This page will contain images about earth, as they become available.EarthEarth is the third planet from the Sun. It is the largest of the solar system's terrestrial planets, and the only planetary body that modern science confirms as harboring life. Scientific evidence indicates that the planet formed around 4.57 billion (4.57×109) years ago, and shortly thereafter (4.533 billion years ago) acquired its single natural satellite, the Moon. Earth is sometimes known as Terra in some languages, after the Roman goddess Terra. Its astronomical symbol consists of a circled cross, representing a meridian and the equator; a variant puts the cross atop the circle (Unicode: ⊕ or ♁). Besides words derived from Terra, such as terrestrial, terms that refer to the Earth include tellur- (telluric, tellurion, from the goddess Terra's alternate name, Tellūs) and geo- (geography, geocentric, geothermal; from the Greek goddess Gaia). The English word Earth has cognates in many modern as well as defunct - including ancient - languages. Examples in modern tongues include aarde in Dutch, Erde in German and arde in Arabic. The root also has cognates in extinct languages such as ertha in Old Saxon and ert (meaning 'ground') in Middle Irish. It is derived from Old English eorðe. Taking into account metathesis, we can find cognates of the word Earth in the Latin terra and in the modern Romance languages (i.e. tierra in Spanish). Although a link to such Indo-European languages has not been proved, several Semitic languages have similar-sounding words for Earth: aard in Arabic, irtsitu in Akkadian, araa in Aramaic, erets in Phoenician (which appears in the Mesha Stele), and ארץ (arets, or erets when followed by a noun modifier) in Hebrew. Physical characteristicsThe Earth consists of several atmospheric, hydrologic, and mainly geologic layers. Its components are the atmosphere, the hydrosphere, the crust, the mantle, and its core. The biosphere is a tiny layer in this composition and is usually not considered part of the physical layers of the Earth. The geologic component layers of the Earth are located at the following depths below surface:
Earth in the solar systemIt takes the Earth 23 hours, 56 minutes and 4.091 seconds (1 sidereal day) to rotate around the axis connecting the north pole and the south pole. From Earth the main apparent motion of celestial bodies in the sky (except meteors which are within the atmosphere and low-orbiting satellites) is the movement to the west at a rate of 15 °/h = 15'/min, i.e., a Sun or Moon diameter every two minutes. Earth orbits the Sun every 365.2564 mean solar days (1 sidereal year). From Earth, this gives an apparent movement of the Sun with respect to the stars at a rate of about 1 °/day, i.e., a Sun or Moon diameter every 12 hours, eastward. The orbital speed of the Earth averages about 30 km/s (108,000 km/h), which is enough to cover one Earth diameter (~12,700 km) in 7 minutes, and one distance to the Moon (384,000 km) in 4 hours. Earth has one natural satellite, the Moon, which revolves with the Earth around a common barycenter, from fixed star to fixed star, every 27.32 days. When combined with the Earth-Moon system's common revolution around the Sun, the period of the synodic month, from new moon to new moon, is 29.53 days. The direction in which the Earth turnsViewed from Earth's north pole, the motion of Earth, its moon and their axial rotations are all counterclockwise. The orbital and axial planes are not precisely aligned: Earth's axis is tilted some 23.5 degrees against the Earth-Sun plane (which causes the seasons); and the Earth-Moon plane is tilted about 5 degrees against the Earth-Sun plane (otherwise there would be an eclipse every month). The Hill sphere (sphere of influence) of the Earth is about 1.5 Gm (930 thousand miles) in radius, within which one natural satellite (the Moon) comfortably orbits. In an inertial reference frame, the Earth's axis undergoes a slow precessional motion with a period of some 25,800 years, as well as a nutation with a main period of 18.6 years. These motions are caused by the differential attraction of Sun and Moon on the Earth's equatorial bulge, due to its oblateness. In a reference frame attached to the solid body of the Earth, its rotation is also slightly irregular due to polar motion. The polar motion is quasi-periodic, containing an annual component and a component with a 14-month period called the Chandler wobble. Also, the rotational velocity varies, a phenomenon known as length of day variation. In modern times, Earth's perihelion is always about January 3, and aphelion is about July 4 (near the winter and summer solstices, which are on about December 21 and June 21, respectively). For other eras, see precession and Milankovitch cycles. The Earth is sometimes referred to as the Third Planet from the Sun because, of the nine planets of our solar system, Earth is the third closest planet to the sun. The MoonEarthrise as seen from the Moon on Apollo 8, 24 December 1968. Due to tidal locking, from any point on the Moon's surface, the Earth does not rise or set, but is always located in the same position in the sky.The