Daylight saving time

Nevertheless, the form "daylight savings time" appears without remark as to its nonstandardness in some dictionaries, including The American Heritage Dictionary.
. Most compound adjectives are joined with a hyphen, but "daylight-saving time," too, is nonstandard. The September 11, 2001 attacks have been the subject of numerous films and other works of art and literature. In the standard form of the name, "daylight saving" is a compound adjective (part of which is a participle) that modifies "time." A common variant is daylight savings time. Although this alternate form is frequently heard in speech, it is nonstandard and appears rarely in edited writing. In addition to physical monuments, a number of September 11th family members and friends have set up memorial funds, scholarships, and charities in honor of lost loved ones. This is especially important in autumn, just before the heating season causes an increase in home fires. The Drawing Center withdrew its proposal for the site, and in consideration of objections raised by some victims' families, New York Governor George Pataki has barred the IFC from building at the site.

For example, the Country Fire Authority of Victoria in Australia has been running a program called "Change Your Clock, Change Your Smoke Alarm Battery" for several years. Among these were the The Drawing Center and the International Freedom Center (IFC). Fire safety officials in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United States encourage citizens to use the two annual time changes as a reminder to check the batteries in home and office fire alarms and smoke detectors. This memorial design been generally praised, while other proposed elements for the site have drawn controversy. Another common mnemonic of equal meaning is "spring ahead, fall behind.". There is one planned called Reflecting Absence, which was designed by Michael Arad and selected through a design competition. This uses the word "fall" to mean "autumn"; while this usage has died out in British English, it is still very common in North American English. Currently, there is no memorial at the World Trade Center site.

The mnemonic "spring forward, fall back" tells us how to reset clocks when the time changes, regardless of hemisphere (although it has to be remembered that spring and autumn occur during different months in the northern and southern hemispheres). Recently, due to the amount of public pressure, it has been announced that the memorial will be redesigned as to avoid any confusion with the sign of Islam. Different people start their day at different times (office workers start their day later than factory workers, who start their day later than farm workers), regardless of daylight saving time. The proposed design for Flight 93 National Memorial is called Crescent of Embrace, and it has created some controversy due to its large red crescent plan which also points toward Mecca. Other critics suggest that DST is, at its heart, government paternalism and that people rise in the morning as a matter of choice because many people enjoy nighttime hours and their jobs do not require them to make the most of daylight. Public access to this memorial is restricted to group tours, such as veteran's groups. DST is particularly unpopular among people working in agriculture because the animals do not observe it, and thus the people are placed out of synchronization with the rest of the community, including school times, broadcast schedules, and the like. Within the Pentagon itself, the America's Heroes Memorial was added in September 2002, when the building repairs were completed.

Opponents point to the longer hours of darkness on winter mornings, especially in Scotland, the north of England and Northern Ireland which might well cause an increase in road accidents. [50] Construction of the memorial is scheduled for completion in Fall 2006. This would make winter evenings longer, thereby reducing traffic accidents and cases of seasonal affective disorder. An outdoor memorial at the Pentagon, for the public, has been designed by Keith Kaseman and Julie Beckman of KBAS of New York City. Alternatively, some would like Britain to adopt Central European Time and jump forward another hour during the summer (adopting a Single/Double Summer Time from Britain's perspective). Memorials to the victims and heroes of the attacks of September 11 have been planned for the three sites. Some campaigners in Britain would like the country to stay on British Summer Time (BST) all year round, or in other words, adopt Central European Time and abolish BST. The Bush Administration also invoked 9/11 as the reason to initiate a secret National Security Agency operation "to eavesdrop on telephone and e-mail communications between the United States and people overseas without a warrant." [49].

Some studies do show that changing the clock increases the traffic accident rate.^[1] Following the spring shift to daylight saving time (when one hour of sleep is lost) there is a measurable increase in the number of traffic accidents that result in fatalities. Civil liberties groups have criticized the PATRIOT Act, saying that it allows law enforcement to invade the privacy of citizens and eliminates Judicial oversight over law-enforcement and domestic intelligence gathering. For example, during a North American time change, an autumn night where clocks are reset from 3 AM summer to 2 AM winter time, times between 2AM and 3AM will occur twice, causing confusion in transport schedules, payment systems, etc. Congress passed the USA PATRIOT Act, stating that it would help detect and prosecute terrorism and other alleged future crimes. No formal studies have been performed, but an enormous amount of time has been spent by software developers to deal with the fact that 2400 hours past 2pm is not necessarily 2pm 100 days later. government in contemporary history. It is also speculated that one of the benefits—more afternoon sun—would also actually increase energy consumption as people get into their cars to enjoy more time for shopping and the like. Within the United States, President Bush created the Department of Homeland Security, representing the largest re-structuring of the U.S.

It was for this reason that Arizona rejected DST and opted to stay on standard time all year. government claims to the contrary include: (1) allegations by Czech intelligence of a meeting between 9/11 ringleader Mohammed Atta and an Iraqi intelligence official in Prague on the same day Atta was seen in Florida; and (2) evidence that Ahmed Hikmat Shakir, allegedly a contact of Iraqi intelligence, was present at a meeting in Malaysia where future 9/11 hijacker Khalid al Mihdhar is believed by the CIA to have attended.). Air conditioning often uses more energy than artificial lighting. (Unsubstantiated U.S. When air conditioning was not widely available, the change did save energy; however, air conditioning is much more widespread now than it was several decades ago. No clear evidence has emerged to support the claim. While many people use more sunlight under DST, most people also experience more heat, which prompts many people to turn on the air conditioner during the warmer afternoon hours. government in the lead up to the 2003 invasion of Iraq, when for example, Vice President Dick Cheney suggested that Iraq was involved in the September 11 attack during a "Meet the Press" interview: Iraq is "the geographic base of the terrorists who had us under assault now for many years, but most especially on 9-11" (Knight-Ridder October 3, 2003, archived at www.commondreams.org/headlines03/1003-08.htm).

