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Ephedra is a genus of gymnosperm shrubs, the only genus in the family Ephedraceae and order Ephedrales. These plants occur in dry climates over a wide area mainly in the Northern Hemisphere, across southern Europe, north Africa, southwest and central Asia, southwestern North America, and, in the Southern Hemisphere, in South America south to Patagonia. They are also called Joint-pine, Jointfir, or Mormon-tea. The Chinese name is 麻黄, ma huang, which means "yellow hemp". Ephedra is also sometimes called sea grape (from the French raisin de mer), although that is also a common name for Coccoloba uvifera.
The following list of species is from the Gymnosperm Database page for Ephedra.
These plants have traditionally been used by indigenous people for a variety of medicinal purposes, and are a likely candidate for the Soma plant of Indo-Iranian religion. The alkaloids ephedrine and pseudoephedrine are the active constituents of the plant. Some species in the Ephedra genus have zero alkaloid content and are therefore essentially inert, however the most commonly used species, E. sinica, has a total alkaloid content of 1-3% by dry weight. Ephedrine constitues 40-90% of the alkaloid content, with the remainder consisting of pseudoephedrine and the demethylated forms of each [1]. Ephedrine is considered a performance-enhancing drug and is prohibited in most competitive sports.
Beginning in the 1990s, concerns about the safety of Ephedra and Ephedra-based products began to be publicly raised. As Ephedra is a herb, products containing it were marketed as dietary supplements and therefore were exempt from FDA regulation in the United States. Ephedra was found in many popular weight control products, some of which the FDA believed may be hazardous. Sympathomimetic amines such as ephedrine raise heart rate and blood pressure and can be particularly hazardous to those with pre-existing cardiac problems.
According to the FDA, 155 deaths can be blamed on Ephedra, most of them related to cardiac problems and strokes. However, many advocates of Ephedra maintain that it is safe when used as directed, and continue to regard it as a dietary supplement rather than as a drug. Critics maintain, however, that there is anecdotal evidence that the use of Ephedra can cause tolerance and dependence. Health food store GNC banned ephedra-containing products in June 2003, and the National Football League banned players from using it as a dietary supplement in 2001.
On December 30, 2003, the US Food and Drug Administration announced a ban (effective from 12 April 2004) on the uncontrolled sale of supplement products containing Ephedra, citing "an unreasonable risk of illness or injury" from the use of the drug. Synthetic ephedrine is still available as an ingredient in some over the counter (OTC) medications that are clearly labeled in accordance with FDA regulations. Bulk ephedra herb (such as that used in traditional Chinese medicine) not specifically marketed for human consumption is not under the jurisdiction of the FDA and is therefore unaffected. Several states have enacted their own laws regarding the sale of ephedra and ephedra-based products, some stricter than the non-statutory FDA regulation.
On 14 April 2005, this ban was struck down on procedural grounds by Utah federal judge Tena Campbell [2]. However, as of July 2005, diet supplement manufacturers, including the very company that challenged the ephedra ban in court, are still reluctant to reintroduce ephedra into their product lines.
In the 1994 FIFA World Cup, the Argentine footballer Diego Armando Maradona tested positive for ephedrine in a doping control for using one dietary supplement product containing the substance.
