Dodgeball

In some cases, the rule may be used that a player hit above the shoulders is not out; this discourages the dangerous practice of aiming for the face. Torgov, V.G. ; Tatarchuk, V.V. ; Druzhinina, I.A. ; Korda, T.M. The aim of the variant King sting or Brandings is to throw the ball at others as hard as possible. So far neither a pilot plant or full scale plant has been constructed to recover palladium, rhodium or ruthenium from nuclear wastes created by the use of nuclear fuel. Opponents of dodgeball have argued that the game provides, for bullies, the excuse to abuse unathletic and unpopular students, by throwing the ball hard enough to cause injury. This extraction operates by a solvation mechanism. However, dodgeball has come under attack for failing to meet the needs of precisely those students. In this solvent extraction system the hydrocarbons of the diesel act as the diluent while the dialkyl sulfides act as the extractant.

As well, the game was seen as having a light-hearted and self-deprecatory nature and, therefore, more amenable to non-athletic students. This has been proposed as a means of separating the fission product palladium from PUREX raffinate which comes from used nuclear fuel. Since players normally were not part of a team, no player had to endure the teasing that would fall upon a player accused of "causing the team to lose". Bad quality (high sulfur) diesel fuel has been used as a palladium extraction agent for the liquid-liquid extraction of this metal from nitric acid mixtures. Dodgeball, when it emerged, was touted as the "nerd's sport". This is the first time a maker has competed for the overall prize with a Diesel-fueled vehicle. The ball can be passed around amongst teammates in order to try and confuse the other team. Audi will fight for the overall win at the 24 Hours of Le Mans in 2006 with the Diesel-powered R10.

The bodyguards, because they have three lives, may, as a strategy, form a protective wall around the president and lure the assassins into throwing the ball at them. Westport claims to have invented a process called Westport-Cycle ^[5] with comparable efficiency using natural gas and petrodiesel. The Presidential Entourage wins when all the assassins have been eliminated. That car and a later Cummins Diesel Special are on display at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway Hall of Fame Museum^[4]. The assassins win when the President has been hit with the ball (though bodyguards may still be alive). The following year Dave Evans drove his Cummins Diesel Special to a nonstop finish in the Indianapolis 500, the first time a car had completed the race without a pit stop. Once a player's life/lives have been extinguished, he/she must leave the field of play and watch the game. This feat helped to prove the usefulness of the internal combustion engine.

If he/she catches the ball, it must be handed off to a bodyguard, unless all the bodyguards are killed. The trip was from Indianapolis to New York City - a distance of nearly 800 miles (1300 km). Note, however, that the President can catch the ball, but not throw it. The very first diesel-engine automobile trip was completed on January 6, 1930. Normal dodgeball rules apply -- lives are lost when one gets hit by a ball or when one throws a ball that has been caught by the opposition. In 1931, Walter Lees and Fredrick Brossy set the nonstop flight record flying a Bellanca powered by a Packard Diesel for 84h 32m. The assassins have one life. Woolson was fitted to a Stinson X7654, and in 1929 it was flown 1000 km non-stop from Detroit to Langley, Virginia (near Washington, D.C.).

The President only has one life, and the bodyguards all have three lives. A Packard diesel motor designed by L.M. One man in the Presidential Bodyguard side is deemed President, and all other players must refer to him/her as President (insert last name). Packard diesel motors were used in aircraft as early as 1927, and Charles Lindbergh flew a Stinson SM1B with a Packard Diesel in 1928. It is preferable that the Assassins have more people, to make the game more balanced. Diesel engines are used in cars, trucks, motorcycles, boats and locomotives. Two teams are set, Assassins and Presidential Bodyguards. Rudolf Diesel originally designed the diesel engine to use coal dust as a fuel, but oil proved more effective.

PresidentBall is played in a large enclosed room. Diesel is used in diesel engines, a type of internal combustion engine. The game is won when one team sinks all of the opponent's ships, or if there is a time limit, and at the end of the limit, the team with the most pins up, not ships, wins. In India, taxes on diesel fuel are lower than on gasoline as majority of the transportation, that transports grains and other essential commodities across the country, runs on diesel. All other crew members must stay on the ship at all times, and throw balls at the other team's ships. The term DERV (short for "diesel engined road vehicle") is also used in the UK as a synonym for diesel fuel. However, only one person on each ship "crew" may step off the ship, and when he does, he may not throw any balls, and may only collect balls for his ship to use. Diesel fuel, or Marked Gas Oil is dyed green in the Republic of Ireland.

