Fishing

Other examples of fishing terms that carry a negative connotation are: "fishing for compliments", "to be fooled hook, line and sinker" (to be fooled beyond merely "taking the bait"), and the internet scam of Phishing. However, mares produce a much lower yield of milk than do cows. For example, the expression "fishing expedition" (usually used to describe a line of questioning), describes a case where the questioner implies that he knows more than he actually does in order to trick the target into divulging more information than he wishes to reveal. They may let it ferment to produce kumys. On the other hand, fishing with bait or lure sometimes has nuances of catching by deception, possibly with an implication of greed on the part of the victim. Mare's milk is used by peoples with large horse-herds, such as the Mongols. For example, in the New Testament, Jesus is reported to have said to his disciples: Follow me, and I will make you fishers of men. Matthew 4:19. It is also commonly found in commercially produced pet food.

On the one hand, fishing with a net has nuances of gathering by honest effort. Although consumption by humans is considered abhorrent by some people in the United Kingdom, the US and Australia, it is eaten in many other parts of the world and is an export industry in the USA. Fishing is a widely used as a metaphor though as such it is possibly ambiguous. Horse meat has been used as food for animals and humans throughout the ages. Fish emulsion is a fertilizer emulsion that is produced from the fluid remains of fish processed for fish oil and fish meal industrially. See: Horse (Zodiac). Isinglass is a substance obtained from the swim bladders of fish (especially sturgeon), it is used for the clarification of wine and beer. According to Chinese folklore, each animal is associated with certain personality traits, and those born in the year of the horse are: intelligent, independent and free-spirited.

Fish glue has long been valued for its use in all manner of products from illuminated manuscripts to the Mongolian war bow. The horse features in the 12-year cycle of animals which appear in the Chinese zodiac related to the Chinese calendar. Fish glue is made by boiling the skin, bones and swim bladders of fish. However, several other explanations are equally plausible. Sepia is a pigment made from the inky secretions of cuttlefish. The common European practice and tradition of saddling and mounting the horse from the lefthand side is often said to originate from the need to avoid inadvertantly striking the horse with a carried sword in the process. Tyrian purple is a pigment made from marine snails Murex brandaris and Murex trunculus. "Heavy" or draft horses such as Clydesdale, Draft, Percherons, and Shire horses weigh up to 2800lbs (about 907kg).

Sea horse, star fish, sea urchin and sea cucumber are used in traditional Chinese medicine. Light horses such as Arabians, Morgans, Quarter Horses, Paints and Thoroughbreds weigh up to 1300lbs (about 590kg). Sharkskin leather is used in the manufacture of hilts of traditional Japanese swords. Both groups agree that 'genuine abuse' should be ended within the industry. These skins are also used to make leather. Horse professionals that understand equine psychology and care claim they know what is best for horses than rights activists that live horseless lives and are easily influenced by propaganda. Sharkskin and rayskin which are covered with, in effect, tiny teeth (dermal denticles) were used for the purposes that sandpaper currently is. Animal living conditions vary, but many rodeo stock live on open ranches when not working on the weekend.

Traditional methods of pearl hunting are now virtually extinct. Sports like rodeo and racing are closely monitored by veterinarians to prevent and treat injuries if they occur. Pearls and mother-of-pearl are valued for their lustre. Most horse owners that compete in sports, however, does not force-breed, kill unprofitable horses, or have poor living conditions for their horses. There are several organizations devoted to improving the methods of collecting, handling, transporting, exporting and farming of wild and domesticated live food fish, as well as freshwater and marine tropical fish destined for aquaria. They also cite psychological harm, poor living conditions, forced-breeding, and the killing of unprofitable horses as forms of abuse. Such techniques are used most often by researchers for observation and study but are also used by those who collect fish for the aquarium trade. Activists claim rodeos turn a blind eye to minor injuries which do not impair performance.

Fish can also be collected in ways that do not injure them such as in a seine net or by placing an electric current into the water. Rodeos claim that an injured horse is less profitable than a healthy horse. This brought the value of their live food fish trade industry to US$400 million as reported by the World Resources Institute^[24]. This brings a dilemma; If a horse gets an injury while competing, is this immoral? If a horse slips in its pasture while playing, is this ok?. Hong Kong, for example, is estimated to have imported in excess of 15,000 tonnes of live food fish in 2000. All sports are dangerous, but then one observing horses in nature can see more terrible injuries occurring than occur in sports. The prevalence of cultural beliefs and consumer standards helps to drive the demand for the live food fish trade. Such extreme viewpoints are rare, however, and many people are more reasonable and worried that sports may cause injuries to horse atheltes, just as they do for human athletes.

Suiting customer preference, this practice makes the seafood higher in quality and better in taste. Animal rights activists have the general viewpoint that all animal ownership is wrong, and thus using horses for riding and sports is also wrong, but these events are 'softer targets' than trail riding or 'refined' sports like dressage. The majority of live fish kept at seafood restaurants, however, are desired for the freshness of the seafood, being killed only immediately before being cooked. One problem is a disagreement about terms like abuse. Some seafood restaurants keep live fish in aquaria for display or for cultural beliefs. Both sides provide contradictory evidence. Live fish are collected for the international live food fish trade. Rodeo and racing professionals do have a strong case against radical claims.

Fish oil is valued as a dietary supplement. It is difficult for average people (or even experts) to differentiate between normal equine abilities and actual abuse. In some cultures, for example China, Japan, and Vietnam, certain species of jellyfish are consumed^[23]. Horse racing and rodeo are more easily targeted because of their extensive use of animals in sport. Sea cucumber is considered a delicacy in Chinese cooking and is often served at New Year’s feasts, usually in soups^[22]. Most animal rights groups such as the Humane Society of the United States and People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, which advocate against animal ownership, target wilder horse "sports", with claims of cruelty. Squid and octopus are valued as food. Competitions exist in the following forms:.

In some cultures, roe is considered a delicacy, for example caviar from the sturgeon. Riders can choose any color, and optionally accoutrements such as chaps, bolo ties, belt buckles, and (shiny) spurs. Eggs, called roe, of various species may be eaten; roe comes from fish and certain marine invertebrates, such as sea urchins and shrimp. The riders must wear cowboy boots, jeans, a shirt with long sleeves, and a cowboy hat. Shelled molluscs include the clam, mussel, oyster, winkle and scallop; some crustaceans are the shrimp, lobster, crayfish, and crab. But show -- in the form of outfit (and silver ornaments on saddle and tack) -- forms part of Western riding. Shellfish include shelled molluscs and crustaceans used as food. In dressage all riders wear the same to prevent distraction from the riding itself.

The flesh of many fish are primarily valued as a source of food; there are many edible species of fish as well as other sea food. The outfit of the competition Western rider differs from that of the dressage or 'English' rider. For example: sardines. Technically, fewer differences between 'English' and Western riding exist than most people think. Canning, developed during the 19th century has also had a significant impact on fishing by allowing seasonal catches of fish that are possibly far from large centres of population to be exploited. The cowboy's boots, which have high heels of an uncommon shape, also feature a specific design to prevent the cowboy's foot from slipping through the stirrup. Refrigeration and freezing also allow the catch to be distributed to markets further inland, reaching customers who previously would have had access only to dried or salted sea fish. The Western saddle has a very much more substantial frame (traditionally made of wood) to absorb the shock of roping, a prominent pommel surmounted by a horn (a big knob for snubbing the lasso after roping an animal), and, frequently, tapaderos ("taps") covering the front of the stirrups to prevent the cowboy's foot from slipping through the stirrup in an accident and resulting in a frightened horse dragging him behind it.