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In the 1994 FIFA World Cup, the Argentine footballer Diego Armando Maradona tested positive for ephedrine in a doping control for using one dietary supplement product containing the substance. However, there are rumors of the letter 'H' being on Blink-182's 2003 untitled album.See Image. However, as of July 2005, diet supplement manufacturers, including the very company that challenged the ephedra ban in court, are still reluctant to reintroduce ephedra into their product lines. Mark Hoppus stated that the covers with A through F were just a coincidence, but they intentionally added the G on the TOYPAJ cd. On 14 April 2005, this ban was struck down on procedural grounds by Utah federal judge Tena Campbell [2]. The band continued this with the greatest hits CD (the letter I in the word blink). Several states have enacted their own laws regarding the sale of ephedra and ephedra-based products, some stricter than the non-statutory FDA regulation. The cover art of Flyswatter is an A, the starting letters of Buddha, Cheshire Cat, Dude Ranch and Enema of the State follow the alphabet, on the drum kit on the cover art of The Mark, Tom, and Travis Show: The Enema Strikes Back you can see an F on the bass drum, and on the jacket pocket of the green version of Take off Your Pants and Jacket is a G. Bulk ephedra herb (such as that used in traditional Chinese medicine) not specifically marketed for human consumption is not under the jurisdiction of the FDA and is therefore unaffected. Up to the untitled album of 2003 all albums were running in alphabetical order. Synthetic ephedrine is still available as an ingredient in some over the counter (OTC) medications that are clearly labeled in accordance with FDA regulations. Their very first podcast introduced Angels and Airwaves to the world, featuring music, an interview with the band's members, and a preview to the movie. On December 30, 2003, the US Food and Drug Administration announced a ban (effective from 12 April 2004) on the uncontrolled sale of supplement products containing Ephedra, citing "an unreasonable risk of illness or injury" from the use of the drug. Following in Mark's footsteps, Macbeth Footwear soon created a podcast. Health food store GNC banned ephedra-containing products in June 2003, and the National Football League banned players from using it as a dietary supplement in 2001. Mark even won the "Best Podcast" award for 2005. Critics maintain, however, that there is anecdotal evidence that the use of Ephedra can cause tolerance and dependence. Every two weeks Mark plays songs from underground artists, interviews some of his favourite bands, and informs the listeners about happenings in his life. However, many advocates of Ephedra maintain that it is safe when used as directed, and continue to regard it as a dietary supplement rather than as a drug. Since the hiatus of blink-182, Mark Hoppus has set up his very own podcast called "Hi, My Name Is Mark" (www.himynameismark.com). According to the FDA, 155 deaths can be blamed on Ephedra, most of them related to cardiac problems and strokes. For full discography, see blink-182 discography.. Sympathomimetic amines such as ephedrine raise heart rate and blood pressure and can be particularly hazardous to those with pre-existing cardiac problems. Tom claimed that the last words said by his band mates were "If your family is going to be your priority, then you better be cool with the repercussions.". Ephedra was found in many popular weight control products, some of which the FDA believed may be hazardous. To retaliate he created Plus 44. As Ephedra is a herb, products containing it were marketed as dietary supplements and therefore were exempt from FDA regulation in the United States. Mark, reportedly, heard only half the story and became very upset. Beginning in the 1990s, concerns about the safety of Ephedra and Ephedra-based products began to be publicly raised. Geffen Records immediately offered Tom a solo album, but he declined. Ephedrine is considered a performance-enhancing drug and is prohibited in most competitive sports. At the end of their European tour in 2005, Tom wanted to return home to be with his family. Ephedrine constitues 40-90% of the alkaloid content, with the remainder consisting of pseudoephedrine and the demethylated forms of each [1]. While on tour, Tom had an epiphany and knew he was destined to do something great in his life. sinica, has a total alkaloid content of 1-3% by dry weight. It was stated that the side project Box Car Racer created a rift between Tom and Mark. Some species in the Ephedra genus have zero alkaloid content and are therefore essentially inert, however the most commonly used species, E. In an interview with Kerrang! Tom discussed blink-182's hiatus. The alkaloids ephedrine and pseudoephedrine are the active constituents of the plant. Many credit the growing tensions between Tom Delonge and Mark Hoppus as the reason for the "indefinite hiatus". These plants have traditionally been used by indigenous people for a variety of medicinal purposes, and are a likely candidate for the Soma plant of Indo-Iranian religion. The album immediately climbed to the top of the chart and reached #6 on the United States top selling records. The following list of species is from the Gymnosperm Database page for Ephedra. From Cheshire Cat to the untitled album, the album chronologically holds the band, most famous, and most important songs in their career, including the two previously