There is also a question whether the decrease in lighting costs justifies the increase in summertime air conditioning costs. This unsubstantiated view was promoted by the U.S. It is also noted that much effort is spent reminding everyone twice a year of the change, and thousands are inconvenienced by showing up at the wrong time when they forget. The poll asked "How likely it is that Saddam Hussein was personally involved in the September 11th Terrorist attacks?" The response was 32% very likely, 37% somewhat likely, 12% not very likely and 3% not at all likely^[48]. The disruption in sleep patterns associated with setting clocks either forward or backward correlates with a spike in the number of severe auto accidents, as well as lost productivity as sleep-disrupted workers adjust to the schedule change. Two years after the attacks, the Program on International Policy Attitudes reported on an opinion poll it conducted of the American public from January through September 2003. Opponents claim that there is not enough benefit to justify the need to adjust clocks twice every year. "In the war on terror, Iraq is now the central front..." said President Bush on December 14, 2005, [47].

DST is not universally accepted; many localities do not observe it. government has continued to maintain that the war on Iraq is critical to the American "War on Terrorism". (Stats from this article). Also, the U.S. $28 million in traffic costs. Indeed, President Bush said "The battle of Iraq is one victory in a war on terror that began on September the 11, 2001..."[46]. went on extended DST in 1974 and 1975 in response to the 1973 energy crisis, Department of Transportation studies found that observing DST in March and April saved 10,000 barrels of oil a day, and prevented about 2,000 traffic injuries and 50 fatalities saving about U.S. invasion of Iraq.

When the U.S. government has asserted that 9/11 is connected to the U.S. Other benefits cited include prevention of traffic injuries (by allowing more people to return home from work or school in daylight), and crime reduction (by reducing people's risk of being targets of crimes that are more common in dark areas). The U.S. Most people plan outdoor activities during the increased hours of sunlight. was not the only nation to increase its military readiness, with other notable examples being the Philippines and Indonesia, countries that have their own internal conflicts with terrorists. Another perceived benefit of DST is increased opportunities for outdoor activities. The U.S.

During the summer most people would wake up after the sun rises, regardless of whether daylight saving time is in effect or not, so there is no increased need for morning lighting to offset the afternoon drop in energy usage. The second-biggest operation outside of the United States was the invasion of Afghanistan, by U.S.-led coalitions. Part of the reason that it is normally observed in the late spring, summer, and early autumn is because during the winter months the amount of energy saved by moving sunset one hour later is negated by the increased need for morning lighting by moving sunrise by the same amount. These goals would be accomplished by means including economic and military sanctions against states perceived as harboring terrorists, and increasing global surveillance and intelligence sharing. United States Department of Transportation studies showed that DST reduces the country's electricity usage by one percent while DST is in effect. The United States declared a war on terrorism, with the stated goals of bringing Osama bin Laden and Al Qaeda to justice, and preventing the emergence of other terrorist networks. Because people tend to observe the same bedtime year-round, by artificially moving sunset one hour later, the amount of energy used is theoretically reduced. citizens held the view that they had "changed the world forever": that the United States was now vulnerable to terrorist attacks in a way that it had not yet experienced.

Theoretically, the amount of residential electricity needed in the evening hours is dependent both on when the sun sets and when people go to bed. In the aftermath of the attacks, many U.S. One of the major reasons given for observing DST is energy conservation. Similar attacks may also have been planned in New Delhi, Melbourne, and Montreal. Starting and ending dates are variable: normally, Brazilian DST starts at 00:00 on an October (rarely November) Sunday and ends at 00:00 on a February Sunday. According to Mohammed Afroze, a planned simultaneous attack in London, on the House of Commons and Tower Bridge, was aborted at the last minute, when the would-be hijackers, waiting to board the planes they were to hijack, saw the damage in the USA, panicked, and fled. Brazil adopted DST for the first time in 1931, but uninterruptedly since 1985 in southern states (south, southeast regions and states of Goiás and Mato Grosso do Sul). According to the 9/11 Commission Report, Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, the attack's mastermind, wanted to remove at least one member — Khalid al-Mihdhar — from the operation, but he was overruled by Osama bin Laden.

In specific years the starting and ending dates have been modified for political or climatic reasons. Other al-Qaeda members who allegedly may have attempted, but were unable, to take part in the attacks include Saeed al-Ghamdi (not to be confused with the successful hijacker of the same name), Mushabib al-Hamlan, Zakariyah Essabar, Ali Abdul Aziz Ali, and Tawfiq bin Attash. The current law which affects the entire country was enacted in 1970, but it had observed the practice as early as 1927 when the country had been divided into two distinct time zones. He has yet to be sentenced. Chile switches to DST at 24:00 on the second Saturday in October and reverts to Local Standard Time (LST) at 24:00 on the second Sunday the following March. However, in April 2005, Moussaoui pled guilty to involvement in the hijacking and al-Qaeda, a plea which made him eligible for the death penalty. Standard Time Zone Boundary in the State of Indiana (a 139 KB pdf file) has some history, public comments from each county, the final DOT determination, and the resulting time zone boundary. Plans to include Moussaoui were allegedly never completed because the al-Qaeda hierarchy allegedly had doubts about his reliability.

Currently, Pulaski and Martin counties are reconsidering their bid to join the Central time zone. Zacarias Moussaoui was reportedly considered as a replacement for Ziad Jarrah, who at one point threatened to withdraw from the scheme because of tensions amongst the plotters. These counties are: Starke and Pulaski Counties in the Northwest, and Daviess, Dubois, Knox, Martin, Perry, and Pike in the Southwest. military prison known as Camp X-Ray at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. As a result of the review, the United States Department of Transportation moved eight more counties to the Central time zone, effective when DST begins on April 2, 2006. He was later captured in Afghanistan and imprisoned at the U.S. The bill to observe DST also required the governor to request federal review of the time zone divisions in the state. in August 2001.

