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Dragon

Chinese dragon, colour engraving on wood, Japanese Chinese school, 19th Century

A dragon is a mythological creature, typically depicted as a large and powerful serpent or other reptile, with magical or spiritual qualities.

Overview

The various figures now called dragons most likely have no single origin, but spontaneously came to be in several different cultures around the world, based loosely on the appearance of a snake and possibly fossilized dinosaur and Tertiary mammal megafauna remains.

Chinese dragons (among others) or Long are generally seen as benevolent, whereas European dragons are usually malevolent. However, malevolent dragons are not restricted to Europe and also occur in Persian mythology (see Azi Dahaka) and other cultures.

Malevolent dragons are prominent figures in Christian belief. In Revelation 12:3, an enormous red dragon with seven heads is described, whose tail sweeps one third of the stars from heaven down to earth (held to be symbolic of the fall of the angels).

The Latin word for a dragon, draco, actually means snake or serpent and is so connected to the Christian association of snakes and the Devil.

The biblical dragon carries over thirty possible references, with the fire-breathing Leviathan described in Job 41. Strong's Hebrew 03882: [1], 08568, 08577, and Greek 1404.

In iconography, some Christian Saints are depicted in the act of killing a dragon: for instance, Saint George in Egyptian Coptic iconography [2], at the coat of arms of Moscow, or, in Italy, Saint Mercurialis, who was the first bishop of the city of Forlì. In the Book of Job Chapter 41, the sea monster Leviathan, which has some dragonlike characteristics, is described as God talks about the "king of beasts" that lived upon the Earth at a former time. Leviathan was birthed from an enzyme from the garden of Eden. God fed Leviathan to Israel while they wandered in the wilderness for forty years (Psalm 74:14).

Dobrynya Nikitich slaying Zmey Gorynych, by Ivan Bilibin.

In medieval symbolism, dragons were often symbolic of apostasy and treachery, but also of anger and envy, and eventfully symbolised great calamity. Several heads were symbolic of decadence and oppression, and also of heresy. They also served as symbols for independence, leadership and strength. Colors often determined the symbolism a dragon carried. In the hero's journey pattern, dragons represented fear.

Dragons are often held to have major spiritual significance in various religions and cultures around the world. In many oriental cultures dragons were, and in some cultures still are, revered as representative of the primal forces of nature and the universe.

Some believe that the dragon may have had a real-life counterpart from which the legends around the world arose — typically dinosaurs are mentioned as a possibility — but there is no evidence to support this claim. Another less common claim is that they are based upon some sort of flying machines possessed by some ancient, unknown culture. Both of these hypotheses are pseudoscience.

Dragons are very popular in video games today, especially role-playing games. They are typically used as very powerful bosses and villains. In many games, a powerful character must overcome a dragon as a final challenge.

The word "dragon" should not be confused with dragoon (infantry that moves around by horse, yet still fight as foot soldiers). However, numerous fantasy settings (such as the Final Fantasy games) make varying degrees of association between dragons and the dragoon character class (such as in the helmet of a dragoon-class character), and in the game Panzer Dragoon in which the player flies about on a dragon.

Dragons of myth and folkore

Dragon carving on Hopperstad stave church, Norway
  • Asian dragon
    • Chinese dragon
    • Indian dragon
    • Japanese dragon
    • Korean dragon
    • Persian dragon
    • Tibetan dragon
Saint George versus the dragon, Gustave Moreau, ca 1880. This small one has the look of a griffin or a wyvern.
  • European dragon
    • Celtic dragon
    • Egyptian dragon
    • Finnish dragon
    • French dragon
    • Greek dragon
    • Lindworm dragon
    • Norse dragon
    • Polish dragon
    • Serbian dragon
    • Slavic dragon
    • Romanian dragons (Zmeu and Balaur)
    • Tatar dragon
    • Welsh dragon
  • Meso-American Dragon
  • South American dragon
  • Dragon Relatives
    • Griffin
    • Wyvern
    • Basilisk