To sink a ship, the opposing team must throw balls and knock over all four of the pins on one of the other team's ships. Also, in the United Kingdom and Northern Ireland it is known as red diesel, and is also used by agricultural vehicles. The ships consist of a mat, which is large enough to fit about 5 people, with 4 pins placed at each corner of the mat. This untaxed diesel is also dyed red for identification purposes, and should a person be found to be using this untaxed diesel fuel for a typically taxed purpose (such as "over-the-road", or driving use), the user can be fined $10,000 USD on the spot. It is played in teams so that all of one team's ships are on one side and the others` on the opposite. Similarly, "untaxed" diesel is available in the United States, which is available for use primarily in agricultural applications such as for tractor fuel. Battleship Dodgeball is unique in that you aren't actually trying to sink the other team's ships. In Europe, the United States and Canada, taxes on diesel fuel are higher than on heating oil due to the fuel tax, and in those areas, heating oil is marked with fuel dyes and trace chemicals to prevent and detect tax fraud.

The game ends when one teams` players have all been sent to prison. Diesel fuel is very similar to heating oil which is used in central heating. When a person is hit, like Prison Dodgeball, they are sent to the back of the opposing team's side, and can escape if they catch a ball out of the air, and hit the other team from behind. Due to the purity of the source, it has a higher quality than petrodiesel. In this version to start the game balls are evenly distributed to both teams, then a referee signals the start. Paraffin biodiesel also exists. Often the partition is broken apart or pulled out partially for a twist. However, biodiesel has combustion properties very similar to regular diesel, including combustion energy and cetane ratings.

In Barrier Dodgeball, multiple barriers are set up on each side of the area you are playing in, preferably a large gym that is capable of being divided in half with a partition. Chemically, most biodiesel consists of alkyl (usually methyl) esters instead of the alkanes and aromatic hydrocarbons of petroleum derived diesel. Barrier Dodgeball is similar to Prison. A small percentage of biodiesel can be used as an additive in low-sulfur formulations of diesel to increase the lubricating ability that is lost when the sulfur is removed. The game can be played with a large group of people playing for themselves, in teams, or one on one. There have been reports that a diesel-biodiesel mix results in lower emissions than either can achieve alone. The winner is the last player left in the playing area. This can be overcome by using a biodiesel/petrodiesel blend, or by installing a small heater in your fuel system, but this is only nessecary during the colder months.

A player being hit at or below his or her knees is not grounds for a stoppage of play. Biodiesel has a lower gel point than regular diesel, but is comparable to diesel #2. Stoppages of play result from the ball being hit out of bounds or the ball being caught. It can also be mixed with petrodiesel in any amount in modern engines, though when first using it , the solvent properties of the fuel tend to clear out all the garbage that has built up from the petrodiesel and can clog fuel filters. This is also the procedure for resuming the game after a stoppage of play. Biodiesel is a non-fossil fuel alternative to petrodiesel. Any player touching the ball or leaving the wall before the third bounce is considered out. Biodiesel can be obtained from vegetable oil and animal fats (bio-lipids, using transesterification).

After three bounces the ball is in play and the players may leave the wall. Such synthetic diesel has 30% less particulate emissions than conventional diesel (US- California) ^[3]. The game is started either by placing the ball in the center of the octagon with each of the players touching the wall, or by bouning the ball and repeating the word "ga" each time the ball touches the floor. Synthetic diesel may also be produced out of natural gas in the GTL process. There is only one ball in play at a time in ga-ga. ^[2] Other attempts use enzymatic processes and are also economic in case of high oil prices. This and other matters of dispute are settled by the game's judges. After purification the so called Fischer Tropsch process is used to produce synthetic diesel.

Pushing a player into the ball and any other physical contact is also a violation. Wood, straw, corn, garbage, and sewage-sludge may be dried and gasified. Hitting the ball out of bounds is grounds for elimination unless it is as the result of a defensive deflection. C₁₀H₂₂ to C₁₅H₃₂. Carrying, throwing, or catching the ball after a bounce also results in elimination. Petroleum derived diesel is composed of about 75% saturated hydrocarbons (primarily paraffins including n, iso, and cycloparaffins), and 25% aromatic hydrocarbons (including naphthalenes and alkylbenzenes).^[1] The average chemical formula for common diesel fuel is C₁₂H₂₆, ranging from approx. Touching the ball twice consecutively without the ball touching another player or the wall is grounds for elimination unless that player is attempting to catch the ball. In the maritime field various grades of diesel fuel are used.