The development of refrigeration and freezing technologies transformed the commercial fishing industry: fishing vessels could be larger, spending more time away from port and therefore accessing fish stocks at a much greater distance. These multiple work needs mean that cowboys require different tack, most notably a curb bit (usually with longer bars than an English equitation curb or pelham bit would have) which works by leverage, long split reins (the ends of which can serve as an impromptu quirt) and a special kind of saddle. In the past, fishing vessels were restricted in range by the simple consideration that the catch must be returned to port before it spoils and becomes worthless. Working with half-wild cattle, frequently in terrain where one cannot see what lurks behind the next bush, means the ever-present very great danger of becoming unseated in an accident miles from home and friends. See:. For roping calves, the horse learns to pull back against the calf, which falls to the ground, while the cowboy dismounts and ties the calf's feet together so that he can be brand it, treat it for disease, and so on. All of these techniques are still used today but the more modern techniques of freezing and canning have taken on a large importance. Once the cowboy has twirled the lariat and thrown its loop over a cow's head, he must snub the rope to the horn of his saddle.

Ancient methods of preserving fish included drying , salting, pickling and smoking. That means that horses must learn to neck rein, that is, to respond to light pressure of the slack rein against the horse's neck. Prices for fish caught in North American "pay to fish" waters are generally in the range of $0.10 to $0.20 per cm or from $5.00 to $10.00 per kg. The cowboy must control the horse with one hand and use the lariat with the other hand. In North America, establishments usually charge for the fish caught, by length or by weight, rather than for access to the site although some establishments charge both types of fees. A main differentiating factor comes from the need of the cowboy to rope cattle with a lariat (or lasso). In the United Kingdom, commercial fisheries of this sort charge access fees, with prices ranging from £2 to £25 per day. Western riding evolved stylistically from traditions brought to the Americas by the Spanish, and its skills stem from the working needs of the cowboy in the American West.

These provide fishing opportunities outside of the permitted seasons and quotas applied to public waters. Dressage, jumping and cross-country offer forms of what Americans refer to as 'English riding' (although the United States has a strong following of riders in those disciplines). In addition to the above, commercial fishing can also be thought of as encompassing "pay to fish" enterprises, which provide anglers with controlled access to stocked lakes, ponds or canals. The three following count as Olympic disciplines:. Also see Krill fishery.
. Some common commercial techniques today are trawling, seining, driftnetting, handlining, longlining, gillnetting, and diving. In France they also race under saddle.

A commercial fishing enterprise may vary from one man with a small boat with hand-casting nets or a few pot traps, to a huge fleet of trawlers processing tons of fish every day. Standardbred trotters and pacers race in harness with a sulky or racing bike. Fishing methods vary according to the region, the species being fished for, and the technology available to the fishermen. It occurs most commonly in the United Kingdom. Many new restrictions are often integrated with varieties of fishing allocation schemes (quotas), and international treaties that have sought to limit the fishing effort and, sometimes, capture efficiency. Steeplechasing involves racing on a track where the horses also jump over obstacles. Commercial fishing methods have become very efficient using large nets and sea-going processing factories. Quarter Horses traditionally raced for a quarter mile, hence the name.

Commercial fishermen harvest almost all aquatic species, from tuna, cod and salmon to shrimp, krill, lobster, clams, squid and crab, in various fisheries for these species. Thoroughbreds have a pre-eminent reputation as a racing breed, but Arabians, Quarter Horses, and Appaloosas also race on the flat in the United States. Commercial fishing provides a large quantity of food to many countries around the world, but those who practice it as an industry must often pursue fish far into the ocean under adverse conditions. In harness:. Main article: Fishing industry. Under saddle:. Laws made to control recreational fishing frequently also attempt to control the harvest of other aquatic species, such as frogs and turtles. Today, several categories of racing exist:.

Noodling and Trout tickling may be pursued as a recreation. Humans have always had a desire to know which horse (or horses) could move the fastest, horse-racing has ancient roots. Big-game fishing describes fishing from boats to catch large open-water species such as tuna, sharks and marlin. The list of horse breeds provides a partial alphabetical list of breeds of horse extant today, plus a discussion of rare breeds' conservation. Other competitions is purely on length with mandatory catch and release, either longest fish or total length is documented with camera and a mandatory sticker, of more fair since it’s hard to weigh a living fish accurately in a boat. They show more excitability, and often more dominance; and the longer you ride them, the more excited they become, instead of merely getting tired (although any breed of horse can succumb to fatigue). Competitors are most often professional fishermen who are supported by commercial endorsements. True hotbloods usually offer greater riding challenges than other horses, especially the coldblood.

This sport evolved from local fishing contests into large competitive circuits, especially in North America. The term "warmbloods" covers everything else, but the term also specifically refers to the European breeds, such as the Hanoverian, that have dominated dressage and show jumping since the 1950s. A recent phenomenon of recreational fishing are fishing competitions (tournaments) where fishermen compete for prizes based on the total weight of a given species of fish caught within a predetermined time. The slow, heavy draft horses class as "coldbloods", as they usually possess a quite calm temperament. Catch and release, in combination with techniques such as strong tackle (to get fish in quickly, for release in good condition), careful handling of fish and barbless hooks (to reduce physical damage) and quick release lead systems such as korda quick release system or the e.s.p variety may be useful tools in this endeavour. The Thoroughbred is also included in the "hotblood" category. The only way for growing numbers of recreational fishermen to continue fishing is to reduce their impact on fish populations. The Arabian horses, whether originating on the Arabian peninsula or from the European studs (breeding establishments) of the 18th and 19th centuries, gained the title of "hotbloods", for their fiery temperaments.

The fish which suffer most are those of large, slow growing species such as carp. Some other breed registries allow artificial insemination, embryo transfer, or both. Recreational fishermen can have profound deleterious effects on fish stocks in commercial lakes, this is due to anglers with poor knowledge of how to protect the fish from damage or stress once out of the water. A foal born of two Thoroughbred parents, but by means of artificial insemination, is barred from the Thoroughbred studbook. Opponents would prefer to ban or to severely restricting angling, a suggestion most anglers find unpalatable. For example, all Thoroughbred registries require that a registered Thoroughbred be a product of a natural mating. Proponents of catch and release also contend that the practice is increasingly necessary in order to conserve fish stocks in the face of burgeoning human populations, mounting fishing pressure and worsening habitat degradation. Breed registries also differ as to their acceptance or rejection of breeding technology.