Moon, sometimes called 'Luna', is a relatively large terrestrial planet-like satellite, whose diameter is about one-quarter of the Earth's. With the exception of Pluto's Charon, it is the largest moon in the Solar system relative to the size of its planet. The natural satellites orbiting other planets are called "moons", after Earth's Moon. The gravitational attraction between the Earth and Moon cause the tides on Earth. The same effect on the Moon has led to its tidal locking: Its rotation period is the same as the time it takes to orbit the Earth. As a result, it always presents the same face to the planet. As the Moon orbits Earth, different parts of its face are illuminated by the Sun, leading to the lunar phases: The dark part of the face is separated from the light part by the solar terminator. The Moon may dramatically affect the development of life by taming the weather. Paleontological evidence and computer simulations show that Earth's axial tilt is stabilised by tidal interactions with the Moon. Some theorists believe that, without this stabilization against the torques applied by the Sun and planets to the Earth's equatorial bulge, the rotational axis might be chaotically unstable, as it appears to be with Mars. If Earth's axis of rotation were to approach the plane of the ecliptic, extremely severe weather could result, as this would make seasonal differences extreme. One pole would be pointed directly toward the Sun during summer and directly away during winter. Planetary scientists who have studied the effect claim that this might kill all large animal and higher plant life. This remains a controversial subject, however, and further studies of Mars—which shares Earth's rotation period and axial tilt, but not its large moon or liquid core—may provide additional insight. The Moon is just far enough away to have, when seen from Earth, very nearly the same apparent angular size as the Sun (the Sun is 400 times larger, but the Moon is 400 times closer). This allows total eclipses and annular eclipses to occur on Earth. Earth and Moon to scale.The most widely accepted theory of the Moon's origin, the giant impact theory, states that it was formed from the collision of a Mars-size protoplanet with the early Earth. This hypothesis explains (among other things) the Moon's relative lack of iron and volatile elements, and the fact that its composition is nearly identical to that of the Earth's crust. Earth also has at least one co-orbital asteroid, 3753 Cruithne. GeographyMap references: Time Zones, Coordinates. Biggest geographic subdivision Continents, Oceans Area:
Land boundaries: the land boundaries in the world total 251,480 km (not counting shared boundaries twice) Coastline: 356,000 km Maritime claims: see United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
Environment and EcosystemEarth is the only place in the universe where life is absolutely known to exist, and some scientists believe that biospheres might be rare. The planet's lifeforms are sometimes said to form a "biosphere". This biosphere is generally believed to have begun evolving about 3.5 billion (3.5×109) years ago. The biosphere is divided into a number of biomes, inhabited by broadly similar flora and fauna. On land, biomes are separated primarily by latitude. Terrestrial biomes lying within the Arctic and Antarctic Circles are relatively barren of plant and animal life, while most of the more populous biomes lie near the Equator. A familiar scene on Earth which simultaneously shows the lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphereClimateTwo large areas of polar climates separated by two rather narrow temperate zones from a wide equatorial band of tropical to subtropical climates. Precipitation patterns vary widely, ranging from several metres of water per year to less than a millimetre. Ocean currents, particularly the spectacular thermohaline circulation which distributes heat energy from the equatorial oceans to the polar regions, are important determinators of climate. TerrainElevation extremes: (measured relative to sea level)
Natural resources
Some of these resources, such as mineral fuels, are difficult to replenish on a short time scale, called non-renewable resources. The exploitation of non-renewable resources by human civilization has become a subject of significant controversy in modern environmentalism movements. Land use
