Earthquake

. Bud Grant coached four Vikings losses in the 1970s, Marv Levy coached four consecutive losses with the Buffalo Bills in the 1990s, and Dan Reeves coached four losses between two teams (three with the Denver Broncos and one with the Atlanta Falcons). A recently proposed theory suggests that some earthquakes may occur in a sort of earthquake storm, where one earthquake will trigger a series of earthquakes each triggered by the previous shifts on the fault lines, similar to aftershocks, but occurring years later. Don Shula, Bill Parcells, Dan Reeves, Dick Vermeil, and Mike Holmgren all took more than one team to the Super Bowl. These oscillations of the earth are either due to the deformation of the Earth by tide caused by the Moon or the Sun, or other phenomena. And recently, Bill Belichick won three with the Patriots.
Another type of movement of the Earth is observed by terrestrial spectroscopy. Joe Gibbs also won three Super Bowls with the Washington Redskins.

Earthquakes such as these, that are caused by human activity, are referred to by the term induced seismicity. Bill Walsh won three with the San Francisco 49ers. Thus scientists have been able to monitor, using the tools of seismology, nuclear weapons tests performed by governments that were not disclosing information about these tests along normal channels. Chuck Noll won four in the 1970's with the Pittsburgh Steelers. Finally, ground shaking can also result from the detonation of explosives. Tom Landry also coached two winners and three losers with the Dallas Cowboys. Earthquakes have also been known to be caused by the removal of natural gas from subsurface deposits, for instance in the northern Netherlands. Don Shula coached two different teams: a loss with the Baltimore Colts and two wins and three losses with the Miami Dolphins.

Such earthquakes occur because the strength of the Earth's crust can be modified by fluid pressure. Vince Lombardi's Green Bay Packers won the first two. at certain geothermal power plants and at the Rocky Mountain Arsenal). Super Bowl wins and losses tend to cluster around a few head coaches. A rare few earthquakes have been associated with the build-up of large masses of water behind dams, such as the Kariba Dam in Zambia, Africa, and with the injection or extraction of fluids into the Earth's crust (e.g. The most recent is the Philadelphia Eagles, who lost Super Bowl XXXIX to the New England Patriots in the 2004 season (played on February 6, 2005), who posted a 6 wins, 10 losses, no ties record in the 2005 season. Some earthquakes are also caused by the movement of magma in volcanoes, and such quakes can be an early warning of volcanic eruptions. There are notable exceptions to this pattern, such as the Buffalo Bills who went to the Super Bowl and lost four years in a row, from XXV to XXVIII.

Deep focus earthquakes, at depths of 100's km, are possibly generated as subducted lithospheric material catastrophically undergoes a phase transition since at the pressures and temperatures present at such depth elastic strain cannot be supported. This effect can be traced to the loss of momentum a team has built up, accumulating injuries, losing successful free agents between seasons, and the aging of talented players. Eventually when enough stress accumulates, the plates move, causing an earthquake. The season after a Super Bowl loss, a team usually returns with a losing, or mediocre at best, record. Where these plates meet stress accumulates. Commentators and sports analysts note a tendency for teams that have made it to the Super Bowl and lost, to collapse the following season. The Earth is made up of tectonic plates driven by the heat in the Earth's mantle and core. With the new television contracts beginning in 2006, NBC, which last telecast Super Bowl XXXII in 1998, will take ABC's place in the network rotation starting with Super Bowl XLIII in 2009.

Most earthquakes are powered by the release of the elastic strain that accumulate over time, typically, at the boundaries of the plates that make up the Earth's lithosphere via a process called Elastic-rebound theory. Super Bowl XXXVIII was shown on CBS, Super Bowl XXXIX was shown on FOX, and Super Bowl XL will be shown on ABC, which will be the final NFL game broadcast on that network for the foreseeable future. For example it has been calculated that the average recurrence for the United Kingdom can be described as follows:. In the United States it is currently shared among three of the four major television networks: ABC, CBS, and FOX. Larger earthquakes occur less frequently than smaller earthquakes, the relationship being exponential, ie roughly ten times as many earthquakes larger than 4 occur in a particular time period than earthquakes larger than magnitude 5. The television network showing the game changes from year to year. As a result the moment magnitude (M_W) scale was introduced by Hiroo Kanamori, which is comparable to the other magnitude scales but will not saturate at higher values. While most home teams in the Super Bowl choose to wear their colored jerseys, only the Cowboys in XIII and XXVII, the Washington Redskins in XVII, and the Pittsburgh Steelers in Super Bowl XL have worn white as the home team.

