Earthquake

. His Auschwitz scene was therefore filmed outside the near-symmetrical entrance, with scenery added to make it look like the real thing. A recently proposed theory suggests that some earthquakes may occur in a sort of earthquake storm, where one earthquake will trigger a series of earthquakes each triggered by the previous shifts on the fault lines, similar to aftershocks, but occurring years later. However, permission was denied to Steven Spielberg for Schindler's List. These oscillations of the earth are either due to the deformation of the Earth by tide caused by the Moon or the Sun, or other phenomena. The Polish film directors Andrzej Munk and Andrzej Wajda were both given permission to film in Auschwitz for the films Pasażerka and Krajobraz Po Bitwie respectively.
Another type of movement of the Earth is observed by terrestrial spectroscopy. Most media outlets now show awareness of the offence this may cause, and try to avoid using such expressions (or issue an apology after using them, see for example the recent note in The Guardian).

Earthquakes such as these, that are caused by human activity, are referred to by the term induced seismicity. Recently the Polish media and the foreign ministry of Poland have voiced objections to the use of the expression "Polish death camp" in relation to Auschwitz, as they feel that phrase might misleadingly suggest that Poles (rather than Germans) perpetrated the Holocaust. Thus scientists have been able to monitor, using the tools of seismology, nuclear weapons tests performed by governments that were not disclosing information about these tests along normal channels. In short, all of the denier's blustering about the 'Four Million Variant' is a specious attempt to envelope the reader into their web of deceit, and it can be discarded after the most rudimentary examination of published histories."[2]. Finally, ground shaking can also result from the detonation of explosives. If they can't keep their numbers straight, their reasoning goes, how can we say that their evidence for the Holocaust is credible? One must wonder which historians they speak of, as most have been remarkably consistent in their estimates of a million or so dead. Earthquakes have also been known to be caused by the removal of natural gas from subsurface deposits, for instance in the northern Netherlands. They hope to discredit historians by making them seem inconsistent.

Such earthquakes occur because the strength of the Earth's crust can be modified by fluid pressure. Holocaust deniers have attempted to use this change as propaganda, in the words of Nizkor: "Deniers often use the 'Four Million Variant' as a stepping stone to leap from an apparent contradiction to the idea that the Holocaust was a hoax, again perpetrated by a conspiracy. at certain geothermal power plants and at the Rocky Mountain Arsenal). After the collapse of the Communist government, the plaque was removed and the official death toll given as 1.1 million. A rare few earthquakes have been associated with the build-up of large masses of water behind dams, such as the Kariba Dam in Zambia, Africa, and with the injection or extraction of fluids into the Earth's crust (e.g. This number was never taken seriously by Western historians, and was never used in any of the calculations of the death toll at Auschwitz (which have generally remained consistently around 1-1.5 million for the last sixty years) or for the total deaths in the Holocaust as a whole. Some earthquakes are also caused by the movement of magma in volcanoes, and such quakes can be an early warning of volcanic eruptions. For many years, a memorial plaque placed at the camp by the Soviet authorities and the Polish communist government stated that 4 million people had been murdered at Auschwitz.

Deep focus earthquakes, at depths of 100's km, are possibly generated as subducted lithospheric material catastrophically undergoes a phase transition since at the pressures and temperatures present at such depth elastic strain cannot be supported. "27 January 2005, the sixtieth anniversary of the liberation of Nazi Germany's death camp at Auschwitz-Birkenau, where a combined total of up to 1.5 million Jews, Roma, Poles, Russians and prisoners of various other nationalities, and homosexuals, were murdered, is not only a major occasion for European citizens to remember and condemn the enormous horror and tragedy of the Holocaust, but also for addressing the disturbing rise in anti-semitism, and especially anti‑semitic incidents, in Europe, and for learning anew the wider lessons about the dangers of victimising people on the basis of race, ethnic origin, religion, social classification, politics or sexual orientation.". Eventually when enough stress accumulates, the plates move, causing an earthquake. The European Parliament marked the anniversary of the camp's liberation in 2005 with a minute of silence and the passage of this resolution:. Where these plates meet stress accumulates. In 1996, Germany made 27 January, the day of the liberation of Auschwitz, the official day for the commemoration of the victims of 'National Socialism'. The Earth is made up of tectonic plates driven by the heat in the Earth's mantle and core. See Auschwitz cross for more details.

