EMule

(data for eDonkey network). Dictionary definitions from Wiktionary
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News stories from Wikinews. Different shades of blue give an idea how well-spread different parts are. Bears, usually anthropomorphized, appear frequently as characters in popular culture; see List of fictional bears. Red indicates a part missing in all known sources. A bear also features prominently in the legend of Saint Romedius, who is also said to have tamed one of these animals and had the same bear carry him from his hermitage in the mountains to the city of Trento. The color coding is similar to the one used with the progress bar. In the arms of the bishopric of Freising (illustration, right) the bear is the dangerous totem animal tamed by Saint Corbinian and made to carry his civilized baggage over the mountains: the allegory of the civilizing influence of Christianity is inescapable.

Each shared file shows its availability in the form of a bar. Bears are a common symbol of heraldry. Yellow denotes a pending (already requested) part. The bear is also the name-emblem of Berlin. Green parts are currently uploading. Numerous cities around the world have adopted the bear as a symbol, notably the Swiss capital Bern, which takes its name from the German for bear, bär. Silver ones are parts still missing. The theory of the bear taboo is taught to almost all beginning students of Indo-European and historical linguistics; the putative original PIE word for bear is itself descriptive, because a cognate word in Sanskrit is rakshas, meaning "harm, injury" [1].

Black are parts this user has already completed. In the Finnish countryside, the word for "bear" remains taboo to this day. It shows the progress of the file this user is downloading. Thus four separate Indo-European language groups do not share the same PIE root. This bar appears in the upload queue if supported by the other client. Arthur), Sanskrit *ṛkṣa, Hittite hartagga) seems to have been subject to taboo deformation or replacement (as was the word for wolf, wlk^wos), resulting in the use of numerous unrelated words with meanings like "brown one" (English bruin) and "honey-eater" (Slavic medved). • zz - Currently transferring sources excellent. In addition, the Proto-Indo-European word for bear, *hr̥ktos (ancestral to the Greek arktos, Latin ursus, Welsh arth (c.f.

• + aa - Number of Asked for another file sources (only shown when Advanced Controls is enabled). There has been evidence about early bear worship in China and among the Ainu culture as well. • yy - Total number of sources. This is why the bear was a greatly respected animal, with several euphemistic names. • xx - Number of useful sources. The prehistoric Finns, along with most finno-ugric peoples, considered the bear as the spirit of one's forefathers. The four values xx/yy+aa (zz) displayed after the progress bar is the source count for this file and shows following information. Anthropologists such as Joseph Campbell have regarded this as a common feature in most of the fishing and hunting-tribes.

Yellow denotes a pending (already requested) part. There is some evidence for prehistoric bear worship, see Arctic, Arcturus, Great Bear, Berserker, Kalevala. Green parts are currently downloading. The discovery has shown that while all other Brown Bears share a Brown Bear as their closest relative, those of Alaska's ABC Islands differ and share their closest relation with the Polar Bear. Silver stands for parts this source is also missing. The researchers discovered that their DNA was unique compared to Brown Bears anywhere else in the world. Blue are parts you still need for this download. Researchers Gerald Shields and Sandra Talbot of the University of Alaska Fairbanks Institute of Arctic Biology studied the DNA of several samples of the species and found that their DNA is different from that of other Brown Bears.

Black indicates parts you already have. There is also evidence that, unlike their neighbors elsewhere, the Brown Bears of Alaska's ABC Islands are more closely related to Polar Bears than they are to other Brown Bears in the world. (shaded style). The many similarities between the two pandas are thought to represent convergent evolution for feeding primarily on bamboo. (flat style). Others place it with the racoons in Procyonidae or in its own family, the Ailuridae. Here the colours have a slightly different meaning:. The status of the Red Panda remains uncertain, but many experts, including Wilson and Reeder, classify it as a member of the bear family.