The values of moments for different earthquakes ranges over several order of magnitude. The Dallas Cowboys wore their rarely used blue uniform tops in Super Bowl V, and lost to the then-Baltimore Colts, which has led to the widely held belief that the Cowboys do not play well in their blue shirts. The seismic moment is calculated from seismograms but can also by obtained from geologic estimates of the size of the fault rupture and the displacement. Prior to that, the home team always wore the dark jerseys. Seismologists now favor a measure called the seismic moment, related to the concept of moment in physics, to measure the size of a seismic source. The home team is given the choice of either wearing their colored jerseys or their white ones; this started with Super Bowl XIII. They are still useful however as they can be rapidly calculated, there are catalogues of them dating back many years and are they are familiar to the public. The designated "home team" alternates between the NFC team in odd-numbered years (the Philadelphia Eagles in 2005), and the AFC team in even-numbered years (the Pittsburgh Steelers in 2006).

However as each is also based on the measurement of one part of the seismogram they do not measure the overall power of the source and can suffer from saturation at higher magnitude values (larger events fail to produce higher magnitude values).These scales are also empirical and as such there is no physical meaning to the values. Neither of these stadiums has ever been a home to an NFL team. Each of these is scaled to gives values similar to the values given by the Richter scale. However, Super Bowl XIV (which involved the then-Los Angeles Rams) was played at nearby Pasadena's Rose Bowl stadium; and Super Bowl XIX (which involved the San Francisco 49ers) was played at the nearby Stanford Stadium on the Stanford University campus in Palo Alto. Other more recent Magnitude measurements include: body wave magnitude (m_b), surface wave magnitude (M_s) and duration magnitude (M_D). Coincidentally, no NFL team has ever played the Super Bowl on its own home turf. It is obtained by measuring the maximum amplitude of a recording on a Wood-Anderson torsion seismometer (or one calibrated to it) at a distance of 600km from the earthquake. Louis, Missouri.

This is known as the “Richter scale”, “Richter Magnitude” or “Local Magnitude” (M_L). The last time the Los Angeles area hosted the game was Super Bowl XXVII in 1993; the area is currently not considered a possible venue after the league's two teams vacated the city in 1995: the Raiders moved back to Oakland, California, and the Rams moved to St. Richter devised a simple numerical scale (which he called the magnitude) to describe the relative sizes of earthquakes in Southern California. After Hurricane Katrina damaged the Louisiana Superdome and the city, the game might never return to New Orleans. In the 1930s, a California seismologist named Charles F. Miami has been selected to host two future games: Super Bowl XLI in 2007 and Super Bowl XLIV in 2010. The first attempt to qualitatively define one value to describe the size of earthquakes was the magnitude scale (the name being taking from similar formed scales used on the brightness of stars). Over half of the Super Bowls have been played in one of the following three cities: New Orleans, Louisiana (9 times), Miami, Florida (8 times) and the Greater Los Angeles Area (7 total, 5 times at Pasadena's Rose Bowl stadium and twice at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum).

If you feel an earthquake in the US you can report the effects to the USGS. The only three cold-winter-climate cities to have hosted the Super Bowl are Pontiac, Michigan, Detroit, Michigan and Minneapolis, Minnesota. For some tasks related to engineering and local planning it is still useful for the very same reasons and thus still collected. To this date, Super Bowls have either been played in cities with mildly warm winter climates, or in domed stadiums where weather is not an issue. The problem with these scales is the measurement is subjective, often based on the worst damage in an area and influenced by local effects like site conditions that make it a poor measure for the relative size of different events in different places. Cities compete to host the game in a selection bidding process similar to ones used by the Olympic Games and soccer's World Cup. No structural damage. The location of the Super Bowl is chosen by the NFL well in advance, usually 3 to 5 years before the game.

Damage is slight in poorly built buildings. This also led to the FCC cracking down on indecency and fining CBS $225,000 for the incident, as well as fining each of CBS's then twenty owned and operated stations. Trees and bushes shake. The NFL, embarrassed from the incident, permanently banned MTV from doing another halftime show in any capacity. Plaster in walls might crack. It also didn't help matters that the game was airing on CBS, and their then-corporate sister company within Viacom, MTV, produced the halftime show. Furniture moves. Many conspiracy theorists think that this was done intentionally to get everyone's attention, possibly so that Janet could get the attention away from her brother Michael Jackson, who was facing child molestation charges at the time.