Keeping fish trapped over long period of time creates a lot of noise which makes it hard to single out the effect of the catch from the effect of the chosen methodology. Still other breeds, such as most of the warmblood sporthorses, require individual judging of an individual animal's quality before registration or breeding approval. The difficulty of doing such experiments is closely linked to the fact that negative effects of being exposed to fishing gears (here barbless hooks) develop over long time. Other breeds tolerate limited infusions from other breeds—the modern Appaloosa for instance must have at least one Appaloosa parent but may also have a Quarter Horse, Thoroughbred, or Arabian parent and must also exhibit spotted coloration to gain full registration. Scientific studies show a wide range of survival, depending on species, environmental conditions, fish density and research design (methodology). Some breeds have closed studbooks; a registered Thoroughbred, Arabian, or Quarter Horse must have two registered parents of the same breed, and no other criteria for registration apply. In a real sense, the suitability of catch and release is an ethical consideration and, as such, a science-based conclusion on the issue is unavailable. The modern landscape of breed designation presents a complicated picture.

They most likey do not have nerves in their due to that they eat animals such as crayfish that can pinch. During the late middle ages the Carthusian monks of southern Spain, themselves forbidden to ride, bred horses which nobles throughout Europe prized; the lineage survives to this day in the Andalusian horse or caballo de pura raza español. There is also some research that shows certin types of fish such as catfish, do not have nerves around their mouth. The Arabs had a reputation for breeding their prize mares to only the most worthy stallions, and kept extensive pedigrees of their "asil" (purebred) horses. Anglers deny this charge, pointing out that fish commonly feed on hard and spiky prey items, and as such can be expected to have tough mouths, and also that some fish will re-take a lure they have just been hooked on, a behaviour that is unlikely if being hooked was painful. The idea of a "purebred" animal gained importance in Europe during the 19th century but selective breeding has occurred almost everywhere man has kept horses. The practice, however, is viewed by some with disapproval as they consider it unethical to inflict pain on a fish for fun or sport and not for reasons of capturing food. See: Domestication of the horse.

In angling, it is sometimes expected or required that fish all be returned to the water (catch and release). Finally, certain geneticists have started evaluating the DNA and mitochondrial DNA to construct family trees. Kayaks are extremely stealthy and can allow anglers to reach areas unfishable from land or by conventional boat. A second school -- the "Single Foundation" -- holds only one breed of horse underwent domestication, and it diverged in form after domestication through human selective breeding (or in the case of feral horses, through ecological pressures). Kayak fisherman fish from sea kayaks in an attempt to level the playing field with fish and to further challenge their abilities. One school, which we can call the "Four Foundations", suggests that the modern horse evolved from two types of early domesticated pony and two types of early domesticated horse; the differences between these types account for the differences in type of the modern breeds. One method of growing popularity is kayak fishing. These schools grew up reasoning from the type of dentition and from the horses' outward appearance.

This practice is known as angling. Several schools of thought exist to explain how this range of size and shape came about. The most common form of recreational fishing is done with a rod, line and hooks attached to any of a wide range of lures or baits. The Patagonian Fallabella, usually considered the smallest horse in the world, compares in size to a German Shepherd Dog. Typically, these prohibit the use of nets and the catching of fish with hooks not in the mouth. The draft breeds can top 20 hands (80 inches, 2 metres) while the smallest miniature horses can stand as low as 5.2 hands (22 inches, 0.56 metres). Recreational fishing has conventions, rules, licensing restrictions and laws that limit the way in which fish may be caught. Horses come in various sizes and shapes.

Recreational fishing and the closely related (nearly synonymous) sport fishing describe fishing for pleasure or competition. Another that has numerous photographs of various colors and markings is Equine color. Main article: Angling. Another good resource for horse color is: Horse color, markings, and genetics. Protective equipment must be worn to isolate the operator and prevent electrocution. For horse color and marking genetics see Equine coat color genetics. They are typically equipped with a "dead-man switch" and a tilt switch to disable the device if the unit is tipped or the operator incapacitated. Elsewhere:.

Rigs can be battery powered back-packs or powered by a generator if they are mounted in a boat. On the legs:. Smaller fish also require shorter pulses, closer together, while large fish should have longer pulses at lower power and longer gaps between pulses. On the face:. Also the smaller the fish, and consequently the less surface area in contact with the water, the higher the current required to produce galvanotaxis. In fact, one will often refer to a horse in the field by his or her coat color rather than by breed or by gender. Dissolved minerals in the water can decrease resistance causing less of the current to pass through the fish, whereas fish recently entering fresh water from the ocean have high salinity and are more prone to electric shock. Horses exhibit a diverse array of coat colors and distinctive markings, and a specialized vocabulary has evolved to describe them.

Techniques for setting pulse length and patterns, current and voltage require great skill to fish effectively without killing or injuring fish if they are to be left unharmed. Horses older than colts and fillies become known as horses and mares respectively. A low voltage or short pulse with long gaps will cause the fish to swim away from the device, and high voltage or long pulses with short rests can cause galvanonarcosis, or unconsciousness. Thoroughbred racing defines a colt as a male horse less than five years old and a filly as a female horse less than five years old; harness racing defines colts and fillies as less than four years old. A gated pulse of direct current is used to cause muscular contractions in a fish, called galvanotaxis, causing them to turn towards the source of the electrical current and swim towards it when correct pulse speeds and durations are used, along with correct current. In horse racing the definitions of colt, filly, mare, and horse differ from those given above. A relatively new fishing technique is electrofishing, typically used for stream classification surveys and catching brood stock for hatcheries, or making estimates of populations in a body of water. You can view an entire equine dictionary at: The Horse Dictionary.

. For details, see Horse gaits. Blast fishing is also illegal in many waterways around the world. Some horses, called Gaited Horses, have gaits other than the most common four above. Explosions are particularly harmful to coral reefs^[21].
Other gaits. The explosions indiscriminately kill large numbers of fish and other marine organisms in the vicinity and can damage or destroy the physical environment. Although a race track is an enclosed area, it is designed for a horse to gallop around, without being too enclosed which may cause the horse to slip while turning.

Fish are killed by the shock from the blast and are then skimmed from the surface or collected from the bottom. However, one would not gallop a horse during training in a ring or enclosed area, due to the fact that the horse may slip in attempting to gallop in such an area. Dynamite or blast fishing, is done easily and cheaply with dynamite or homemade bombs made from locally available materials. The gallop is usually used in races or fox hunting. The high concentrations of cyanide on reefs so harvested damages the coral polyps and has also resulted in cases of cyanide poisoning among local fishermen and their families. To get a horse into gallop, the rider must alter their position so they are slightly more forward in the saddle, then they should allow the horse to head and gently kick the horse's sides. Those that survive often die from shock or from massive digestive damage. Horses that usually are galloped in a straight line need to be caused to alternate leads so that they do not suffer a muscular imbalance and subsequent difficulty making turns in one direction or the other.

Many fish caught in this fashion die either immediately or in shipping. In turning at a very rapid rate, it is even more important that the horse use the appropriate lead, leading with the left leg if making a left turn, and the right leg if making a right turn, since the faster the turn the more the horse needs to lean into the turn. This illegal fishing occurs mainly in or near the Philippines, Indonesia, and the Caribbean to supply the 2 million marine aquarium owners in the world. The gallop also involves having a leading leg. Cyanides are used to capture live fish near coral reefs for the aquarium and seafood market. The gallop is another "four beat" gait which follows a similar progression to the canter, except the two paired legs land separately, the hind leg landing slightly before the foreleg. Some of these poisons paralyse the fish, others are thought to work by removing oxygen from the water^[20].
The gallop.