On April 29, 2005, the Indiana legislature voted to begin observing daylight saving time statewide in 2006. Immigration authorities at Orlando International Airport refused his entry into the U.S. From 1991 until April 1, 2006 the state had three kinds of time zones and DST observances:. Mohamed al-Kahtani, a Saudi Arabian citizen, may also have been planning to join the hijackers but U.S. Opponents claimed that daylight saving time created costs and inconvenience associated with changing clocks twice a year and had little or no real value. Ramzi Binalshibh allegedly meant to take part in the attacks, but he was repeatedly denied a visa for entry into the U.S. Some supporters claimed that some businesses had located out-of-state due to the time-related confusion. Other would-be hijackers are often referred to as the 20th hijackers.

Being out of sync with neighboring states and the national changing of clocks, supporters argued, had a negative economic impact on the state. In the end, only nineteen allegedly participated. In the past, neighboring communities sometimes ended up one or even two hours apart. Allegedly twenty-seven members of al-Qaeda attempted to enter the United States to take part in the September 11 attacks. DST has been a long-standing controversy in Indiana, not only as an agricultural state, but also because the border separating the Eastern and Central time zones divides the state. Critics across the political spectrum dismiss much of this speculation about 9/11 as Conspiracy theories that range from the dubious to the fantastic. Hawaii does not observe DST. Roosevelt administration before the attack on Pearl Harbor, claiming both attacks were more or less provoked by the United States' government and were allowed to happen to justify going to war.

However, the large Navajo Indian Reservation within it does. In his book Dreaming War: Blood for Oil and the Cheney-Bush Junta, he compares their behaviour before the attacks to that of the Franklin D. Most of Arizona does not observe DST. Gore Vidal has been highly critical of the Bush Administration. Certain types of information systems (those that schedule future events with reference to UTC, for example) are almost guaranteed to encounter serious desynchronization problems unless both computers and databases are carefully updated—in some cases by hand. presidential election, 2004), to be more easily accepted. More difficult to quantify is the amount of labor and money that may be spent correcting errors that arise due to a failure to update computers. invasion of Afghanistan), and even confirmations of what they consider to be questionable US elections (U.S.

A two-minute procedure for updating a computer, multiplied by a hundred million computers, represents nearly 1700 years of full-time labor. Others investigating alternative theories of the 9/11 attacks are concerned by what they see as a series of 'incompetent' or uninvestigated events and coincidences during the Bush Administration which they believe are not all without intention - they see the attacks of 9/11 as the original or largest 'lie,' (or misleading event) that promoted a wartime mentality which subsequently allowed otherwise contentious legislation (i.e., USA PATRIOT Act), authorizations of military force (Iraq War and U.S. In order to change the dates and times at which the automatic jump to or from DST occurs, these tables must be modified, which requires some sort of manual intervention by a human being in the great majority of cases. invasion and occupation of Middle East countries to gain control of oil; to increase the popularity of the President; to make money for the oil and defense industries. Most computers are programmed to adjust automatically for DST, but they do so based on static tables stored directly on the computer itself. Reasons behind questioning the official story derive from perceived benefits to the US: as justification for U.S. An additional issue raised by this extension is that it requires reconfiguration of virtually every computer in the United States. Several books have detailed alternative narratives of the 9/11 attacks, and a large number of websites are devoted to explaining and continuing to examine alternative theories of the September 11 events.

The extension was greeted by criticism from the airline industry and those concerned for the safety of children traveling to school in the dark before the late sunrise. Others, from expert to layperson, have espoused this explanation of the buildings' falls. (See this article, for example.). Jones (professor of physics, Brigham Young University), has written an account that finds probable use of pre-positioned cutter-charges in the WTC collapses--in other words, controlled demolition. There is very little recent research on what the actual positive effects, if any, might be. One of its members, Steven E. Department of Energy information from the 1970s, the accuracy and relevance of which the DoE no longer stands by. Some skeptics worldwide have formed what they call a "9/11 Truth Movement." The latest force organized to examine the evidence of government complicity in 9/11 is Scholars for 9/11 Truth.

Proponents claimed that the extension would save "the equivalent of" 10,000 barrels of oil per day, but this figure was based on U.S. Gaps within the public record, the lack of explanation for particular details, such as the collapse of WTC building 7, and firefighter testimonials reporting a series of explosions inside the twin towers, continue to fuel speculation [45]. The change was introduced by the Energy Policy Act of 2005; the House had originally approved a motion that would have extended DST even further. Others say the damage at the Pentagon and WTC does not correspond to the official narrative. Starting March 11, 2007, daylight saving time will be extended another four to five weeks, from the second Sunday of March to the first Sunday of November. Some theories include the President's behavior during the event as evidence. In response to the 1973 energy crisis, daylight saving in the United States was begun earlier in both 1974 and 1975, commencing on the first Sunday in January (January 6) in the former year and the last Sunday in February (February 23) in the latter. leaders "knew in advance that attacks were planned on or around September 11, 2001, and that they consciously failed to act[44]." There are stories of phone call warnings, even weeks in advance that went unheeded.

The law was amended again in 1986 to begin daylight saving time on the first Sunday in April, to take effect the following year. A Zogby International Poll published August 30, 2004 reported that half (49.3%) of New York City residents and 41% of New York citizens overall believe that some U.S. The law was amended in 1972 to permit states that straddle a time zone boundary to exempt the entire area of the state lying in one time zone. Since the attacks, there has been much speculation concerning their planning and execution. Any state that wanted to be exempt from daylight saving time could do so by passing a state law, provided that it exempt the entire state. [43]. federal Uniform Time Act of 1966 mandated that daylight saving time begin nationwide on the last Sunday of April and end on the last Sunday of October. NIST stated that the final report on the collapse of WTC 7 will appear in a separate report.

