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Big Brother (TV series)

Big Brother is a popular reality television format, where, over 15 weeks or so, a number of contestants (typically 12) try to avoid periodic publicly-voted evictions from a communal house and hence win a cash prize. The show, a kind of 'real life soap', was invented by John de Mol of the Netherlands and developed by his production company, Endemol. It has been a prime-time hit in almost 70 different countries, earning Endemol large sums. The show's name comes from George Orwell's 1949 novel Nineteen Eighty-Four, a dystopia in which Big Brother is the all-seeing leader.

Format

Originally shown in the Netherlands in September 1999, and subsequently cloned across the world, the "housemates" are confined inside a specially designed house where every single point in the house is within view of a video camera, and not permitted any contact with the outside world (although some versions, like the ones from Philippines, Mexico, Germany or Spain have introduced in some seasons precise changes, allowing the contact with the outside in certain situations): no TV, radio, telephone, Internet or other media are available to the housemates, not even writing materials. Private chats with a psychologist are a special exception. At weekly intervals, the public is invited to vote to evict one of the contestants. The last remaining is the winner.

Besides the same living together, which is the principal axis and major attraction of the contest, this one turns concerning 4 basic props: the stripped-bare back to basics environment in which they live, the evictions system, the weekly tasks set by Big Brother, and the "diary room", in which the housemates individually convey their thoughts, feelings, frustrations and their eviction nominees.

Initially, the hostel in which they had to reside for the duration of the competition was very basic. Although essential amenities such as running water, furniture and a limited ration of food were provided, luxury items were forbidden. This added an element of survival into the show, thus increasing the potential for tensions within the house. Now almost every country has a modern house for the contest, with jacuzzi, sauna, VIP suite, etc. in contraposition to other zones, or characteristics, of the house, more common, even precarious.

To fill in time, the residents have various chores to maintain the house, and are set apparently random tasks by the producers of the show, who communicate with the housemates through one (unseen) individual issuing commands, termed "Big Brother". The tasks are designed to test their team-working abilities and community spirit. The housemates have a weekly allowance with which they can buy food and other essentials. To obtain a greater allowance, they may gamble some of their initial amount on the success of the completion of tasks. Of course, their allowance is lessened if they fail to complete the weekly task.

Each week, the housemates each privately nominate a number of people who they wish to see removed from the house more than the other residents. The ones with the most nominations are then named on the television show, and viewers can vote for whom they want to be evicted.

After the votes are tallied, the "evictee" leaves the house and is interviewed on-camera by the host of the show, usually in front of a live studio audience. The last remaining housemate is declared the winner and receives a substantial sum in prize money, the amount of which has varied widely around the world.

The series is notable for involving the Internet. Although the main show, typically broadcast daily with a weekly roundup, is by necessity heavily edited, viewers can also watch a continuous, 24-hour feed from multiple cameras on the web. These websites were highly successful, even after some national series started charging for access to the video stream. In some countries, the Internet broadcasting was supplemented by updates via email, WAP and SMS. The house is even shown live on satellite television (with a 10-15 minute delay to permit muting of unacceptable content in the UK).

Despite derision from many intellectuals and other critics, the show has been a commercial success around the world. Criticisms typically are based on the ironic aspects of George Orwell's dystopic vision of Nineteen Eighty-Four being consciously aped by producers for public entertainment. More generally, the voyeuristic nature of the show, where contestants volunteer to surrender their privacy in return for minor celebrity status and a comparatively small cash prize, has attracted much scorn.

While any pretences to be a cultural experiment are dubious, reports of the different results of the show around the world have been mildly interesting from a pop-anthropology standpoint; i.e., in Spain, the competitors designed an agreement to achieve they all were nominated automatically and annul then their power of decision inside the process of elimination in the contest. This only happened once, as afterwards, Big Brother modified its rules to prohibit this type of agreement. On the other hand, other versions have involved plotting in the vein of the most cruel soap opera. Some versions have been filled with sex-crazed housemates, whereas others decided to base the conflict within their programs around difficult or romantic personalities, as in Brazil, Mexico, Thailand, Philippines or Spain. With the passing of time, it has been demonstrated that the most successful versions were the ones that emulated a soap opera, whereas the versions where the principal attraction was sex have been eliminated, as in Hungary or Poland. The amount of sex shown on the televised versions varies from country to country depending on censorship rules, with some countries editing out all sex and nudity, and others allowing the show to border on the pornographic.

One interesting development is that German scientists have discovered that former Big Brother contestants may be at risk from Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, a condition sometimes suffered by those who leave the armed forces. Indeed, in the second Polish edition, one of the housemates was taken to a psychiatric hospital, and the winner of the first season in Portugal tried to kill himself several times.

