Haiti

Haitian Vodou mostly involves communication with spiritual deities (Lwa or Loa) whereas New Orleans Voodoo usually relies heavily on charms and other talismans, resembling another African-Caribbean influenced religion: Hoodoo. Both are known for wearing flip-flops usually, as well as a large number of accessories, such as large sunglasses. They are similar in some respects, but very different in most. Though both have become style icons, Mary-Kate dresses more boho- (also called homeless-chic), while Ashley is more conventionally stylish. A distinction should be made between Haitian Vodou and American (New Orleans) Voodoo. This is a table comparing the significant differences between the two:. Main articles: Culture of Haiti. Their paternal heritage is Danish.

Protestant churches of numerical strength are Assemblées de Dieu, the Convention Baptiste d'Haïti, the Seventh-Day Adventists, the Church of God (Cleveland), the Church of the Nazarene, the Église Episcopale d'Haiti and the Mission Evangelique Baptiste du Sud-Haiti. The song also makes references about the 2004 movie New York Minute which they both starred in. Many Haitians also practice Vodou, seeing no conflict with their Christian faith. A portion of the music video features the two as puppets who engage in lesbian activity together. Some have converted to Protestantism. The song was released as a single in 2005. Roman Catholicism is the state religion, which the majority professes. They are mentioned and insulted along with other celebrities in the song Ass Like That by rapper Eminem.

English is increasingly spoken among the young and in the business sector. They ranked at number three on the VH1 program 100 Greatest Child Stars. Nearly all Haitians speak Kreyòl (Creole), the country's other official language. In the episode of Family Guy "Fifteen Minutes of Shame", they replaced Brian and Stewie in the show-within-a-show The Real Live Griffins. French is one of two official languages, but it is spoken by only about 10% of the people. The twins were named by the industry publication Hollywood Reporter as the "Most Powerful Young Women in Hollywood.". The biggest city is the capital Port-au-Prince with 2 million inhabitants, followed by Cap-Haïtien with 600,000. They are reported to be worth $150 million each [1].

About two thirds of the population live in rural areas. They are the youngest celebrities to receive this honor. A few are of European or Levantine heritage. The twins received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame on April 29, 2004. The rest of the population is mostly mulatto, or mixed Caucasian-African ancestry. Both girls seem to be dabbling in the relationship department, as Mary-Kate has been seen with ex-beau David and Ashley has been spotted with a guy in Costa Rica on vacation.^{[citation needed]}. About 95% of Haitians are of African descent. Ashley, still in NY, remains in contact with her sister.

Although Haiti averages about 270 people per square kilometer (699/mi²), its population is concentrated most heavily in urban areas, coastal plains, and valleys. She decided to stay in the west coast and pursue more individualized work with their company, DualStar. Main article: Demographics of Haiti. They both studied at New York University at the Gallatin School of Individualized Study until Mary-Kate took a break in 2005 and moved back to California. Failure to reach agreements with international sponsors have denied Haiti badly needed budget and development assistance. Most child and teenage actors usually choose to pursue acting full time after graduating from high school, with few (such as Brooke Shields, Jodie Foster, Julia Stiles, and Natalie Portman) choosing to further their education. The country has experienced little job creation since President René Préval took office in February 1996, although the informal economy is growing. In 2004 Mary-Kate and Ashley surprised many when they announced that they would be attending college after graduating high school.

Nearly 70% of all Haitians depend on the agriculture sector, which consists mainly of small-scale subsistence farming and employs about two-thirds of the economically active work force. They also have their own book series. About 80% of the population lives in abject poverty, making it the second poorest country in the world. They starred in The Adventures of Mary-Kate and Ashley and the ABC show Two of a Kind (now rerun on ABC Family), as well as ABC Family's So Little Time. Haiti now ranks 153rd of 177 countries in the UN’s Human Development Index. Today, Mary-Kate and Ashley are popular figures in today's tween market, following along the lines of such Hollywood child stars as Shirley Temple, Ron Howard and Macaulay Culkin among others. Comparative social and economic indicators show Haiti falling behind other low-income developing countries (particularly in the hemisphere) since the 1980s. Taking the world of tweens by storm, their names have become a very profitable industry, with their likeness seen in clothes, fragrances ,magazines, movies, posters, and even video games like Mary Kate and Ashley's Magical Mystery Mall.