unreleased tracks "Not Now" (from the European version of the untitled album) and "Another Girl Another Planet" (a cover song originally by The Only Ones, recorded for its use as the theme song to reality show Meet the Barkers). Ephedra is also sometimes called sea grape (from the French raisin de mer), although that is also a common name for Coccoloba uvifera. In the wake of the hiatus, Geffen Records released blink-182's "Greatest Hits". The Chinese name is 麻黄, ma huang, which means "yellow hemp". Kerrang! soon printed an article that confirmed worried fans' fears, but Tom denounced it on his "In-studio journal on MacBeth, and told no one to trust any article unless it came straight from the band members' mouths. They are also called Joint-pine, Jointfir, or Mormon-tea. Fans soon began to say there was a fight that separated Tom and Mark. These plants occur in dry climates over a wide area mainly in the Northern Hemisphere, across southern Europe, north Africa, southwest and central Asia, southwestern North America, and, in the Southern Hemisphere, in South America south to Patagonia. The only band member to speak up right away was Travis, but he soon stated that he was not the only person in the band and there were two other people reporters could question. Ephedra is a genus of gymnosperm shrubs, the only genus in the family Ephedraceae and order Ephedrales. Rumors soon began to swirl about the band breaking up. Ephedra viridis Coville - Green Ephedra, Green Mormon-tea. Fans were distraught and the announcement was soon removed from the band's official site. - Longleaf Ephedra, Longleaf Jointfir, Longleaf Mormon-tea, Popotilla, Teposote. On February 22, 2005, many fans were shocked when blink-182 announced they were going on an "indefinite hiatus". Ephedra trifurca Torrey ex S.Wats. blink-182 were now on a pedestal next to Green Day overlooking the genre they helped to create despite the album's lack of commercial success. - Torrey's Ephedra, Torrey's Jointfir, Torrey's Mormon-tea, Cañutillo. In many ways it also helped blink-182 break away from the common pop punk genre, dismissing predictable similarities that could be seen from band to band. Ephedra torreyana S.Wats. A tour with No Doubt in the summer of 2004 was very successful. Ephedra sinica Stapf - Ma Huang, Chinese ephedra. The lyrical content of their songs is often humorous and uplifting. Ephedra saxatilis (Stapf) Royle ex Florin. Listeners called the riffs heavier and the lyrics more profound. Ephedra regeliana Florin - Xi Zi Ma Huang. Critics have deemed their sound similar to that of The Police and U2, although members of the band claim they took most of their influence from The Cure, whose front man Robert Smith had appeared on "All of This". & Bobr.) C.Y.Cheng. It showcased a style of music deeper than anything blink-182 had done previously, but still got a good deal of play on pop stations and MTV. kaschgarica (B.Fedtsch. Travis Barker has confirmed that the band left the album untitled (rather than self-titled) to represent a new blink-182. Ephedra przewalskii var. Described as a self-meditation on romantic decay, the album featured the hit singles "Feeling This" (previously named "Action"), "I Miss You", "Down", and the 1980s-influenced "Always". Ephedra przewalskii Stapf
ex S.Wats. The Transplants are now a major punk-rock act and even toured on the Warped Tour. Ephedra pedunculata Engelm. Despite this fact, the song is now feature on the Garnier Fructis commercial. - Nevada Ephedra, Nevada Jointfir, Nevada Mormon-tea. But their second single was soon banned from the airwaves due to explicit lyrics. Ephedra nevadensis S.Wats. The fist single of the album was "DJ DJ", followed up by the wildly successful "Diamonds and Guns". Ephedra monosperma C.A.Meyer Ephedra viridis in western Nevada . Soon the Transplants debuted their first CD entitled "Transplants" on Tim's record label Hellcat Records. Ephedra minuta Florin. Having already known Travis from Box Car Racer, Tim immediately asked Travis to assist in the side project. procera Fischer & C.A.Meyer. It did not take long to realize that their punk rock fusion with rap had something special, but they really wanted to seal the deal. Ephedra major subsp. This band started as Tim Armstrong (Rancid and Operation Ivy) and Skinhead Rob just messing around in Tim's basement recording studio. Ephedra major Host
Ephedra intermedia Schrenk ex C.A.Meyer. The name of the band comes from the name of the airplane Bockscar, which dropped the second atomic bomb, Little Boy, on Japan. Ephedra gerardiana Wallich ex C.A.Meyer - Gerard's Jointfir, Shan Ling Ma Huang. Instead of creating two separate bands the friends decided to fuse the two ideas together to create Box Car Racer. Ephedra funerea Coville & Morton - Death Valley Ephedra, Death Valley Jointfir. Tom wanted to create an acoustic-emo sort of project, while Travis wanted to create a hard-core punk band like Fugazi. Ephedra frustillata Miers - Patagonian Ephedra. One of the first side-projects involving the members of Blink-182 was Box Car Racer, in which Tom and Travis functioned as band members and songwriters. & Graebn. Both bands explored other musical styles. campylopoda (C.A.Meyer) Aschers. while Tom and Travis were involved in a side-project called Box Car Racer , in addition to this, Travis worked on The Transplants. Ephedra fragilis subsp. During this time the members of the band took different paths, Mark passed more time with his newborn son Jack, but Tom and Travis had other ideas. Ephedra fragilis Desf.