To see the sources just double-click a download (or single click, depends on the settings in Options -> Display ). Although there has previously been much discussion as to whether the Giant Panda belongs to the bear family or the raccoon family, recent DNA analyses have shown that the Giant Panda is a member of the Family Ursidae and as such is more closely related to other bears. If you expand the download you see each of its sources with their corresponding bar. Extinct bear genera include Arctodus, Agriarctos, Agriotherium, Plionarctos and Indarctos. A dark red or blue progress bar denotes a stopped or paused download. This genus radiated in Asia and ultimately gave rise to the first true bears (genus Ursus) in Europe, 5 million years ago. (shaded style). Cephalogale gave rise to a lineage of early bears, the genus Ursavus.

(flat style). The origins of the bears can be traced back to the raccoon-sized, dog-like Cephalogale from the middle Oligocene and early Miocene (approximately 20-30 million years ago) of Europe. A green bar stands for a completed download. Although bears are often described as having evolved from a dog-like ancestor, their closest living relatives are the pinnipeds (walruses, seals, and sea lions). (shaded style). Other members of the Caniformia include wolves and other dog-like mammals (family Canidae), weasels, skunks, and badgers (family Mustelidae), raccoons (family Procyonidae), and walruses (family Odobenidae), seals (family Phocidae), and sea lions (family Otariidae). (flat style). Bears are members of the order Carnivora, suborder Caniformia, and family Ursidae.

The green bar on top shows the total download progress of this file. A number of hybrids have been bred between American Black, Brown and Polar Bears (see Ursinae hybrids). Yellow denotes a part being downloaded. The Asiatic Black Bear and the Polar Bear used to be placed in their own genera, Selenarctos and Thalarctos. The darker the blue, the more sources have this part. The genera Melursus and Helarctos are included in the genus Ursus. Different shades of blue represent the availability of this part in the sources. Sun Bears are the smallest, only a bit smaller than the average person.

Red indicates a part missing in all known sources. Kodiak Bears are the largest type of bear (Polar Bears are the heaviest though), indeed one of the largest extant carnivores. Black shows the parts of the file you already have. The Brown Bear is Finland's national animal. (shaded style). Bears have an average life expectancy of 25–40 years. (flat style). Bears in captivity used to be trained to dance, box, or unicycle, but it is now controversial to use animals in this way.

Each download in the Transfers tab has a coloured bar to show current file availability and progress. Laws have been passed in many areas of the world to protect bears from hunters or habitat destruction. The credit is calculated in the following way:. Higher body heat and being easily roused may be adaptations because female bears bear cubs during this winter sleep. These factors are all expressed in an integer value, and their total gives a "score" which is used to rank the users in the queue. Unlike rodents, bears are easily awakened when disturbed. A user's position in other clients' queues depends on various factors, including the time they have been waiting in the queue, the upload priority for the requested file, and the user's credit. Recycling urine is quite a physiological feat.

To view this information, right click on any user and choose View Details. They do not wake normally during 'hibernation' therefore do not eat, drink, urinate or defecate the entire period. The values used can be seen in the client's details dialog. The body temperature of bears, on the other hand, drops only a few degrees from normal and heart rate slows slightly. The modifiers are calculated from the amount of transferred data between the two clients. It is difficult to awaken them by disturbance. The more a user uploads to a client the faster he advances in this client's queue. In true hibernators, body temperatures drop to near ambient and heart rate slows drastically, but they periodically rouse themselves to urinate or defecate and eat from stored food.

The credit system provides a major modifier to this waiting time by taking the upload and download between the two clients into consideration. While many bear species do go into a physiological state called hibernation or winter sleep, it is not true hibernation. The strict queue system in eMule is based on the waiting time a user has spent in the queue. Many bears of northern regions are assumed to hibernate in the winter. uploading to other clients. Normally, bears are very solitary and will not remain close together for long periods of time. The credit system is used to reward users contributing to the network, i.e. The cubs are more sexually mature at seven years.

Often features first debuted in a mod later find their way into the official version. However, they will still remain nearby for three years. Other mods follow official eMule releases, and make their own releases based on each new release of the official version. Then, they are weaned. It does not have Kademlia protocol implemented, but proponents of this mod credit it for a better GUI and an ability to achieve better download speeds than the official version. They will be fed by milk at first and will start hunting with the mother in three months. A popular mod of this type is eMule Plus. The cubs, usually born in litters of 1–3, will stay with the mother for six months.