Haiti remains the least-developed country in the Western Hemisphere and one of the poorest in the world. Shortly after the end of Full House, they returned to the entertainment industry, riding the momentum of their role on Full House by heavily merchandising their image. Main article: Economy of Haiti. Because the producers did not want viewers to know that Michelle was played by twins, the sisters were originally credited as "Mary Kate Ashley Olsen", but later credited as separate people. [14]. The show was widely popular during the late 80s and early 90s, and both sisters played one character, Michelle Tanner, taking turns during the tapings to do so, in order to comply with strict child labor laws regarding child actors. Tropical storm Jeanne skimmed the north coast of Haiti leaving 3006 people dead in flooding and mudslides, mostly in the city of Gonaïves. Hired at the age of five months, filming began with seven months.

This deforestation led to soil erosion and flooding as seen on September 17, 2004. Born in Sherman Oaks, California to David Olsen and Jarnette Jones, the Olsen twins started their acting careers on the television series Full House in 1987. Charcoal production by low-income labor accounts for the bulk of Haitian logging. . Pictures from space glaringly show this stark contrast compared to Haiti's neighbour the Dominican Republic. As a rule, they appear together. Now the mountains are bare down to the bedrock. Since then, they have attained international fame through numerous television programs, films, interviews, as well as commercial endorsements.

Over the years, the population cut down 95% of its trees and in the process destroyed fertile farmland soils. They are fraternal twins who have appeared in television and films since infancy. In 1925, Haiti was a lush island paradise, with 60% of its original forest covering the lands and mountainous regions. Mary-Kate Olsen and Ashley Fuller Olsen (born June 13, 1986) are American actresses and entrepreneurs. The east and central part is a large elevated plateau. To Grandmother's House We Go (1992). Haiti's terrain consists mainly of rugged mountains with small coastal plains and river valleys. Double, Double, Toil and Trouble (1993).

Main article: Geography of Haiti. How the West Was Fun (1994). Haiti is divided into ten departments (provinces):. Switching Goals (1999). Main article: Departments of Haiti. The Challenge (2003). See List of Presidents of Haiti, 2006 Haitian Elections, 2000 Haitian Elections, 1995 Haitian Elections, 1990 Haitian Elections, and the Constitution of Haiti. Billboard Dad (1998).

Since, and as a result of, the aforementioned coup, the future of the 1987 Constitution has fallen into doubt, even though the planned elections for the Presidency, Parliament, and local governments are being held in accordance with its terms. Passport To Paris (1999). Having been either completely or partially suspended for some years, it was fully reinstated in 1994. Our Lips Are Sealed (2000). The constitution was introduced in 1987 under the administration of Leslie Manigat and is modeled on those of the United States and France. Winning London (2001). On 29 February 2004, a rebellion culminated in the defacto resignation of president Jean-Bertrand Aristide and it is unknown if the current political structure will remain. Holiday in the Sun (2001).

However, some claim it to be an authoritarian government in practice. When In Rome (2002). Haiti is a presidential republic with an elected president and National Assembly. Getting There (2002). Main article: Politics of Haiti. The Little Rascals (1994) (cameo appearance). Leslie Manigat, a former president, forced from power by the military in 1988. It Takes Two (1995) - The only film in which they don't play sisters.

Evans Paul, former mayor of Port-au-Prince, one-time Aristide ally and longtime fixture in Haitian politics. Charlie's Angels: Full Throttle (2003) (cameo appearance). Guy Philippe, a former police chief and one of the leaders of the rebellion that pushed Aristide out in early 2004. New York Minute (2004). He is now a Lavalas Family "Senator". Yet another candidate is Dany Toussaint, a former Haitian Army major, police chief and bodyguard of Jean-Bertrand Aristide.