Pictures fall off walls. In 2004, it was during halftime at Super Bowl XXXVIII that Janet Jackson had her now-infamous wardrobe malfunction after Justin Timberlake "accidentally" ripped off a piece of her top, exposing her right breast with a star-like ring surrounding the nipple. Objects fall from shelves. John will perform the national anthem; and The Rolling Stones will play during the halftime show. People have trouble walking. Super Bowl XL in 2006 is scheduled to feature Stevie Wonder, Joss Stone, and John Legend during the pregame ceremonies; Aaron Neville, Aretha Franklin, and Dr. Everyone feels movement. Because of the large number of viewers that the Super Bowl generates, a number of popular singers and musicians have performed during its pregame ceremonies, the halftime show, or even just singing the national anthem of the United States, "The Star-Spangled Banner".

The value 6 (normally denoted "VI") in the MM scale for example is:. [5]. These assign a numeric value (different for each scale) to a location based on the size of the shaking experienced there. If the television show Las Vegas stays on the air when NBC gets their next Super Bowl Broadcast (which will be Super Bowl XLIII in 2009), they may not be allowed to promote the series during the entire block of programming. In the United States the Mercalli (or Modified Mercalli, MM) scale is commonly used, while Japan (shindo) and the EU (European Macroseismic Scale) each have their own scales. Many groups are denied the chance to run Super Bowl ads on various grounds, but Las Vegas is the only city to be denied in such a fashion; the NFL has stated that it does not want the Super Bowl to be associated with the perception of Las Vegas as a gambling mecca. The first method of quantifying earthquakes was intensity scales. The ban includes the game, as well as the pre-game and post-game shows.

Earthquakes that occur below sea level and have large vertical displacements can give rise to tsunamis, either as a direct result of the deformation of the sea bed due to the earthquake or as a result of submarine landslips or "slides" directly or indirectly triggered by it. In recent years, the NFL has denied the Las Vegas Convention and Visitors Authority the opportunity to run Super Bowl ads for the city as a tourist destination. Just as a large loudspeaker can produce a greater volume of sound than a smaller one, large faults are capable of higher magnitude earthquakes than smaller faults are. Many people tune in to the Super Bowl solely to watch the very creative commercials. The total size of the fault that slips, the rupture zone, can be as large as 1000 km, for the biggest earthquakes. Prices have increased each year, with reports citing a record $2.5 million (US) for a 30 second spot during Super Bowl XL in 2006. The location on the surface directly above the hypocenter is known as the "epicenter". Famous commercial campaigns include the Budweiser "Bud Bowl" campaign, and the 1999 and 2000 dot-com ads.

That point is called its "focus" or "hypocenter" and usually proves to be the point at which the fault slip was initiated. Following Apple Computer's 1984 commercial introducing the Apple Macintosh computer, directed by Ridley Scott, the broadcast of the Super Bowl became the premier showcase for high concept or simply extravagantly expensive commercials. Using such ground motion records from around the world it is possible to identify a point from which the earthquake's seismic waves appear to originate. [4] Although the proliferation of cable and satellite television has undercut broadcast ratings somewhat in recent years, the game is still so popular that a number of networks actually schedule original programming, such as independently produced halftime entertainment, during the game, simply to take advantage of a large audience already in front of the television. The Rayleigh waves from the Sumatra-Andaman Earthquake of 2004 caused ground motion of over 1 cm even at the seismometers that were located far from it, although this displacement was abnormally large. Super Bowl XVI is #4 on Nielsen's list of top-rated programs of all time, and 3 other Super Bowls (XII, XVII, XX) made the top 10. Ground motions caused by very distant earthquakes are called teleseisms. The highest rated game according to Nielsen was Super Bowl XVI in 1982 which was watched in 49.1% of households (73 share) or 40,020,000 households at the time.

The power of an earthquake is distributed over a significant area, but in the case of large earthquakes, it can spread over the entire planet. [3]. While almost all earthquakes have aftershocks, foreshocks are far less common occurring in only about 10% of events. Approximately half of the remaining 2 million worldwide viewers watched from the United Kingdom. Most large earthquakes are accompanied by other, smaller ones, that can occur either before or after the principal quake — these are known as foreshocks or aftershocks, respectively. In actual fact, Super Bowl XXXIX in 2005 was watched by 93 million viewers in total, of which 98 percent were in North America [2]. S-waves (secondary or shear waves) and the two types of surfaces waves (Love waves and Rayleigh waves) are responsible for the shaking hazard. There is a popular urban myth regarding the Super Bowl — that the game is watched in 234 countries by 1 billion people [1], a fact unlikely to be true considering the time of the event, and the lack of popularity American Football has outside of the United States.

There are four types of seismic waves that are all generated simultaneously and can be felt on the ground. It is also estimated that 130-140 million tune into some part of the game. In a particular earthquake, any of these agents of damage can dominate, and historically each has caused major damage and great loss of life, but for most of the earthquakes shaking is the dominant and most widespread cause of damage. This means that on average, 80 to 90 million Americans are tuned into the Super Bowl at any given moment. liquefaction, landslide), and fire or a release of hazardous materials. households, and 60 percent of all homes tuned into television during the game). Large earthquakes can cause serious destruction and massive loss of life through a variety of agents of damage, including fault rupture, vibratory ground motion (i.e., shaking), inundation (e.g., tsunami, seiche, dam failure), various kinds of permanent ground failure (e.g. The game tends to have high Nielsen television ratings which usually come in around a 40 rating and 60 share (i.e., on average, 40 percent of all U.S.

Some deep earthquakes may be due to the transition of olivine to spinel, which is more stable in the deep mantle. By any measure, the Super Bowl is one of the most watched television programs of the year. At subduction zones where plates descend into the mantle, earthquakes have been recorded to a depth of 600 km, although these deep earthquakes are caused by different mechanisms than the more common shallow events. Following his death in September 1970, the trophy was named the Vince Lombardi Trophy, first awarded at Super Bowl V in Miami. Where the crust is thicker and colder they will occur at greater depths and the opposite in areas that are hot. The winning team gets the Vince Lombardi Trophy, named for the coach of the Green Bay Packers, who won the first two Super Bowl games. Most earthquakes occur in narrow regions around plate boundaries down to depths of a few tens of kilometres where the crust is rigid enough to support the elastic strain. The game remains his crowning achievement and was an important factor in him being selected by Time Magazine as one of the 100 most important people of the 20th century.

Large numbers of earthquakes occur on a daily basis on Earth, but the majority of them are detected only by seismometers and cause no damage . His leadership guided them into the merger agreement and cemented the preeminence of the Super Bowl. . The NFL commissioner at that time, Pete Rozelle, is often considered the mastermind of both the merger and the Super Bowl. Seismic waves including some strong enough to be felt by humans can also be caused by explosions (chemical or nuclear), landslides, and collapse of old mine shafts, though these sources are not strictly earthquakes. As of December 2005, former AFL teams have won 10 Super Bowls, pre-1970 NFL teams have won 23 games, and two games have been won by teams created after 1970. Most earthquakes are tectonic, but they also occur in volcanic regions and as the result of a number of anthropogenic sources, such as reservoir induced seismicity, mining and the removal or injection of fluids into the crust. Since then, the Super Bowl has featured the champions of the AFC and NFC.

Earthquakes related to plate tectonics are called tectonic earthquakes. When the NFL and AFL merged into one combined league for the 1970 season, three NFL teams joined the 10 AFL teams to form the American Football Conference (AFC), and the other 13 teams became the National Football Conference (NFC). Events located at plate boundaries are called interplate earthquakes; the less frequent events that occur in the interior of the lithospheric plates are called intraplate earthquakes (see, for example, New Madrid Seismic Zone). One year later, the American Football League's Kansas City Chiefs defeated the NFL Minnesota Vikings 23-7 and won Super Bowl IV in New Orleans, the last World Championship game played between the champions of two leagues. The highest stress (and possible weakest zones) are most often found at the boundaries of the tectonic plates and hence these locations are where the majority of earthquakes occur. That all changed with perhaps the biggest upset in American sports history, the AFL's New York Jets defeat of the Baltimore Colts in Super Bowl III in Miami. Earthquakes occur where the stress resulting from the differential motion of these plates exceeds the strength of the crust. After the NFL's Green Bay Packers convincingly won the first two Super Bowls, some team owners feared for the future of the merger, since many doubted that AFL teams could compete with their NFL counterparts.

The Earth's lithosphere is a patch work of plates in slow but constant motion (see plate tectonics). Starting with the third contest in January 1969, the name "Super Bowl" became official. The word earthquake is also widely used to indicate the source region itself. Not surprisingly, fans and media tended to use the shorter, unofficial name. Earthquakes typically result from the movement of faults, planar zones of deformation within the Earth's upper crust. Not having thought of one, the owners named the contest the AFL-NFL World Championship Game. Earthquakes result from the dynamic release of elastic strain energy that radiates seismic waves. Hunt only meant his suggested name to be a stopgap until a better one could be found.

An earthquake is a sudden and sometimes catastrophic movement of a part of the Earth's surface. The name was feasible because postseason college football games had long been known as "bowl games" (the term originates from the Rose Bowl Game, which was in turn named for the bowl-shaped stadium in which it is played). Lake Tanganyika earthquake (2005). The ball is now on display at the Pro Football Hall of Fame in Canton, Ohio. Many more at risk from the Kashmiri winter. During the discussions to iron out the details, AFL founder and Kansas City Chiefs owner Lamar Hunt had jokingly referred to the proposed interleague championship as the "Super Bowl." Hunt thought of the name after seeing his daughter playing with a toy called a Super Ball. Killed over 79,000 people. One of the conditions of the AFL-NFL Merger was that the winners of each league's championship game would meet in a contest to determine the "world champion of football".

Kashmir earthquake (2005). The intense competitive war for players and fans led to serious merger talks between the two leagues in 1966. Fukuoka earthquake (2005). After its inception in 1920, the NFL fended off several rival leagues before the AFL began play in 1960. Sumatran Earthquake (2005). The Super Bowl was created as part of the merger agreement between the National Football League (NFL) and its rival, the American Football League (AFL). Triggered a tsunami which caused nearly 300,000 deaths spanning several countries. .

Epicenter off the coast of the Indonesian island Sumatra. food consumption day next to Thanksgiving. One of the largest earthquakes ever recorded at 9.0. This is the largest U.S. Indian Ocean Earthquake (2004). In addition, many popular singers and musicians have performed during the Super Bowl's pre-game and halftime ceremonies. Chuetsu Earthquake (2004). The last true day game (which ended before local sunset) of the series was Super Bowl XI in January 1977.

Not large (6.0), but the most anticipated and intensely instrumented earthquake ever recorded and likely to offer insights into predicting future earthquakes elsewhere on similar slip-strike fault structures. This has caused the starting time of the game to be pushed back later and later, to ensure the Sunday night prime time audience on the East Coast. Parkfield, California earthquake (2004). The Super Bowl is one of the most-watched American television broadcasts of the year, attracting many companies to spend millions of dollars on commercials. Bam Earthquake (2003). Since then, the game has been played annually on a Sunday following the playoffs, originally early to mid-January, then late January, and in 2002, the first Sunday in February. Dudley Earthquake (2002). After both leagues merged in 1970, the Super Bowl became the NFL's championship game.

Gujarat Earthquake (2001). The game began in January 1967 as the AFL-NFL World Championship Game in which the NFL championship team played against the champion of the younger, rival American Football League (AFL) for the "World Championship of Professional Football". Nisqually Earthquake (2001). The game and its ancillary festivities constitute Super Bowl Sunday (sometimes "Super Sunday"), which over the years has almost become a de facto American national holiday. Chi-Chi earthquake (1999). In professional American football, the Super Bowl is the championship game of the National Football League (NFL) in the United States. Düzce earthquake (1999). New Orleans Saints.

İzmit earthquake (1999) Killed over 17,000 in northwestern Turkey. Jacksonville Jaguars. Killed over 6,400 people in and around Kobe, Japan. Houston Texans. Great Hanshin earthquake (1995). Detroit Lions - NFL championship in 1935, 1952, 1953, and 1957. Damage showed seismic resistance deficiencies in modern low-rise apartment construction. Cleveland Browns - NFL championship in 1950, 1954, 1955, and 1964
(This refers to the team that the league officially views as one continuous franchise that began in 1946 but suspended operations from 1996-1998, and resumed play in 1999.).

Northridge, California earthquake (1994). Arizona Cardinals - NFL champions in 1925 and 1947. Revealed necessity of accelerated seismic retrofit of road and bridge structures. NFL league champions prior to Super Bowl I