Notable dragons in modern literature and culture

  • Puff the Magic Dragon, a poem, then song; dragons in children's culture.
  • Smaug, from The Hobbit and Glaurung, from The Silmarillion by J. R. R. Tolkien
  • Pernese dragons, from the books by Anne McCaffrey
  • Dragons in Dungeons & Dragons and other fantasy role-playing games (e.g. Rêve de Dragon).
  • Dragon Tales the animated children's series on PBS

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However, numerous fantasy settings (such as the Final Fantasy games) make varying degrees of association between dragons and the dragoon character class (such as in the helmet of a dragoon-class character), and in the game Panzer Dragoon in which the player flies about on a dragon. United are one of three clubs (the others being Liverpool and Arsenal) that have finished first more often than in any other one table spot in the top division. The word "dragon" should not be confused with dragoon (infantry that moves around by horse, yet still fight as foot soldiers). Manchester United have spent 79 seasons in the national top flight (only Everton, Aston Villa, Liverpool, and Arsenal have more seasons at top level), finishing in these positions:. In many games, a powerful character must overcome a dragon as a final challenge. ¹ More than any other English club. They are typically used as very powerful bosses and villains. players.

Dragons are very popular in video games today, especially role-playing games. See Also: List of Manchester United players and Category:Manchester United F.C. Both of these hypotheses are pseudoscience. Dutch Eredivisie. Another less common claim is that they are based upon some sort of flying machines possessed by some ancient, unknown culture. French Ligue 1. Some believe that the dragon may have had a real-life counterpart from which the legends around the world arose — typically dinosaurs are mentioned as a possibility — but there is no evidence to support this claim.
Brazilian Série A.

In many oriental cultures dragons were, and in some cultures still are, revered as representative of the primal forces of nature and the universe. Belgian Second Division. Dragons are often held to have major spiritual significance in various religions and cultures around the world. League Two. In the hero's journey pattern, dragons represented fear. League One. Colors often determined the symbolism a dragon carried. League Championship.

They also served as symbols for independence, leadership and strength. Premier League. Several heads were symbolic of decadence and oppression, and also of heresy. As of February 1, 2006. In medieval symbolism, dragons were often symbolic of apostasy and treachery, but also of anger and envy, and eventfully symbolised great calamity. Although the full effects of Glazer's takeover on the club's support are not yet known, the club has claimed a record number of season ticket sales, however, given the many empty seats in the ground in some European games and lack of freedom of information from the club, this is as yet unverified. God fed Leviathan to Israel while they wandered in the wilderness for forty years (Psalm 74:14). The new club plays in the North West Counties League Second Division, and attracts an average attendance of almost 3000.

Leviathan was birthed from an enzyme from the garden of Eden. United of Manchester. In the Book of Job Chapter 41, the sea monster Leviathan, which has some dragonlike characteristics, is described as God talks about the "king of beasts" that lived upon the Earth at a former time. Many supporters were outraged, and some formed a new club called F.C. In iconography, some Christian Saints are depicted in the act of killing a dragon: for instance, Saint George in Egyptian Coptic iconography [2], at the coat of arms of Moscow, or, in Italy, Saint Mercurialis, who was the first bishop of the city of Forlì. However, this scheme failed to prevent Malcolm Glazer from becoming the majority shareholder in the club. Strong's Hebrew 03882: [1], 08568, 08577, and Greek 1404. Another pressure group, Shareholders United Against Murdoch (which became Shareholders United and is now the Manchester United Supporters Trust) was formed at around this time to encourage supporters to buy shares in the club, partly to enable supporters to have a greater say in the issues that concern them, such as ticket prices and allocation, and partly to reduce the risk of an unwanted party buying enough shares to take over the club.