Many hunter gatherer cultures use poisonous plants to stun fish so that they become easy to collect by hand. The canter is not a natural gait, but a restrained form of a gallop. Labrador Retrievers have been used by fishermen to assist in bringing nets to shore; the dog would grab the floating corks on the ends of the nets and pull them to shore. Also called "lope" when riding in a Western show class. Dating from the 1500s in Portugal, Portuguese Water Dogs were used by fishermen to send messages between boats, to retrieve fish and articles from the water, and to guard the fishing boats. To get a horse to canter from gallop, one must alter the position of the body slightly back in the saddle, then you must place the outside leg behind the girth to allow the horse to canter on the correct leg, and apply pressure on the reins. However, these accounts are probably apocryphal, and based on earlier accounts no longer extant. To get a horse to canter on the correct leg from trot, one must go into sitting trot, place their outside leg slightly behind the girth and squeeze with the inside leg.

The earliest surviving records of the practice are Peter Martyr d'Anghera's 1511 accounts of the second voyage of Columbus to the New World (1494)^[19]. In making a fairly tight turn, the inside leg (the one nearest to the center of the turn) should lead, as this prevents the horse from "falling in". The practice of tethering a remora, a sucking fish, to a fishing line and using the remora to capture sea turtles probably originated in the Indian Ocean. In the arena, the horse should canter on the inside lead. The fish are instead collected by the fisherman^[18]. When cantering in a straight line, it does not usually matter which foreleg (or leading leg) goes first, but both leads should receive equal practice time, as otherwise the horse may become "one-sided" or develop a reluctance to canter on a specific lead. Fishermen use the natural fish-hunting instincts of the cormorants to catch fish, but a metal ring placed round the bird's neck prevents large, valuable fish being swallowed. the rhythm should be 1-2-3, 1-2-3, etc.

In China and Japan, the practice of cormorant fishing is thought to date back some 1300 years. A cantering horse will first stride off with the outside hind leg, then the inside hind and outside fore together, then the inside front leg, and finally a period of suspension in which all four legs are off the ground. Similar traps are used in many areas to capture bait fish. A canter is a "three beat" gait in which a foreleg and opposite hindleg strike the ground together, and the other two legs strike separately. The pots are baited and lowered into the water and checked daily.
The canter/lope. Pot traps such as the lobster trap may be constructed in various shapes, each is a mesh box designed with a convoluted entrance that makes entry much easier than exit. There are two types of trot a rider can perform; these are called posting trot, in which the rider stands up slightly in the saddle each time the animal's outside front leg goes forward, and sitting trot, in which the rider sits in the saddle and matches the horse's movement.

Pot traps are typically used to catch crustaceans such as crabs, lobsters and crayfish. A rider on a walking horse initiates a trot by reducing tautness on the reins and applying more leg pressure. Twice a day the adults Wagenya people pull out these baskets to check whether there are any fish caught; in which case somebody will dive into the river to fetch it. In this gait, each leg bears weight separately, making it ideal to check for lameness or for stiffness in the joints. It is a very selective fishing, as these baskets are quite big and only large size fish are trapped. A trot is a "two beat" diagonal gait in which a foreleg and opposite hindleg (often called "diagonals") touch the ground at the same time. To these tripods are anchored large baskets, which are lowered in the rapids to "sieve" the waters for fish.
The trot/jog.

These tripods are anchored on the holes naturally carved in the rock by the water current. To initiate a walk when a horse is trotting, the rider gently applies pressure on the reins. The Wagenya people, in the Democratic Republic of Congo, build a huge system of wooden tripods across the river. A rider on a trained horse gently squeezes the sides of the animal and releases the pressure on its reins in order to initiate a walk from a stationary position. Basket weirs are about 2 m long and comprise two wicker cones, one inside the other — easy to get into and hard to get out^[17]. The walking horse will lift first a hind leg, then the foreleg on the same side, then the remaining hind leg, then the foreleg on the same side. They are shown in medieval illustrations and surviving examples have been found. A walk is a "four-beat" lateral gait in which a horse must have three feet on the ground and only one foot in the air at any time.

Basket weir fish traps were widely used in ancient times.
The walk. The Magna Carta includes a clause requiring that they be removed:. All horses move naturally with four basic gaits; these are referred to as the walk, the trot, the canter/lope ("canter" in English riding, "lope" in Western), and the gallop. Such fish traps were evidently controversial in medieval England. Breeders of miniature horses favor that name because they strive to reproduce horse-like attributes in a much smaller animal, even though their horses undeniably descend from ponies. 'V' shaped structures in rivers could be as long as 60 m and worked by directing fish towards fish traps or nets. Several small breeds are referred to as "horses" or "ponies" interchangeably, including the Icelandic, Fjord, and Caspian types.

In medieval Europe, large fishing weir structures were constructed from wood posts and wattle fences. Many people consider the Shetland pony as the archetypal pony, as its proportions are so different from those of horses. This involves the construction of a temporary dam resulting in a drop in the water levels downstream -- allowing fish to be easily collected^[15]. However, a distinct set of characteristic pony traits, developed in northwest Europe and further evolved in the British Isles, make it less clear whether it is more appropriate to use the word "pony" to describe a size or a type. A technique called dam fishing is used by the Baka pygmies. Thus normal variations can mean that a horse stallion and horse mare can become the parents of an adult pony. Somewhat similar stone wall traps were constructed by native American Pit River people in north-eastern California^[14]. Below the threshold an animal is a pony, while above the threshold it is a horse.

Traps at different levels in the marsh came into operation as the water level rose and fell. The threshold is 14.2 hh (1.47 m) for an adult. The eels were caught by a variety of traps including stone walls constructed across canals with a net placed across an opening in the wall. Usually, size alone marks the difference between horses and ponies. The purpose of these canals was the encouragement and catching of eels, a fish of short coastal rivers (as opposed to rivers of the Murray-Darling system). By convention, 15.2 hh means 15 hands, 2 inches (1.57 m) in height. In southern Victoria, indigenous people created an elaborate systems of canals, some more than 2 km long. Perhaps because of extensive selective breeding, modern adult horses vary widely in size, ranging from miniature horses measuring 5 hands (0.5 m) to draft animals measuring 19 hands (1.8 m) or more.

The Brewarinna fish traps caught huge numbers of migratory native fish as the Barwon River rose in flood and then fell. Horse height is measured at the highest point of an animal's withers. The largest and best known were the Brewarrina fish traps on the Barwon River at Brewarrina in New South Wales, which fortunately are at least partly preserved^[13]. One hand is defined in British law as 101.6 mm, a figure derived from the previous measure of 4 Imperial inches. Unfortunately, most have been completely or partially destroyed. The English-speaking world measures the height of horses in hands. Here, where water levels fluctuate seasonally, indigenous people constructed ingenious, stone, fish traps^[12]. Because horses and humans have lived and worked together for thousands of years, an extensive specialized vocabulary has arisen to describe virtually every horse behavioral and anatomical characteristic with a high degree of precision.