Most earthquakes are powered by the release of the elastic strain that accumulate over time, typically, at the boundaries of the plates that make up the Earth's lithosphere via a process called Elastic-rebound theory. Following an agreement between the Polish Catholic Church and the Polish government, the smaller crosses were removed in 1999 but the large papal one remains. For example it has been calculated that the average recurrence for the United Kingdom can be described as follows:. In 1998, after further calls to remove the cross, some 300 smaller crosses were erected by local activists near the large one, leading to further protests and heated exchanges. Larger earthquakes occur less frequently than smaller earthquakes, the relationship being exponential, ie roughly ten times as many earthquakes larger than 4 occur in a particular time period than earthquakes larger than magnitude 5. The Catholic Church told the Carmelites to move by 1989, but they stayed on until 1993, leaving the large cross behind. As a result the moment magnitude (M_W) scale was introduced by Hiroo Kanamori, which is comparable to the other magnitude scales but will not saturate at higher values. Some Catholics have pointed out that the people killed in Auschwitz I were mainly Polish Catholics.

The values of moments for different earthquakes ranges over several order of magnitude. This led to protests by Jewish groups, who said that mostly Jews were killed at Auschwitz and demanded that religious symbols be kept away from the site. The seismic moment is calculated from seismograms but can also by obtained from geologic estimates of the size of the fault rupture and the displacement. One year later the Carmelites erected the 8 metre (26 ft) tall cross from the 1979 mass near their site, just outside block 11 and barely visible from within the camp. Seismologists now favor a measure called the seismic moment, related to the concept of moment in physics, to measure the size of a seismic source. After some Jewish groups called for the removal of the convent, representatives of the Catholic Church agreed in 1987. They are still useful however as they can be rapidly calculated, there are catalogues of them dating back many years and are they are familiar to the public. Carmelite nuns opened a convent near Auschwitz I in 1984.

However as each is also based on the measurement of one part of the seismogram they do not measure the overall power of the source and can suffer from saturation at higher magnitude values (larger events fail to produce higher magnitude values).These scales are also empirical and as such there is no physical meaning to the values. A short while later, a Star of David appeared at the site, leading to a proliferation of religious symbols there; eventually they were removed. Each of these is scaled to gives values similar to the values given by the Richter scale. After the pope had announced that Edith Stein would be beatified, some Catholics erected a cross near bunker 2 of Auschwitz II where she had been gassed. Other more recent Magnitude measurements include: body wave magnitude (m_b), surface wave magnitude (M_s) and duration magnitude (M_D). In 1979, the newly elected Polish Pope John Paul II celebrated Mass on the grounds of Auschwitz II to some 500,000 people. It is obtained by measuring the maximum amplitude of a recording on a Wood-Anderson torsion seismometer (or one calibrated to it) at a distance of 600km from the earthquake. The Auschwitz concentration camp is part of the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites.

This is known as the “Richter scale”, “Richter Magnitude” or “Local Magnitude” (M_L). Auschwitz II and the remains of the gas chambers there are also open to the public. Richter devised a simple numerical scale (which he called the magnitude) to describe the relative sizes of earthquakes in Southern California. However, in most cases the departure from the historical truth is minor, and is clearly labelled. In the 1930s, a California seismologist named Charles F. Today, the Auschwitz I museum site combines elements from several periods into a single complex: for example the gas chamber at Auschwitz I (which did not exist by the war's end) was restored and the fence was moved (because of building being done after the war but before the establishment of the museum). The first attempt to qualitatively define one value to describe the size of earthquakes was the magnitude scale (the name being taking from similar formed scales used on the brightness of stars). The Polish government then decided to restore Auschwitz I and turn it into a museum honouring the victims of nazism; Auschwitz II, where buildings were prone to decay, was preserved but not restored.