[13]. Baker supported the second armed ouster of Aristide, in 2004, is backed by powerful industrialists. Baker insists he has widespread support among poor Haitians, despite his image as a scion of the elite. Baker is running with the independent Konba party.

Another candidate is Charles Henri Baker, a 50-year-old prominent businessman with US residency who led a civic group that organized to unseat Aristide last year. [12]. Siméus's car, forcing him to flee. Dozens of angry men and women rushed onto the streets, hurling rocks and chunks of concrete at Mr.

During his 21 years away from Haiti, Simeus, has become a multi-millionaire in Texas and is now intending to return to Haiti.[11] With great fanfare, he began a campaign rally in Solino, a crumbling and crime-plagued neighborhood of the Haitian capital. [10] Simeus never renounced his Haitian citizenship and he is a dual citizen. Another presidential hopeful, Dumarsais Mécène Siméus, a Haitian-born businessman has been nominated by a broad-based reform coalition of two Haitian opposition parties is leading what looks like a Populist campaign. Marc Louis Bazin is running under the political party 'Union pour Haïti', an alliance between the 'Mouvement pour l’Instauration de la Démocratie en Haïti' (MIDH) et 'Fanmi Lavalas' (FL) de Jean-Bertrand Aristide.[9].

Bush Administration and the bourgeois population of Haiti. Bazin is a former World Bank official and favorite candidate of the George H.W. Marc L. He is the first to have been elected and succeeded by an elected President.

He is the only the second President of Haiti to serve a full term and leave office peacefully. He was elected President of Haiti in 1995 and served his full term, turning over the Presidency to Jean Bertrand Aristide on 7 February 2001. Preval was the Prime Minister from February 13 to October 11, 1991, but was replaced following the military coup of that year. An early favorite is Rene Preval.

There are 33 people on the list candidates for Haiti's next president.[7] [8]. The election is deeply split between two camps - the elite and the nation's poor that remain fiercely loyal to Aristide. Local elections were originally scheduled for 9 October 2005, but have been pushed back until 30 April 2006. In the midst of the ongoing controversy and violence, however, the interim government has planned legislative and executive elections for 7 February 2006 (originally set for 13 November 2005), with a runoff set for 19 March.

On April 17, 2005, Neptune went on a hunger strike vowing not to eat until the Interim Government of Haiti (IGH) drops the charges against him; charges that it has refused to pursue.[4][5] Father Gérard Jean-Juste, a Catholic Priest and Lavalas supporter, is another high profile political prisoner in Haiti [6]. On June 27, 2004, Yvon Neptune, Haiti’s last constitutionally appointed prime minister under President Jean-Bertrand was imprisoned by the transitional government.[3] Neptune was never allowed to see a judge in his case. The only storm to have impacted Haiti, Hurricane Dennis, resulted in a significantly lesser loss of life (less than 200 fatalities) [2]. So far, the 2005 season has been more gentle.

Furthermore, Haiti suffered badly during 2004 with floods hitting the Fonds Verettes and Mapou region in May 2004 and Hurricane Jeanne hitting the Gonaives area that September Tropical storm Jeanne [1]. General Urano Teixeira da Matta Bacellar was found, shot dead, in his Port-au-Prince hotel room on January 7, 2006. See the 2005 July 6 United Nations assault on Cité Soleil, Haiti. The UN mission, in the meantime, has itself ran aground in its relations with both the interim government (and its proponents), the Lavalas party (and its grassroots support), and human rights activists, often being accused (by the first group) of not doing enough to curtail the seemingly omnipresent and eternal violence, rape, and extortion which has tainted Haiti's international image, (by the second group) of colluding with armed (and notorious) militants and policemen in the suppression of neighborhood violence in Port-au-Prince, and (by the third group) actively participating in violence against the Lavalas party and grassroots support, all of which have been constantly denied by UN officials, including Secretary-General Kofi Annan and Force Commander Lieutenant-General Augusto Heleno Ribeiro Pereira of Brazil (who was replaced by fellow Brazilian and General Urano Teixeira da Matta Bacellar on 1 September).

Other groups, who viewed the Aristide presidency as a democratic "coup d'etat" leading to the establishment of a dictatorship in all but name, have set up their own website, the Haiti Democracy Project being the best known. Protest groups, websites, and news feeds have since been formed in response to the 2004 coup and following events, such as the Haiti Action Committee and the Canada Out of Haiti Campaign (a project of the Canada-Haiti Action Network). has, like the present interim government, its proponents, the Haitian National Police, and MINUSTAH (which consists mostly of Brazilian, Chilean, and other multinational peacekeeping contingents, led by Brazil), become the source of controversy both within and outside Haiti, especially in Brazil (which provides a bulk majority of the peacekeeping force), the United States (which is heavily suspected of foul play regarding the February 2004 coup), Canada (whose Martin government had also supported the overthrow of Aristide, and whose own RCMP is training a significant contingent of the rather-notorious HNP), and, to a somewhat lesser degree, France (from whom Aristide had requested a restitution of exactly US$21,685,135,571.48, the modern-day equivalent of the 90 million gold francs {originally set at 150 million, but later reduced} which were demanded as ransom by the French government from then-President Jean-Pierre Boyer). The Council of Sages, which consists of the following:.

He was replaced as justice minister by Henri Dorlean. Gousse had, since his appointment, become notorious for the alleged wrongful imprisonment of Lavalas party members and supporters, and, seemingly under pressure from Washington, resigned from office on June 15, 2005. Non-Cabinet Officials:. In the wake of Aristide's departure, while Supreme Court Chief Justice Boniface Alexandre succeeded to the Presidency (in accordance with the stipulations of the 1987 constitution), the Conseil des Sages, a seven-member executive advisory board which was appointed by the OAS-sanctioned Tripartite Council (consisting of Leslie Voltaire, Paul Denis, and Adamo Guino), immediately selected the Prime Minister, former Manigat Foreign Minister Gerard Latortue, who, in turn, selected his cabinet, which consists mostly of opposition leaders or spokespersons:.

[6], [7] When asked whether Aristide was guarded in the Central African Republic by French officers, the French Defense Minister answered that Aristide was protected, not imprisoned, and that he would leave when he could; and that France had many officers present in the Central African Republic following the recent events in that country, but that they did not control Aristide's comings and goings [8]. On March 1, 2004, US Congresswoman Maxine Waters (D-CA), along with Randall Robinson, a family friend of the Aristides, each reported that Aristide had told them using a smuggled cellular telephone that he had been forced to resign against his will by United States diplomats and Marines, and that he was abducted against his will, and continued to be held hostage by an undisclosed armed military guard. Many media sources reported that Aristide had resigned and been refused asylum by South Africa. The circumstances surrounding this flight are a matter of controversy.

Aristide was forced to sign a resignation of the Presidency and was taken to the Central African Republic. On February 29, 2004 the United States flew Aristide out of the country. This rebellion then spread throughout the central Artibonite province by February 17 and was joined by opponents of the government who had been in exile in the Dominican Republic. This finally led to an armed conflict, the 2004 Haiti Rebellion, which increased in intensity on February 5, 2004, 200 years after the Haitian Revolution, when an armed rebel group which formerly called itself the Cannibal Army and worked for President Aristide transformed itself into the Revolutionary Artibonite Resistance Front and took control of the Gonaïves police station.

By 2003, the country was deeply divided between pro-and anti-Aristide camps. The International Republican Institute was involved in either a pro-democracy or a de-stabilization project, depending on viewpoint, funded by USAID from 2002-2004. Aristide took office on February 7, 2001, but his presidency was mired in controversy, and his government was undermined by the political impasse and the use of armed gangs, called 'chimeres', to enforce his rule. Aristide won this election by 90% of the popular vote, but due to the earlier dispute, the opposition parties never accepted his victory as legitimate.

Therefore, most opposition groups boycotted the Presidential election. In the months leading up to the Presidential election at the end of the year, numerous negotiations failed to produce a settlement. In response, most of the opposition parties refused to acknowledge the results or take part in second-round run-offs. The Haitian government refused to re-calculate the percentages.

The Organization of American States (OAS) and the international community condemned the results for the Senate elections as fraudulent. The Family Lavalas Party won over 50% of the vote in nearly all the contests but a dispute arose about the method used to tabulate the percentages for the Senate elections. In May 2000, Haiti held legislative and local government elections. The old Lavalas coalition fractured, and in November 1996 he launched a new political party, Fanmi Lavalas (Lavalas Family).

Barred constitutionally from immediate reelection, he stepped down in 1996. The economy was in shambles, infrastructure almost nonexistent, and more than 4,000 people had been killed. invasion allowed Aristide to return and resume his presidency on 15 October 1994. After three years of exile, a U.S.

The coup's leaders: General Raoul Cedras, Colonel Michel Francois, and general Philippe Biamby, were all graduates of the US Army School of the Americas in Fort Benning, Georgia. A coup on 30 September 1991, led by the military and financed by members of Haiti's elite, declared that such reforms would not be tolerated. In his seven months as president in 1991, Aristide proposed raising the minimum wage, initiated a literacy campaign, dismantled the repressive system of rural section chiefs, and oversaw a drastic reduction in human rights violations. Aristide's campaign motto, "Lavalas" (Creole for "flood"), became the name for a diverse coalition of parties that symbolized hope for the Haitian people (80% of whom earned less than $150 a year).

He was elected in Haiti's first free democratic election on 16 December 1990, with an overwhelming 67% of the vote. In 1990, when a notorious Duvalierist announced his candidacy for president, progressive-centre forces united to urge Aristide to run for the office. In 1986, the year Duvalier was driven from power, Aristide survived the first of many assassination attempts. In the late 1970s, a time of increasing militancy against the brutal regime of Jean-Claude Duvalier, Aristide urged change and often found himself at odds with his superiors in the Roman Catholic Church.

He served the remainder of the five year term to which he was elected and oversaw the installation of Rene Preval, his Prime Minister, to the presidency in 1996. military intervention with a mandate from the United Nations. Most of his term was usurped by a military coup d'etat, but he was returned to office in 1994 by a U.S. It was supposed to design a new Constitution and arrange for democratic elections within two years, but didn't step down until 1990, when Jean-Bertrand Aristide was elected president.

installed a military regime, The National Council of Government (CNG), headed by General Henri Namphy. After Duvalier fled, the U.S. He now lives in modest circumstances in Paris. A six-member council replaced Duvalier when he fled to southern France, where he lived in luxury in Cannes until his wife left him and took his children and most of their cash.

In the face of increasing social unrest, however, Duvalier and his wife left the country early in 1986, leaving the entire country in poverty and lacking international commercial development. In 1980 Duvalier married a divorcee Michèle Bennett, who later supplanted his hard-line mother in Haitian politics. Haiti continued a semi-isolationist approach to foreign relations, although the government actively solicited foreign aid. No political opposition was tolerated, and all important political officials and judges were still appointed by the president.

But in fact no sharp changes from previous policies occurred. Under the Baby Doc regime some political prisoners were released, press censorship eased, and a policy of "gradual democratization of institutions" was professed. This move by the regency caused the collapse of the freeport venture. Claude Raymond, commander of the army, and his brother, Foreign Minister Adrien Raymond; and Minister of Coordination and Information Fritz Cinéas.

This news prompted "Baby Doc" to expropriate the venture for himself, under prompting from his advisors including his mother, Simone Ovide Duvalier; Defense and Gen. In 1974 it became known that the freeport had entered into a multimillion dollar contract with the Gulf Oil corporation to advance development on the island. The advisers soon concluded that Haiti needed a new image to attract economic assistance, tourism, and investment. When François Duvalier suddenly died in 1971 his son Jean-Claude Duvalier ("Baby Doc") took over at the age of 19.

Although construction of infastructure and a new international airport was commenced, two other events brought about the sudden demise of the whole venture. These plans reached maturity in 1971 when a 99-year contract was entered into by François Duvalier on behalf of the Haitian government. In 1967 proposals were made to construct a free port on the Haitian island of Tortuga by a consortium formed in the United States by Don Pierson of Eastland, Texas. He was known for his army of sunglasses-clad volunteers, the Tonton Macoute.