Indigenous Australians were, prior to European colonisation, most populous in Australia's better-watered areas such as the Murray-Darling river system of the south-east. For instance, if the majority of the herd wants to stop and eat, the whole herd follows suit and stops. There are essentially two types of trap, a permanent or semi-permanent structure placed in a river or tidal area and pot-traps that are baited to attract prey and periodically lifted. Recently, researchers have observed that a form of "majority rule" appears to exist among horses. Traps are culturally almost universal and seem to have been independently invented many times. An alpha mare dictates the direction in which a family herd travels, while the stallion brings up the rear, "herding" his family. It is practised by hunter-gatherers such as the Inuit and by sportsmen in many cold climates. A stallion is not usually successful in acquiring his own mares from other stallions until he reaches 7 or 8 years of age.

Ice fishing is the practice of catching fish with lines and hooks through an opening in the ice on a frozen body of water. Once young males reach breeding age and begin to attempt to breed with mares or to challenge the herd stallion, the stallion drives them out of the herd to form "bachelor bands" with other young stallions. Main article: Ice fishing.. These normally consist of a mature stallion, his harem of about one to ten mares, and the mares' offspring. Kites can also be used for trolling a lure through the water. Horses live in family groups in primarily grassland habitats. Similarly, for boat owners, kites provide a way to fish in areas where it is not safe to navigate such as shallows or coral reefs where fish may be plentiful. Even domesticated horses startle easily and must, for the safety of riders, undergo careful introductions to strange objects and situations.

Kites can provide the boatless fishermen access to waters that would otherwise be available only to boats. Their eyes are located on the sides of their heads, providing a wide field of view while grazing (slightly less than 180 degrees to each side, overlapped in front and leaving a blind spot in the rear). The fishing line may be made from coconut fibre and the lure made from spiders webs^[11]. They have a natural tendency to flee from danger, though they will fight if cornered. Those of Tobi Island are a large leaf stiffened by the ribs of the fronds of the coconut palm. In nature, horses function as prey animals. Suitable kites may be of very simple construction. Examples of extinct horse genera include: Propalaeotherium, Mesohippus, Miohippus, Orohippus, Pliohippus, Anchitherium, Merychippus, Parahippus, Hipparion and Hippidion.

It is not clear whether kite fishing was communicated or of independent invention. The genus Equus, to which all living equids belong, evolved a few million years ago. Kite fishing was invented in China and was (and is) also known to the people of New Guinea and other Pacific Islands. Horse evolution was characterized by a reduction in the number of toes, from 5 per foot, to 3 per foot, to only 1 toe per foot. Long-line fishing is a commercial fishing technique that uses hundreds or even thousands of baited hooks hanging from a single line. In the course of roughly a million years, horses evolved from leaf-eating forest-dwellers into fast grass-eating inhabitants of the Great Plains. This technique allows anglers to cover a large body of water in a short time. One of the first true horse species was the tiny Hyracotherium, also known as eohippus, "the dawn horse".

Trolling is also a freshwater angling technique most often used to catch Trout. Horses are believed by scientists to have first evolved in what is now North America. Trolling from a moving boat is a technique of big-game fishing and is used when fishing from boats to catch large open-water species such as tuna and marlin. At one time there were twelve families of odd-toed ungulates, though today only three survive; tapirs and rhinoceroses are the closest living relatives of the modern horse. Trolling is a technique in which a fishing lure on a line is drawn through the water. Perissodactyls were the dominant group of large terrestrial browsing animals until the Miocene (about 20 million years ago), when even-toed ungulates, with stomachs better adapted to grass digestion, began to outcompete them. Fishing with a hook and line is called angling. Horses and other equids are odd-toed ungulates of the order Perissodactyla, a relatively ancient group of browsing and grazing animals that first arose less than 10 million years after the dinosaurs became extinct.

The tightening of the line would fix it cross-wise in the quarry's stomach or gullet and so the capture would be assured. All equids are part of the family Equidae, which dates back more than 50 million years. A gorge is buried in the bait such that it would be swallowed end first. Main article: Evolution of the Horse. A fishing hook will pierce the mouthparts of a fish and may be barbed to make escape less likely. Full species list:. Fish are caught with a fishing line by encouraging a fish to bite upon a fish hook or a gorge. This will probably remain a novelty hybrid as these individuals tend to inherit some of the nervous, difficult nature of their zebra parent.

Scallop dredging is very destructive to the seabed, and nowadays is often replaced by mariculture or by scuba diving to collect the scallops. Recently breeders have begun crossing various species of zebra with mares or female asses to produce "zebra mules"—zorses and zonkeys (also called zedonks). They tend to have the form of a scoop made of chain mesh and they are towed by a fishing boat. A hinny is the less common hybrid of a female ass and a stallion. There are types of dredges used for collecting scallops or oysters from the seabed. A mule is a hybrid of a male ass and a mare and is infertile. They may continue to be a menace to wildlife for many years. The Donkey, Burro or Domestic Ass, Equus asinus, like the horse, has many breeds.

Ghost nets are nets that have been lost at sea. Other members of the horse family include zebras, donkeys, and hemionids. Thus trapped, the fish can neither advance trough the net nor retreat. The Icelandic horse has a four-beat gait called the "tölt", which equates to the rack exhibited by several American gaited breeds. A gillnet catches fish which try to pass through it by snagging on the gill covers. Introduced by the Vikings into Iceland, Icelandic horses did not subsequently undergo the intensive selective breeding that took place in the rest of Europe from the Middle Ages onwards, and consequently bear a closer resemblance to pre-Medieval breeds. Trawling is a method of fishing that involves actively pulling a fishing net through the water behind one or more boats. The Icelandic horse (pony-sized but called a horse) provides an opportunity to compare contemporary and historical breed appearances and behaviour.

Danish seine is a method which has some similarities with trawling. Feral horses may provide useful insights into the behavior of ancestral wild horses. A simple and commonly used fishing technique is beach seining, where the seine net is operated from the shore. Isolated feral populations are often named for their geographic location; in Namiba feral animals known as Namib Desert Horses live in the desert, while the Sable Island Horses are resident on Sable Island, Canada. In purse seine fishing the net hangs vertically in the water by attaching weights along the bottom edge and floats along the top. Several populations of feral horses exist, including those in the West of the United States and Canada (often called "mustangs") and in parts of Australia ("brumbies") and New Zealand ("Kaimanawa horses"). A seine is a large fishing net that may be arranged in a number of different ways. Wild animals, whose ancestors have never undergone domestication, are distinct from feral animals, who had domesticated ancestors but now live in the wild.

The nets are dipped into the water and raised again, but otherwise cannot be moved. [1]. Huge mechanical contrivances hold out horizontal nets of 20 m or more across. Small wild breeding populations of this animal exist in Mongolia. The Chinese fishing nets (Cheena vala) found at Kochi in India are an unusual method of fishing. Mongolians know it as the taki, while the Kirghiz people call it a kirtag. When a fish is caught, each hauls up his end of the net until the two coracles are brought to touch and the fish is then secured. Przewalski's Horse (Equus ferus przewalskii), a rare Asian species, is the only true wild horse alive today.