A player can also be eliminated by having his or her ball caught in the air. Diesel contains approximately 18% more energy per unit of volume than gasoline, which, along with the greater efficiency of diesel engines, contributes to fuel economy (distance traveled per volume of fuel consumed). That player is then out and must leave the playing area. Biodiesel is an effective lubricity additive. The objective of the game is to eliminate one's opponents by hitting the ball with either an open hand or closed fist into the region at or below his or her knees. However, lowering sulfur also reduces the lubricity of the fuel, meaning that additives must be put into the fuel to help lubricate engines. Ga-ga or GaGa is a form of dodgeball which is played within an octagonal enclosure when available, or in any other space that is completely enclosed by walls. It prevents the use of catalytic diesel particulate filters to control diesel particulate emissions, as well as more advanced technologies, such as nitrogen oxide (NOx) adsorbers (still under development), to reduce emissions.

Pin Guard is sometimes also reffered to as Bombardment or Battle Ball. High levels of sulfur in diesel are harmful for the environment. The game is also sometimes played with two pins per team. diesel fuel typically also has a lower cetane number (a measure of ignition quality) than European diesel, resulting in worse cold weather performance and some increase in emissions. Players can get out by getting hit in the head and the player who hit the person is out or also if a ball is thrown and a player catches it, the player who threw it is out.There are several variations such as if the game is played in a gym, then if a player hits the basketball hoop's backboard then that team frees all eliminated players, (this only applies if there is one player left on team). U.S. The objective is to knock over the opposing team's pin or eleiminate all players on the other team. In contrast, the United States has long had "dirtier" diesel, although more stringent emission standards have been adopted with the transition to ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD) occurring in 2006 (see also diesel exhaust).

Pin Guard is played with two teams each with a pin and balls. In Europe, emission standards and preferential taxation have both forced oil refineries to dramatically reduce the level of sulfur in diesel fuels. In some versions of capture the flag, balls are not used, so it cannot be considered dodgeball. Diesel fuel, however, often contains higher quantities of sulfur. A team wins by either eliminating the other team or capturing all of the flags. Diesel is generally simpler to refine than gasoline and often costs less (although price fluctuations often mean that the inverse is true; for example, the cost of diesel traditionally rises during colder months as demand for heating oil, which is refined much the same way, rises). No more than one flag can be picked up by a single person in one run. When burnt diesel typically releases about 147,000 British thermal units (BTU) per US gal (40.9 megajoules (MJ) per liter), whereas gasoline releases 125,000 BTUs per US gal (34.8 MJ/l), also about 15% less.

If a player is tagged or eliminated on his side by a ball, he must immediately drop the flag, which can either be picked up by another teammate or returned to its starting position by a member of the enemy team. Diesel typically weighs about 7.1 pounds (lb) per US gallon (gal) (850 grams per liter (g/l)), whereas gasoline weighs about 6.0 lb per US gal (720 g/l), or about 15% less. While on the enemy side, a player can be eliminated only by being tagged. Petro Diesel is considered to be a fuel oil and is about 18% denser than gasoline. A player can attempt to steal an opposing team's flag by running across the center line, retrieving it, and returning it back to a bucket in the back of their court. As a hydrocarbon mixture, it is obtained in the fractional distillation of crude oil between 250 °C and 350 °C at atmospheric pressure. A variation of Trench is Capture the Flag, which is played the same way as Trench except that each team has 8-10 flags in the back of their court (usually on the dividing line between the trench and the team's field of play). Diesel is produced from petroleum, and is sometimes called petrodiesel (or, less seriously, dinodiesel) when there is a need to distinguish it from diesel obtained from other sources.

Play continues until one team has wiped out the other team. . If a player in the trench catches a ball from one of his teammates, he can re-enter the game and is not a valid target until he is back on his side (but he can be eliminated as soon as he steps over that center line again). The term typically refers to fuel that has been processed from petroleum, but increasingly, alternatives such as biodiesel or biomass to liquid (BTL) or gas to liquid (GTL) diesel that are not derived from petroleum are being developed. Any time a player is hit, he must go stand behind the opposing team in the trench, a designated area, usually the out of bounds portion of that side of the basketball court. Diesel or Diesel fuel is a specific fractional distillate of fuel oil (mostly petroleum) that is used as fuel in a diesel engine invented by German engineer Rudolf Diesel. When the whistle is blown, players run to grab those balls and a game of standard dodgeball begins, with one exception. URL accessed on December 5, 2005..