Some mods started as a fork of a eMule code, and then continued to develop independently of the official version. Cubs come out toothless, blind, and bald. As a popular open source program, eMule has many variants, usually called mods. Bears reproduce seasonally, usually after a period of inactivity similar to hibernation. This limitation doesn't exist in Kad network, therefore this network is more suitable for users that share big collections of files. The bear's courtship period is very brief. Some servers also limit the number of files that can be shared by any particular user. The only exceptions are polar bears and large adult brown bears, whose heavy weight makes it difficult to climb trees.

Therefore, it is more resistant to a large-scale network loss. Most bears are able to climb trees to chase prey or gain access to additional vegetation. Kad network is self-organising and tunes itself for best possible performance depending on the number of users and their connection qualities. They use their excellent memories to return to locations where food was plentiful in past years or seasons. Servers can only handle a certain amount of users and should a large server go down the network is severely handicapped. Bears travel over large territories in search of food, remembering the details of the landscape they cover. The main goal of the Kad network is to be independent of servers and improve scalability. Male young usually leave their mothers to live in other areas, but females often live in an area that overlaps that of their mother.

Both networks have totally different concepts for achieving the same: Searching for files and finding sources to a file. A male and female may live in an overlapping home range, each defending their range from other bears of the same sex. With the release of 0.47a, this limit was raised to 256GB, but only for clients supporting it (currently just eMule and aMule). Other bears may live alone but exist in a social network. This was an inherent limitation of the ed2k protocol. Giant pandas may also form small social groups, based on recent evidence, perhaps because bamboo is more concentrated than the patchy food resources of other bear species. eMule versions before 0.47a cannot share files larger than about 4 GB. Alaskan brown bears group in the same area to feed on salmon during the annual salmon runs, when the fish swim upriver to reach their spawning grounds.

eMule includes a feature that limits download and upload speeds, so that they do not exceed the limits set by the user. Bears form temporary groups only when food is plentiful in a small area. Also, many known "leecher" clients are often banned from the downloading through various means by eMule's mods (banning is not supported in official version). Bears mostly live alone, except for mothers and their cubs, or males and females during mating season. Furthermore, attempting to circumvent the uploading feature can possibly slow a user's download, as he will get worse credits from uploaders. They will, however, defend their cubs ferociously. Although there are many mods of eMule, it is hard to find one that doesn't enforce the second feature, which is a part of official eMule policy. For the most part, bears are shy and are easily frightened of humans.

This limitation does not apply if the maximum upload speed is set to 10K per second or more. Some of the large species, such as the polar bear and the grizzly bear, are dangerous to humans, especially in areas where they have become used to people. 2) Users are forced to share their bandwidth, thus increasing network's data stream: The official version of eMule forces the users to set their maximum download speed to no more than four times their maximum upload speed. Hunting times are usually in the dusk or the dawn except when humans are nearby. The recipient is forced to share in this way until the download is complete. Bears will commonly travel far for food. 1) Users are forced to share files: Shared files larger than 9500 KB are divided and downloaded in parts, so that a recipient starts to share the parts of the file already downloaded even before the download of the whole file is complete. They can also go to a river or other body of water to capture fish.

eMule and other programs on eDonkey network support the network in two basic ways:. They eat lichens, roots, nuts, and berries. This is accomplished by a complex calculation of the possible distance to the target client by asking other clients for the shortest route to it. They are mainly omnivorous, although some have a more specialised diet, such as polar bears. So the goal of any kind of search is to find those clients that have the responsibility for the current search topic. Bears live in a variety of habitats from the tropics to the Arctic and from forests to snowfields. The clients hash determines the specific keywords or sources. Bears living in the wild tend to die younger than their zoo-counterparts.

Each client in the Kad network works as a server for certain keywords or sources. A bear's life span seems to last about 25 to 40 years. Since every client is identified by a unique hash value, the idea of Kademlia is to associate a certain “responsibility” based on this hash. Large male polar bears may weigh twice as much as females, while smaller male and sun bears are much more similar in weight. There are no servers to keep track of clients and the files they share so it has to be done by each participating client in the network – in essence, every client is also a small server. In all bear species, males are larger than females, but the difference between sexes varies and is greatest in the largest species. Be it a search for filenames, for sources of a download or for other users, all work pretty much the same. Several species, such as the sun bear and spectacled bear have a light-colored chest with facial markings.

