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Face transplant

A face transplant is a skin graft that involves replacing a patient's entire face with a donor face.

Purpose

People with faces disfigured by burns, trauma, disease or birth defects might benefit from the procedure.

The alternative to a face transplant is to move the patient's own skin from their back, buttocks or thighs to their face in a series of as many as 50 operations to regain even limited function and a face that is often likened to a mask or a living quilt.

Dr. L. Scott Levin, chief of plastic and reconstructive surgery at the Duke University Medical Center, has described the procedure as "the single most important area of reconstructive research."

History

Self as donor (face replant)

The world's first full-face replant operation was on nine year-old Sandeep Kaur, whose face was ripped off when her hair was caught in a thresher. The grass-cutting machine completely amputated her face and scalp. The machine caught one of Sandeep's braids and then pulled her head in. Sandeep's mother witnessed the accident. Sandeep arrived at the hospital unconscious with her face was in two pieces in a plastic bag. Sandeep's doctor was Abraham Thomas, one of India's top microsurgeons. In 2004 Sandeep was training to be a nurse. Photos

An article in The Guardian recounts: "In 1994, a nine-year-old child in northern India lost her face and scalp in a threshing machine accident. Her parents raced to the hospital with her face in a plastic bag and a surgeon managed to reconnect the arteries and replant the skin." [1] The operation was successful, although the child was left with some muscle damage as well as scarring around the perimeter where the facial skin was sutured back on.

In 1997, a similar operation was performed in the Australian state of Victoria, when a woman's face and scalp, torn off in a similar accident, was packed in ice and successfully reattached.[2]

Mouth and nose from another

The world's first partial face transplant on a living human was carried out on November 27, 2005 [3] by a team of surgeons led by Professor Jean-Michel Dubernard (the surgeon who performed the first successful hand transplant in 1998) and Professor Bernard Devauchelle in Amiens, France. Isabelle Dinoire [4] underwent surgery to replace her original face that had been ravaged by her dog. A triangle of face tissue from a brain-dead human's nose and mouth was grafted onto the patient [5] [6]. "Scientists elsewhere have performed scalp and ear transplants. However, the claim is the first for a mouth and nose transplant. Experts say the mouth and nose are the most difficult parts of the face to transplant." [7]

Full face from another

Scientists at the Utrecht University and the University of Louisville are seeking approval for this experimental face transplant operation to be performed in the Netherlands. In 2004 the Cleveland Clinic became the first institution to approve this surgery. Dr. Maria Siemionow's group, located at the Cleveland Clinic, is searching for its first patient.

Surgery and post-operation treatment

The procedure consists of a series of operations requiring rotating teams of specialists. With issues of tissue type, age, sex, and skin color taken into consideration, the patient's face is removed and replaced (including the underlying fat, nerves and blood vessels, but no musculature). The surgery may last anywhere from 8 to 15 hours, followed by a 10–14 day hospital stay.

After the procedure a lifelong regimen of immunosuppressive drugs is necessary to suppress the patient's own immune systems and prevent rejection. Long-term immunosuppression increases the risk of developing life-threatening infections, kidney damage, and cancer. The surgery may result in complications such as infections that would turn the new face black and require a second transplant or reconstruction with skin grafts. Psychological effects of the procedure may include remorse, disappointment, or grief or guilt toward the donor.

The transplant does not give the patient's face the appearance of the deceased donor's face because the underlying musculature and bones are different. Facial movements are due to the brain so the personality as expressed by the face remains that of the patient. Only the skin of the face is transferred from the donor, not the three dimensional shape nor the personality it expresses.

Popular culture

1960: The procedure was very grotesquely, yet somewhat accurately, highlighted in Georges Franju's 1960 cult horror masterpiece called Les Yeux sans visage which translates to "Eyes Without a Face".

1964: Kobo Abe, Japanese author and playwright, wrote The Face of Another (novel) (1964) about a plastics scientist who loses his face in an accident and proceeds to construct a new face for himself. With a new face, the protagonist sees the world in a new way and even goes so far as to have an clandestine "affair" with his estranged wife. His novel was made into a movie by Hiroshi Teshigahara in 1964 (Teshigahara made a film of Abe's novel Woman of the Dunes)

1997: The plot of the 1997 movie Face/Off was based on a face transplant operation that involved changing the underlying structure and actual face shape.

2003: The villain in the movie Once Upon A Time In Mexico underwent a face transplant.

2005: Facial transplant surgery was featured in a 2005 episode of Nip/Tuck. The patient's body rejected the face, and it had to be removed.

References

  • University of Louisville Plastic Surgery Research
  • Face transplants inch toward reality
  • Face transplants 'on the horizon'
  • Doctors say they're ready to perform face transplant
  • New York Times
  • BBC News - Woman has first face transplant

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The patient's body rejected the face, and it had to be removed. . 2005: Facial transplant surgery was featured in a 2005 episode of Nip/Tuck. In that same year at the 2004 MTV Europe Music Awards he won Best Italian Act and performed his hit song "Sere Nere". 2003: The villain in the movie Once Upon A Time In Mexico underwent a face transplant. The song is a duet with British R&B star Jamelia. 1997: The plot of the 1997 movie Face/Off was based on a face transplant operation that involved changing the underlying structure and actual face shape. The single was recorded to promote the 2004 Olympic Games in Athens, Greece.