The U.S. In addition, the report asserts that the Towers' stairwells were not adequately reinforced to provide emergency escape for people above the impact zones. This resulted in a patchwork where some areas observed DST while adjacent areas did not, and it was not unheard of to have to reset one's clock several times during a relatively short trip (e.g., bus drivers operating between Moundsville, West Virginia, and Steubenville, Ohio had to reset their watches seven times over 35 miles). The report concludes that the fireproofing on the Twin Towers' steel infrastructures was blown off by the initial impact of the planes and that if this had not occurred the WTC would likely have remained standing. States and localities were free to observe daylight saving time or not. The investigation [42] was to serve as the basis for:. federal law did not address daylight saving time. The goals of this investigation — completed on April 6, 2005 — were to investigate the building construction, the materials used, and the technical conditions that contributed to the outcome of the WTC disaster.

From 1945 to 1966, U.S. A federal technical building and fire safety investigation of the collapses of the Twin Towers and 7 WTC has been conducted by the United States Department of Commerce's National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). This remained in effect until World War II began winding down and the requirement was removed on September 30, 1945. For details on its collapse see: 7 World Trade Center. Daylight saving time was reinstated in the United States on February 9, 1942, again as a wartime measure to conserve resources. 7 World Trade Center collapsed in the late afternoon of September 11. Beginning in 2007, it will start DST on the second Sunday in March, and change back to standard time on the first Sunday in November. If they are correct, supertall buildings that share the WTC's major design elements (for example, Chicago's Sears Tower and John Hancock Center) could be considered particularly vulnerable.

Through the end of 2006, the United States starts its DST on the first Sunday in April, and changes back to standard time on the last Sunday in October. Although the kinetic energy of the jetliner impacts and the resulting fires were unprecedented in the history of building disasters, some engineers strongly believe skyscrapers of more traditional design (such as New York City's Empire State Building and Malaysia's Petronas Towers) would have fared much better under the circumstances, perhaps standing indefinitely. state of Arizona, which also does not observe DST. The design of the WTC included many basic innovations distinguishing it from all previous skyscrapers and from many built since. The Mexican state of Sonora does not observe DST because it borders on the U.S. government agencies. Mexico has adopted DST nationwide, even in its tropical regions, because of its increasing economic ties to the United States. There has been much speculation on the "performance" of the Twin Towers after the impacts, and the reasons for the collapse are under active debate by structural engineers, architects, and the relevant U.S.

Since April 2004, Cuba has remained on DST. The purpose of the study is to determine whether there is significant difference in development and health progression of children whose mothers were exposed versus those who were not exposed after the WTC collapse. Cuba always starts its DST on April 1 but the end date varies. The staff of this study assess the children using psychological testing every year and interview the mothers every six months. Saskatchewan Government Relations gives further details on Saskatchewan's time policies. Due to this potential harm, a notable children's environmental health center is currently analyzing the children whose mothers were pregnant during the WTC collapse, and were living or working near the World Trade Center towers. Lloydminster and its immediately surrounding region in Saskatchewan use the same timekeeping routine used by Alberta, DST with Mountain Standard Time. There is scientific speculation that exposure to various toxic products and the pollutants in the air surrounding the Towers after the WTC collapse may have negative effects on fetal development.

The charter of the city of Lloydminster, which is bisected by the Saskatchewan–Alberta border, gives it a special exception (among areas in Saskatchewan) to use DST. ^[41]. Observationally, this is equivalent to the province being on Mountain Daylight Time year-round, though officially the province is considered to be part of the Central time zone. This has led to debilitating illnesses among rescue and recovery workers, as well as some residents, students, and office workers of Lower Manhattan and nearby Chinatown. (This policy was implemented when the Saskatchewan Time Act was passed in 1966, to solve the problems that arose when time zones varied from town to town.) Thus, in the summer months Saskatchewan is in sync with Mountain Daylight Time and in the winter months it is in sync with Central Standard Time. Thousands of tons of toxic debris resulting from the collapse of the Twin Towers included asbestos, lead, and mercury, as well as unprecedented levels of dioxin and PAHs from the fires which burned for three months. Saskatchewan is bisected by 105° west meridian, the central meridian of the Mountain Standard Time Zone (UTC−7), yet clocks are kept at UTC−6 all year long. [40].

The province of Saskatchewan is the largest part of that country that does not use DST, that is, it does not adjust clocks in spring and fall. At the deadline for victim's compensation, September 11, 2003, 2,833 applications were received from the families of those killed (from an official death toll of 2,986). The remaining provinces and territories will continue change time on the first Sunday of April and last Sunday of October unless they change their legislation. The task of providing financial assistance to the survivors and the families of victims. In 2007, their DST will start on the second Sunday of March, and return to standard time on the first Sunday in November. Many relief funds were immediately set up to assist victims of the attacks. rules (The Calgary Sun). [37][38] [39].

The governments of Ontario, Manitoba, Quebec, and Alberta have pledged to change their daylight saving rules to match the new U.S. These platforms were closed on May 30, 2002. In Canada, time is under provincial and territorial jurisdiction, not federal. Temporary wooden "viewing platforms" were set up for tourists to view construction crews clearing out the gaping holes where the towers once stood. Also, in 1988, they experimented with Double Daylight Time, when the clocks went ahead by two hours, instead of the usual one hour. It took several weeks to simply put out the fires burning in the rubble of the WTC, and the clean-up was not completed until May 2002. The Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador is an exception in that the time changes take place at 00:01 local standard time and 00:01 local daylight time respectively. Rescue and recovery efforts took months to complete.

In 2007, the starting and ending dates for DST will change in the United States and parts of Canada (see below). Many towers in the United States metropolitan areas were evacuated hours after the attacks, including Los Angeles, where traffic was at its lowest volume ever for that city, and the major downtown business district was virtually deserted. North America generally follows the same procedure, going by local time in each zone, each time zone switching at 02:00 LST (local standard time) to 03:00 LDT (local daylight time) on the first Sunday in April, and again from 02:00 LDT to 01:00 LST on the last Sunday in October. airline industry. Polar or near-polar locations such as Iceland often opt out, as summer in these locations usually brings nearly uninterrupted daylight. The attacks led to nearly a 20% cutback ^[36] in air travel capacity, and exacerbated financial problems in the struggling U.S. With Iceland observing UTC all year round, despite being at a longitude which would indicate UTC-1, the country may be said to be on continuous DST. North American air space was closed for several days after the attacks and air travel decreased significantly upon its reopening.