The biblical dragon carries over thirty possible references, with the fire-breathing Leviathan described in Job 41. The supporters’ group IMUSA (Independent Manchester United Supporters' Association) were extremely active in opposing a proposed takeover by Rupert Murdoch in 1999. The Latin word for a dragon, draco, actually means snake or serpent and is so connected to the Christian association of snakes and the Devil. In the late 1990s and early part of the 2000s, an increasing source of concern for many United supporters was the possibility of the club being taken over. In Revelation 12:3, an enormous red dragon with seven heads is described, whose tail sweeps one third of the stars from heaven down to earth (held to be symbolic of the fall of the angels). The club estimates they have 675 million fans around the world, with 80 million fans in Asia alone. Malevolent dragons are prominent figures in Christian belief. A 2002 report, Do You Come From Manchester? indicate that Manchester City, have a higher proportion of season ticket holders living in the Manchester area, althogh they sold fewer season tickets overall.

However, malevolent dragons are not restricted to Europe and also occur in Persian mythology (see Azi Dahaka) and other cultures. This swelled United’s support and is one reason why United have had the highest league attendances in English football for almost every season since then, even as a second division side in 1974-75. Chinese dragons (among others) or Long are generally seen as benevolent, whereas European dragons are usually malevolent. Following the Munich air disaster in 1958, more people from outside Manchester began to support United and, as travel became quicker and cheaper, many started to go to matches. The various figures now called dragons most likely have no single origin, but spontaneously came to be in several different cultures around the world, based loosely on the appearance of a snake and possibly fossilized dinosaur and Tertiary mammal megafauna remains. When United won the league in 1956, they had the highest average home attendance in the league, a record that had been held by Newcastle for the previous few years. . After the war, a stronger rivalry developed and it became more common for a supporter to choose one team to follow exclusively.

A dragon is a mythological creature, typically depicted as a large and powerful serpent or other reptile, with magical or spiritual qualities. As United and City played home matches on alternate Saturdays, many Mancunians would watch United one week and City the next. Dragon Tales the animated children's series on PBS. Before the Second World War, few English football supporters travelled to away games because of the time and cost. Rêve de Dragon). The Glazers have promised that Sir Alex Ferguson will still be able to purchase "big-name" players. Dragons in Dungeons & Dragons and other fantasy role-playing games (e.g. Some United fans have expressed concern that in the fallout from the Glazer takeover, which left the club £265 million in debt, Manchester United will no longer have the money to compete in the transfer market with the likes of Barcelona, Real Madrid and Chelsea.

Pernese dragons, from the books by Anne McCaffrey. On 7 June he appointed his sons Joel, Avram, and Bryan to the board with Joel becoming Exectuive Co Chairman, Avram Non Exective Co Chairman and Bryan a Non Executive Director, at the same time Sir Roy Gardner resigned the chairmanship, and two other non-executive directors resigned. Tolkien. On May 16, he increased his share to the 75% necessary to delist the club from the Stock Exchange, taking it private again, and announced his intention to do so within 20 days. R. On May 12, 2005, the United States businessman Malcolm Glazer acquired a controlling interest in the club in a takeover valuing it at approximately £800 million ($1.47 billion). R.
.

Smaug, from The Hobbit and Glaurung, from The Silmarillion by J. United made a poor start to the 2005-06 season, with team captain Roy Keane leaving the club to join his boyhood heroes Celtic after publicly criticising several of his teammates, and the club failed to qualify for the knock-out phase of the UEFA Champions League for the first time in over a decade. Puff the Magic Dragon, a poem, then song; dragons in children's culture. Off the pitch, the main story was the possibility of the club being taken over and at the end of the season, Tampa businessman Malcolm Glazer acquired a controlling interest in the club. Basilisk. Cup eluded them — although they completely outplayed Arsenal in one of the most one-sided finals ever seen they were beaten on penalties. Wyvern. This time, even the "consolation prize" of the F.A.

Griffin. The 2004-05 season was characterised by a failure to score goals, mainly due to the injury of striker Ruud van Nistelrooy and United finished the season trophyless and in third place in the league. Dragon Relatives

    . Cup, however, knocking out Arsenal (that season's eventual champions) on their way to the final. South American dragon. They did win the 2004 F.A. Meso-American Dragon. They regained the league the following season (2002-03) and started the following season well, but their form dropped significantly when Rio Ferdinand received an eight month suspension for missing a drugs test.