Big Brother around the world

  • [1] Panregional version with housemates from Angola, Botswana, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Namibia, Nigeria, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe.
  • [2] Greg Mathew had to split his prize with his twin, David, because they entered the house as one person, called Logan and they agreed to share it if they won.
  • [3] Versions from Canada and France have two winners, a male and a female.
  • [4] Planned for the end of the year. Countries taking part: Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and Panama.
  • [5] In 2004 edition, this was the first version to run for 365 days consecutively. The ultimate winner got a prize of 1,000,000 €. Immediately after, Big Brother VI started. This is the first show in television history which has no time limit. The producers of the show said that when the ratings are too low, the show will be cancelled. 200The show is called "Big Brother: Das Dorf", lit. "Big Brother: The Village". The set includes a church, a market place, four houses, etc. The season ends in February 2006. The 7th season will start in autumn 2006.
  • [6] Filmed in Amwaj Island in Bahrain. Discontinued after 10 days because of religious protests. [1]
  • [7] Made in Colombia, this is a panregional version with contestants from Chile, Ecuador and Peru. Its name came because all of the participating countries are in the border of the Pacific.
  • [8] Co-produced version with Norway and Sweden taking part.

Some peculiarities

  • In France and Canada, the format has been developed using couples. Twelve single people stay in the same house until only the winning couple are left.
  • Big Brother USA currently uses different rules than other countries' versions of the show, as it has starting with its second season (the first season followed the traditional format) In the US version, viewers do not vote for eviction; all voting is done by houseguests. Also, the nominations are done by one houseguest, the HOH (Head of Household). The US version also introduced the Power of Veto, with a houseguest having power to save a housemate from the nominations. It's been adapted in Brazil and since then some countries modified their nominations rules.
  • The third Dutch edition introduced the notion of "The Battle", in which the house is separated into a luxurious half and a poor half, with two teams of housemates constantly fighting for time in the luxurious half. Separated houses have also been used in Spain, Australia, Italy, Poland, Denmark, Slovakia, Greece, UK, Scandinavia, Sweden, Norway and Germany. Italy and Mexico added punishment zones to their houses.
  • The fifth UK edition introduced the "Evil" touch, where the Big Brother voice became almost a villain. He was establishing punishments and was proposing hard tasks and secret tricks. This was also seen in Australia, Spain, Bulgaria and Mexico.
  • The fifth German edition, running for a full year, separated the contestants into three teams (rich, regular, survivor) and equivalent living areas. The sixth version (currently airing in RTL II) is running in a small artificial town denominated "Das Dorf".
  • The fourth Greek season introduced a new element: the mother. In Big Mother nine houseguest take place in the game with their mothers, with whom they must coexist during the contest. The "mamas" would not be able to win the prize but they would stay with their children until their eviction. However, this proved to be a failure with the show's audience and the show switched back to the traditional "Big Brother" format in mid-season.
  • There are five special panregional versions of Big Brother. All these follow the normal Big Brother rules with the exception that contestants come from different countries in the region where it airs:
    • Africa: Angola, Botswana, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Namibia, Nigeria, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe.
    • Central America (planned for the end of the year): Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and Panama.
    • Middle East: United Arab Emirates, Arabia, Bahrein, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Syria, Somalia and Tunisia.
    • Pacific: Chile, Ecuador and Peru.
    • Scandinavia: Sweden and Norway.
  • Also in different countries, there is a spin-off called Big Brother VIP (Mexico, Hungary, Argentina, Bulgaria -called VIP Brother-, Spain, Denmark and Portugal) / Celebrity Big Brother (UK, South Africa, Netherlands, Philippines, Peru, Belgium and Australia). Celebrity Big Brother does not attach the time length of the Big Brother VIP series (it only lasts a few days), which last even for months. In 2006 a new variant appeared in the Netherlands: "Hotel Big Brother". Seven B-celebrity hoteliers and a Big Boss run a hotel, collecting money for charity.
  • Other special versions:
    • Teen Big Brother (United Kingdom). Teenage houseguests not competing, just living together.
    • Big Brother, All Star (Belgium). Housemates from the different BB Belgium seasons living together.
    • Big Brother, Reality All Star (Denmark). Contestants from different reality shows living together at the BB house.
    • Big Brother, 100 Days Later (Norway). The BB1 Norway housemates living again together after 100 days since the contest's ending. They also welcome 4 new housemates.