His novel was made into a movie by Hiroshi Teshigahara in 1964 (Teshigahara made a film of Abe's novel Woman of the Dunes). In 2004, he released his first English-language single, "Universal Prayer", in Europe. With a new face, the protagonist sees the world in a new way and even goes so far as to have an clandestine "affair" with his estranged wife. It affirmed his place as one of Italy's top pop stars. 1964: Kobo Abe, Japanese author and playwright, wrote The Face of Another (novel) (1964) about a plastics scientist who loses his face in an accident and proceeds to construct a new face for himself. In late 2003, he released his second album, Centoundici. 1960: The procedure was very grotesquely, yet somewhat accurately, highlighted in Georges Franju's 1960 cult horror masterpiece called Les Yeux sans visage which translates to "Eyes Without a Face". The Spanish version of this album was called Rojo Relativo and fared very well throughout Spanish-speaking parts of the world.

Only the skin of the face is transferred from the donor, not the three dimensional shape nor the personality it expresses. His 2002 debut album, Rosso Relativo brought Italian music to a new level with its R&B/hip-hop flavor. Facial movements are due to the brain so the personality as expressed by the face remains that of the patient. In 1998 he was among the 12 finalists, and was discovered by two producers, Alberto Salerno and Mara Majonchi. The transplant does not give the patient's face the appearance of the deceased donor's face because the underlying musculature and bones are different. In 1997 he participated in the Sanremo Music Festival but didn't make it past the first week of selections. Psychological effects of the procedure may include remorse, disappointment, or grief or guilt toward the donor. He has also recorded Spanish versions of his Italian albums and has had tremendous success in Spain and Latin America.

The surgery may result in complications such as infections that would turn the new face black and require a second transplant or reconstruction with skin grafts. He made his debut in 2002 and quickly became one of Italian music's biggest stars. Long-term immunosuppression increases the risk of developing life-threatening infections, kidney damage, and cancer. Tiziano Ferro (born February 21, 1980) is an Italian pop singer. After the procedure a lifelong regimen of immunosuppressive drugs is necessary to suppress the patient's own immune systems and prevent rejection. 2004 - Universal Prayer (with Jamelia). The surgery may last anywhere from 8 to 15 hours, followed by a 10–14 day hospital stay. 2004 - Ti voglio bene.

With issues of tissue type, age, sex, and skin color taken into consideration, the patient's face is removed and replaced (including the underlying fat, nerves and blood vessels, but no musculature). 2004 - Non me lo so spiegare. The procedure consists of a series of operations requiring rotating teams of specialists. 2004 - Sere Nere. Maria Siemionow's group, located at the Cleveland Clinic, is searching for its first patient. 2003 - Centoundici. Dr. 2003 - Xverso.

In 2004 the Cleveland Clinic became the first institution to approve this surgery. 2002 - Le cose che non dici. Scientists at the Utrecht University and the University of Louisville are seeking approval for this experimental face transplant operation to be performed in the Netherlands. 2002 - Rosso relativo. Experts say the mouth and nose are the most difficult parts of the face to transplant." [7]. 2002 - Imbranato. However, the claim is the first for a mouth and nose transplant. 2001 - L'Olimpiade.

"Scientists elsewhere have performed scalp and ear transplants. 2001 - Xdono. A triangle of face tissue from a brain-dead human's nose and mouth was grafted onto the patient [5] [6]. 2003 - 111. Isabelle Dinoire [4] underwent surgery to replace her original face that had been ravaged by her dog. 2001 - Rosso Relativo. The world's first partial face transplant on a living human was carried out on November 27, 2005 [3] by a team of surgeons led by Professor Jean-Michel Dubernard (the surgeon who performed the first successful hand transplant in 1998) and Professor Bernard Devauchelle in Amiens, France.

In 1997, a similar operation was performed in the Australian state of Victoria, when a woman's face and scalp, torn off in a similar accident, was packed in ice and successfully reattached.[2]. Her parents raced to the hospital with her face in a plastic bag and a surgeon managed to reconnect the arteries and replant the skin." [1] The operation was successful, although the child was left with some muscle damage as well as scarring around the perimeter where the facial skin was sutured back on. An article in The Guardian recounts: "In 1994, a nine-year-old child in northern India lost her face and scalp in a threshing machine accident. Photos.

In 2004 Sandeep was training to be a nurse. Sandeep's doctor was Abraham Thomas, one of India's top microsurgeons. Sandeep arrived at the hospital unconscious with her face was in two pieces in a plastic bag. Sandeep's mother witnessed the accident.

The machine caught one of Sandeep's braids and then pulled her head in. The grass-cutting machine completely amputated her face and scalp. The world's first full-face replant operation was on nine year-old Sandeep Kaur, whose face was ripped off when her hair was caught in a thresher. Scott Levin, chief of plastic and reconstructive surgery at the Duke University Medical Center, has described the procedure as "the single most important area of reconstructive research.".

L. Dr. The alternative to a face transplant is to move the patient's own skin from their back, buttocks or thighs to their face in a series of as many as 50 operations to regain even limited function and a face that is often likened to a mask or a living quilt. People with faces disfigured by burns, trauma, disease or birth defects might benefit from the procedure.

. A face transplant is a skin graft that involves replacing a patient's entire face with a donor face. BBC News - Woman has first face transplant. New York Times.

Doctors say they're ready to perform face transplant. Face transplants 'on the horizon'. Face transplants inch toward reality. University of Louisville Plastic Surgery Research.