Thus in Moscow (local time = UTC+3 in winter, UTC+4 in summer), daylight-saving time commences at 23:00 UTC on the day before the last Sunday in March, and ends at 23:00 UTC on the day before the last Sunday in October. There is no consensus regarding the demand for office space looking forward to 2010, so the market for 7 WTC and other new construction in the financial district is soft. In Russia, however, although the changeover dates are the same, clocks are moved forward or back at 02:00 winter time in all zones. Only Ameriprise Financial, Inc., a spinoff of American Express Financial Advisors has been named as a potential tenant for it[35]. (See also: European Summer Time). On the sites of the totally destroyed buildings, one, 7 World Trade Center, has a new office tower. from local times of 01:00/02:00/03:00 to 02:00/03:00/04:00 in March, and vice versa in October. [34].

In the West European (UTC), Central European (UTC+1), and East European (UTC+2) time zones the change is simultaneous: on both dates the clocks are changed everywhere at 01:00 UTC, i.e. For example, Mayor Bloomberg had made New York's bid for the 2012 Summer Olympics the core of his capital development plan from 2002 until mid-2005, and Governor Pataki largely delegated his role to the Lower Manhattan Development Corporation [33] which has been widely criticized for doing little with the enormous funding directed to the rebuilding efforts. All countries in Europe, except Iceland as noted below, observe daylight-saving time and change on the same date: moving clocks forward one hour on the last Sunday in March and back one hour on the last Sunday in October. The rebuilding has been inhibited by a lack of agreement on priorities. The Department of Internal Affairs gives further historical information on their website. [29] [30] [31] [32]. In New Zealand, daylight saving time begins at 2am (standard time) on the first Sunday in October each year, and ends at 2am (standard time) on the third Sunday of March. Many questioned whether this loss of jobs and its associated tax base would ever be restored.

See the Australian time zones article or this site for maps and further information on standard and daylight saving time in Australia. The pre-2001 trend of moving jobs out of Lower Manhattan to Midtown and New Jersey was accelerated. Queensland experimented with it for a year or two in the early 1970s, but it was not popular and was abandoned. Much of what was destroyed was valuable Class-A space. Western Australia, Northern Territory and Queensland do not have daylight saving. ft) of Lower Manhattan office space was either damaged or destroyed. Tasmania starts DST earlier than the others, usually near the beginning of October. 30% (28.7 million sq.

New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania, Australian Capital Territory and South Australia apply daylight saving time. The economy of Lower Manhattan, which by itself is the third-largest business district in the United States (after Midtown Manhattan and the Chicago Loop) was devastated in the immediate aftermath. Some states/territories implement it and some do not. As of 2005 Wall and Broad Streets near the New York Stock Exchange remain barricaded and guarded to prevent a physical attack upon the building. In Australia, daylight saving time is a state/territory-based initiative. stocks lost $1.2 trillion in value for the week. It has not used DST since then. U.S.

Pakistan experimented with DST in 2002 going from +5:00 to +6:00. By the end of the week, the DJIA had fallen 1369.7 points (14.3%), its largest one-week point drop in history. For more on this subject, see Israeli Daylight Saving Law. When the stock markets reopened on September 17, 2001, after the longest closure since the Great Depression in 1929, the Dow Jones Industrial Average (“DJIA”) stock market index fell 684 points, or 7.1%, to 8920, its biggest-ever one-day point decline. Israel's Daylight Saving Time rules have changed repeatedly in recent years; there has been trouble reaching a consensus regarding Gregorian calendar end dates for DST as they are dependant on Jewish Holidays, which follow the lunar Hebrew calendar. New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) facilities and remote data processing sites were not damaged by the attack, but member firms, customers and markets were unable to communicate due to major damage to the telephone exchange facility near the World Trade Center. Israel adopts Daylight Saving Time on the last Friday before April 2 at 02:00, and returns to standard time at 02:00 of the Sunday of the month of Tishrei between Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur. The New York Stock Exchange, the American Stock Exchange and NASDAQ did not open on September 11 and remained closed until September 17.

Thus, DST in Iran starts on the first day of Farvardin (around 21-22 March) and ends on the first day of Mehr (around 22 September). The attacks had significant short-term economic impact for the United States and world markets. Iran uses the Persian calendar. He, like others, was a Sikh who was mistaken for a Muslim. India used DST briefly during its wars with Pakistan and China. Balbir Singh Sodhi, one of the first victims of this backlash, was shot dead on September 15. The PRC now uses one universal time zone for all of the nation from Urumqi in the northwest to Fujian in the southeast; the size of the nation was a major factor why DST was not considered practical in China. A total of nine people were murdered within the United States as part of retaliation.

The People's Republic of China experimented with DST from 1986, but abandoned it in the 1990s. There were some incidents of harassment and hate crimes against Middle Easterners and other "Middle Eastern looking" people, particularly Sikhs, due to the fact that Sikh males usually wear turbans, stereotypically associated with Muslims in the United States. Egypt operates Daylight-Saving Time between the last Friday in April and the last Thursday in September when the clocks are 3 hours ahead of Greenwich Mean Time (GMT+3). According to a report by the Journal of the American Medical Association released on May 7, 2003: "...the number of blood donations in the weeks after the September 11, 2001 attacks was markedly greater than in the corresponding weeks of 2000 (2.5 times greater in the first week after the attacks; 1.3–1.4 times greater in the second to fourth weeks after the attack)." [28]. In the Southern Hemisphere, the beginning and ending dates are switched (thus the time difference between, e.g., the United Kingdom and Chile may be three, four, or five hours). Blood donations saw a surge in the weeks after 9/11. DST commonly begins in the Northern Hemisphere on either the first Sunday in April or the last Sunday in March, and ends on the last Sunday in October. New York City bore the brunt of the attacks.