Big Brother facts

  • General
    • Winners: 62 males and 40 females
    • Country with most seasons: Spain, 7 finished seasons
    • Country with most seasons in total: UK, 11 finished seasons (6 main, 4 Celebrity & 1 Teen)
    • Country with most VIP/Celebrity seasons: Mexico, 5 finished seasons
    • Country with most days with BB on air: Germany, 1.102 days
  • 1999
    • First Big Brother: Netherlands
    • First contestant to be evicted: Martin Jonkman, BB1 Netherlands
    • First contestant to voluntarily leave: Tara van den Bergh, BB1 Netherlands
    • First replacement housemate: Mona Rooth-de Leeuw, BB1 Netherlands
    • First Big Brother winner: Bart Spring in 't Veld, BB1 Netherlands
  • 2000
    • First Big Brother VIP: Netherlands
    • First Big Brother in America: Big Brother USA
    • Season with least contestants: 10, BB1 USA, BB1 Sweden and GF1 Italy
    • First contestant to be removed by BB: Nicholas Bateman, BB1 UK
    • First Big Brother 2: Netherlands
    • First female winner: Daniela Kanton, BB1 Switzerland
    • First bisexual winner: Bianca Hagenbeek, BB2 Netherlands
    • First evicted housemate voted back into the house: Marion, BB2 Germany
  • 2001
    • Most Big Brothers to start in a year: 21
    • First Big Brother 3: Germany
    • First Celebrity/VIP winner: Jack Dee, Celebrity BB1 UK
    • First Big Brother in Oceania: BB1 Australia
    • First replacement housemate to win Big Brother: Marcelo Corazza, GH1 Argentina
    • First Loft Story season: LS1 France
    • First Big Brother to have more than one winner: Christophe Mercy & Loana Petrucciani, LS1 France
    • First gay winner: Brian Dowling, BB2 UK
    • Oldest Big Brother winner: Janusz Dzięcioł, 47, BB1 Poland
    • First Big Brother with Head Of House: BB2 USA
    • First Big Brother in Africa: BB1 South Africa
    • First Big Brother 100 Days Later: Norway
    • First Big Brother The Battle: Netherlands
    • Highest eviction percentage: Karolina, 95.82%, BB2 Poland
  • 2002
    • First housemates swap: GH3 Spain - BB1 Mexico
    • First Big Brother to have BB nominating all housemates: BB2 Australia
    • First Big Brother double eviction: Alex and Nathan, BB2 Australia
    • First Big Brother with Power Of Veto: BB3 USA
    • First pregnant housemate: Michelle, BB2 South Africa
    • First Big Brother 4: Netherlands
    • First Big Brother host to spend 24 hours in the house: Martijn Krabbé, BB4 Netherlands
    • Least eviction difference: 0.12%, Viviana 49,94% vs. Natalia 50,06%, Natalia evicted, GH3 Argentina
  • 2003
    • First Big Brother with a couple competing: Pasquale and Victoria, GF3 Italy
    • Oldest Big Brother housemate: Mihalis Apostolides, 63 years old, BB3 Greece
    • First international version: Big Brother Africa
    • First black winner: Cherise Makubale, BB1 Africa
    • First Big Brother with ex-couple housemates: Alison & Justin, Amanda & Scott, David & Michelle, Erika & Robert, Jee & Jun, BB4 USA
    • First winner of Asian descent: Jun Song, BB4 USA
    • First Big Brother Teen: UK
    • First Big Brother All Stars: Belgium
    • First Big Brother 5: Spain
    • First contestant to become pregnant in the house: Sissal, BB3 Denmark
  • 2004
    • First blood related housemates: Domenico and Ilaria, father and daughter, GF4 Italy
    • First Big Brother in Asia: Big Brother Arabia
    • First Big Brother with a praying room: Big Brother Arabia
    • First Big Brother suspended: Big Brother Arabia
    • First Big Brother Reality All Stars: Denmark
    • Only contestant to win 2 Big Brothers: Jill Liv Nielsen, BB1 & BB Reality All Stars Denmark
    • First Evil Big Brother: BB5 UK
    • First transsexual winner: Nadia Almada, BB5 UK
    • First twins competing: Natalie and Adria, BB5 USA
    • First incorrect eviction: Bree Amer instead of Ryan Fitzgerald, BB4 Australia
    • First Big Brother 6: Spain
  • 2005
    • Longest Big Brother: 365 days, BB5 Germany
    • Seasons with most contestants: 59, BB5 Germany & BB6 Germany
    • Longest time in Big Brother house: Sascha Sirtl and Franziska Lewandrowski, 365 days, BB5 Germany
    • Shortest gap between 2 Big Brother seasons: 0 minutes, BB5 > BB6 Germany
    • First Big Brother village: BB6 Germany
    • Shortest Big Brother: 60 days, BB3 Mexico
    • Youngest Big Brother winner: Anastacia Yagalova, 19 years old, BB1 Russia
    • First Big Brother with twins winning: Greg and David Matthews, BB5 Australia
    • First Big brother house to have an altar: BB1 Philippines
    • First Big Brother ~ Big Mother season: BB4 Greece
    • First Big Brother 7: Spain
    • Longest gap between 2 BB seasons: 966 days, BB4 > BB5 Netherlands
    • Lowest eviction percentage with positive voting: 1.06%, Martin, BB6 Germany
    • First Big Brother birth: Tanja Slangenberg gave birth to Joscelyn Savanna, BB5 Netherlands
  • 2006
    • First non-celebrity on Big Brother VIP/Celebrity: Chantelle Houghton, Celebrity BB4 UK
    • First non-celebrity winning Big Brother VIP/Celebrity: Chantelle Houghton, Celebrity BB4 UK
    • Most housemates left on the final night: 6, Celebrity BB4 UK
    • Big Brother winner with the highest percentage: 87.2%, Pepe Herrero, GH7 Spain

Near copies of Big Brother

There are three specially important formats around the globe that attach to rules kind of similar with Big Brother:

The Farm, created by the Swedish producer house Strix, creators of Survivor. It's the third biggest 'people-living-together' reality show on Earth, only defeated by Star Academy/Operación Triunfo (France/Spain, 2001, Endemol) broadcasted in 50 countries and Big Brother (Holland, 1999, Endemol) emitted or planned to be emitted in 68.

  • Countries: Algeria, Bahrein, Belgium, Chile, Colombia, Comoros Islands, Denmark, Djibouti, Egypt, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Italy, Jordan, Kuwait, Latvia, Lebanon, Lithuania, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Netherlands, Norway, Oman, Palestine, Portugal, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Spain, Sudan, Sweden, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, UAE, UK, Yemen.