Irrigated land: 2,481,250 km2 (1993 est.) Natural and environmental hazardsLarge areas are subject to extreme weather such as (tropical cyclones), hurricanes, or typhoons that dominate life in those areas. Many places are subject to earthquakes, landslides, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, tornadoes, sinkholes, floods, droughts, and other calamities and disasters. Large areas are subject to man-made pollution of the air and water, acid rain and toxic substances, loss of vegetation (overgrazing, deforestation, desertification), loss of wildlife, species extinction, soil degradation, soil depletion, erosion, and introduction of invasive species. Long-term climate alteration due to enhancement of the greenhouse effect by human industrial carbon dioxide emissions is an increasing concern, the focus of intense study and debate. Human geographyEarth at night, composite of pictures taken between October 1994 and March 1995On 25 February 2005 the United Nations Population Division issued revised estimates and projected that the world's population will reach 7 billion by 2013 and swell to 9.1 billion in 2050. Most of the growth is expected to take place in developing nations. Nearly all humans currently reside on Earth: 6,411,000,000 inhabitants (January 5, 2005 est.). It is estimated that only 1/8th of the surface of the Earth is suitable for humans to live on - 3/4 is covered by oceans, and half of the landmass is unsuitable, being desert, high mountain, etc. Coastal areas constitute the highest density. Two humans are presently in orbit around Earth on board the International Space Station. The station crew is replaced with new personnel every six months. During the exchange there are more, and sometimes others are also traveling briefly above the atmosphere. In total, about 400 people have been outside Earth (in space) as of 2004. Out of those only twelve humans have ever walked on a world other than Earth: the men of Apollo 11, 12, 14, 15, 16 and 17, who walked on the Moon between 1969 and 1972. See also space colonization. The northernmost settlement in the world is Alert, Ellesmere Island, Canada. The southernmost is the Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station, in Antarctica, almost exactly at the South Pole. There are 267 administrative divisions, including nations, dependent areas, other, and miscellaneous entries. Earth does not have a sovereign government with planet-wide authority. Independent sovereign nations claim all of the land surface except for some segments of Antarctica. There is a worldwide general international organization, the United Nations. The United Nations is primarily an international discussion forum with only limited ability to pass and enforce laws. Descriptions of EarthEarth has often been personified as a deity, in particular a goddess (see Gaia and Mother Earth). The Chinese Earth goddess Hu-Tu is similar to Gaia, the deification of the Earth. As the patroness of fertility, her element is Earth. In Norse mythology, the Earth goddess Jord was the mother of Thor and the daughter of Annar. Since Earth is rather large, it is not immediately obvious to the naked eye viewing from the surface that it is an oblate spheroid, bulging slightly at the equator and slightly flattened at the poles. In the past there were varying levels of belief in a flat Earth because of this, but ancient Greek philosophers and, in the Middle Ages, thinkers such as Thomas Aquinas knew that the Earth was a sphere. Prior to the introduction of space flight, this belief was countered with deductions based on observations of the secondary effects of the Earth's shape and parallels drawn with the shape of other planets. Cartography, the study and practice of mapmaking, and vicariously geography, have historically been the disciplines devoted to depicting the Earth. Surveying, the determination of locations and distances, and to a somewhat lesser extent navigation, the determination of position and direction, have developed alongside cartography and geography, providing and suitably quantifying the requisite information. The technological developments of the latter half of the 20th century are widely considered to have altered the public's perception of the Earth. A photo taken of Earth by Voyager 1 inspired Carl Sagan to describe the planet as a "Pale Blue Dot". Earth has also been described as a massive spaceship, with a life support system that requires maintenance, or as having a biosphere that forms one large organism. See Spaceship Earth and Gaia theory. For descriptions of the Earth in (science) fiction, see Earth in fiction. This page about earth includes information from a Wikipedia article. Additional articles about earth News stories about earth External links for earth Videos for earth Wikis about earth Discussion Groups about earth Blogs about earth Images of earth |
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For descriptions of the Earth in (science) fiction, see Earth in fiction. The main constituents of attar of roses are the fragrant alcohols geraniol, which has the empirical formula C10H18O and the structural formula CH3.C[CH3]:CH.CH2.CH2.C[CH3]:CH.CH2OH and l-citronellol; and rose camphor, an odourless paraffin. See Spaceship Earth and Gaia theory.. The weight of oil extracted is about one three-thousandth to one six-thousandth of the weight of the flowers - for example, about 2,000 flowers are required to produce one gramme of oil. Earth has also been described as a massive spaceship, with a life support system that requires maintenance, or as having a biosphere that forms one large organism. The oil, pale yellow or yellow-grey in color, is sometimes called 'Rose Absolute' oil to distinguish it from diluted versions. A photo taken of Earth by Voyager 1 inspired Carl Sagan to describe the planet as a "Pale Blue Dot". In the French rose oil industry Rosa centifolia is used. The