If you feel an earthquake in the US you can report the effects to the USGS. The Buna Werke were taken over by the Polish government and became the foundation for the chemical industry of the region. For some tasks related to engineering and local planning it is still useful for the very same reasons and thus still collected. After the war, the camp served as a prison of the NKVD through most of 1945 and then remained in a state of disrepair for several years. The problem with these scales is the measurement is subjective, often based on the worst damage in an area and influenced by local effects like site conditions that make it a poor measure for the relative size of different events in different places. This number has met with "significant, though not complete" agreement among scholars.^ . No structural damage. A larger study started around the same time by Franciszek Piper used time tables of train arrivals combined with deportation records to calculate 1.1 million Jewish deaths and 140,000-150,000 Polish victims, along with 23,000 Roma.

Damage is slight in poorly built buildings. In 1983, French scholar George Wellers was one of the first to use Nazi data on deportations to estimate the number killed at Auschwitz, arriving at 1.613 million dead, including 1.44 million Jews and 146,000 Poles. Trees and bushes shake. Though this number, and a higher total of 4 million, was used by Soviet and Polish authorities, it was never taken seriously by Western scholars, who generally supported numbers of around 1-2 million. Plaster in walls might crack. Early efforts to count the number of dead relied on the testimony of witnesses, especially Nazi Rudolf Hoess, who gave the number of dead at 2.5-3 million. Furniture moves. Since the Nazis attempted to destroy the evidence of the mass murder at Auschwitz, the exact number of victims is impossible to fix with certainty.

Pictures fall off walls. Soviet POWs were accused of collaborating with the Germans and were either executed or sent to gulags in the Soviet Union. Objects fall from shelves. 'Liberation' was not necessarily the end of the ordeal for many prisoners. People have trouble walking. Those too weak or sick to walk were left behind; about 7,500 prisoners were liberated by the 322nd Infantry unit of the Red Army on January 27, 1945. Everyone feels movement. On January 17, 1945 Nazi personnel started to evacuate the facility; most of the prisoners were marched West.

The value 6 (normally denoted "VI") in the MM scale for example is:. The gas chambers of Birkenau were blown up by the Germans in November 1944 in an attempt to hide their crimes from the advancing Soviet troops. These assign a numeric value (different for each scale) to a location based on the size of the shaking experienced there. The debate over what could have been done, or what should have been attempted even if success was unlikely, has continued heatedly ever since. In the United States the Mercalli (or Modified Mercalli, MM) scale is commonly used, while Japan (shindo) and the EU (European Macroseismic Scale) each have their own scales. One bomb accidentally fell into the camp and killed some prisoners. The first method of quantifying earthquakes was intensity scales. Later several nearby military targets were bombed.

Earthquakes that occur below sea level and have large vertical displacements can give rise to tsunamis, either as a direct result of the deformation of the sea bed due to the earthquake or as a result of submarine landslips or "slides" directly or indirectly triggered by it. At one point Winston Churchill ordered that such a plan be prepared, but he was told that bombing the camp would most likely kill prisoners without disrupting the killing operation, and that bombing the railway lines was not technically feasible. Just as a large loudspeaker can produce a greater volume of sound than a smaller one, large faults are capable of higher magnitude earthquakes than smaller faults are. Starting with a plea from the Slovakian rabbi Weissmandl in May 1944, there was a growing campaign to convince the Allies to bomb Auschwitz or the railway lines leading to it. The total size of the fault that slips, the rupture zone, can be as large as 1000 km, for the biggest earthquakes. (In fact, it was not until the 1970s that these photographs of Auschwitz were looked at carefully.). The location on the surface directly above the hypocenter is known as the "epicenter". Detailed air reconnaissance photographs of the camp were taken accidentally during 1944 by aircraft seeking to photograph nearby military-industrial targets, but no effort was made to analyse them.