The Bar, another format from Strix.

  • Countries: Argentina, Croatia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Georgia, Greece, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland

Protagonistas..., a format from the Spanish producer house GloboMedia, developed by its subsidiary in America, Promofilm. It's a mixture among Big Brother and Star Academy and has had a huge success in different latin countries, as Chile, Spain, Brazil (formerly known as Casa dos Artistas), Venezuela, Colombia or Mexico. It also had its own version in USA for the latin market airing in Telemundo.

There are also some local formats that in one or other way are pretty similar with Endemol's Big Brother:

  • Albania, Kafazi i Arte
  • Albania, Syri Magjik
  • Albania, To Sam Ja
  • Austria, Taxi Orange
  • Bolivia, Uno Busca
  • Bosnia, 60 Sati
  • Bosnia, To Sam Ja
  • Croatia, To Sam Ja
  • Czech Republic VyVolení
  • France, Les Colocataires
  • France, Nice People
  • Hungary, Való Világ
  • Indonesia, Penghuni Terakhir
  • Ireland, Cabin Fever
  • Israel, Project Y
  • Israel, The Yacht
  • Latvia, Fabrika
  • Latvia, Barbarossa
  • Netherlands, De Bus
  • Norway, Singel 24-7
  • Peru, La Casa De Gisela
  • Puerto Rico, 360 Estudio
  • FYR Macedonia, Tom Sam Ja
  • Russia, 12 Negrityat
  • Russia, Dom
  • Russia, Golod
  • Russia, Za Steklom
  • Serbia, To Sam Ja
  • Slovakia VyVolení
  • Slovenia, To Sam Ja
  • Spain, El Bus
  • Spain, La Casa De Tu Vida
  • Turkey, Biri Bizi Gözetliyor
  • UK, Back To Reality
  • Ukraine, Dom

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There are also some local formats that in one or other way are pretty similar with Endemol's Big Brother:. Immigrants by country (2004). It also had its own version in USA for the latin market airing in Telemundo. [2]. It's a mixture among Big Brother and Star Academy and has had a huge success in different latin countries, as Chile, Spain, Brazil (formerly known as Casa dos Artistas), Venezuela, Colombia or Mexico. But there has been a sharp increase of immigrants mostly from South America, Eastern Europe, and a very meagre number from Asia. Protagonistas..., a format from the Spanish producer house GloboMedia, developed by its subsidiary in America, Promofilm. An estimated 95.3% of the population is of Italian origin.

The Bar, another format from Strix. Southern and northern Italians alike have flocked to the city during the late 1900's. It's the third biggest 'people-living-together' reality show on Earth, only defeated by Star Academy/Operación Triunfo (France/Spain, 2001, Endemol) broadcasted in 50 countries and Big Brother (Holland, 1999, Endemol) emitted or planned to be emitted in 68. The population is quite homogenous Italian. The Farm, created by the Swedish producer house Strix, creators of Survivor. Famous Genoese include Cristoforo Colombo (Christopher Columbus), Admiral Andrea Doria, composers Niccolò Paganini and Michele Novaro, painter Domenico Piola, Italian patriots Giuseppe Mazzini and Gerolamo Nino Bixio, writer and translator Fernanda Pivano, poet Edoardo Sanguineti, architect Renzo Piano, Physics 2002 Nobel Prize winner Riccardo Giacconi, Literature 1975 Nobel Prize winner Eugenio Montale, artist Vanessa Beecroft, comedians Gilberto Govi and Paolo Villaggio, folk singers Fabrizio de André and Ivano Fossati. There are three specially important formats around the globe that attach to rules kind of similar with Big Brother:. In 1860, Giuseppe Garibaldi set out from Genoa with over a thousand volunteers to begin the campaign.

Indeed, in the second Polish edition, one of the housemates was taken to a psychiatric hospital, and the winner of the first season in Portugal tried to kill himself several times. With the growth of the Risorgimento movement, the Genoese turned their struggles from Giuseppe Mazzini's vision of a local republic into a struggle for a unified Italy under a liberalized Savoy monarchy. One interesting development is that German scientists have discovered that former Big Brother contestants may be at risk from Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, a condition sometimes suffered by those who leave the armed forces. The city soon gained a reputation as a hotbed of anti-Savoy republican agitation, although the union with Savoy was economically very beneficial. The amount of sex shown on the televised versions varies from country to country depending on censorship rules, with some countries editing out all sex and nudity, and others allowing the show to border on the pornographic. Although the Genoese revolted against France in 1814 and liberated the city on their own, delegates at the Congress of Vienna sanctioned its incorporation into Piedmont (Kingdom of Sardinia), thus ending the three century old struggle by the House of Savoy to acquire the city. With the passing of time, it has been demonstrated that the most successful versions were the ones that emulated a soap opera, whereas the versions where the principal attraction was sex have been eliminated, as in Hungary or Poland. In 1797, under pressure from Napoleon, Genoa became a French protectorate called the Ligurian Republic, which was annexed by France in 1805.