technological developments of the latter half of the 20th century are widely considered to have altered the public's perception of the Earth. In Bulgaria, Iran and Germany, damask roses (Rosa damascena 'Trigintipetala') are used. Surveying, the determination of locations and distances, and to a somewhat lesser extent navigation, the determination of position and direction, have developed alongside cartography and geography, providing and suitably quantifying the requisite information. The Kaaba in Mecca is annually washed by the Iranian rose water from Qamsar. Cartography, the study and practice of mapmaking, and vicariously geography, have historically been the disciplines devoted to depicting the Earth. The technique originated in Persia (the word Rose itself is from Persian) then spread through Arabia and India, but nowadays about 70% to 80% of production is in the Rose Valley near Kazanluk in Bulgaria, with some production in Qamsar in Iran and Germany. Prior to the introduction of space flight, this belief was countered with deductions based on observations of the secondary effects of the Earth's shape and parallels drawn with the shape of other planets. Rose perfumes are made from attar of roses or rose oil, which is a mixture of volatile essential oils obtained by steam-distilling the crushed petals of roses. In the past there were varying levels of belief in a flat Earth because of this, but ancient Greek philosophers and, in the Middle Ages, thinkers such as Thomas Aquinas knew that the Earth was a sphere. The French artist Pierre-Joseph Redouté produced some of the most detailed paintings of roses. Since Earth is rather large, it is not immediately obvious to the naked eye viewing from the surface that it is an oblate spheroid, bulging slightly at the equator and slightly flattened at the poles. Roses are commonly portrayed by artists. In Norse mythology, the Earth goddess Jord was the mother of Thor and the daughter of Annar. The symbol of a rose can also refer to the red rose of Lancaster, and the white rose of York, from the Wars of the Roses period. As the patroness of fertility, her element is Earth. The Rose has various supernatural/literary attributes that are not discussed in this article. The Chinese Earth goddess Hu-Tu is similar to Gaia, the deification of the Earth. Roses come in a variety of hues, each with a different symbolic meaning:. Earth has often been personified as a deity, in particular a goddess (see Gaia and Mother Earth). The rose came to symbolize the Republic of Georgia's non-violent bid for freedom during its Rose Revolution. The United Nations is primarily an international discussion forum with only limited ability to pass and enforce laws. This originates from the red rose used as a badge by the marchers in the May 1968 street protests in Paris. There is a worldwide general international organization, the United Nations. A red rose (often held in a hand) is also a symbol of socialism or social democracy; it is also used as a symbol by the United Kingdom Labour Party, as well as by the French, Spanish (Spanish Socialist Workers' Party), Portuguese, Norwegian, Danish, Swedish, Finnish, Brazilian, Dutch (Partij van de Arbeid) and European socialist parties. Independent sovereign nations claim all of the land surface except for some segments of Antarctica. Portland, Oregon counts "City of Roses" among its nicknames, and holds an annual Rose Festival. Earth does not have a sovereign government with planet-wide authority. laevigata), and New York (Rosa generally). There are 267 administrative divisions, including nations, dependent areas, other, and miscellaneous entries. arkansana), Georgia (R. The southernmost is the Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station, in Antarctica, almost exactly at the South Pole. It is also the provincial flower of Alberta (the wild rose), and the state flower of four US states: Iowa and North Dakota (R. The northernmost settlement in the world is Alert, Ellesmere Island, Canada. The rose is the national flower of England, as well as being the symbol of England's national rugby union team, and of the Rugby Football Union. See also space colonization. Roses are so important that the word means pink or red in a variety of languages (such as Romance languages, Greek, and Polish). Out of those only twelve humans have ever walked on a world other than Earth: the men of Apollo 11, 12, 14, 15, 16 and 17, who walked on the Moon between 1969 and 1972. The rose was sacred to a number of goddesses, and is often used as a symbol of the Virgin Mary. In total, about 400 people have been outside Earth (in space) as of 2004. Roses are ancient symbols of love and beauty. During the exchange there are more, and sometimes others are also traveling briefly above the atmosphere. In general, however, roses are placed in one of three main groups:. The station crew is replaced with new personnel every six months. There is no single system of classification for garden roses. Two humans are presently in orbit around Earth on board the International Space Station. They can also be used to make herbal tea, jam, jelly and marmalade. Coastal areas constitute the highest density. They are usually pressed and filtered to make rose-hip syrup, as the fine hairs surrounding the seeds are unpleasant to eat (resembling itching powder). It is estimated that only 1/8th of the surface of the Earth is suitable for humans to live on - 3/4 is covered by oceans, and half of the landmass is unsuitable, being desert, high mountain, etc. The fruit of the rose, called hips, are sometimes eaten, mainly for their vitamin C content. Nearly all humans currently reside on Earth: 6,411,000,000 inhabitants (January 5, 2005 est.). Roses thrive in in temperate climates, though certain species and cultivars can flourish in sub-tropical and even tropical climates, especially when grafted onto appropriate root-stock. Most of the growth is expected to take place in developing nations. A few cultivars, such as the Lady Banks rose have been selected for having no thorns. On 25 February 2005 the United Nations Population Division issued revised estimates and projected that the world's population will reach 7 billion by 2013 and swell to 9.1 billion in 2050. Many wild and "old-fashioned" roses, by contrast, have a strong sweet scent. Long-term climate alteration due to enhancement of the greenhouse effect by human industrial carbon dioxide emissions is an increasing concern, the focus of intense study and debate. Twentieth-century rose breeders generally emphasized size and color, producing large, attractive blooms with little or no scent. Large areas are subject to man-made pollution of the air and water, acid rain and toxic substances, loss of vegetation (overgrazing, deforestation, desertification), loss of wildlife, species extinction, soil degradation, soil depletion, erosion, and introduction of invasive species. Many thousands of rose hybrids and cultivars have been bred and selected for garden use, mostly double-flowered with many or all of the stamens mutated into additional petals. Many places are subject to earthquakes, landslides, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, tornadoes, sinkholes, floods, droughts, and other calamities and disasters. Roses are of great economic importance both as a crop for florists' use and for use in perfume. Large areas are subject to extreme weather such as (tropical cyclones), hurricanes, or typhoons that dominate life in those areas. Roses are one of the most popular garden shrubs and are also among the most common flowers sold by florists. Irrigated land: 2,481,250 km2 (1993 est.). Some representative rose species. The exploitation of non-renewable resources by human civilization has become a subject of significant controversy in modern environmentalism movements. . Some of these resources, such as mineral fuels, are difficult to replenish on a short time scale, called non-renewable resources. The name originates from Persian *vrda, via Greek rhodon "rose" (Aeolic wrodon). Elevation extremes: (measured relative to sea level). Roses are also used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species; see list of Lepidoptera which feed on Roses. Ocean currents, particularly the spectacular thermohaline circulation which distributes heat energy from the equatorial oceans to the polar regions, are important determinators of climate. More common, though less debilitating, are rose black spot, caused by the fungus Diplocarpon rosae, which makes circular black spots on the leaves in summer, and rose mildew, caused by Sphaerotheca pannosa. Precipitation patterns vary widely, ranging from several metres of water per year to less than a millimetre. The most serious is rose rust (Phragmidium mucronatum), a species of Rust fungus, which can defoliate the plant. Two large areas of polar climates separated by two rather narrow temperate zones from a wide equatorial band of tropical to subtropical climates. Roses are subject to several diseases. Terrestrial biomes lying within the Arctic and Antarctic Circles are relatively barren of plant and animal life, while most of the more populous biomes lie near the Equator. A few species of roses only have vestigial thorns that have no points. On land, biomes are separated primarily by latitude. Despite the presence of the thorns, roses are frequently browsed by deer. The biosphere is divided into a number of biomes, inhabited by broadly similar flora and fauna. pimpinellifolia instead have densely packed straight spines, probably an adaptation to reduce browsing by animals, but also possibly an adaptation to trap wind-blown sand and so reduce erosion and protect their roots (both of these two species grow naturally on coastal sand dunes). This biosphere is generally believed to have begun evolving about 3.5 billion (3.5×109) years ago. Some species such as Rosa rugosa and R. The planet's lifeforms are sometimes said to form a "biosphere". The thorns are typically sickle-shaped hooks, which aid the rose in hanging onto other vegetation when growing over it. Earth is the only place in the universe where life is absolutely known to exist, and some scientists believe that biospheres might be rare. Most roses have thorns or prickles. Maritime claims: see United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. Some birds, particularly finches, also eat the seeds. Coastline: 356,000 km. The hips are eaten by fruit-eating birds such as thrushes and waxwings, which then disperse the seeds in their droppings. Land boundaries: the land boundaries in the world total 251,480 km (not counting shared boundaries twice). Rose hips of some species, especially the Dog Rose (Rosa canina) and Rugosa Rose (Rosa rugosa), are very rich in vitamin C, among the richest sources of any plant. Area:. Each hip comprises an outer fleshy layer, and inside containing 5–25 seeds (technically achenes) embedded in a matrix of fine, but stiff, hairs. Continents, Oceans. Rosa pimpinellifolia) have dark purple to black hips. Biggest geographic subdivision. The hips of most species are red, but a few (e.g. Time Zones, Coordinates. Many of the domestic cultivars are so tightly petalled that they do not provide access for pollination. Map references:. Rose species that produce open-faced flowers are attractive to pollinating bees and other insects, thus more apt to produce hips. Earth also has at least one co-orbital asteroid, 3753 Cruithne. The fruit of the rose is a berry-like structure called a rose hip. This hypothesis explains (among other things) the Moon's relative lack of iron and volatile elements, and the fact that its composition is nearly identical to that of the Earth's crust. The ovary is inferior, developing below the petals and sepals. The most widely accepted theory of the Moon's origin, the giant impact theory, states that it was formed from the collision of a Mars-size protoplanet with the early Earth. The flowers have five petals (with the exception of Rosa sericea which often has only four), usually white or pink, in a few species yellow or red. This allows total eclipses and annular eclipses to occur on Earth. The vast majority of roses are deciduous, but a few (particularly in southeast Asia) are evergreen or nearly so. The Moon is just far enough away to have, when seen from Earth, very nearly the same apparent angular size as the Sun (the Sun is 400 times larger, but the Moon is 400 times closer). The leaves of most species are 5–15 cm long, pinnate, with (3–) 5–9 (–13) leaflets and basal stipules; the leaflets usually have a serrated margin, and often a few small thorns on the underside of the stem. This remains a controversial subject, however, and further studies of Mars—which shares Earth's rotation period and axial tilt, but not its large moon or liquid core—may provide additional insight. The species form a group of generally thorny shrubs or climbers, and sometimes trailing plants, reaching 2–5 m tall, rarely reaching as high as 20 m by climbing over other plants. Planetary scientists who have studied the effect claim that this might kill all large animal and higher plant life. There are more than a hundred species of wild roses, all from the northern hemisphere and mostly from temperate regions. One pole would be pointed directly toward the Sun during summer and directly away during winter. A rose is a flowering shrub of the genus Rosa and the flower of this shrub. If Earth's axis of rotation were to approach the plane of the ecliptic, extremely severe weather could result, as this would make seasonal differences extreme. O, my love's like a red, red rose – Robert Burns, A Red, Red Rose. Some theorists believe that, without this stabilization against the torques applied by the Sun and planets to the Earth's equatorial bulge, the rotational axis might be chaotically unstable, as it appears to be with Mars. Rose is a rose is a rose is a rose – Gertrude Stein, Sacred Emily (1913), a poem included in Geography and Plays. Paleontological evidence and computer simulations show that Earth's axial tilt is stabilised by tidal interactions with the Moon. Hearts starve as well as bodies; give us bread, but give us roses. - James Oppenheim, "Bread and Roses". The Moon may dramatically affect the development of life by taming the weather. ii. As the Moon orbits Earth, different parts of its face are illuminated by the Sun, leading to the lunar phases: The dark part of the face is separated from the light part by the solar terminator. What's in a name? That which we call a rose/By any other name would smell as sweet. – William Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet act II, sc. As a result, it always presents the same face to the planet. Green: calm. The same effect on the Moon has led to its tidal locking: Its rotation period is the same as the time it takes to orbit the Earth. Blue: mystery. The gravitational attraction between the Earth and Moon cause the tides on Earth. Burgundy: beauty. The natural satellites orbiting other planets are called "moons", after Earth's Moon. Orange: passion. With the exception of Pluto's Charon, it is the largest moon in the Solar system relative to the size of its planet. Yellow with red tips: Friendship, falling in love. The Moon, sometimes called 'Luna', is a relatively large terrestrial planet-like satellite, whose diameter is about one-quarter of the Earth's. Yellow: dying love or platonic love.
Also, the rotational velocity varies, a phenomenon known as length of day variation. Red: love. The polar motion is quasi-periodic, containing an annual component and a component with a 14-month period called the Chandler wobble. These tend to give a more prominent display from a distance, so are more often used in large bedding schemes in public parks and similar spaces. In a reference frame attached to the solid body of the Earth, its rotation is also slightly irregular due to polar motion. Floribunda - Flowers often smaller, in large clusters of ten or more (often many more) on each stem. These motions are caused by the differential attraction of Sun and Moon on the Earth's equatorial bulge, due to its oblateness. They are favoured in small gardens in formal situations, and for buttonhole roses. In an inertial reference frame, the Earth's axis undergoes a slow precessional motion with a period of some 25,800 years, as well as a nutation with a main period of 18.6 years. Hybrid Tea - The favourite florist's rose, with typically one to at most five or six large flowers per stem, the flower with numerous tightly arranged petals with reflexed tips (see photo, right). The Hill sphere (sphere of influence) of the Earth is about 1.5 Gm (930 thousand miles) in radius, within which one natural satellite (the Moon) comfortably orbits. Many of the most popular modern cultivars can however be assigned to one of these two groups:
When combined with the Earth-Moon system's common revolution around the Sun, the period of the synodic month, from new moon to new moon, is 29.53 days. Those classes with both climbing and shrub forms are often grouped together. Earth has one natural satellite, the Moon, which revolves with the Earth around a common barycenter, from fixed star to fixed star, every 27.32 days. Miscellaneous - There are also a few smaller classes (such as Scots, Sweet Brier) and some climbing classes of old roses (including Ayrshire, Climbing China, Laevigata, Sempervirens, Noisette, Boursault, Climbing Tea, and Climbing Bourbon). The orbital speed of the Earth averages about 30 km/s (108,000 km/h), which is enough to cover one Earth diameter (~12,700 km) in 7 minutes, and one distance to the Moon (384,000 km) in 4 hours. Tradition dictates that they are named after the owner of the garden where they were rediscovered. From Earth, this gives an apparent movement of the Sun with respect to the stars at a rate of about 1 °/day, i.e., a Sun or Moon diameter every 12 hours, eastward. They are "mystery roses" because their "proper" historical names have been lost. Earth orbits the Sun every 365.2564 mean solar days (1 sidereal year). Most of these roses are likely Old Garden Rose cultivars that have otherwise dropped out of cultivation, or sports thereof. From Earth the main apparent motion of celestial bodies in the sky (except meteors which are within the atmosphere and low-orbiting satellites) is the movement to the west at a rate of 15 °/h = 15'/min, i.e., a Sun or Moon diameter every two minutes. The roses have significant value and interest for those growing roses in tropical and semi-tropical regions, since they are highly resistant to both nematode damage and the fungal diseases that plague rose culture in hot, humid areas, and capable of blooming in hot and humid weather. It takes the Earth 23 hours, 56 minutes and 4.091 seconds (1 sidereal day) to rotate around the axis connecting the north pole and the south pole. Bermuda "Mystery" Roses - A group of several dozen "found" roses that have been grown in Bermuda for at least a century. The geologic component layers of the Earth are located at the following depths below surface:. gigantea in the ancestry of the Parks rose), teas are repeat-flowering roses although their fragrance is not always a tea scent. The biosphere is a tiny layer in this composition and is usually not considered part of the physical layers of the Earth. Repeat-flowering. Its components are the atmosphere, the hydrosphere, the crust, the mantle, and its core. Hybrid Perpetual - The dominant class of roses in Victorian England, they were derived to a great extent from the Bourbons. The Earth consists of several atmospheric, hydrologic, and mainly geologic layers. Pierre Oger', 'Zéphirine Drouhin'. . Examples: 'Louise Odier', 'Mme. Although a link to such Indo-European languages has not been proved, several Semitic languages have similar-sounding words for Earth: aard in Arabic, irtsitu in Akkadian, araa in Aramaic, erets in Phoenician (which appears in the Mesha Stele), and ארץ (arets, or erets when followed by a noun modifier) in Hebrew. Repeat-flowering. tierra in Spanish). Introduced in France in 1823. Taking into account metathesis, we can find cognates of the word Earth in the Latin terra and in the modern Romance languages (i.e. Probably the result of a cross between the Autumn Damask and the 'Old Blush China'. It is derived from Old English eorðe. Bourbon - They originated on l'Île de Bourbon (now called Réunion). The root also has cognates in extinct languages such as ertha in Old Saxon and ert (meaning 'ground') in Middle Irish. Example: 'James Veitch', 'Rose de Rescht', 'The Portland Rose'. Examples in modern tongues include aarde in Dutch, Erde in German and arde in Arabic. Repeat-flowering. The English word Earth has cognates in many modern as well as defunct - including ancient - languages. This group was developed from that rose. Besides words derived from Terra, such as