Ephedra fedtschenkoae Pauls. After that month they only sold "Take Off Your Pants and Jacket: without any bonus tracks and with all three logos on the actual CD itself. - Arizona Ephedra, Arizona Jointfir, Desert Mormon-tea. Those bonus tracks were only out for a limited time, about a month or so. Ephedra fasciculata A.Nels. Since there were only two bonus tracks on each of the three versions, some long term fans wanted every one. Ephedra equisetina Bunge - Ma huang. The tracks were "Fuck a Dog", "Mothers Day" and "When You Fucked Grandpa", three joke songs, and the serious were "Time to Break Up", "Don't Tell Me That It's Over" and "What Went Wrong". & Graebn. Each version had two different bonus tracks. helvetica (C.A.Meyer) Aschers. The actual CD had pictures of a red plane, yellow pants, or a green jacket. Ephedra distachya subsp. There were three versions, "Take off," "Pants," and "Jacket," each of which indicated by a different sticker on the CD. - Joint-pine, Jointfir
When the CD first came out, there were several versions with different bonus tracks. Ephedra distachya L. In 2001, blink-182 appeared on the cover of CosmoGirl, and won a Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Award. Ephedra cutleri Peebles - Navajo Ephedra, Cutler's Ephedra, Cutler Mormon-tea, Cutler's Jointfir. 2001 saw blink-182 continue their commercial success, recording Take off Your Pants and Jacket (the strange title was a punning reference to masturbation), which followed the same basic formula of "Enema of the State". Ephedra coryi E.L.Reed - Cory's Ephedra. The album also includes one new song, "Man Overboard," as well as a few joke songs. - California Ephedra, California Jointfir. Thee songs are from thy group's first threee albums: Cheshire Cat, Dude Ranch, and Enema of the State. Ephedra californica S.Wats. It is no longer in print, and it is sought after by collectors. - Boundary Ephedra, Pitamoreal. blink-182's only live album, The Mark, Tom, and Travis Show: The Enema Strikes Back was released in 2000. ex S.Wats. Many original fans felt that the band had strayed from their punk rock roots. Ephedra aspera Engelm. The sound on Enema of the State was rooted in the same genre as earlier punk-rock bands such as NOFX, Green Day, and The Offspring, but it was more accessible to the mainstream, with a punky-feel. ex C.A.Meyer - Clapweed, Erect Ephedra. They sold seven and a half million copies of the album worldwide, which made it their best-selling album up to that point. Ephedra antisyphilitica Berl. This was largely due to the commercial success of the songs "What's My Age Again?",which was a song dedicated to the group's very close friend Matthew Purcell, "Adam's Song", and "All the Small Things"; and particularly to the infamous music video for "What's My Age Again" which featured the band streaking. Ephedra altissima Desf. The CD was successful, propelling the band to pop punk fame, and gaining a large amount of airtime on MTV and Total Request Live (TRL). Ephedra alata Decne. On the album the band hired notorious Rancid and The Offspring producer Jerry Finn, who had produced every album since. In 1999 the album Enema of the State was released. Although Mark has stated, on the radio show "Loveline", that the song had nothing to do with the break up between them. It is widely believed that the single "Man Overboard" on the band's live album speaks directly to Raynor's rift with Mark and Tom. He was replaced by Travis Barker, who had been playing with support band The Aquabats. tour. Whatever the explanation, he left midway through a U.S. Raynor claims he agreed to go into drug rehab, but the rest of the band kicked him out over the phone because they didn't believe that he would do it. Raynor, who had a serious drinking problem at the time, was reportedly asked to leave the band and go into rehab, although there are also reports that he decided to leave to go to college. In 1998, the band met a slight setback. airplay charts. The album was a hit, and two singles from it ("Josie" and "Dammit") rose to the top of the U.S. After moving to Encinitas, California, the band recorded the album Dude Ranch with