Some versions have been filled with sex-crazed housemates, whereas others decided to base the conflict within their programs around difficult or romantic personalities, as in Brazil, Mexico, Thailand, Philippines or Spain. However, with the shift in world economy and trade routes to the New World and away from the Mediterranean, Genoa's political and economic power went into steady decline. On the other hand, other versions have involved plotting in the vein of the most cruel soap opera. In 1768, Genoa was forced to cede Corsica to France. This only happened once, as afterwards, Big Brother modified its rules to prohibit this type of agreement. Genoa suffered from French bombardment in 1684, and was occupied by Austria in 1746 during the War of the Austrian Succession. While any pretences to be a cultural experiment are dubious, reports of the different results of the show around the world have been mildly interesting from a pop-anthropology standpoint; i.e., in Spain, the competitors designed an agreement to achieve they all were nominated automatically and annul then their power of decision inside the process of elimination in the contest. The famed architect Galeazzo Alessi (1512-1572) designed many of the city’s splendid palazzo.

More generally, the voyeuristic nature of the show, where contestants volunteer to surrender their privacy in return for minor celebrity status and a comparatively small cash prize, has attracted much scorn. At the time of Genoa’s peak in the 16th century, the city attracted many artists, including Rubens, Caravaggio, and Van Dyke. Criticisms typically are based on the ironic aspects of George Orwell's dystopic vision of Nineteen Eighty-Four being consciously aped by producers for public entertainment. Under the ensuing economic recovery, many Genoese family amassed tremendous fortunes. Despite derision from many intellectuals and other critics, the show has been a commercial success around the world. The Spanish connection was reinforced by Andrea Doria, who established a new constitution in 1528, making Genoa a satellite of the Spanish Empire. The house is even shown live on satellite television (with a 10-15 minute delay to permit muting of unacceptable content in the UK). Christopher Columbus, a native of Genoa, donated one-tenth of his income from the discovery of the Americas for Spain to the Bank of San Giorgio in Genoa for the relief of taxation on foods.

In some countries, the Internet broadcasting was supplemented by updates via email, WAP and SMS. Genoa lost Sardinia to Aragon, Corsica to internal revolt and its Middle Eastern colonies to the Ottoman Empire and the Arabs. These websites were highly successful, even after some national series started charging for access to the video stream. After a period of French domination from 1394-1409, Genoa came under rule by the Visconti of Milan. Although the main show, typically broadcast daily with a weekly roundup, is by necessity heavily edited, viewers can also watch a continuous, 24-hour feed from multiple cameras on the web. The wars with Venice continued, and the War of Chioggia (1378-1381), ended with a victory for Venice. The series is notable for involving the Internet. Following the economic and population collapse, Genoa adopted the Venetian model of government, and was presided over by a doge (see Doges of Genoa).

The last remaining housemate is declared the winner and receives a substantial sum in prize money, the amount of which has varied widely around the world. The Black Death was imported into Europe in 1349 from the Genoese trading post at Kaffa (Feodosiya) in the Crimea, on the Black Sea. After the votes are tallied, the "evictee" leaves the house and is interviewed on-camera by the host of the show, usually in front of a live studio audience. However, this prosperity did not last. The ones with the most nominations are then named on the television show, and viewers can vote for whom they want to be evicted. Genoa's political zenith came with its victory over Pisa in 1284, and its persistent rival, Venice, in 1298. Each week, the housemates each privately nominate a number of people who they wish to see removed from the house more than the other residents. Internal feuds between the powerful families, the Grimaldi, Doria, Spinola, and others caused much disruption, but in general the republic was run much as a business affair.

Of course, their allowance is lessened if they fail to complete the weekly task. The collapse of the Crusader States was offset by Genoa’s alliance with the Byzantine Empire, which opened opportunities of expansion into the Black Sea and Crimea. To obtain a greater allowance, they may gamble some of their initial amount on the success of the completion of tasks. Genoese Crusaders brought home a green glass goblet from the Levant, which Genoese long regarded as the Holy Grail. The housemates have a weekly allowance with which they can buy food and other essentials. Through Genoese participation on the Crusades, colonies were established in the Mideast, in the Aegean in Sicily and Northern Africa. The tasks are designed to test their team-working abilities and community spirit. The Republic of Genoa extended over modern Liguria and Piedmont, Sardinia, Corsica and had practically complete control of the Tyrrhenian Sea.

To fill in time, the residents have various chores to maintain the house, and are set apparently random tasks by the producers of the show, who communicate with the housemates through one (unseen) individual issuing commands, termed "Big Brother". Genoa was one of the so-called "Maritime Republics" (Repubbliche Marinare), along with Venice, Pisa, and Amalfi) and trade, shipbuilding and banking helped support one of the largest and most powerful navies in the Mediterranean. in contraposition to other zones, or characteristics, of the house, more common, even precarious. Nominally, the Holy Roman Emperor was overlord and the Bishop of Genoa was president of the city; however, actual power was wielded by a number of "consuls" annually elected by popular assembly. Now almost every country has a modern house for the contest, with jacuzzi, sauna, VIP suite, etc. Before 1100, Genoa emerged as an independent city-state. This added an element of survival into the show, thus increasing the potential for tensions within the house. The town was sacked and burned in 934 by arab pirates but this didn't stop for long the city's progress.