terrestrial, terms that refer to the Earth include tellur- (telluric, tellurion, from the goddess Terra's alternate name, Tellūs) and geo- (geography, geocentric, geothermal; from the Greek goddess Gaia). paestana or 'Scarlet Four Seasons' Rose' (now known simply as 'The Portland Rose'). Its astronomical symbol consists of a circled cross, representing a meridian and the equator; a variant puts the cross atop the circle (Unicode: ⊕ or ♁). Portland - These are named after the Duchess of Portland who received (from Italy in 1800) a rose then known as R. Earth is sometimes known as Terra in some languages, after the Roman goddess Terra. Examples: 'Old Blush China', 'Mutabilis'. Scientific evidence indicates that the planet formed around 4.57 billion (4.57×109) years ago, and shortly thereafter (4.533 billion years ago) acquired its single natural satellite, the Moon. Four china roses ('Slater's Crimson China', 1792; 'Parsons' Pink China', 1793; 'Hume's Blush China', 1809; and 'Parks' Yellow Tea Scented China', 1824) were brought to Europe in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries which brought about the creation of the repeat flowering old garden roses and later the modern garden roses. It is the largest of the solar system's terrestrial planets, and the only planetary body that modern science confirms as harboring life. China - The China roses brought with them an amazing ability to bloom repeatedly throughout the summer and into late autumn. Earth is the third planet from the Sun. Example: 'Comtesse de Murinais', 'Old Pink Moss'. Other: 30% (1993 est.). Once-flowering. Urban areas: 1.5%. Moss - Closely related to the centifolias, these have a mossy excrescence on the stems and sepals. Forests and woodland: 32%. Examples: 'Centifolia', 'Paul Ricault'. Permanent pastures: 26%. Once-flowering. Permanent crops: 1%. Centifolia (or Provence) - These roses, raised in the seventeenth century in the Netherlands, are named for their "one hundred" petals. Arable land: 10%. Examples: 'Ispahan', 'Madame Hardy'. The land-based ecosystem depends upon topsoil and fresh water, and the oceanic ecosystem depends upon dissolved nutrients washed down from the land. moschata) bloom later, in the autumn. Earth's biosphere produces many useful biological products, including (but far from limited to) food, wood, pharmaceuticals, oxygen, and the recycling of many organic wastes. Autumn Damasks (Gallicas crossed with R. These ore bodies form concentrated sources for many metals and other useful elements. phoenicea) bloom once in summer. Mineral ore bodies have been formed in Earth's crust by the action of erosion and plate tectonics. Summer Damasks (crosses between Gallica roses and R. These deposits are used by humans both for energy production and as feedstock for chemical production. Damask - Robert de Brie is given credit for bringing them from Persia to Europe sometime between 1254 and 1276. Earth's crust contains large deposits of fossil fuels: (coal, petroleum, natural gas, methane clathrate). gallica versicolor). Highest point: Mount Everest 8,844 m (2005 est.). Examples: 'Cardinal de Richelieu', 'Charles de Mills', 'Rosa Mundi' (R. Lowest point overall: Mariana Trench in the Pacific Ocean −10,924 m [1]. They flower once in the summer. Lowest point on land: Dead Sea −417 m. gallica which is a native of central and southern Europe. 42 nations and other areas are completely landlocked (see list of landlocked countries). Gallica - The Gallica roses have been developed from R. Note: boundary situations with neighboring states prevent many countries from extending their fishing or economic zones to a full 200 nautical miles (370.4 km). Examples: 'Semi-plena', 'White Rose of York'. Territorial sea: 12 nautical miles (22.2 km) claimed by most, but can vary. Once-flowering. Exclusive economic zone: 200 nautical miles (370.4 km) claimed by most, but can vary. These are some of the oldest garden roses, probably brought to Britain by the Romans. Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nautical miles (370.4 km) claimed by most, but can vary. alba. Continental shelf: 200 m depth claimed by most or to depth of exploitation; others claim 200 nautical miles (370.4 km) or to the edge of the continental margin. arvensis and the closely allied R. Contiguous zone: 24 nautical miles (44.4 km) claimed by most, but can vary. Alba - Literally "white roses", derived from R. Note: 70.8 % of the world's surface is covered by water, 29.2 % is exposed land. Old Garden Roses - Most old garden roses are classified into one of the following (ordered by approximate age - oldest first):
Water: 361.132 million km2. Wild Roses - The wild roses includes the species listed above and some of their hybrids. land: 148.94 million km2. lucida) - Virginia Rose. Total: 510.073 million km2. R. 5100 to 6378 km - Inner Core. Rosa virginiana (syn. 2890 to 5100 km - Outer Core. Rosa stellata - Gooseberry Rose, Sacramento Rose. 100 to 700 km - Asthenosphere. Rosa rugosa - Rugosa Rose, Japanese Rose. 35 to 2890 km - Mantle
0 to 35 km - Crust (locally varies between 5 and 70 km). Hulthemia persica, R. 0 to 60 km - Lithosphere (locally varies between 5 and 200 km)
R. Rosa laevigata (syn. rubrifolia) - Redleaf Rose. R. Rosa glauca (syn. x odorata gigantea). R. Rosa gigantea (syn. Rosa gallica - Gallic Rose, French Rose. rubiginosa) - Eglantine, Sweet Brier. R. Rosa eglanteria (syn. Rosa dumalis - Glaucous Dog Rose. Rosa canina - Dog Rose, Briar Bush. |