With a few exceptions, switchovers between standard time and daylight saving time generally occur in the early morning hours of a Sunday morning, presumably because doing so then causes less disruption than a change on a weekday would. Bush. The dates of the beginning and ending of DST also vary by country. than President George W. The amount of the time shift varies, but one hour is the most common. He was named Person of the Year by Time magazine for 2001, and at times had a higher profile in the U.S. state in the tropics, does not observe DST. The highly visible role played by Rudy Giuliani, then Mayor of New York City, won him high praise nationally.

Hawaii, the only U.S. The number of casualties among the emergency service personnel was unprecedented. Daylight saving time is generally a temperate zone practice; day lengths in the tropics do not vary enough to justify DST. Gratitude toward uniformed public-safety workers, and especially toward firefighters, was widely expressed in light of both the drama of the risks taken on the scene and the high death toll among the workers. The law, however, proved so unpopular (mostly because people rose and went to bed earlier than in current times) that the law was later repealed. The attacks also had immediate and overwhelming effects upon the United States population. It was observed for seven months in 1918 and 1919. Secretary of State Colin Powell, who ordered a review of restrictions placed on people entering the United States.

Congress established several time zones (which were already in use by railroads and most cities since 1883) and made daylight saving time official (which went into effect on March 31) for the remainder of World War I. [27] Yusuf Islam's expulsion led British foreign secretary, Jack Straw, to complain to the U.S. Then on March 19, 1918, the U.S. and was subsequently deported to the UK after his flight was briefly diverted to Maine. Shortly afterward, the United Kingdom followed suit, first adopting DST between May 21 and October 1, 1916. In September, 2004 Yusuf Islam, a British Muslim previously known as the singer Cat Stevens, was barred from entering the U.S. The idea of daylight saving time was first put into practice by the German government during the First World War between April 30 and October 1, 1916. (See Camp X-Ray for further details.).

It was first seriously proposed by William Willett in the "Waste of Daylight", published in 1907, but he was unable to get the British government to adopt it despite considerable lobbying. The legitimacy of these detentions has been questioned by, among others, member states of the European Union, the Organization of American States, and Amnesty International. (Read the full text.) However, the article was humorous; Franklin was not proposing DST, but rather that people should get up and go to bed earlier. The United States set up a detention center at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba to hold "illegal enemy combatants". It is sometimes asserted that DST was first proposed by Benjamin Franklin in a letter to the editors of the Journal of Paris. COINTELPRO's monitoring of public meetings) were "dismantled" by the USA PATRIOT Act [24] (PDF); civil liberty organizations such as the American Civil Liberties Union [25] and Liberty [26] argued that certain civil rights protections were also being circumvented. . This process aroused controversy, as critics such as the Bill of Rights Defense Committee argued that traditional restrictions on federal surveillance (e.g.

Note that the term commonly used in the United States, daylight savings time, is incorrect, for both historic (the correct name as provided by the act which inaugurated it in the United States is daylight saving time) and grammatical reasons. Law enforcement and intelligence agencies in a number of countries, including Italy [22], Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines [23] arrested people they labeled terrorist suspects for the stated purpose of breaking up militant cells around the world. DST is most commonly used in temperate regions, due to the considerable variation in the amount of daylight versus darkness through the seasons in those regions. Numerous countries, including the UK, France, Germany, Indonesia, China, Russia, Pakistan, Jordan, Mauritius, Uganda and Zimbabwe [20] (PDF), introduced "anti-terrorism" legislation and froze the bank accounts [21] of businesses and individuals they suspected of having al-Qaeda ties. This is intended to provide a better match between the hours of daylight and the active hours of work and school. [19]. The official time is adjusted forward, (usually) one hour from its official standard time, remaining that way for the duration of the spring and summer months. a number of military airports and bases for its attack on Afghanistan, and arrested over six hundred supposed al-Qaeda members, whom it handed over to the U.S.

Daylight saving time (also called DST) is a term used for a system intended to "save" daylight (It is also known as summer time in both Britain and Europe). It gave the U.S. American Journal of Public Health 85, 92–95. [18] The Pakistani authorities moved decisively to align themselves with the United States in a war against Osama bin Laden and al-Qaeda. (1995) Daylight saving time and motor vehicle crashes: the reduction in pedestrian and vehicle occupant fatalities. Approximately one month after the attacks, the United States led a broad coalition of international forces into Afghanistan in pursuit of al-Qaeda forces in order to topple the Taliban Government for harboring what it referred to as a terrorist organization. et al. They were denounced by mainstream media and governments world-wide, with the headline of Paris, France's Le Monde newspaper summing up the international mood of sympathy [17]: "Today We Are All Americans".

^  Ferguson, S.A. The attacks had major global political ramifications. Their observance of DST was unofficial in this case, as a strict reading of the Uniform Time Act would not allow for this situation, but by observing DST, they remained synchronized with the greater Louisville and Cincinnati metropolitan areas. By contrast, the Bush administration says that Al-Qaeda was motivated by hatred of the freedom and democracy exemplified by the United States, and independent analysts say that one major Al-Qaeda motive is to encourage Islamic solidarity focussed on a common enemy, and thus in the long term help pave the way for an Islamic world order. 2 counties near Cincinnati, Ohio and 3 counties near Louisville, Kentucky were on Eastern Standard time but did observe DST. US protection of these Israeli politics in the region." Marwan al-Shehhi is said to have explained his humorless demeanor with the words: "How can you laugh when people are dying in Palestine?" However, bin Laden's 1998 fatwa against the United States (see above) was issued during the highpoint of the Israel-Palestine Oslo agreement era, when all parties believed the conflict was rapidly vanishing. 5 northwestern counties near Chicago, Illinois and 5 southwestern counties near Evansville, Indiana were on Central Standard Time and did use DST. foreign policy favoring Israel." The same motivation has been imputed to the two pilots who flew into the WTC: Mohamed Atta was described by one Ralph Bodenstein - who traveled, worked and talked with him - as "most imbued actually about..

