoese returning home through Sicily and Pisa from Kaffa in the Crimea. Hamburg is situated on the southern tip of Jutland Peninsula, geographically centered a) between Continental Europe and Scandinavia and b) between North Sea and Baltic Sea. His son Kazimierz Wielki repaired the Polish economy, built new castles and won the war against the Russian dukedom (Lwów became a Polish City). The official name Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg (German Freie und Hansestadt Hamburg) recalls Hamburg's membership in the mediæval Hanseatic League and the fact that Hamburg is a City State and one of the sixteen Federal States of Germany. In 1320 Władysław I became the King of the reunified Poland.