In this network it does not matter what you search for. For example, American black bears may be black, brown, reddish-brown, or bluish-black. Buddies are other Kad clients who have status open and work as a relay for connections, that the firewalled user cannot manage. Colors of a bear's fur can also vary within species. From version v.44a on, the Kad network supports a Buddy for firewalled users. Fur color varies among species, ranging from white, blonde or cream, to black, and white to all black or all brown. If you are not freely contacted, you are given a firewalled status. A bear's fur is long and shaggy.

If you can be freely contacted, you are assigned an ID (similar to a HighID) and given an open status. They are also stronger than most carnivores and their limbs are more flexible and agile. This process is very similar to the HighID/LowID check on the servers. Although slower than most carnivores, a running bear can reach speeds of up to 50 km/h (30 mph). Once a client is in the network, the client then requests for other clients to determine if it can be contacted freely. They walk with their weight on the soles of their hindfeet, with the heel touching the ground, while the toes of the forefeet are used more for balance. This is called a Boot Strap. While most carnivores tend to walk on their toes in a way that is adapted for speed, bears have a plantigrade stance.

The only thing needed to connect to this network is the IP and port of any eMule client already connected. These claws can be used to climb trees, rip open termite nests and beehives, dig up roots, or catch prey, depending on the species. (based on Kademlia protocol). Each paw has five long, sharp claws that are unretractible, unlike cats. Sources are other clients who have at least downloaded one entire part (9.28 MB) of the file matching the hash. Bears have four limbs that end in paws. The server looks up the file’s hash value in its database and returns the clients it knows for having it. Bears' molar teeth are broad, flat and are used to shred and grind plant food into small digestable pieces.

Once they are in the Download list, eMule first queries the local (connected) server then all other servers in the network for sources to that particular download. Normal canine teeth in a carnivore are generally large and pointed used for killing prey, while bears' canine teeth are relatively small and typically used in defense or as tools. Downloads can be added by eMule’s search function or a special eD2k link format offered on many websites. Bear teeth are not specialized for killing their prey like those of cats. mp3 files). Depending on the species, bears can have 32 to 42 teeth. Note that there are fake servers in the network that do not return any results for certain type of searches (e.g. Black bears, and likely other bears, have color vision to help them identify fruits and nuts.

Each server looks up the keyword in its local database and returns any file names (with the hash value) that matches the keyword. A bear's eyesight is probably similar in acuity (sharpness) to the human eye. If the search is a global search (searches all the servers within the network), it will take longer but have more results. Their claws are used for ripping, digging, and catching. If it’s a local search (searches only the server you are connected to), searches are quicker but will have fewer results. Their teeth are used for defense and tools and depend on the diet of the bear. A search can either be local or global. They have broad paws, long snouts, and round ears.

Once connected to the network, the client can search for keywords in filenames. They are capable of standing up on their hind legs. The server adds the filenames and hash values you sent to its database. Bears have a large body with powerful limbs. After the ID is assigned, eMule will send a list of all shared files to the server. Common characteristics of bears include a short tail, excellent senses of smell and hearing, five un-retractable claws, and long, dense, shaggy fur. If communication is blocked, the server assigns your client a low ID. .

If yes, the server assigns your client a so-called high ID. The adjective, ursine, is used to describe things of bearlike nature. When connecting your client to a server, the server checks to see if other clients can freely connect to your client. A bear is a large mammal of the order Carnivora, family Ursidae. Each client must be connected to a server to enter the network. The Bear by William Faulkner. The key to this network is the eD2k server. Bears of the World, Terry Domico, Photographs by Terry Domico and Mark Newman, Facts on File, Inc, 1988, hardcover, ISBN 0816015368.