Although essential amenities such as running water, furniture and a limited ration of food were provided, luxury items were forbidden. For the following several centuries, Genoa was little more than a small, obscure fishing center, slowly building its merchant fleet which was to became the leading commercial carrier of the Mediterranean Sea. Initially, the hostel in which they had to reside for the duration of the competition was very basic. After the fall of the Roman Empire, Genoa was occupied by the Ostrogoths , then by the Lombards. Besides the same living together, which is the principal axis and major attraction of the contest, this one turns concerning 4 basic props: the stripped-bare back to basics environment in which they live, the evictions system, the weekly tasks set by Big Brother, and the "diary room", in which the housemates individually convey their thoughts, feelings, frustrations and their eviction nominees. Although remaining faithful to Rome while other Ligurian and Celtic peoples of northern Italy stood by Carthaginians in the Second Punic War, its importance as a Roman port city was eclipsed by the rise of Vada Sabatia, near modern Savona. The last remaining is the winner. Destroyed by the Carthaginians in 209 BC, the town was rebuilt by Rome, under which the city enjoyed municipal rights and exported skins, wood, and honey.

At weekly intervals, the public is invited to vote to evict one of the contestants. A city cemetery, dating from the 6th and 5th centuries B.C., testifies to the occupation of the site by the Greeks, but the fine harbor probably was in use much earlier, perhaps by the Etruscans. Private chats with a psychologist are a special exception. Genoa's history goes back to ancient times. Originally shown in the Netherlands in September 1999, and subsequently cloned across the world, the "housemates" are confined inside a specially designed house where every single point in the house is within view of a video camera, and not permitted any contact with the outside world (although some versions, like the ones from Philippines, Mexico, Germany or Spain have introduced in some seasons precise changes, allowing the contact with the outside in certain situations): no TV, radio, telephone, Internet or other media are available to the housemates, not even writing materials. . . Alternatively, the name has been claimed to derive from Latin Janua ("gate"), the two-headed god Janus, or an ancient word that means "foreigners", as the early settlers were considered foreign by the neighbouring population.

The show's name comes from George Orwell's 1949 novel Nineteen Eighty-Four, a dystopia in which Big Brother is the all-seeing leader. "angle", from its geographical position, thus akin to the name of Geneva. It has been a prime-time hit in almost 70 different countries, earning Endemol large sums. Its name is probably Ligurian, meaning "knee" (from Proto-Indo-European *genu 'knee'), i.e. The show, a kind of 'real life soap', was invented by John de Mol of the Netherlands and developed by his production company, Endemol. Genua was a city of the ancient Ligurians. Big Brother is a popular reality television format, where, over 15 weeks or so, a number of contestants (typically 12) try to avoid periodic publicly-voted evictions from a communal house and hence win a cash prize. 871,733.

Ukraine, Dom. 601,338, the metropolitan area has a population of ca. UK, Back To Reality. The city has a population of ca. Turkey, Biri Bizi Gözetliyor. Genoa (Italian Genova, Genoese Zena, French Gênes, German Genua, Spanish Génova,Galician Xénova) is a city and a seaport in northern Italy, the capital of the Province of Genoa and of the region of Liguria. Spain, La Casa De Tu Vida. It is the oldest working lighthouse in the world, one of the five tallest ones, and the tallest brick one.

Spain, El Bus. The port of Genoa is home to an ancient Lighthouse: "La Lanterna" ("the lantern"). Slovenia, To Sam Ja. In 1922 the Genoa Conference was the first economic conference that included a representitative from the newly-communist Soviet Socialist Republics. Slovakia VyVolení. For 2004, the European Union designated Genoa as European Capital of Culture, along with the French City of Lille. Serbia, To Sam Ja. The 27th G8 summit took place in Genoa in July 2001, resulting in riots and the shooting of a protestor and a violent crackdown by the police.

Russia, Za Steklom. UC Sampdoria, football club founded in 1946. Russia, Golod. Genoa Cricket & Football Club founded in 1893. Russia, Dom. The University of Genoa, with 40,000 students (one of the larger universities in Italy,) was founded in 1481. Russia, 12 Negrityat. The Museo d'Arte Orientale is one of the largest collections of Oriental art in Europe.

FYR Macedonia, Tom Sam Ja. Lawrence Cathedral (Cattedrale di San Lorenzo), The Old Harbor (Porto Antico), transformed into a mall by architect Renzo Piano, Via Garibaldi with its superb palaces and the monumental cemetery on Staglieno's hill. Puerto Rico, 360 Estudio. Other landmarks of the city are the Palazzo Ducale (Doge's Palace), St. Peru, La Casa De Gisela. The Aquarium of Genoa is the largest in Europe. Norway, Singel 24-7. It ranks second in the Mediterranean after neighbouring Marseille, France.

Netherlands, De Bus. The port of Genoa is the first in Italy. Latvia, Barbarossa. Romanians - 746. Latvia, Fabrika. Chinese - 910. Israel, The Yacht. Peruvians - 1,795.

Israel, Project Y. Moroccans - 2,189. Ireland, Cabin Fever. Albanians - 2,781. Indonesia, Penghuni Terakhir. Ecuadorians - 10,169. Hungary, Való Világ.

France, Nice People. France, Les Colocataires. Czech Republic VyVolení. Croatia, To Sam Ja.