    Welsh dragon. Ferguson adopted more defensive tactics to make United harder to beat in Europe but it was not a success and United finished the season in third place in 2002. Tatar dragon. United won the league by record margins in 2000 and 2001 but the press saw these seasons as failures as they failed to regain the European Cup. Romanian dragons (Zmeu and Balaur). Ferguson was knighted for his contributions to British football as a result. Slavic dragon. (See The Treble for an explanation of different types of "Treble" or Manchester United Treble for a more in-depth look at the 1998-1999 season.) The final of the Champions League, widely regarded as the one of the greatest finals ever, was especially exciting as United were trailing 1-0 with one minute to go, but two goals in stoppage time gave them a win over Bayern Munich (The only team ever to have come from behind to win a Champions League final in normal time.) The club's first choice central-midfielders, Roy Keane and Paul Scholes, missed the match through suspension.

    Serbian dragon. 1998-99 was the most successful season in the club's history as United became the first English team to win The Treble - the league, the FA Cup and the Champions League in the same season. Polish dragon. They started the following season (1997-98) well but their results were affected by a series of injuries and they finished the season in second place, behind the double winning champions Arsenal. Norse dragon. They won the league in 1997, and Eric Cantona, announced his retirement from football at the age of 30, several years earlier than most players. Lindworm dragon. Ferguson then outraged the supporters by selling key players and replacing them with players from the club's youth team, but the new players, several of whom quickly became regular internationals, did surprisingly well and United won the double again in 1995-96.

    Greek dragon. Drawing their last league match and losing to Everton in the FA Cup final left United as runners-up in both the league and FA Cup. French dragon. In 1994-95, Cantona received an eight month suspension for jumping into the crowd and assulting Crystal Palace supporter Matthew Simmons. Finnish dragon. They won the double (the league and the FA Cup) for the first time the following season, but legendary manager and club president Matt Busby died that year, on 20 January 1994. Egyptian dragon. The arrival of Eric Cantona in November 1992 provided the crucial spark for United, and they finished the 1992-93 season as Champions for the first time since 1967.

    Celtic dragon. Meanwhile in 1991 the club had floated on the London Stock Exchange with a valuation of £18 million, thus bringing its finances into the public eye as never before. European dragon

      . United won the European Cup Winners' Cup in 1990-91, beating that season's Spanish champions Barcelona in the final, but the following season was a disappointment for United as a late season slump saw them miss out on the league to rivals Leeds United. Tibetan dragon. There was speculation that Ferguson would be sacked at the beginning of 1990 but a win in the third round of the FA Cup over Nottingham Forest kept the season alive and United went on to win the competition. Persian dragon. However, United struggled badly throughout 1989, with many of Ferguson's signings not reaching the expectations of the fans.

      Korean dragon. The following season (1987-88), United finished second, with Brian McClair becoming the first United player since George Best to score twenty league goals in a season. Japanese dragon. Alex Ferguson replaced Atkinson and guided the club to an 11th place finish. Indian dragon. The poor form continued into the following season, and with United on the edge of the First Division's relegation zone, Atkinson was sacked. Chinese dragon. The team's form collapsed, however, and United finished the season in fourth place.

      Asian dragon

        . United won the FA Cup in 1983 and 1985 and were overwhelming favourites to win the league in the 1985-86 season after winning their first ten league games, opening a ten-point gap over their rivals as early as October. Atkinson's team featured new signings such as Jesper Olsen and Gordon Strachan playing alongside the former youth-team players Norman Whiteside and Mark Hughes. He was replaced by the flamboyant Ron Atkinson who immediately broke the British record transfer fee to sign Bryan Robson from West Brom. This style was unpopular with supporters, who were used to the attacking football preferred by Docherty and Busby, and after failing to win a trophy Sexton was sacked in 1981.

        Dave Sexton replaced Docherty as manager in the summer of 1977, and made the team play in a more defensive formation. In spite of this success, and his popularity with the supporters, Docherty was sacked soon after the final when he was found to have had an affair with the physiotherapist's wife. They reached the final again in 1977, beating Liverpool and preventing their opponents from completing the first ever treble, which United would go on to win in 1999. The team won promotion at the first attempt and reached the FA Cup final in 1976, but were beaten by Southampton.