producer Mark Trombino. During the pop punk boom of the 1990s, blink-182 were signed by MCA which later became Geffen Records which they stayed with. radio codeword meaning 'homicide' (apparently confusing "182", the radio codeword for conspiracy, for "187"). In one interview, Travis stated that the "182" was the U.S. Although there are rumours as to why these numbers were chosen (for example, that it is the number of times Al Pacino utters the word "fuck" in Scarface, that they represent Hoppus' ideal weight, or the position in the alphabet of the letters R and B, referring to the northern San Diego suburb of Rancho Bernardo, making the meaning blink [possibly, fuck] RB.), all the band members but one have made it clear that the numbers were picked at random. In order to avoid a lengthy lawsuit, blink added the numbers 182 to the end of their name. Shortly after the release of Cheshire Cat, blink was threatened with legal action by a techno band in Ireland of the same name. The album contained many new versions of songs that had appeared on the Buddha demo. In early 1994, blink released their first full-length album, Cheshire Cat, released on Grilled Cheese Records. Around 1,000 copies of this were produced by Kung Fu Records. Before the end of the year, the band released another demo tape known as Buddha. In an interview, Hoppus said that around eighty copies had originally been produced. In May of 1993, blink releases a demo tape known as Flyswatter, recorded using a boom box in Raynor's bedroom resulting in poor sound quality. . Although the band is labelled as Blink 182 on albums prior to Raynor's departure, the specific syntax for the band's current name is blink-182, as opposed to Blink-182 or their former name, blink. The numbers 182 were added to the band's name to prevent a copyright conflict with an Irish pop/rock group that calls itself "Blink". The lyrical content of their songs, especially prior to their last album, is often humorous and uplifting. Known as a band that plays up-tempo songs with prominent major-chord harmonies, often digitally mixed, to provide a much cleaner sound than typical punk/rock recordings generally employing distortion and ragged analogue mixes to achieve the opposite effect. The group is known for playing catchy melodies, as well as their satirical toilet humour. The members of the band were Tom DeLonge, Mark Hoppus, and drummer Travis Barker. blink-182 was a Southern-Californian punk rock band that was formed in 1992 by Tom DeLonge, Mark Hoppus, and Scott Raynor in the northern San Diego suburb of Poway, California. Resting Bird Entertainment (Co-owned by Mark and Tom). Wahoo's Fish Tacos (one store in Northern California owned by Travis). La Salle Records (Owned by Travis). Famous Stars and Straps Apparel Store (Owned by Travis). (Co-owned by Mark and Tom). Macbeth Shoe Co. Loserkids (Apparel Store). Atticus Clothing (Co-owned by Mark and Tom). Angels and Airwaves (Tom). Plus 44 (Mark and Travis). The Transplants (Travis). Box Car Racer (now defunct) (Tom and Travis). Travis Barker appeared on the Boost Mobile (Where You At?) commercial in 2005. Their birthdays are: Mark, March 15, 1972; Tom, December 13, 1975; Travis, November 14, 1975; Scott, May 23, 1978. He was about 13 years old in 1992 when the band formed. Scott Raynor is the youngest member of the band. Tom Delonge was #15 on Cosmogirl's top fifty hottest rockers. It is apparantly an homage to "real punk rock" according to Travis. The cover of Blink-182's Greatest Hits looks similar to The Offspring's Greatest Hits' cover. He was incorrectly credited as Scott Raynor.). (Travis was not credited, although he does appear on screen. Tom DeLonge, Mark Hoppus, and Travis Barker made up the "garage band" in the "Nadia strips on the net" scene from the movie "American Pie (movie)". Tom DeLonge appeared in the film Idle Hands as a fast-food worker; he only had one line. Travis Barker currently co-stars in a new MTV reality television show, Meet the Barkers, with his wife, Shanna Moakler. (Untitled) (2003). Take Off Your Pants and Jacket (2001). Enema of the State (1999). Dude Ranch (1997). Cheshire Cat (1994). |