Bosnia, To Sam Ja. Bosnia, 60 Sati. Bolivia, Uno Busca. Austria, Taxi Orange.

Albania, To Sam Ja. Albania, Syri Magjik. Albania, Kafazi i Arte. Countries: Argentina, Croatia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Georgia, Greece, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland.

Countries: Algeria, Bahrein, Belgium, Chile, Colombia, Comoros Islands, Denmark, Djibouti, Egypt, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Italy, Jordan, Kuwait, Latvia, Lebanon, Lithuania, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Netherlands, Norway, Oman, Palestine, Portugal, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Spain, Sudan, Sweden, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, UAE, UK, Yemen.. Big Brother winner with the highest percentage: 87.2%, Pepe Herrero, GH7 Spain. Most housemates left on the final night: 6, Celebrity BB4 UK. First non-celebrity winning Big Brother VIP/Celebrity: Chantelle Houghton, Celebrity BB4 UK.

First non-celebrity on Big Brother VIP/Celebrity: Chantelle Houghton, Celebrity BB4 UK. 2006

    . First Big Brother birth: Tanja Slangenberg gave birth to Joscelyn Savanna, BB5 Netherlands. Lowest eviction percentage with positive voting: 1.06%, Martin, BB6 Germany.

    Longest gap between 2 BB seasons: 966 days, BB4 > BB5 Netherlands. First Big Brother 7: Spain. First Big Brother ~ Big Mother season: BB4 Greece. First Big brother house to have an altar: BB1 Philippines.

    First Big Brother with twins winning: Greg and David Matthews, BB5 Australia. Youngest Big Brother winner: Anastacia Yagalova, 19 years old, BB1 Russia. Shortest Big Brother: 60 days, BB3 Mexico. First Big Brother village: BB6 Germany.

    Shortest gap between 2 Big Brother seasons: 0 minutes, BB5 > BB6 Germany. Longest time in Big Brother house: Sascha Sirtl and Franziska Lewandrowski, 365 days, BB5 Germany. Seasons with most contestants: 59, BB5 Germany & BB6 Germany. Longest Big Brother: 365 days, BB5 Germany.

    2005

      . First Big Brother 6: Spain. First incorrect eviction: Bree Amer instead of Ryan Fitzgerald, BB4 Australia. First twins competing: Natalie and Adria, BB5 USA.

      First transsexual winner: Nadia Almada, BB5 UK. First Evil Big Brother: BB5 UK. Only contestant to win 2 Big Brothers: Jill Liv Nielsen, BB1 & BB Reality All Stars Denmark. First Big Brother Reality All Stars: Denmark.

      First Big Brother suspended: Big Brother Arabia. First Big Brother with a praying room: Big Brother Arabia. First Big Brother in Asia: Big Brother Arabia. First blood related housemates: Domenico and Ilaria, father and daughter, GF4 Italy.

      2004

        . First contestant to become pregnant in the house: Sissal, BB3 Denmark. First Big Brother 5: Spain. First Big Brother All Stars: Belgium.

        First Big Brother Teen: UK. First winner of Asian descent: Jun Song, BB4 USA. First Big Brother with ex-couple housemates: Alison & Justin, Amanda & Scott, David & Michelle, Erika & Robert, Jee & Jun, BB4 USA. First black winner: Cherise Makubale, BB1 Africa.

        First international version: Big Brother Africa. Oldest Big Brother housemate: Mihalis Apostolides, 63 years old, BB3 Greece. First Big Brother with a couple competing: Pasquale and Victoria, GF3 Italy. 2003

          .

          Natalia 50,06%, Natalia evicted, GH3 Argentina. Least eviction difference: 0.12%, Viviana 49,94% vs. First Big Brother host to spend 24 hours in the house: Martijn Krabbé, BB4 Netherlands. First Big Brother 4: Netherlands.

          First pregnant housemate: Michelle, BB2 South Africa. First Big Brother with Power Of Veto: BB3 USA. First Big Brother double eviction: Alex and Nathan, BB2 Australia. First Big Brother to have BB nominating all housemates: BB2 Australia.

          First housemates swap: GH3 Spain - BB1 Mexico. 2002

            . Highest eviction percentage: Karolina, 95.82%, BB2 Poland. First Big Brother The Battle: Netherlands.

            First Big Brother 100 Days Later: Norway. First Big Brother in Africa: BB1 South Africa. First Big Brother with Head Of House: BB2 USA. Oldest Big Brother winner: Janusz Dzięcioł, 47, BB1 Poland.

            First gay winner: Brian Dowling, BB2 UK. First Big Brother to have more than one winner: Christophe Mercy & Loana Petrucciani, LS1 France. First Loft Story season: LS1 France. First replacement housemate to win Big Brother: Marcelo Corazza, GH1 Argentina.

            First Big Brother in Oceania: BB1 Australia. First Celebrity/VIP winner: Jack Dee, Celebrity BB1 UK. First Big Brother 3: Germany. Most Big Brothers to start in a year: 21.

            2001

              . First evicted housemate voted back into the house: Marion, BB2 Germany. First bisexual winner: Bianca Hagenbeek, BB2 Netherlands. First female winner: Daniela Kanton, BB1 Switzerland.