(eD2k :EDonkey network). The harder you try, the better the bear you are!. For already compressed files this is likely to be the raw file, while uncompressed files are likely to result in zlib compressed data to be transmitted. To try like a bear means to try your hardest to catch the attention of a certain lady. Then it chooses the smaller set of data to transmit. Stephen Colbert frequently attacks bears as "godless killing machines" mobilized against humanity on The Colbert Report. Before sending data eMule attempts to compress the data with [zlib] set at maximum compression. Microsoft Bear is an unofficial mascot hidden in Windows 3.1 and Windows 95.

If a client already has most of a chunk, however, it may choose to request the rest of that chunk first because only complete chunks can be shared. In homosexual slang, the term "Bear" refers to male individuals who possess physical attributes much like a bear, such as a heavy build, abundant body hair, and commonly facial hair. Clients usually request the chunk that fewest other sources have to aid distribution of the file through the network; otherwise rare chunks may generate a bottleneck. In CB slang, "bear" (or "smokey", in reference to Smokey Bear) is a nickname for highway patrol. Once a client reaches the top of such a queue, the clients contact each other and transfer begins. The bear is a common national symbol for Russia (and the Soviet Union), as used in the Ronald Reagan political ad "Bear in the woods.". Each client maintains a "download queue" of other clients who are requesting files for download. The constellations Ursa Major and Ursa Minor represent bears.

other clients who are sharing that file), a client contacts each of those sources to request the file. for sports teams; and a bear cub was mascot of the 1980 Summer Olympics. After determining sources for a file (i.e. The bear, the bruin, or specific types of bears are popular nicknames or mascots, e.g. This user identification is highly secured by a public / private key handshake to prevent misuse. Indeed the farming of bears in China has led to a huge increase in consumption of bear bile since the 1980's with many people prepared to pay very high prices for the 'superior' bile of a wild bear. Like the file hash, each user in the network gets a unique and permanent user hash. There is no evidence to suggest that farming bears has reduced pressures on wild bear populations.

A file's hash value is computed by first computing the MD4 checksum of each chunk, and then computing the MD4 checksum of the string of those chunks' checksums concatenated with each other. They are kept in appalling conditions and usually have bile drained from their gall bladders using catheters inserted into their abdomen or with hypodermic needles. Files are broken into "chunks" of 9.28 MB each (the last chunk may be smaller if the file size is not exactly divisible by the chunk size). Thousands of bears are farmed for their bile in China, Vietnam and Korea. This allows each user to find all sources to a particular file no matter what file name each user has given the file. This has had a major impact on populations of bears around the world. All files are given a hash value that depends on the file's contents, but not its filename. The peoples of China, Japan and Korea use bears' body parts and secretions (notably their gall bladders and bile) as part of traditional Chinese medicine.

It is recommended to change the default ports of eMule to higher numbers (for example 20000 instead of 4662), because recently many ISPs are throttling default P2P ports resulting in slow performance. Many cultures regard bears as possessing healing powers. eMule is now considered a stable product, and new versions are not released as often as they used to be - 2 to 3 months is now a typical time interval between releases. Its opposite is a bull market, and bullish sentiment from bulls. The 0.46b version added the creation and management of "collection" files, which contain a set of links to files intended to be downloaded as a set. Pessimistic forecasting or negative activity is said to be bearish (due to the stereotypical posture of bears looking downwards), and one who expresses bearish sentiment is a bear. Other recent additions include: the ability to run eMule from a user account with limited privileges (thus enhancing security), and intelligent corruption handling (so that a corrupted chunk, 9.28 MB in size, does not need to be re-downloaded entirely). In the stock market, a bear market is a period of declining prices.

Some users have complained that it leads to a loss of active sources and subsequently slows download speed. That bear became the prototype for the Teddy bear, which is a stuffed animal toy. Unavailable IPs are banned for a time period from 15 to 45 minutes. president Theodore "Teddy" Roosevelt refused to shoot in Mississippi. After adding an IP to the "Bad source list", the application treats this IP as a "dead" IP. Some bears have been famous in their own right, like the bear that U.S. The application adds an IP address to this list after one unsuccessful connection. Subspecies Borneo Sun Bear (Helarctos (Ursus) malayanus euryspilus).

In new versions, a "Bad source list" was added. Sun Bear, Helarctos malayanus