Both teams start on a line roughly 8-10 feet away from the center, where several balls are placed. ^  http://www.westport.com/expertise/westport_cycle.php. The dividing line is the center line of one of the basketball courts (imaginarily spread across the gym). URL accessed on December 5, 2005.. Trench is a variation typically played inside of a large gym (spanning two basketball courts). ^  Indianapolis Motor Speedway. In the non-team version of the game, throwers caught or players struck join the other team; the 1st player struck during the dodgeball phase becomes the sole initial catcher on return to the 1st phase. URL accessed on December 5, 2005..

When all throwers have been struck or the sticks are reassembled, the teams swap roles and the game returns to the 1st phase. ^  SYNTHETIC DIESEL FUEL. If the ball is not caught after hitting the sticks, the game proceeds to the dodgeball phase, the catchers attempting to strike the throwers while the throwers attempt to reassemble the sticks. URL accessed on December 5, 2005.. If the ball is caught after hitting the sticks, the entire throwing team is out, and the teams swap roles. ^  http://www.fas.usda.gov/pecad/highlights/2005/01/btl0104/syntheticdiesel.htm. The 1st phase ends when a thrower strikes the sticks. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service.

If not caught, the thrower goes to the back of the not-out throwers' queue awaiting another turn. Atlanta, GA: U.S. If the ball is caught, the thrower is out. Toxicological profile for fuel oils. One team (the throwers) take turns attempting to strike the sticks with a ball from a fixed distance, while the other team (the catchers) try to catch the ball on the rebound off the wall before it hits the ground. 1995. In the 1st phase, two popsicle sticks are adjacently placed parallel on the ground leaning against a wall, supporting a horizontal half-length crosspiece. ^ Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR).

Sticks has two phases to the game. It requires very strong anaerobic and aerobic stamina. It is practically the same as the standard version but there are strict time limits on throwing the ball and defending. In the county of Cornwall in England, there remains a regional version of the game called Cornish Dodgeball.

Last one standing wins. If they catch a ball thrown by another player he is not out but they regain one of their "missing" limbs. If they are hit in the head or torso they are out. Players who are hit in the legs or arms lose the use of that limb.

"Army Dodge Ball" Involves no true teams but is more of a free for all. Besides that, the rules are the same as regular dodgeball. You can be attacked from any direction. It is played with both teams on one half of a Basketball Court.

Space Dodgeball is set up like so:(X=Team 1|A=Team 2|O=Balls). When one person is hit they are then out and must join the others around the circle throwing the ball(s) at the other players. Court Dodgeball is played with two people on either end of a circle with one or two balls while everyone else is in the middle. Once out, players stayed out, but continued the game from the rear court until a winner was declared.

Depending on the size of the teams, up to five balls would be in play at one time. Only players in the middle sections could be targeted. They could then throw the ball at the opposing team from behind. Players who have moved to the rear sections of the court could retrieve loose balls, but would have to return to the rear court before continuing play.

Players who stepped out of bounds were also declared out. Players in this area who are hit by the rubber ball (about the size of a basketball) or whose toss is caught are declared "out" and must cross to the opposite end of the court, behind their opponents. Teams begin with all players in the two, larger partitions in the middle. Munkenai is a variation of Prisonball in which teams face off on a rectangular playing court somewhat smaller than a full basketball court and composed of four areas.

Furthermore, in "prisonball," a ball thrown to a "prison," when caught, releases all the "prisoners" to return to their original side. In all except Prisonball though, "prisoners" remain behind the opposing team until the game is over. This puts a lot more pressure on the teams as they can be sandwiched between enemies. To get out of prison, he must hit the opposing team from behind.

Prisonball (also known as Nationball, Battleball, Teamball, Crossfire; King's Court in Canada and Queimada or Queimado in Brazil) is played much like dodgeball, but when a player is hit, he gets put in "prison" behind the opposing team. The winner is the last man standing. If one is struck before getting to the wall then they are out. More often than not the ball is thrown as hard as possible for incentive.

A variation on this is a game termed "Wall Ball"; if someone fails to catch the ball (after an attempt to catch it and touches it without the result of a catch) then they must endeavour to get to the wall before another player strikes them with the ball. When a player is hit, he or she leaves the court and his or her victims return to the game. The ball cannot be carried, but must be bounced off a wall and caught. "German Dodgeball" is a free-for-all game with no boundaries.

If the leader is hit, the game is over. King's Court also involves a leader. Some teams employ a "fake doctor" strategy to throw the opposing team off-guard as to who the doctor actually is. Therefore, it is key for a team to pay attention in order to figure out who the enemy doctor is.

The game ends when one team is entirely eliminated, which would happen a lot quicker if a team loses their "doctor", and another variation of the game ends as soon as the doctor is hit. Dodgeball saves the fallen players, they can get up and play again. When Dr. Dodgeball" to come and save them.