              First Big Brother 2: Netherlands. First contestant to be removed by BB: Nicholas Bateman, BB1 UK. Season with least contestants: 10, BB1 USA, BB1 Sweden and GF1 Italy. First Big Brother in America: Big Brother USA.

              First Big Brother VIP: Netherlands. 2000

                . First Big Brother winner: Bart Spring in 't Veld, BB1 Netherlands. First replacement housemate: Mona Rooth-de Leeuw, BB1 Netherlands.

                First contestant to voluntarily leave: Tara van den Bergh, BB1 Netherlands. First contestant to be evicted: Martin Jonkman, BB1 Netherlands. First Big Brother: Netherlands. 1999

                  .

                  Country with most days with BB on air: Germany, 1.102 days. Country with most VIP/Celebrity seasons: Mexico, 5 finished seasons. Country with most seasons in total: UK, 11 finished seasons (6 main, 4 Celebrity & 1 Teen). Country with most seasons: Spain, 7 finished seasons.

                  Winners: 62 males and 40 females. General

                    . They also welcome 4 new housemates. The BB1 Norway housemates living again together after 100 days since the contest's ending.

                    Big Brother, 100 Days Later (Norway). Contestants from different reality shows living together at the BB house. Big Brother, Reality All Star (Denmark). Housemates from the different BB Belgium seasons living together.

                    Big Brother, All Star (Belgium). Teenage houseguests not competing, just living together. Teen Big Brother (United Kingdom). Other special versions:

                      .

                      Seven B-celebrity hoteliers and a Big Boss run a hotel, collecting money for charity. In 2006 a new variant appeared in the Netherlands: "Hotel Big Brother". Celebrity Big Brother does not attach the time length of the Big Brother VIP series (it only lasts a few days), which last even for months. Also in different countries, there is a spin-off called Big Brother VIP (Mexico, Hungary, Argentina, Bulgaria -called VIP Brother-, Spain, Denmark and Portugal) / Celebrity Big Brother (UK, South Africa, Netherlands, Philippines, Peru, Belgium and Australia).

                      Scandinavia: Sweden and Norway. Pacific: Chile, Ecuador and Peru. Middle East: United Arab Emirates, Arabia, Bahrein, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Syria, Somalia and Tunisia. Central America (planned for the end of the year): Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and Panama.

                      Africa: Angola, Botswana, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Namibia, Nigeria, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe. All these follow the normal Big Brother rules with the exception that contestants come from different countries in the region where it airs:

                        . There are five special panregional versions of Big Brother. However, this proved to be a failure with the show's audience and the show switched back to the traditional "Big Brother" format in mid-season.

                        The "mamas" would not be able to win the prize but they would stay with their children until their eviction. In Big Mother nine houseguest take place in the game with their mothers, with whom they must coexist during the contest. The fourth Greek season introduced a new element: the mother. The sixth version (currently airing in RTL II) is running in a small artificial town denominated "Das Dorf".

                        The fifth German edition, running for a full year, separated the contestants into three teams (rich, regular, survivor) and equivalent living areas. This was also seen in Australia, Spain, Bulgaria and Mexico. He was establishing punishments and was proposing hard tasks and secret tricks. The fifth UK edition introduced the "Evil" touch, where the Big Brother voice became almost a villain.

                        Italy and Mexico added punishment zones to their houses. Separated houses have also been used in Spain, Australia, Italy, Poland, Denmark, Slovakia, Greece, UK, Scandinavia, Sweden, Norway and Germany. The third Dutch edition introduced the notion of "The Battle", in which the house is separated into a luxurious half and a poor half, with two teams of housemates constantly fighting for time in the luxurious half. It's been adapted in Brazil and since then some countries modified their nominations rules.

                        The US version also introduced the Power of Veto, with a houseguest having power to save a housemate from the nominations. Also, the nominations are done by one houseguest, the HOH (Head of Household). Big Brother USA currently uses different rules than other countries' versions of the show, as it has starting with its second season (the first season followed the traditional format) In the US version, viewers do not vote for eviction; all voting is done by houseguests. Twelve single people stay in the same house until only the winning couple are left.

                        In France and Canada, the format has been developed using couples. [8] Co-produced version with Norway and Sweden taking part. Its name came because all of the participating countries are in the border of the Pacific. [7] Made in Colombia, this is a panregional version with contestants from Chile, Ecuador and Peru.

                        [1]. Discontinued after 10 days because of religious protests. [6] Filmed in Amwaj Island in Bahrain. The 7th season will start in autumn 2006.

                        The season ends in February 2006. The set includes a church, a market place, four houses, etc. "Big Brother: The Village". 200The show is called "Big Brother: Das Dorf", lit.

                        The producers of the show said that when the ratings are too low, the show will be cancelled. This is the first show in television history which has no time limit. Immediately after, Big Brother VI started. The ultimate winner got a prize of 1,000,000 €.

                        [5] In 2004 edition, this was the first version to run for 365 days consecutively. Countries taking part: Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and Panama. [4] Planned for the end of the year. [3] Versions from Canada and France have two winners, a male and a female.

                        [2] Greg Mathew had to split his prize with his twin, David, because they entered the house as one person, called Logan and they agreed to share it if they won. [1] Panregional version with housemates from Angola, Botswana, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Namibia, Nigeria, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe.