This page will contain blogs about fireworks, as they become available.FireworksA fireworks event (also called a fireworks display or fireworks show) is a spectacular display of the effects produced by firework devices on various occasions. Fireworks competitions are also regularly held at a number of places. History of fireworksIn the Chinese Han Dynasty (206 BC–AD 220) firecrackers were made by roasting bamboo to produce the loud sound (known as "bian pao") that was intended to frighten evil spirits. In the Northern and Southern Dynasties (AD 420–581) the firecrackers were used not only to dispel evil but also to pray for happiness and prosperity. An etching of the 'Royal Fireworks' display on the Thames in 1749.The discovery of gunpowder and the invention of the first true fireworks are traditionally credited to the Chinese, although India is also a likely source. Some scholars believe fireworks were developed in the Sui and Tang Dynasties (581–907), but others believe there were no fireworks until the Northern Song Dynasty (10th century). Since then, any event—a birth, death, wedding, coronation, or New Year's Eve celebration—has become a fitting occasion for noisemakers. Musick for the Royal Fireworks was composed by George Frideric Handel in 1749 to celebrate the peace of Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, which had been declared the previous year. America's earliest settlers brought their enthusiasm for fireworks to the United States. Fireworks and black powder were used to celebrate important events long before the American Revolutionary War. The very first celebrations of Independence Day were in 1777, six years before Americans knew whether the new nation would survive the war; fireworks were a part of those festivities. In 1789, George Washington's inauguration was also accompanied by a fireworks display. This early fascination with their noise and color continues today. The World Showcase Lagoon at Epcot during IllumiNations: Reflections of Earth, the nightly fireworks showIn 2004, Disneyland in Anaheim, California, started using aerial fireworks launched with compressed air rather than black powder, the first time that such a launch system was used commercially. The display shell is detonated in the air using an electronic timer. The advantages of compressed air launch are a reduction in fumes, and much greater accuracy in height and timing. (Walt Disney Company, 2004) Today, the world's most prominent industry competition for fireworks manufacturers is L’International des Feux Loto-Québec in Montreal. Fireworks eventsBonfire night in BritainIn 1605 Guy Fawkes and his fellow conspirators attempted to blow up the British Parliament with 36 barrels of gunpowder in the cellars of Westminster Hall. On 5 November, Fawkes was arrested and Parliament was saved. That night is now celebrated as bonfire night by filling the sky with exploding fireworks, and by burning an effigy of Guy Fawkes on a bonfire. The town of Bonfire Night [1]. Local groups, 'bonfire societies' conduct torch-lit marches around the town, vying with each other for the best fancy-dress outfits and topical celebrity figures that are later burnt. Examples of recent figures are: the Pope, Margaret Thatcher and George Bush. Licensing for firework introduced in the United Kingdom. Fireworks cannot be sold to people under the age of 18 and setting them off between 11pm and 7am is only allowed at specific times of the year, including New Year and Bonfire night. Along the same lines, in Canada, during Halloween, many fireworks displays are seen throughout. Independence Day in the United StatesFireworks are a popular part of the United States' Independence Day celebrations. These are exploding over the Washington Monument.Each year before the American Independence Day, the Fourth of July, retailers across the nation experience a surge in fireworks sales. Popular types of legal fireworks include Roman candle "snakes" and Saturn missile batteries. Citing concerns over fireworks safety, some states, such as Nevada, have enacted legislation restricting fireworks usage. On the other hand, some states such as South Carolina are more lenient. For example, fireworks stands in South Carolina sell more potent varieties ("firecrackers") and are generally open year-round. Differences in legislation among states have led many fireworks dealers to set up shop along state borders in order to attract customers from neighboring states where fireworks are restricted. Some Native American tribes on reservation lands show similar behavior, often selling fireworks that are not legal for sale outside of the reservation. The type of fireworks sold at retail outlets vary widely, from "bootlegged fireworks" which are banned nationwide, to "Safe & Sane" varieties for personal use. The types fireworks sold at retail stands and stores include, but are not limited to: Legal Fireworks
Banned Fireworks
Legality Note: Current federal law states that (without appropriate BATF license) the ownership and/or sale of any firecrackers or salutes containing in excess of 50-milligrams of explosive powder is a violation of federal statutes, including the 1966 Child Protection Act. New Year's EveSydney, Australia leads the world in one of the first major New Year's Eve celebrations each yearMajor cities around the world host spectacular firework display on New Year's eve. Although it is now just a custom to fire off fireworks on New-Year's eve, in the past the idea was to scare 'bad forces' so they would not enter the new year. As a consequence the most popular fireworks are still those that go off with a big bang or with a bright flash. In Western Europe the use of fireworks by the general public is usually restricted to a few hours after midnight on New Year's eve. The retail of fireworks in Western Europe is also restricted, but the limitations differ from country to country. In the Netherlands for example the sale of fireworks is restricted to a few days before New-Year's eve, but in Belgium the sale of fireworks is legal throughout the year. Also the fireworks sold in Belgium contain more gunpowder than is allowed in the Netherlands. This leads to some illegal trafficking of fireworks from Belgium to the Netherlands. Deepavali ('Festival of Lights') in IndiaLighting fireworks is an essential part of the Deepavali (Diwali) celebrations Fireworks in an Indian house on Diwali dayDeepavali (or Diwali) is the most popular festival of India, which broadly celebrates the triumph of good over evil primarily symbolized in the mythological epic of Ramayana in which the Hindu God Rama defeats his demonic adversary Ravana. Customary traditions include offering prayers to the Gods in the morning and exchanging sweets with friends and neighbors. During the night the houses are adorned with small lit oil lamps and colorful lights and then the entire family participates in the display of fireworks. Unlike Western nations, retail of fireworks is largely unrestricted in India. People have access to a variety of fireworks and most of them in urban areas set it off on the public roads running in front of their houses. In smaller towns, the large temples of the town typically have public fireworks displays. Deepavali brings the spirit of goodwill and brotherhood and is celebrated across all religions in India. Lunar New Year in Hong KongFireworks are displayed annually on the second day of the first moon in the Chinese calendar since 1982 in the Victoria Harbour. It has become part of the culture and tradition for the Hong Kong Chinese to go to the promenades along the two sides of the harbour to see the fireworks, or to watch the broadcast on television. Laws and politicsSafety of consumer fireworksAvailability and use of consumer fireworks are hotly debated topics. Critics and safety advocates point to the numerous injuries and accidental fires that are attributed to fireworks as justification for banning or at least severely restricting access to fireworks. Complaints about excessive noise created by fireworks and the large amounts of debris and fallout left over after shooting are also used to support this position. There are numerous incidents of consumer fireworks being used in a manner that is extremely disrespectful of the communities and neighborhoods where the users live. Meanwhile, those who support more liberal fireworks laws look at the same statistics as the critics and conclude that, when used properly, consumer fireworks are a safer form of recreation than riding bicycles or playing soccer. A careful reading of the literature reveals that nearly all fatalities from consumer fireworks are due to the users not following the directions printed on the label. Safety advocates urge people to "Leave it to the professionals": in the US, you are more likely to be injured driving in your car to or from a professional fireworks show than you are to be injured by using consumer fireworks in your backyard. The Consumer Product Safety Commission has established strict guidelines regarding the construction and composition of consumer fireworks. Together with US Customs and BATFE, they are very proactive in enforcing these rules, intercepting imported fireworks that don't comply and issuing recalls on unacceptable consumer fireworks that are found to have "slipped through". Many states in the United States have laws on further restrict access to and use of consumer fireworks, and some of these states vigorously enforce them. Each year, there are many raids on individuals suspected of having "illegal" fireworks. Safety of commercial fireworksThe traditional Bastille Day fireworks in ParisFireworks safety is considered to be extremely important in countries such as Canada. The use, storage and sale of commercial-grade fireworks in Canada is licensed by Natural Resources Canada's Explosive Regulatory Division (ERD). Unlike their consumer counterpart, commercial-grade fireworks function differently, and come in a wide range of sizes from 2 inches up to 12 or more inches in diameter. As well, since commercial-grade fireworks are a shell which is loaded into separate a mortar by hand, great care must be taken, during all stages of setup. Setup of these fireworks involves the placement and securing of mortars on wooden or wire racks; loading of the shells; and if electronically firing, wiring and testing. The mortars are generally made of FRE (Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy) or HDPE (High-Density Polyethelene), some older mortars are made of Sheet Steel, but have been banned by most countries due to the problem of shrapnel produced during a misfire. Setup of mortars in Canada require that a minimum angle of 10 to 15 degrees down-range with a safety distance of at least 200 meters down-range and 100 meters surrounding the mortars. Loading of shells is a delicate process, and must be done with caution, and a loader must ensure not only the mortar is clean, but also make sure that no part of their body is directly over the mortar in case of a premature fire. Wiring the shells is a pain-staking process; whether the shells are being fired manually or electronically, any "chain fusing" or wiring of electrical ignitors, care must be taken to prevent the fuse (an electrical match, often incorrectly called a squib) from igniting. If the setup is wired electrically, the electrical matches are usually plugged into a "firing rail" or "breakout box" which runs back to the main firing board; from there, the Firing Board is simply hooked up to a car battery, and can proceed with firing the show when ready. Since commercial-grade fireworks are so much larger and more powerful, setup and firing crews are always under great pressure to ensure they safely set up, fire and clean up after a show. PollutionBecause fireworks produces smoke that have heavy metal compounds and other toxic chemicals, some countries are against the use of fireworks, arguing that they cause major pollution. Yet, many events are populated with the use of fireworks around the world. References
Firework forumshttp://pyroreview.com/ http://www.pyrouniverse.com/forum/ http://pyrofreedom.kicks-ass.net/ This page about fireworks includes information from a Wikipedia article. Additional articles about fireworks News stories about fireworks External links for fireworks Videos for fireworks Wikis about fireworks Discussion Groups about fireworks Blogs about fireworks Images of fireworks |
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http://pyroreview.com/ http://www.pyrouniverse.com/forum/ http://pyrofreedom.kicks-ass.net/. Elena said it the best following her victory over Martina Hingis, winning her first Tier I title at Tokyo, "I have never had a 6-0 second set, only against me." (She defeated Martina Hingis 6-2 6-0). Yet, many events are populated with the use of fireworks around the world. Open, losing both times in straight sets. Because fireworks produces smoke that have heavy metal compounds and other toxic chemicals, some countries are against the use of fireworks, arguing that they cause major pollution. In 2004, she reached the final at the French and U.S. Since commercial-grade fireworks are so much larger and more powerful, setup and firing crews are always under great pressure to ensure they safely set up, fire and clean up after a show. While she manages to consistently rank in the top 10 despite her weak serve, she rarely plays her best in a finals match. If the setup is wired electrically, the electrical matches are usually plugged into a "firing rail" or "breakout box" which runs back to the main firing board; from there, the Firing Board is simply hooked up to a car battery, and can proceed with firing the show when ready. Her toughness is also up for debate. Wiring the shells is a pain-staking process; whether the shells are being fired manually or electronically, any "chain fusing" or wiring of electrical ignitors, care must be taken to prevent the fuse (an electrical match, often incorrectly called a squib) from igniting. However, her glaring weakness is her weak serve for a top player. Loading of shells is a delicate process, and must be done with caution, and a loader must ensure not only the mortar is clean, but also make sure that no part of their body is directly over the mortar in case of a premature fire. She has one of the best groundstrokes in the WTA, able to punish with forehands as well as backhands. Setup of mortars in Canada require that a minimum angle of 10 to 15 degrees down-range with a safety distance of at least 200 meters down-range and 100 meters surrounding the mortars. Dementieva plays as an aggressive baseliner. The mortars are generally made of FRE (Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy) or HDPE (High-Density Polyethelene), some older mortars are made of Sheet Steel, but have been banned by most countries due to the problem of shrapnel produced during a misfire. She has won more prize money than any other female Russian tennis player in history and a has won more matches in Grand Slams than any Russian tennis player. Setup of these fireworks involves the placement and securing of mortars on wooden or wire racks; loading of the shells; and if electronically firing, wiring and testing. On February 5th, 2006, Elena finally won her first Tier I event, the Toray Pan Pacific Open, by soundly defeating a resurgent Martina Hingis 6-2, 6-0 in just over an hour. As well, since commercial-grade fireworks are a shell which is loaded into separate a mortar by hand, great care must be taken, during all stages of setup. On January 16, 2006, Dementieva lost her opening round match in the Australian Open 5-7, 2-6 to Julia Schruff. Unlike their consumer counterpart, commercial-grade fireworks function differently, and come in a wide range of sizes from 2 inches up to 12 or more inches in diameter. At the 2005 WTA Tour Championships she lost all 3 round-robin matches against Amélie Mauresmo, Mary Pierce and Kim Clijsters with 3 times the same score: 6-2 and 6-3. The use, storage and sale of commercial-grade fireworks in Canada is licensed by Natural Resources Canada's Explosive Regulatory Division (ERD). All three pionts came from Demetieva: She avenged her lost to Mary Pierce, beat Amelie Mauresmo, then won the deciding doubles match with partner Dinara Safina. Fireworks safety is considered to be extremely important in countries such as Canada. Elena led Russia to repeat as Fed Cup champions, beating France 3-2. Each year, there are many raids on individuals suspected of having "illegal" fireworks. Partnering Flavia Pennetta of Italy, she reached her second doubles final at the US Open. Many states in the United States have laws on further restrict access to and use of consumer fireworks, and some of these states vigorously enforce them. She reached the semifinals of the 2005 US Open where she lost to French woman Mary Pierce 6-3 2-6 2-6. Together with US Customs and BATFE, they are very proactive in enforcing these rules, intercepting imported fireworks that don't comply and issuing recalls on unacceptable consumer fireworks that are found to have "slipped through". 19-year-old countrywoman Svetlana Kuznetsova defeated Dementieva in straight sets in the final, becoming the third consecutive Russian woman first-time grand slam winner. The Consumer Product Safety Commission has established strict guidelines regarding the construction and composition of consumer fireworks. Later that year, at the US Open, she reached her second Grand Slam final, defeating Jennifer Capriati and Amelie Mauresmo on the way. Safety advocates urge people to "Leave it to the professionals": in the US, you are more likely to be injured driving in your car to or from a professional fireworks show than you are to be injured by using consumer fireworks in your backyard. Incidentally, the last female Russian Grand Slam finalist was Dementieva's coach, Morozova at 1974 Roland Garros and Wimbledon. A careful reading of the literature reveals that nearly all fatalities from consumer fireworks are due to the users not following the directions printed on the label. Former Russian president Boris Yeltsin watched the match. Meanwhile, those who support more liberal fireworks laws look at the same statistics as the critics and conclude that, when used properly, consumer fireworks are a safer form of recreation than riding bicycles or playing soccer. She lost to compatriot Anastasia Myskina in the first all-Russian Grand Slam final. There are numerous incidents of consumer fireworks being used in a manner that is extremely disrespectful of the communities and neighborhoods where the users live. 1 Lindsay Davenport in straight sets on the way. Complaints about excessive noise created by fireworks and the large amounts of debris and fallout left over after shooting are also used to support this position. In May, at Roland Garros, she reached her first Grand Slam final, defeating former world no. Critics and safety advocates point to the numerous injuries and accidental fires that are attributed to fireworks as justification for banning or at least severely restricting access to fireworks. 9 Nadia Petrova, it was the first time that three Russians appeared in the WTA top 10 simultaneously. Availability and use of consumer fireworks are hotly debated topics. 5 Myskina and no. It has become part of the culture and tradition for the Hong Kong Chinese to go to the promenades along the two sides of the harbour to see the fireworks, or to watch the broadcast on television. With no. Fireworks are displayed annually on the second day of the first moon in the Chinese calendar since 1982 in the Victoria Harbour. On April 5, she reached her highest singles ranking at sixth in the world. Deepavali brings the spirit of goodwill and brotherhood and is celebrated across all religions in India. Serena won the match. In smaller towns, the large temples of the town typically have public fireworks displays. 1, top seed and two-time defending Serena Williams. People have access to a variety of fireworks and most of them in urban areas set it off on the public roads running in front of their houses. 1 Venus Williams, who was seeded second, in the semifinal, then faced former world no. Unlike Western nations, retail of fireworks is largely unrestricted in India. At Miami, seeded 5th, she eliminated former world no. During the night the houses are adorned with small lit oil lamps and colorful lights and then the entire family participates in the display of fireworks. In 2004, Dementieva had a breakthrough year. Customary traditions include offering prayers to the Gods in the morning and exchanging sweets with friends and neighbors. In addition, she reached the semifinals of the Wimbledon doubles with her friend and compatriot Lina Krasnoroutskaya, beating the Williams sisters on the way. Deepavali (or Diwali) is the most popular festival of India, which broadly celebrates the triumph of good over evil primarily symbolized in the mythological epic of Ramayana in which the Hindu God Rama defeats his demonic adversary Ravana. She finished 2003 in the top 10. This leads to some illegal trafficking of fireworks from Belgium to the Netherlands. In 2003, she also won back-to-back titles in Bali and Shanghai, defeating Chanda Rubin in the final in both events. Also the fireworks sold in Belgium contain more gunpowder than is allowed in the Netherlands. She was the lowest seed (10th) to win the tournament in its 24-year history. In the Netherlands for example the sale of fireworks is restricted to a few days before New-Year's eve, but in Belgium the sale of fireworks is legal throughout the year. 2 Lindsay Davenport. The retail of fireworks in Western Europe is also restricted, but the limitations differ from country to country. 1 Justin Henin, and world no. In Western Europe the use of fireworks by the general public is usually restricted to a few hours after midnight on New Year's eve. At Amelia Island, she won her first WTA tour title, defeating Amanda Coetzer, Daniela Hantuchová, then world no. As a consequence the most popular fireworks are still those that go off with a big bang or with a bright flash. In 2003, she played the most tournaments among top 10 players (27) and won approximately US $900,000 in prize money. Although it is now just a custom to fire off fireworks on New-Year's eve, in the past the idea was to scare 'bad forces' so they would not enter the new year. Partnering Janette Husarova of Slovakia, she reached her first Grand Slam final at the US Open and won the Year End Championships. Major cities around the world host spectacular firework display on New Year's eve. 2002 was her best year in doubles. Legality Note: Current federal law states that (without appropriate BATF license) the ownership and/or sale of any firecrackers or salutes containing in excess of 50-milligrams of explosive powder is a violation of federal statutes, including the 1966 Child Protection Act. 1 Russian tennis player, a position previously held by Anna Kournikova since December 1997. Banned Fireworks. she became the no. Legal Fireworks. During the year. The types fireworks sold at retail stands and stores include, but are not limited to:. 2001 was the second straight year in which she finished in the WTA's top 20. The type of fireworks sold at retail outlets vary widely, from "bootlegged fireworks" which are banned nationwide, to "Safe & Sane" varieties for personal use. In 2000, she was named the WTA tour's Most Improved Player. Some Native American tribes on reservation lands show similar behavior, often selling fireworks that are not legal for sale outside of the reservation. At the 2000 Summer Olympics, Sydney, she won the silver medal, losing to Venus Williams in the final. Differences in legislation among states have led many fireworks dealers to set up shop along state borders in order to attract customers from neighboring states where fireworks are restricted. She reached her first Grand Slam semifinal at the US Open, losing to Lindsay Davenport and becoming the first woman from Russia to reach a US Open semifinal. For example, fireworks stands in South Carolina sell more potent varieties ("firecrackers") and are generally open year-round. In 2000, she entered the top 20 by winning more than 40 singles matches for the second straight year and earned more than US $600,000. On the other hand, some states such as South Carolina are more lenient. She managed to reach the second round at the Australian Open and Roland Garros, made a first round exit at Wimbledon, and managed to reach the third round of the US Open. Citing concerns over fireworks safety, some states, such as Nevada, have enacted legislation restricting fireworks usage. 1999 was also the year in which she played her first Grand Slam main draws qualifying for Australian Open, Roland Garros and Wimbledon and getting a direct entry into the US Open. Popular types of legal fireworks include Roman candle "snakes" and Saturn missile batteries. In 1999, she represented Russia in the Fed Cup final against the USA, scoring Russia's only point. Each year before the American Independence Day, the Fourth of July, retailers across the nation experience a surge in fireworks sales. She turned professional in 1998 and went on to enter the top 100 in 1999. Along the same lines, in Canada, during Halloween, many fireworks displays are seen throughout. In 1997, she entered the WTA top 500. Fireworks cannot be sold to people under the age of 18 and setting them off between 11pm and 7am is only allowed at specific times of the year, including New Year and Bonfire night. Dementieva played and won her first international tournament, Les Petits Aces, in France at the age of 13. Licensing for firework introduced in the United Kingdom. . Examples of recent figures are: the Pope, Margaret Thatcher and George Bush. With Amelie Mauresmo capturing the 2006 Australian Open, the title of Best Player to have never captured a Slam has generally been given to her. Local groups, 'bonfire societies' conduct torch-lit marches around the town, vying with each other for the best fancy-dress outfits and topical celebrity figures that are later burnt. Yelena Vyacheslavovna Dementyeva (Russian: Елена Вячеславовна Дементьева; born October 15, 1981, Moscow), better known as Elena Dementieva, is a professional tennis player from Russia. The town of Bonfire Night [1]. 2005: Los Angeles (with Flavia Pennetta). That night is now celebrated as bonfire night by filling the sky with exploding fireworks, and by burning an effigy of Guy Fawkes on a bonfire. 2003: 's Hertogenbosch (with Lina Krasnoroutskaya). On 5 November, Fawkes was arrested and Parliament was saved. 2002: WTA Tour Championships (with Janette Husarova). In 1605 Guy Fawkes and his fellow conspirators attempted to blow up the British Parliament with 36 barrels of gunpowder in the cellars of Westminster Hall. 2002: Moscow (with Janette Husarova). Today, the world's most prominent industry competition for fireworks manufacturers is L’International des Feux Loto-Québec in Montreal. 2002: San Diego (with Janette Husarova). (Walt Disney Company, 2004). 2002: Berlin (with Janette Husarova). The advantages of compressed air launch are a reduction in fumes, and much greater accuracy in height and timing. 2005: Philadelphia (lost to Amélie Mauresmo). The display shell is detonated in the air using an electronic timer. 2005: Charleston (lost to Justine Henin-Hardenne). In 2004, Disneyland in Anaheim, California, started using aerial fireworks launched with compressed air rather than black powder, the first time that such a launch system was used commercially. 2004: Moscow (lost to Anastasia Myskina). This early fascination with their noise and color continues today. Open (lost to Svetlana Kuznetsova). In 1789, George Washington's inauguration was also accompanied by a fireworks display. 2004: U.S. The very first celebrations of Independence Day were in 1777, six years before Americans knew whether the new nation would survive the war; fireworks were a part of those festivities. 2004: French Open (lost to Anastasia Myskina). Fireworks and black powder were used to celebrate important events long before the American Revolutionary War. 2004: Miami (lost to Serena Williams). America's earliest settlers brought their enthusiasm for fireworks to the United States. 2002: ’s-Hertogenbosch (lost to Eleni Daniilidou). Musick for the Royal Fireworks was composed by George Frideric Handel in 1749 to celebrate the peace of Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, which had been declared the previous year. 2001: Moscow (lost to Jelena Dokic). Since then, any event—a birth, death, wedding, coronation, or New Year's Eve celebration—has become a fitting occasion for noisemakers. 2001: Acapulco (lost to Amanda Coetzer). Some scholars believe fireworks were developed in the Sui and Tang Dynasties (581–907), but others believe there were no fireworks until the Northern Song Dynasty (10th century). 2000: The Olympics-Sydney (lost to Venus Williams). The discovery of gunpowder and the invention of the first true fireworks are traditionally credited to the Chinese, although India is also a likely source. In the Northern and Southern Dynasties (AD 420–581) the firecrackers were used not only to dispel evil but also to pray for happiness and prosperity. In the Chinese Han Dynasty (206 BC–AD 220) firecrackers were made by roasting bamboo to produce the loud sound (known as "bian pao") that was intended to frighten evil spirits. . Fireworks competitions are also regularly held at a number of places. A fireworks event (also called a fireworks display or fireworks show) is a spectacular display of the effects produced by firework devices on various occasions. Display Fireworks Manual (March 2002 Edition). Natural Resources Canada, Explosive Regulatory Division. Press Release. Disney debuts new safer, quieter and more environmentally-friendly fireworks technology. Walt Disney Company (June 28, 2004). mortars (loaded with greater than 1.75-inch shells). cakes containing over 500 grams of powder. M-1000 salutes. M-100 salutes. M-80 salutes. Torpedoes. Silver salutes. Cherry bombs. Firecracker packs (see this link for various brand/label images). 100 to 500-gram cakes (multi-shot aerial devices). flares & fountains. spinners. sykrockets. Bottle rockets. single shot & reloadable aerial shot mortars up to 1.75-inch shells. |