That point is called its "focus" or "hypocenter" and usually proves to be the point at which the fault slip was initiated. This changed with receipt of the very detailed report of two escaped prisoners, Rudolf Vrba and Alfred Wetzler, which finally convinced most Allied leaders of the truth about Auschwitz in the middle of 1944. Using such ground motion records from around the world it is possible to identify a point from which the earthquake's seismic waves appear to originate. Some information regarding Auschwitz reached the Allies during 1941-1944, such as the reports of Witold Pilecki and Jerzy Tabeau, but the claims of mass killings were generally dismissed as exaggerated. The Rayleigh waves from the Sumatra-Andaman Earthquake of 2004 caused ground motion of over 1 cm even at the seismometers that were located far from it, although this displacement was abnormally large. Female subcamps were constructed at Budy , Plawy, Zabrze, Gleiwitz I, II, III, Rajsko and at Lichtenwerden. Ground motions caused by very distant earthquakes are called teleseisms. The largest subcamps were built at Trzebinia, Bleechammer and Althammer.

The power of an earthquake is distributed over a significant area, but in the case of large earthquakes, it can spread over the entire planet. In regular intervals, doctors from Auschwitz II would visit the work camps and select the weak and sick for the gas chambers of Birkenau. While almost all earthquakes have aftershocks, foreshocks are far less common occurring in only about 10% of events. It was associated with the synthetic rubber and liquid fuel plant Buna-Werke owned by IG Farben. Most large earthquakes are accompanied by other, smaller ones, that can occur either before or after the principal quake — these are known as foreshocks or aftershocks, respectively. The largest work camp was Auschwitz III Monowitz, starting operations in May 1942. S-waves (secondary or shear waves) and the two types of surfaces waves (Love waves and Rayleigh waves) are responsible for the shaking hazard. The surrounding satellite work camps were closely connected to German industry and were associated with arms factories, foundries and mines.

There are four types of seismic waves that are all generated simultaneously and can be felt on the ground. Many of the inmates enslaved here survived less than a year due to their harsh with duck head living conditions. In a particular earthquake, any of these agents of damage can dominate, and historically each has caused major damage and great loss of life, but for most of the earthquakes shaking is the dominant and most widespread cause of damage. The prisoners then attempted a mass escape, but nearly all of the 250 were killed soon after. liquefaction, landslide), and fire or a release of hazardous materials. Female prisoners had smuggled in explosives from a weapons factory, and crematorium IV was partly destroyed by an explosion. Large earthquakes can cause serious destruction and massive loss of life through a variety of agents of damage, including fault rupture, vibratory ground motion (i.e., shaking), inundation (e.g., tsunami, seiche, dam failure), various kinds of permanent ground failure (e.g. On October 7, 1944, the Jewish Sonderkommandos (those prisoners kept separate from the main camp and involved in the operation of the gas chambers and crematoria) staged an uprising.

Some deep earthquakes may be due to the transition of olivine to spinel, which is more stable in the deep mantle. On 10 October, eight hundred Roma children were systematically killed at Birkenau. At subduction zones where plates descend into the mantle, earthquakes have been recorded to a depth of 600 km, although these deep earthquakes are caused by different mechanisms than the more common shallow events. They were gassed in July 1944. Where the crust is thicker and colder they will occur at greater depths and the opposite in areas that are hot. Many Roma had been imprisoned in a special section of the camp, mostly in family units. Most earthquakes occur in narrow regions around plate boundaries down to depths of a few tens of kilometres where the crust is rigid enough to support the elastic strain. ^[1].

Large numbers of earthquakes occur on a daily basis on Earth, but the majority of them are detected only by seismometers and cause no damage . When the crematoria could not keep up, bodies were burned in open pits. . Between May and July 1944, about 438,000 Jews from Hungary were deported to Auschwitz-Birkenau and the most were killed there. Seismic waves including some strong enough to be felt by humans can also be caused by explosions (chemical or nuclear), landslides, and collapse of old mine shafts, though these sources are not strictly earthquakes. The largest group of Jews deported to Auschwitz came from Hungary after Germany took control of its former ally in March 1944. Most earthquakes are tectonic, but they also occur in volcanic regions and as the result of a number of anthropogenic sources, such as reservoir induced seismicity, mining and the removal or injection of fluids into the crust. Jews from many countries were sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau to be killed: 300,000 from Poland, 69,000 from France, 60,000 from the Netherlands, 55,000 from Greece, 46,000 from Moravia, 25,000 from Belgium, as well as tens of thousands of Jews from other countries.