77 counties — most of the state — were on Eastern Standard Time but did not use DST. from his violent disagreement with U.S. The 9/11 Commission Report determined that the animosity towards the United States felt by Khalid Shaikh Mohammed, the so-called "principal architect" of the 9/11 attacks, stemmed "by his own account .. [16]. He declared that a continuing objective of his holy war was to "[bleed] America to the point of bankruptcy".

In a 2004 video, apparently acknowledging responsibility for the attacks, bin Laden stated that he was motivated to "restore freedom to our nation", to "punish the aggressor in kind", and to inflict economic damage on America. Statements of Al-Qaeda recorded after 9/11 are suggested to add weight to this speculation. To the disapproval of moderate Muslims, the fatwa uses Islamic texts to explain violent action against American military and citizenry until the alleged grievances are reversed: stating "ulema have throughout Islamic history unanimously agreed that the jihad is an individual duty if the enemy destroys the Muslim countries". The Gulf War and the ensuing sanctions against and bombing of Iraq by the United States, were cited, in 1998, as further proof of these allegations.

The fatwa states that the United States:. The motivation for this campaign was set out in a 1998 fatwa [15] issued by bin Laden, Ayman al-Zawahiri, Abu-Yasir Rifa'i Ahmad Taha, Shaykh Mir Hamzah, and Fazlur Rahman. The group's involvement in the bombing of American embassies in Kenya and Tanzania is widely suspected, and Al-Qaeda had declared responsibility for the 2000 USS Cole attack in Yemen. According to official US Government sources, the September 11th attacks were consistent with the mission statement of Al-Qaeda.

To date, only peripheral figures have been tried or convicted in connection with the attacks. The Commission stated that "9/11 plotters eventually spent somewhere between $400,000 and $500,000 to plan and conduct their attack", but that the specific origin of the funds used to execute the attacks remained unknown. A United States government task force known as the 9-11 Commission, and calling itself "The National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States", released its report on July 22, 2004, concluding that the attacks were conceived and implemented by al-Qaeda operatives. He said that the attacks were carried out because "we are a free people who do not accept injustice, and we want to regain the freedom of our nation.".

Shortly before the US presidential election in 2004 in a taped statement, bin Laden publicly acknowledged al-Qaida's involvement in the attacks on the U.S, and admitted his direct link to the attacks. Such a practice is forbidden even in the course of a battle." [13][14]. Islam strictly forbids causing harm to innocent women, children and other people. I had no knowledge of these attacks, nor do I consider the killing of innocent women, children and other humans as an appreciable act.

As a Muslim, I try my best to avoid telling a lie. In it, bin Laden stated "I have already said that I am not involved in the 11 September attacks in the United States. The second public response was read on September 28 by Daily Ummat, a Pakistani newspaper. news networks and worldwide.

[10][11][12] This denial was broadcast on U.S. Osama bin Laden responded by reading a statement on September 16, 2001, "I stress that I have not carried out this act, which appears to have been carried out by individuals with their own motivation," which was broadcast by Qatar's Al Jazeera satellite channel. The tape was broadcast on various news networks in December 2001. The factuality of the tape is questioned in the Muslim world: "But the BBC's Middle East correspondent, Frank Gardner, says that at street level in the Arab world, many believe the tape is a fake, a PR gimmick dreamed up by the US administration." [9].

[8] In the tape, bin Laden admits to planning the attacks. forces recovered a videotape from a destroyed house in Jalalabad, Afghanistan which showed Osama bin Laden talking to Khaled al-Harbi. In November 2001, U.S. Shortly after the attacks, the United States government declared al-Qaeda and bin Laden the prime suspects.

Bin Laden earlier declared a holy war against the United States. Osama bin Laden, a leader of al-Qaeda initially denied involvement and knowledge of the incidents. military and civilian targets in Africa and the Middle East. al-Qaeda claims responsibility for several attacks on U.S.

The United States government has blamed al-Qaeda for the 9/11 attacks. They report that the city has "about 10,000 unidentified bone and tissue fragments that cannot be matched to the list of the dead" (AP, 23 February 2005). According to Associated Press, the city identified over 1,600 bodies but was unable to identify the rest of the bodies (about 1,100 people). Greenwich, one of the wealthiest towns in the world, had more residents killed than any other town in the area.

In Greenwich, Connecticut, about 15 miles north of the city, hundreds of students had direct ties to victims of the attacks. Scarsdale, New York schools closed for the day. In New Jersey and Connecticut, private schools were evacuated. Other school districts shielded students from watching television because many of their parents held jobs in the World Trade Center towers.

As the suburbs around New York City learned of the destruction so close to home, many schools closed for the day, evacuated, or were locked-down. Only about 18 managed to escape in time from above the impact zone and out of the South Tower before it collapsed. As many as 600 people were trapped at and above the floors of impact in the South Tower (2 WTC). None of them survived.

As many as 1,366 people were trapped at and above the floors of impact in the North Tower (1 WTC). By some accounts, fleeing occupants instead encountered locked access doors upon reaching the roof. No rescue plan existed for such an eventuality. In addition, some of the occupants of each tower above its point of impact made their way upward towards the roof in hope of helicopter rescue.

At the World Trade Center, faced with a desperate situation of smoke and burning heat from the jet fuel, an estimated 50 people jumped to their deaths from the burning towers [7], landing on the streets and rooftops of adjacent buildings hundreds of feet below (a reaction to the attacks similar to the effects of the Triangle Shirtwaist Fire and the burning of the General Slocum). With the Madrid attacks on March 11, 2004 called "M11" or "311" and the 7 July 2005 London bombings called "7/7" , the convention has been extended. 911 is the telephone number used in the United States to dial for emergency assistance (police, ambulance, and fire department). Both are pronounced "nine-eleven".

style for writing short dates, in which the month precedes the day. The latter two are from the U.S. The attacks are often referred to simply as September 11th, 9/11, or 9-11. Capitol, which was given the code name "The Faculty of Law".

[6] The 9/11 Panel reports that captured al-Qaeda mastermind Khalid Shaikh Mohammed said that Flight 93's target was the U.S. There is a dispute about the exact timing of the crash, founded on the seismic evidence which indicates that the impact actually occurred at 10:06. Soon afterwards, the aircraft crashed in a field near Shanksville in Stonycreek Township, Somerset County, Pennsylvania at 10:03:11 AM local time (14:03:11 UTC). The term "let's roll" would later become the war cry for those fighting Al Qaeda in Afghanistan.

After praying, he simply said "let's roll". According to 9-1-1 tapes, one of the passengers had asked for the operator to pray with him before the passengers attempted to retake the aircraft. Black box recordings reportedly revealed that passengers, led by Todd Beamer, Jeremy Glick and Mark Bingham, attempted to seize control of the plane from the hijackers, who then rocked the plane in a failed attempt to subdue the passengers. Capitol or the White House in Washington, D.C.

It has been speculated that the hijackers of the fourth hijacked aircraft, United Airlines Flight 93, intended to crash into the U.S. Bomb threats were made on three of the aircraft, but not on American 77. The 9/11 Commission could only establish that two of the hijackers had recently purchased Leatherman multi-function hand tools [5], but some form of noxious chemical spray, such as tear gas or pepper spray, was reported to have been used on American 11 and United 175 to keep passengers out of the first-class cabin. The hijackers reportedly took control of the aircraft by using box cutter knives to kill flight attendants and at least one pilot or passenger.

[4]. For example, the BBC reported 14 days after the attack that 4 of the 19 were alive based upon the initial identification supplied by the FBI. For a short period, the precise identity of the 19 hijackers was uncertain. A total of 19 were later identified by the FBI, four on United 93 and five each on the other three flights.

They reported that multiple hijackers were aboard each plane. Some passengers and crew members were able to make phone calls from the doomed flights. In Arlington County, a portion of the Pentagon was severely damaged by fire and one section of the building collapsed. Communications equipment such as broadcast radio, television and two way radio antenna towers were damaged beyond repair.

In total, on Manhattan Island, 25 buildings were damaged. In addition to the 110-floor Twin Towers of the World Trade Center itself, five other buildings at the WTC site, including WTC building 7, and four subway stations were destroyed or badly damaged. At least 2,986 people were killed in total. The fatalities were in the thousands: 265 on the four planes; 2,595, including 343 New York City firefighters, 23 NYPD police officers, and 37 Port Authority police officers in the towers and on the ground; and 125 civilians and military personnel at the Pentagon.

No one survived in any of the hijacked aircraft. The crash in Pennsylvania is believed to have resulted from the hijackers either deliberately crashing the aircraft or losing control of it as they fought with the passengers. The fourth hijacked plane, United Airlines Flight 93, crashed in a field near Shanksville and Stonycreek Township in Somerset County, Pennsylvania at 10:03:11 AM local time (14:03:11 UTC), with parts and debris found up to eight miles away. American Airlines Flight 77 crashed into the Pentagon at 9:37:46 AM local time (13:37:46 UTC).

At 9:03:11 AM local time (13:03:11 UTC), United Airlines Flight 175 crashed into the south tower, an event covered live by television broadcasters that had their cameras trained on the North Tower. American Airlines Flight 11 crashed into the north side of the north tower of the World Trade Center (WTC) at 8:46:40 AM local time (12:46:40 UTC). gallons (91,000 litres) per aircraft [3], the aircraft were used as flying incendiary bombs. With jet fuel capacities of nearly 24,000 U.S.

The attacks started with the hijacking of four commercial airliners. . The attacks, and the subsequent US-led wars in Afghanistan and Iraq have made United States homeland security concerns much more prominent than they were in the previous decade.
. The September 11th attacks are among the most significant events to have occurred so far in the 21st century in terms of the profound political, psychological, and economic effects that followed in the United States and many other parts of the world.

Bin Laden initially denied responsibility, ^[2] but later admitted to involvement in the attacks. The 9/11 Commission states in its final report that the attackers were terrorists. He was captured in 2003. American investigators concluded that it was Khalid Shaikh Mohammed who led the planning of the attacks.

Fifteen of the hijackers were from Saudi Arabia, two were from the United Arab Emirates, and one each came from Egypt and Lebanon. The nineteen conspiring hijackers who carried out the attack were affiliated with the Al-Qaeda organization, a well-organized Islamic terrorist organization led by Osama bin Laden, a former Saudi national whose citizenship was revoked in 1994[1]. The official count records 2,986 deaths in the attacks, including the nineteen hijackers. The fourth plane crashed into a rural field in Somerset County, Pennsylvania, following apparent passenger resistance.

Department of Defense headquarters, the Pentagon, in Arlington County, Virginia. The hijackers crashed the third aircraft into the U.S. Within two hours, both towers had collapsed. The hijackers crashed two planes into the World Trade Center in Manhattan, New York City—one into each of the two tallest towers, about 18 minutes apart.

domestic commercial airliners. The September 11, 2001 attacks (also referred to as 9/11) were a series of coordinated suicide attacks upon the United States of America carried out on Tuesday, September 11, 2001, in which a total of nineteen Arab hijackers simultaneously took control of four U.S. Improved public safety. Revisions to building and fire codes, standards, and practices.

Improved tools and guidance for industry and safety officials. Improvements in the way buildings are designed, constructed, maintained, and used. Supports Israel, and wishes to divert international attention from (and tacitly maintain) the occupation of Palestine. Intends thereby to create disunion between Muslim states, thus weakening them as a political force.

Has military bases and installations upon the Arabian Peninsula, which violates the Muslim holy land, in order to threaten neighboring Muslim countries. Supports abusive regimes and monarchies in the Middle East, thereby oppressing their people. Dictates policy to the rulers of those countries. Plunders the resources of the Arabian Peninsula.