        Docherty, or 'the Doc', saved United from relegation that season but United were relegated in 1974. United struggled to replace Busby, and the team struggled under Wilf McGuinness and Frank O'Farrell before Tommy Docherty became manager at the end of 1972. Busby resigned as manager in 1969 and was replaced by the reserve-team coach and former United player Wilf McGuinness. This team was notable for containing three European Footballers of the Year: Bobby Charlton, Denis Law and George Best.

        The team won the FA Cup in 1963, then won the league in 1965 and 1967 and the European Cup in 1968, the first English Club to do so. Busby rebuilt the team throughout the early 1960s, signing players such as Denis Law and Pat Crerand. They somehow reached the FA Cup final again, where they lost to Bolton. There was talk of the club folding but, with Jimmy Murphy taking over as manager while Matt Busby recovered from his injuries, the club continued playing with a makeshift side.

        The Munich air disaster of 6 February 1958 claimed the lives of eight players and another fifteen passengers. Tragedy struck the following season, when the plane carrying the team home from a European Cup match crashed on take off at a refuelling stop in Munich. They also became the first English team to compete in the European Cup, and reached the semi-final. The following season, they won the league again and reached the FA Cup final, losing to Aston Villa.

        He adopted a policy of bringing in players from the youth team whenever possible, and the team won the league in 1956 with an average age of only 22. He was immediately successful, with the club finishing second in the league in 1947 and winning the FA Cup in 1948. Matt Busby was appointed manager in 1945 and took a then-unheard of approach to his job, joining the players for training as well as performing administrative tasks. The team struggled between the first and second world wars, and by time the second world war began they were £70,000 in debt.

        They won the Championship for the second time in 1911. Then with financial assistance from Davies, United moved from Bank Street to a new stadium at Old Trafford in 1910. With their new name, they won the league in 1908 and the FA Cup on April 26, 1909 against Bristol City at Crystal Palace. Davies who paid off the club's debts and changed the name to Manchester United, changing the team's colours from gold and green to red and white.

        The club faced bankruptcy in 1902 and was rescued by J.H. The earliest known film of Manchester United is the 2–0 victory at Burnley on 6 December 1902, filmed by Mitchell and Kenyon. They were founder members of the Football Alliance in 1889 and joined the Football League in 1892 when it merged with the Football Alliance. The name was soon shortened to Newton Heath.

        The club were formed as Newton Heath (Lancashire & Yorkshire Railway) (Newton Heath (L&YR) for short) by a group of Manchester railway workers in 1878. Manchester was founded by someone who cheats!! All they can do is cheat! Van Nistlerooy stop diving save that for swimming!. . An attempted takeover by Rupert Murdoch had been blocked by the British Government in 1999, but in 2005 Malcolm Glazer completed a hostile takeover of the club, despite considerable protests from many of United's supporters.

        The club had been run as a Public Limited Company since 1991, and a takeover was a real possiblility. In 1999, Manchester United became the first team to win the FA Premier League, the FA Cup and the European Cup in the same season — a record that has still not been equalled. The club did not see great success again until the 1990s and early 2000s, when Sir Alex Ferguson guided them to eight league championships in eleven years. It was thought that the club might fold, but once Busby had recovered from his injuries he built another great team which went on to win the football league in 1965 and 1967, and became the first English winners of the European Cup in 1968.

        This success was halted by the Munich air disaster of 1958, in which eight of the club's players died. United appointed Sir Matt Busby as manager after the Second World War, and his then-unheard-of policy of producing most of the players through the club's youth team brought great success, with the club winning the Football League in 1956 and 1957. Davies who changed its name to Manchester United. After nearing bankuptcy in 1902, the club was taken over by J.H.