Coracle-fishing is performed by two men, each seated in his coracle and with one hand holding the net while, with the other, he plies his paddle. Thanks to the efforts of the brothers Lutz Heck (director of the Berlin zoo) and Heinz Heck (director of Tierpark Munich Hellabrunn), the resulting Wild Polish Horse or Konik more closely resembles the tarpan than any other living horse. Fish are caught as the net is hauled back in^[10]. Its genetic line is lost, but its phenotype has been recreated by a "breeding back" process, in which living domesticated horses with primitive features were repeatedly interbred. The net is thrown by hand in such a manner that it spreads out on the water and sinks. The tarpan, Equus ferus ferus, became extinct in 1880. Sizes vary up to about 4 m diameter. For example, the Forest Horse (Equus ferus silvaticus, also called the Diluvial Horse) is thought to have evolved into Equus ferus germanicus, and may have contributed to the development of the heavy horses of northern Europe, such as the Ardennais.

A casting net is circular with a weighted periphery. Wild species continued to survive into historic times. In England, hand netting is the only legal way of catching eels and has been practised for thousands of years on the River Parrett and River Severn. Competing theories exist as to the time and place of initial domestication. Such a net used by an angler to aid in landing a captured fish is known as a landing net. The earliest evidence for the domestication of the horse comes from Central Asia and dates to approximately 4,000 BCE. A small hand net held open by a hoop and possibly on the end of a long stiff handle has been known since antiquity and may be used for sweeping up fish near the water surface. .

Modern nets are usually made of artificial polyamides like nylon, although nets of organic polyamides such as wool or silk thread were common until recently and are still used in certain areas. Until the middle of the 20th century, armies used horses extensively in warfare; soldiers still refer to the groups of machines that have replaced horses on the battlefield as "cavalry" units, and sometimes preserve traditional horse-oriented names for military units (Lord Strathcona's Horse). All fishing nets are meshes usually formed by knotting a relatively thin thread. Though isolated domestication may have occurred as early as 4500 BC, clear evidence of widespread use by humans dates to no earlier than 2000 BC, as evidenced by the Sintashta chariot burials, thus firmly establishing the domestication of the horse. Hunter gatherers may use the bow to kill fish in shallow water. In some human cultures, horses are also widely used as a source of food. With practice, divers are able to hold their breath for up to four minutes; of course, a diver with underwater breathing equipment can dive for much longer periods. Most notably, horses can be ridden by a person perched on a saddle attached to the animal, and are also widely harnessed to pull objects like wheeled vehicles or plows.

Traditional spear fishing is restricted to shallow waters, but the development of the speargun has made the method much more efficient. Horses have long been one of the most economically important domesticated animals, and have played an important role in the transport of people and cargo for thousands of years. A small trident type spear with a long handle is used in the American South and Midwest for "gigging" bullfrogs with a bright light at night, or for gigging carp and other trash fish in the shallows. The horse (Equus caballus) is a sizeable ungulate mammal, one of ten modern species of the genus Equus. Spear fishing is an ancient method of fishing and may be conducted with an ordinary spear or a specialised variant such as an eel spear^[8][9] or the trident. Bull.Zool.Nomencl., 60:81-84. Catching Fish by hand is currently illegal in the state of Kansas. Usage of 17 specific names based on wild species which are pre-dated by or contemporary with those based on domestic animals (Lepidoptera, Osteichthyes, Mammalia): conserved.

Hand-line fishing is a technique requiring a fishing line with a weight and one or more lure-like hooks. Opinion 2027 (Case 3010). Pearl diving is the practice of hunting for oysters by free-diving to depths of up to 30 m. 2003. Divers can catch lobsters by hand. International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. Trout binning is a method of fishing, possibly fictional, performed with a sledgehammer^[7]. Equistar Publications, Ltd., 1996.

In the British Isles, the practice of catching trout by hand is known as trout tickling; it is an art mentioned several times in the plays of Shakespeare. Hakola, B.S., R.N., C.M.I. In the USA catching catfish in this way is known as noodling. and Susan E. It is possible to fish with minimal equipment by using only the hands. Riegal, D.V.M. In traditional Chinese history, history begins with three semi-mystical and legendary individuals who taught the Chinese the arts of civilization around 2800-2600 BC: of these Fu Hsi was reputed to be the inventor of writing, hunting, trapping, and fishing. Illustrated Atlas of Clinical Equine Anatomy and Common Disorders of the Horse, by Ronald J.

From ancient representations and literature it is clear that fishing boats were typically small, lacking a mast or sail, and were only used close to the shore. (By members of the faculty and staff, University of California, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine.) Harper Collins, 1996. Oppian’s description of fishing with a "motionless" net is also very interesting:. Book of Horses: A Complete Medical Reference Guide for Horses and Foals, edited by Mordecai Siegal. Oppian describes various means of fishing including the use of nets cast from boats, scoop nets held open by a hoop, spears and tridents, and various traps "which work while their masters sleep". Gymkhana. This is the earliest such work to have survived intact to the modern day. Steeplechase.

Oppian of Corycus, a Greek author wrote a major treatise on sea fishing, the Halieulica or Halieutika, composed between 177 and 180. Vaulting (gymnastics and dance on horseback). The Greek historian Polybius ((ca 203 BC-120 BC), in his Histories, describes hunting for swordfish by using a harpoon with a barbed and detachable head^[6]. Campdrafting. An early example from the Bible in Job 41:7: Canst thou fill his skin with barbed irons? or his head with fish spears?^[5]. Polocrosse. There are numerous references to fishing in ancient literature; in most cases, however, the descriptions of nets and fishing-gear do not go into detail, and the equipment is described in general terms. 3-Day Eventing- a competition where you are judged on your total score from a day of dressage, stadium jumping and cross country.

The Greco-Roman sea god Neptune is depicted as wielding a fishing trident. The common clothes worn are usually brighter colors and less conservative. He would fight against the murmillo, who carried a short sword and a helmet with the image of a fish on the front. Cross Country Jumping, a jumping course that contains logs, and natural obstacles mostly. In a parody of fishing, a type of gladiator called retiarius was armed with a trident and a casting-net. Show Jumping. Various species such as conger, lobster, sea urchin, octopus and cuttlefish are illustrated^[4]. Dressage.

Pictorial evidence of Roman fishing comes from mosaics which show fishing from boats with rod and line as well as nets. Rodeo. This object is currently in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston^[3]. Reining. It is clearly not a net. Rapa das bestas. This has been identified as a fish-cage used for keeping live fish, or as a fish-trap. Polo, a team game played on horseback, involves riders using a long-handled mallet to drive a ball on the ground into the opposing team's goal while the opposing team defends their goal.

In the water below, a rounded object of the same material with an opening on the top. Hunter paces are usually a few miles long. There is a wine cup, dating from 510–500 BC, that shows a boy crouched on a rock with a fishing-rod in his right hand and a basket in his left. Hunter paces are usually held in a series. Fishing scenes are rarely represented in ancient Greek culture, a reflection of the low social status of fishing. Hunter Pacing, a sport where a trained rider rides a trail at speeds based on its condition and then people compete to ride closest to that perfect time. Some representations hint at fishing being pursued as a pastime. Jousting.