Earthquakes related to plate tectonics are called tectonic earthquakes. An oven room, where selected camp prisoners called Sonderkommandos took out the dead bodies and burned them, was part of the same building. Events located at plate boundaries are called interplate earthquakes; the less frequent events that occur in the interior of the lithospheric plates are called intraplate earthquakes (see, for example, New Madrid Seismic Zone). Gas chambers in crematoria IV and V were above ground and Zyklon B was poured through the special windows in the walls. The highest stress (and possible weakest zones) are most often found at the boundaries of the tectonic plates and hence these locations are where the majority of earthquakes occur. Once the victims were sealed shut in the chamber, the toxic agent Zyklon B was discharged from openings in the ceiling. Earthquakes occur where the stress resulting from the differential motion of these plates exceeds the strength of the crust. The victims were ordered to strip naked and leave their belongings in the undressing room in a location that they could subsequently remember, before being led to the adjacent gas chamber.

The Earth's lithosphere is a patch work of plates in slow but constant motion (see plate tectonics). To avoid mass panic, the victims were told that they were going there for showering; to reinforce this impression, shower heads were fitted in the gas chamber, though never connected to a water supply. The word earthquake is also widely used to indicate the source region itself. Two of the crematoria (Krema II and Krema III) each had an underground undressing room and the underground gas chamber, capable of holding thousands of people. Earthquakes typically result from the movement of faults, planar zones of deformation within the Earth's upper crust. Those selected for extermination were sent to any of four massive gas chamber/crematorium complexes, all at the edge of the camp. Earthquakes result from the dynamic release of elastic strain energy that radiates seismic waves. Items such as banknotes, coins, jewellery, precious metals and diamonds were removed from "Canada" and shipped off to the Reichsbank.

An earthquake is a sudden and sometimes catastrophic movement of a part of the Earth's surface. In another section known as "Canada" (so named because Germans believed that Canada was a land of vast riches), the belongings of the arriving victims were sorted and stored, to be transferred to the German government. Lake Tanganyika earthquake (2005). One section of the camp was reserved for female prisoners. Many more at risk from the Kashmiri winter. Those arriving prisoners who survived the initial selection would go on to spend some time in quarantine quarters and eventually work on the camp's maintenance or expansion or be sent to one of the surrounding satellite work camps. Killed over 79,000 people. Young children were taken from their mothers and placed with older women to be gassed, along with the sick, weak and old.

Kashmir earthquake (2005). At other times, the Nazis would perform "selections", often administered by Josef Mengele, to the end of choosing whom to kill right away and whom to imprison as labour force or use for medical experiments. Fukuoka earthquake (2005). At times, the whole transport would be sent to its death immediately. Sumatran Earthquake (2005). From 1944 railway tracks extended into the camp itself; before that, arriving prisoners were marched from the Auschwitz railway station to the camp. Triggered a tsunami which caused nearly 300,000 deaths spanning several countries. Most people arrived at the camp by rail, often after horrifying trips in cattle cars lasting several days.

Epicenter off the coast of the Indonesian island Sumatra. Large-scale extermination started in Spring 1942. One of the largest earthquakes ever recorded at 9.0. For this purpose, the camp was equipped with four crematoria with gas chambers; each gas chamber was designed to hold up to 2,500 people at one time. Indian Ocean Earthquake (2004). The camp's main purpose, however, was not internment with forced labour (as Auschwitz I & III) but rather extermination. Chuetsu Earthquake (2004). The camp held up to 100,000 prisoners at one time.