        The club was formed as Newton Heath (L & Y.R.) F.C. in 1878 as the works team of the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway depot at Newton Heath. The club has had the highest average attendance in English football for the majority of the past fifty seasons. The club is one of the most successful clubs in England, having won the FA Premier League/Football League fifteen times, FA Cup eleven times and the European Cup/UEFA Champions League twice. Manchester United Football Club is an English football club, based at Old Trafford Football Ground located just outside of the city boundaries of Manchester, Lancashire.

        Most points in a season: 92 1993/94. Most League Goals in a season; 103 1956/57, 1958/59. Longest unbeaten Run : (All competitions) 45, December 24, 1998 to October 3, 1999. Record Attendance Old Trafford: 76,962, Wolves v Grimsby Town, FA Cup, semi-final, 25 March 1939.

        Record 'home' League Attendance: Maine Road 83,250 v Arsenal, Division 1, 7 January 1948. Record League Attendance: Old Trafford 70,504 v Aston Villa, Division 1, 27 December 1920. Most League Appearances: 606 Bobby Charlton, 1956-73. Most Capped Player: Bobby Charlton, 106 England.

        Most Goals scored in a Match: 6 George Best v Northampton Town, 1970. Most League Goals in a Season: 32 Dennis Viollet, Division 1, 1959-60. Most League Goals: 199 Bobby Charlton, 1956-73. Most Goals scored : 247 Bobby Charlton.

        Most Appearances : Bobby Charlton 754. Record Cup Defeat: 1-7 v Burnley, FA Cup, 1st Round, 13 February 1901. Record League Defeat: 0-7 v Blackburn Rovers, Division 1, 10 April 1926. Record away win: 8-1 v Nottingham Forest February 1999.

        Record Cup Victory: 10-0 v Anderlecht, Champions Cup, Preliminary Round, 26 September 1956. Record Premiership Victory: 9-0 Ipswich Town March 1995. Record League Victory: 10-1 v Wolves, Division 1, 15 October 1892. 1968, 1999.

        BBC Sports Personality of the Year Team Award: 2

          . 1908, 1911, 1952, 1956, 1957, 1965*, 1967*, 1977*, 1983, 1990*, 1993, 1994, 1996, 1997, 2003 (*as joint holders). FA Charity Shield/Community Shields: 15¹
            . 1991.

            European Super Cup: 1

              . 1999. Intercontinental Cup: 1¹
                . 1991.

                UEFA Cup Winners' Cup: 1

                  . 1998-99, 2-1 vs FC Bayern M. 1967-68, 4-1 vs Benfica. UEFA Champions League Championships: 2
                    .

                    1992. League Cup: 1

                      . 1909, 1948, 1963, 1977, 1983, 1985, 1990, 1994, 1996, 1999, 2004. FA Cups: 11¹
                        .

                        1936, 1975. Football League Second Division/Football League Division 1/Football League Championship: 2

                          . 1908, 1911, 1952, 1956, 1957, 1965, 1967, 1993, 1994, 1996, 1997, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2003. FA Premier League/Football League Championships: 15
                            .

                            Fraizer Campbell. Darron Gibson. Floribert N'Galula. Mark Howard.

                            Danny Rose. Markus Neumayr (reserve team captain). David Jones (on loan to NEC Nijmegen). David Bellion (on loan to Nice).

                            Rincón (on loan to São Paulo). Souleymane Mamam (on loan to Royal Antwerp). Dong Fangzhuo (on loan to Royal Antwerp). Danny Simpson (on loan to Royal Antwerp).

                            Lee Martin (on loan to Royal Antwerp). Thomas Heaton (on loan to Royal Antwerp). Adam Eckersley (on loan to Royal Antwerp). Sylvan Ebanks-Blake (on loan to Royal Antwerp).

                            Tommy Lee (on loan to Macclesfield Town). Mads Timm (on loan to Walsall). Phil Picken (on loan to Chesterfield). Ben Foster (on loan to Watford).

                            Eddie Johnson (on loan to Leeds United). Paul McShane (on loan to Brighton & Hove Albion). Chris Eagles (on loan to Watford). Liam Miller (on loan to Leeds United).

                            Jonathan Spector (on loan to Charlton Athletic).