Nile perch, catfish and eels were among the most important fish. Horse show. As is fairly common today, the fish were clubbed to death after capture. Horse hacking. By the 12th dynasty, metal hooks with barbs were being used. Fox hunting. Woven nets, weir baskets made from willow branches, harpoons and hook and line (the hooks having a length of between eight millimetres and eighteen centimetres) were all being used. Charreada, the highest form of Mexican horsemanship based on a mixture of Spanish and Native traditions.

Simple reed boats served for fishing. Cavalry (sport). The Egyptians invented various implements and methods for fishing and these are clearly illustrated in tomb scenes, drawings, and papyrus documents. Bullfighting (rejoneo). The ancient river Nile was full of fish; fresh and dried fish were a staple food for much of the population^[2]. It consists of bareback bronc riding and of saddle bronc riding. There is a controversial proposal called the aquatic ape hypothesis which proposes that the ancestors of modern humans went through one or more periods of time living in a semi-aquatic setting and that they gathered most of their food from shallow coastal or other waters before their descendants returned to a more land-based existence. Bronc riding (riding a bucking "wild" horse for a timed duration) counts as a separate event, not considered part of Western riding as such.

Fishing may even pre-date the development of modern humans. In team roping, one horse and rider lassos a running steer's horns, while another horse and rider lassos the steer's two hind legs. With the new technologies of farming and pottery came the basic forms of most fishing methods known today. In calf roping, the rider has to catch a running calf by the neck with a lasso, stop the animal in its tracks, rapidy dismount the horse and immobilize the calf by tying three of its legs together. The Neolithic culture and technology spread worldwide between about 8,000 and 4,000 years ago. Roping: also banned in Europe. However, where there are a few early examples of permanent settlements (though not necessarily permanently occupied) such as those at Lepenski Vir, they are almost always associated with fishing as a major source of food. While riding, the rider jumps off his horse onto a steer and 'wrestles' it to the ground.

During this time, most people lived a hunter-gather lifestyle and were, of necessity, constantly on the move. Steer wrestling: Europe does not allow this activity because of animal welfare concerns, but it occurs in the United States of America, usually at rodeo events. We know from archaeological features such as shell middens^[1], discarded fish bones and cave paintings that sea foods were important and consumed in significant quantities. Halter class is particularly popular with younger riders who do not yet have the skill or confidence to partake in other forms. Fishing is a very ancient practice that dates back at least to the Mesolithic period which began about 10,000 years ago. Clothing of the handler and the halters tend to be more flashy in this discipline. . In regular halter class, judges will put emphasis on the performance and build of the horse when awarding points, in 'showmanship at halter' the performance of the handler and horse are both judged equally.

An organized fishing effort, typically centred around a particular commercially valuable species, is known as a fishery. The horse is taken through a short pattern where the horse and handler must demonstrate control during walk, jog and turns. Fishing is an ancient and worldwide practice with many techniques and traditions, and it has been transformed by modern technological developments. The standard position of the handler is on the left side with the shoulder near the horse's eye. The term fishing is usually not applied to the hunting of aquatic mammals such as whales. Halter class: here the horse is shown with only a halter and without a rider, but with a handler controlling the horse from the ground using a leadrope. By extension, the term fishing is also applied to hunting for other aquatic animals such as various types of shellfish as well as squid, octopus, turtles, frogs and some edible marine invertebrates. In pole bending, horse and rider gallop the length of a line of six upright poles, turn sharply and weave through the poles, turn again and weave back, and gallop back to the start.

Fishing is the activity of hunting for fish. In a barrel race, horse and rider gallop around a cloverleaf pattern of barrels, making agile turns without knocking the barrels over. Cod: stockfish (air dried), lutefisk (soaked in lye). Barrel racing and pole bending: the timed speed/agility events of rodeo. Salmon: smoked salmon, cured salmon, and gravlax (fermented). The horses have to move sideways, make 90 degree turns while moving backwards, a fence has to be opened and/or closed while mounted, and more such maneuvers relevant to everyday ranch or trail riding tasks are demonstrated. Herring: kipper (salted and smoked), surströmming (fermented), rollmops (pickled), soused (salted). Speed is not important, but total control of the horse is.

Haddock: Arbroath Smokie (lightly smoked). Trail class: in this event, the rider has to maneuver the horse through an obstacle course in a ring. The catch: the riders cannot close the gate to the pen till they have corralled all the cattle (and only the intended cattle) inside. Team penning: a popular timed event in which a team of 3 riders must select 3 to 5 marked steers out of a herd and drive them into a small pen. A jury awards points to the cutter.

The calf then tries to return to its herdmates; the rider loosens the reins and leaves it entirely to the horse to keep the calf separated, a job the best horses do with relish, savvy, and style. The horse and rider select and separate a calf out of a small group. Cutting: more than any other, this event highlights the "cow sense" prized in stock breeds such as the Quarter horse. Reining - considered by some the "dressage" of the western riding world, reining requires horse and rider to perform a precise pattern consisting of canter circles, rapid "spins" (a particularly athletic turn on the haunches), and the sliding stop (executed from a full gallop).

The horse must remain under control, with the rider directing minimal force through the reins and otherwise using minimal interference. Western pleasure - the rider must show the horse in walk, jog (a slow, controlled trot), trot and lope (a slow, controlled canter). Equitation classes occur in the Huntseat, Saddleseat, and Western disciplines. Equitation refers to those classes where judges assess the rider, not the performance of the horse.

Riders also commonly show Arabians and Morgans saddleseat in the United States. Saddleseat (also known as Park or English Pleasure riding), a uniquely American discipline, developed to show to best advantage the extravagantly animated movement of high-stepping gaited breeds such as the American Saddlebred and the Tennessee Walker. A winning show hunter has very good conformation, a smooth jumping style (with tightly-folded front legs), a good length of stride, and an appealing manner. Hunter classes in various divisions and fence heights demonstrate the horse's ability to jump smoothly and safely.

For equitation, see below. In the modern show ring hunters show "on the flat" at the walk, trot, and canter, and "over fences". Huntseat riding as a show discipline derived from English foxhunting and from the natural desire for people to prove that the superiority of their mount. In the last-named, the horses jump over fixed obstacles, unlike show jumping, where the majority of the obstacles will fall down or apart if hit by the horse.

"roads and tracks") and the "cross-country" jumping phase. Eventing, combined training, horse trials, "the Military," or "the complete test" as its French name translates, puts together the obedience of dressage with the athletic ability of show jumping, the fitness demands of a long endurance phase (a.k.a. At the Grand Prix level fences may reach a height of as much as 6 feet. Show jumping comprises a timed event judged on the ability of the horse and rider to jump over a series of obstacles, in a given order and with the fewest refusals or knockdowns of portions of the obstacles.

One dressage master has defined it as "returning the freedom of the horse while carrying the rider.". Competitive dressage has the goal of showing the horse carrying out, on request, the natural movements that it performs without thinking while running loose. Dressage ("training" in French) involves the progressive training of the horse to a high level of impulsion, collection, and obedience. The humans alternately run and ride.

Ride and Tie involves three equal partners: two humans and one horse. Ride and Tie (in North America, organized by Ride and Tie Association). Note especially the Tevis Cup. Races begin at 20 miles and peak at 100 miles.

Endurance races take place over a given, measured distance and the horses have an even start. The American Endurance Ride Conference organizes the sport in North America. Endurance riding, a sport in which the Arabian dominates at the top level, has become very popular in the United States and in Europe. Harness Racing in Europe, New Zealand and Australia.

The United States Trotting Association organizes harness Racing in the United States (although the horses may also pace). Arabian Horse Racing. Appaloosa Horse Racing. Quarter Horse Racing--mostly in the United States, and sanctioned there by the American Quarter Horse Association.

Thoroughbred National Hunt racing or steeplechasing in the UK. Thoroughbred flat racing; (under the aegis of the Jockey Club in the United Kingdom and the Jockey Club of North America). Whorls, coloquially known as "cow licks" - are divergent or convergent patches of hair found anywhere on the body but mostly on the head, neck and just in front of the stifles. Stocking (white marking that extends as high as the knee or hock).

Sock (white marking that does not extend as high as the knee or hock). Ermine marks (black marks on the white just above the hoof). White Face (sometimes called Bald Face). Blaze (broad white stripe down the middle of the face).

Stripe (narrow white stripe down the middle of the face). Snip (a white patch on the muzzle). Star (a white patch between the eyes). These horses have normal eye colour, and they stay white for life.

Rarely there are true white horses born and are documented to have a dominant white gene (see Gray (horse) for a discussion of these). All white, may be the result of overlapping pinto, appaloosa, or sabino markings. White - Any non-albino white horse is called a gray, even though they appear white. Tobiano - a genetic trait among horses which produces a characteristic white pattern in the coat.

Splash - a genetically controlled horse coat variation. Sorrel - a light brown coat with a flaxen mane and tail. This color occurs while the horse is "graying out.". Rose gray: a gray horse with a pinkish tinge to its coat.

Roans also have solid colored heads that do not lighten. Roans are distinguishable from greys because roans typically do not change colour in their lifetimes, unlike gray that gradually gets lighter as a horse ages. Roan can happen on any body color; for example, there are palomino roans and dun roans. Red roans are chesnut and white hairs, blue roans are black/bay with white hairs.

Roan - a color pattern that causes white hairs to be sprinkled over the horse's body color. Perlino - Exactly like a cremello but a bay horse with two dilute genes. Often cited as being a color "within three shades of a newly minted coin", palominos actually come in all shades from extremely light, to deep chocolate. Palomino-chestnut horse that has one cream dilute gene that turns the horse to a golden, yellow, or tan shade with a flaxen (white) mane and tail.

Today, Paint horses are the world's fifth most popular breed. Paint - In 1962, the American Paint Horse Association began to recognize pinto horses with known Quarter Horse and/or Thoroughbred bloodlines as a separate breed. Specific patterns such as tobiano, overo, and tovero refer to the orientation of white on the body. Piebald is black and white, while Skewbald is white and brown.

Pinto - a multi-colored horse with large patches of brown, white, and/or black and white. It is often a grayish/silver colored horse with dark dun factors. Grulla- A black horse with a dun gene. Some gray horses that are very light must wear sunscreen.

If you would define the horse as white it is still grey unless it is albino. Gray horses can be born any color, and eventually most will turn gray or white with age. Gray - A horse with black skin and clear hairs. Fleabitten gray - refers to usually red hairs flecked in the coat of a gray horse.

Dun - Yellowish brown with a dorsal stripe along the back and occasionally zebra stripings on the legs. Dapple gray: a gray colored horse with rings, or dapples, scattered throughout. There are no true albino horses. Often called pseudo albinos, they have blue eyes.

Cremello - A chestnut horse with two dilute genes that washes out almost all colour. Chestnut- A reddish body color with no black. Buckskin- A bay horse with a gene that 'dilutes' the coat colour to a yellow, cream, or gold while keeping the black points (mane, tail, ears, legs). Brown - A bay without any black points.

Usually for a horse to be considered black it must be completely black with no brown at all, only white markings. As their foal coat begins to shed out, their black color will show through,but jet black foals are born jet black. Black foals are usually born a mousy grey color. Jet black is a blue-black shade that is fadeproof.

Ordinary black horses will fade to a rusty brownish color if the horse is exposed to sunlight on a regular basis. Black- There are two types of black, fading black and jet black. Three types - Dark bay, blood bay, light bay and just bay. Bay- From light brown to very dark brown with black mane and tail with black points.

A true Appaloosa is actually a breed, not a color. There are different patterns: blanket- white blanket that typically starts around or behind withers with dark spots mostly over the hips, snowflake - solid with white spots over hips, and leopard - which is white with dark spots over all the coat. Appaloosa - a breed of horse with spots, any color mixed with white. yearling - male or female horse one to two years old.

weanling - a young horse that has just been weaned from their mother (usually 6 months or a little older). stallion - adult, male horse that is able to produce offspring. shelt or shelty - a Shetland pony. School Horse/Pony- A horse owned by a riding academy.

pony - equine 14.2 hh or less (58 inches, 1.47 metres). The word being derived from the latin for 'light horse'. palfrey - a smooth gaited type, a riding horse, often used incorrectly to mean a woman's horse, but in fact, was ridden by knights and ladies and instead refers to the light build of the riding horses body. nag - A rude term used to describe old horses, 'ugly' horses (but beauty is only skin deep) or skinny, sickly horses.

According to BLM, though, a mustang is an unclaimed, unbranded, free-roaming horse. mustang - a feral horse found in the western plains of North America. mare - adult female horse. jenny - a female donkey.

horse - adult equine of either sex over 14.2 hh (58 inches, 1.47 m). 10 cm). One hand is equal to 4 inches (appox. Hand - a unit of measuring used frequently to measure a horses height.

hackney - a specific breed of flashy, elegant driving pony. I'm going out on a hack.". eg. Generally used only by English-style riders.

Not a trail ride or schooling ride. hack - A horseback ride taken for the purpose of pleasure, either for horse or rider. green - a term used to describe an inexperienced horse. god dog - how the Apaches referred to horses.

gelding - a castrated male horse of any age. garron - small and disdained horse. foal - infant horse of either sex. filly - female horse from birth till the age of 4.

draught horse - heavy, muscular beast of burden. destrier - a heavy, strong medieval war horse not to be confused with a charger or palfrey. colt - an unaltered male horse from birth till the age of 4. cob - any horse of a short-legged, stout variety, with short legs, and a compact body, neck and back.

Charger - a medieval war horse of lighter build not to be confused with a destrier. Brumby - a wild or untrained Australian horse. Bronco - a wild, untamed horse, typically used in reference to the American mustang. Grevy's Zebra (Equus grevyi).

Plains Zebra (Equus quagga). Hartmann's Mountain Zebra (Equus hartmannae). Cape Mountain Zebra (Equus zebra). Kiang (Equus kiang).

Onager (Equus hemionus). Wild Ass (Equus africanus). Domesticated Donkey (Equus asinus). Przewalski's Horse (Equus ferus przewalskii).

Tarpan (Equus ferus ferus) (extinct). Wild Horse (Equus ferus)