Not large (6.0), but the most anticipated and intensely instrumented earthquake ever recorded and likely to offer insights into predicting future earthquakes elsewhere on similar slip-strike fault structures. Fields as well as the camp itself were surrounded with barbed, electrified wire (which was used by some of the inmates to commit suicide). Parkfield, California earthquake (2004). The camp was about 2.5 kilometres by 2 kilometres (1½ mi by 1¼ mi) large and was divided into several sections, each of which was separated into fields. Bam Earthquake (2003). The camp was designed, according to the Bauhaus concept of functionalism and construction started in 1941, as part of the Final Solution (Endlösung). Dudley Earthquake (2002). The camp is located in Brzezinka (Birkenau), about 3 kilometres (1.8 mi) from Auschwitz I.

Gujarat Earthquake (2001). It was the site of the imprisonment of hundreds of thousands, and the killings of over one million people, mainly Jews. Nisqually Earthquake (2001). Auschwitz II (Birkenau) is the camp that many people know simply as "Auschwitz". Chi-Chi earthquake (1999). It was staffed by women specifically selected for the purpose, and by some volunteers from the female prisoners most of whom were raped by the Nazis. Düzce earthquake (1999). The camp brothel, established in the summer of 1943 on Himmler's order, was located in block 24 and was used to reward privileged prisoners.

İzmit earthquake (1999) Killed over 17,000 in northwestern Turkey. Prisoners in the camp hospital who were not quick to recover were regularly killed by a lethal injection of phenol. Killed over 6,400 people in and around Kobe, Japan. Josef Mengele experimented on twins in the same complex. Great Hanshin earthquake (1995). Dr. Damage showed seismic resistance deficiencies in modern low-rise apartment construction. Carl Clauberg conducted sterilization experiments on Jewish women in block 10 of Auschwitz I, with the aim of developing a simple injection method to be used on the Slavic people.

Northridge, California earthquake (1994). Dr. Revealed necessity of accelerated seismic retrofit of road and bridge structures. From April 1943 to May 1944, the gynecologist Prof. Severely affecting Santa Cruz, San Francisco and Oakland in California. The first women arrived in the camp on March 26, 1942. Loma Prieta earthquake (1989). This gas chamber operated from 1941 to 1942 and was then converted into an air-raid shelter.

Killed over 25,000. The tests deemed successful, a gas chamber and crematorium were constructed by converting a bunker. Armenian earthquake (1988). The substance producing the highly-lethal cyanide gas was sold under the trade name Zyklon B, originally for use as a pesticide used to kill lice. Whittier Narrows earthquake (1987). The first experiment was on 3 September, 1941, and it killed 600 Soviet POWs. 8.1 on the Richter Scale, killed over 6,500 people (though it is believed as many as 30,000 may have died, due to missing people never reappearing.). In September 1941, the SS conducted poison gas tests in block 11, killing 850 Poles and Russians using cyanide.

Great Mexican Earthquake (1985). Others were executed by shooting, hanging or starving. The official death toll was 255,000, but many experts believe that two or three times that number died. Some prisoners had to spend several days in tiny cells too small to sit down. The most destructive earthquake of modern times. Block 11 of Auschwitz I was the "prison within the prison", where violations of the numerous rules were punished. Tangshan earthquake (1976). The harsh work requirements, combined with poor nutrition and hygiene, led to high death rates among the prisoners.

Caused great and unexpected destruction of freeway bridges and flyways in the San Fernando Valley, leading to the first major seismic retrofits of these types of structures, but not at a sufficient pace to avoid the next California freeway collapse in 1989. All inmates had to work; except in the associated arms factories, Sundays were reserved for cleaning and showering and there were no work assignments. Sylmar earthquake (1971). The various classes of prisoners were distinguishable by special marks on their clothes; Jews were generally treated the worst. Caused a landslide that buried the town of Yungay, Peru; killed over 40,000 people. The SS selected some prisoners, often German criminals, as specially privileged supervisors of the other inmates (so-called: kapo). Ancash earthquake (1970). Contrary to what is depicted in several films, the majority of the Jews were imprisoned in the Auschwitz II camp, and did not pass under this sign.