Duvalier, also known as "Papa Doc," became president in 1957 and dictator in 1964. His position lasted only 18 days, however, because Duvalier was able to overthrow him and began what was to become a 29-year dynasty. Both men wanted to take the top job of President, therefore the party was split and in 1957 Fignole became president of Haiti. They continued to gain public support and waited for their moment to seize power.

Together they formed the popular Mouvement Ouvriers Paysans (MOP) party. This fueled his interest in politics, and despite the fact that the Haitian government was predominantly mulatto, Duvalier was able to gain a following and joined forces with powerful union leader Daniel Fignole. After securing employment with an American medical project that was fighting widespread tuberculosis, Duvalier had the opportunity to see the poverty that existed in the countryside. A medical doctor, François Duvalier was not allowed to establish his own practice due to racist customs in Haiti.

Efforts were made to improve Haiti's infrastructure and education systems in particular, but because of the imposed nature of these reforms, with little regard for Haitian customs or traditions, these generally were not well-received nor especially effective. Marine Corps, effectively making Haiti a colony in all but name. From July 28, 1915 until mid-August 1934, Haiti was under the occupation of the U.S. Main article: United States occupation of Haiti (1915-1934).

The largely black nation remained isolated politically throughout the 19th century, though penetrated economically by international capitalism. Freed blacks and mulattos joined with slaves under the leadership of Jean Jacques Dessalines against Napoleonic France in 1801 to achieve the Caribbean's first successful revolution for independence. Main article: History of Haiti. .

Haiti is currently in a state of transition following a rebellion (see 2004 Haiti Rebellion) which deposed President Jean-Bertrand Aristide on February 29, 2004; he had been re-elected in 2000 in an election which several opposition parties boycotted due to disputes with the vote counting of the parlimentary elections. In spite of its longevity, it is the poorest country in the Western Hemisphere. A former French colony, it was the second country in the Americas, after the United States, to declare its independence. The total land area of Haiti is 10,714 square miles (27,750 square km) and its capital is Port-au-Prince on the main island of Hispaniola.

The Republic of Haiti is a country situated on the western third of the island of Hispaniola and the smaller islands of La Gonâve, La Tortue (Tortuga), Les Cayemites, and Ile a Vache in the Caribbean Sea, east of Cuba; Haiti shares Hispaniola with the Dominican Republic. Voodoo in Haiti. Transportation in Haiti. Military of Haiti.

List of Haitian companies. Kreyòl ayisyen/Haitian Creole. Foreign relations of Haiti. Haitians in Mainstream.

Haiti at the 2004 Summer Olympics. Haiti at the 1928 Summer Olympics. Haiti at the 1924 Summer Olympics. Communications in Haiti.

Sud-Est. Sud. Ouest. Nord-Ouest.

Nord-Est. Nord. Nippes. Grand'Anse.

Centre. Artibonite. Paul Emile Simon – Fanmi Lavalas (party of Aristide government),. Christian Rousseau (University of Haiti Administrator (previously involved in opposition student protests)).

Daniele Magloire ([CONAP] women's group coalition). MacDonald Jean (Anglican Church). Anne-Marie Issa (Owner of Signal FM Radio). Ariel Henry (Democratic Platform opposition group).

Lamartine Clermont (Catholic Church). Max Mathurin - Head of Provisional Electoral Council (CEP). Michel Brunache - Chief of Cabinet. Magali Comeau Denis - Culture.

Herard Abraham - Interior. Roland Pierre - Planning. Josette Bijoux - Health. Henri Bazin - Finance.

Daniele Saint-Lot – Commerce and Industry. Bernard Gousse – Justice and Public Security. Pierre Buteau – Education. Yves Andre Wainwright – Environment.

Yvon Simeon - Foreign Affairs. Philippe Mathieu – Agriculture. Adeline Magloire Chancy – Women’s Conditions.