Good Friday Earthquake (1964) Alaskan earthquake. The camp's prisoners who left the camp during the day for construction or farm labour were made to march through the gate at the sounds of an orchestra. Biggest earthquake ever recorded, 9.5 on Moment magnitude scale. The entrance to Auschwitz I was (and still is) marked with the cynical sign "Arbeit macht frei", "Work (shall) make (you) free" (or "work liberates"). Great Chilean Earthquake (1960). At any time, the camp held between 13,000 and 16,000 inmates; in 1942 the number reached 20,000. Kamchatka earthquakes (1952 and 1737). Jews were sent to the camp as well, beginning with the very first shipment (from Tarnów).

On the Japanese island of Honshu, killing over 140,000 in Tokyo and environs. Common German criminals, "anti-social elements" and 48 German homosexuals were also imprisoned there. Great Kanto earthquake (1923). The camp was initially used for interning Polish intellectuals and resistance movement members, then also for Soviet Prisoners of War. San Francisco Earthquake (1906). A group of 728 Polish political prisoners from Tarnów became the first residents of Auschwitz on June 14th that year. Largest earthquake in the Southeast and killed 100. It was founded on May 20, 1940, on the basis of an old Polish brick army barracks.

Charleston earthquake (1886). Auschwitz I served as the administrative center for the whole complex. Fort Tejon Earthquake (1857). . New Madrid Earthquake (1811). A common punishment for escape attempts was death by starvation; the families of successful escapees were sometimes arrested and interned in Auschwitz and prominently displayed to deter others. Lisbon earthquake (1755). About 700 prisoners attempted to escape from the Auschwitz camps during the years of their operation, with about 300 attempts successful.

Kamchatka earthquakes (1737 and 1952). Chief of the women's field was handled by Johanna Langefeld, Maria Mandel and last by Elisabeth Volkenrath. Cascadia Earthquake (1700). He was hanged in 1947 in front of the entrance to the crematorium of Auschwitz I. Deadliest known earthquake in history, estimated to have killed 830,000 in China. Höß provided a detailed description of the camp's workings during his interrogations after the war and also in his autobiography. Shaanxi Earthquake (1556). The commandants of the camp were the SS-Obersturmbannführers Rudolf Höß (sometimes transliterated in English as "Hoess") until Summer 1943, and later Arthur Liebehenschel and Richard Baer.

San Andreas Fault. Like all Nazi concentration camps, the Auschwitz camps were operated by Heinrich Himmler's SS. New Madrid Fault Zone. The exact number of people killed in the camps is not known, but most modern estimates are around 1.1-1.5 million. North Anatolian Fault Zone. See List of subcamps of Auschwitz for others. Hayward Fault Zone. The three main camps were:.

Calaveras Fault. The camps were a major element in the perpetration of the Holocaust, killing around 1.1-1.5 million people, of whom over 90% were Jews. Alpine Fault. Beginning in 1940, Nazi Germany built several concentration camps and an extermination camp in the area, which at the time had been annexed by Nazi Germany. Earthquake prediction. The name is derived from the German name for the nearby Polish town of Oświęcim (pronounced [oʃˈventʃiːm]), situated about 60 kilometres (37 mi) southwest of Kraków. Seismic retrofit. Auschwitz is the name loosely used to identify the largest Nazi extermination camp along with two main German concentration camps and 45-50 sub-camps.

Household seismic safety. Indiana University Press, 1998, pp 60-70. Emergency preparedness. Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp. an earthquake of 5.6 or larger every 100 years. ^ Yisrael Gutman, Michael Berenbaum, Raul Hilberg, Franciszek Piper, Yehuda Baur. an earthquake of 4.7 or larger every 10 years. Auschwitz III (Monowitz), which served as a labor camp for the IG Farben company.

an earthquake of 3.7 or larger every 1 year. Auschwitz II (Birkenau), an extermination camp and the site of the deaths of roughly 1.1 million Jews, 75,000 Poles, and some 19,000 Roma. Auschwitz I, the original concentration camp which served as the administrative centre for the whole complex, and was the site of the deaths of roughly 70,000 people, mostly Poles and Soviet Prisoners of War.