Daylight saving time

Opponents point to the longer hours of darkness on winter mornings, especially in Scotland, the north of England and Northern Ireland which might well cause an increase in road accidents. Masters League Football, a soccer league in Britain contested by retired footballing legends. This would make winter evenings longer, thereby reducing traffic accidents and cases of seasonal affective disorder. Master's degree, a graduate degree in a specified discipline from a college or university (except in some British universities, where it can be an undergraduate degree). Alternatively, some would like Britain to adopt Central European Time and jump forward another hour during the summer (adopting a Single/Double Summer Time from Britain's perspective). Masters Cup, an annual event on the disc golf PDGA tour. Some campaigners in Britain would like the country to stay on British Summer Time (BST) all year round, or in other words, adopt Central European Time and abolish BST. Masters (snooker), a snooker tournament.

Some studies do show that changing the clock increases the traffic accident rate.^[1] Following the spring shift to daylight saving time (when one hour of sleep is lost) there is a measurable increase in the number of traffic accidents that result in fatalities. Masters (athletics), the category reserved for competition among older athletes, the name of the category for keeping world records for these athletes, and a term for the competitors themselves. For example, during a North American time change, an autumn night where clocks are reset from 3 AM summer to 2 AM winter time, times between 2AM and 3AM will occur twice, causing confusion in transport schedules, payment systems, etc. Master Warrant Officer, the second highest non-commissioned rank in the army and air force elements of the Canadian Forces. No formal studies have been performed, but an enormous amount of time has been spent by software developers to deal with the fact that 2400 hours past 2pm is not necessarily 2pm 100 days later. Master view, in database development, a view that combines any and all base tables to represent all possible columns and rows for an entity. It is also speculated that one of the benefits—more afternoon sun—would also actually increase energy consumption as people get into their cars to enjoy more time for shopping and the like. Master unit, a mechanical or electronic unit which commands or controls another unit, so that they work in tandem or in parallel.

It was for this reason that Arizona rejected DST and opted to stay on standard time all year. This is usually granted following instruction, testing and a period of practical experience. Air conditioning often uses more energy than artificial lighting. Master tradesman, a person who is fully qualified in a licensed trade. When air conditioning was not widely available, the change did save energy; however, air conditioning is much more widespread now than it was several decades ago. Master table, in database development, a table that is on the one side of a one-to-many relationship. While many people use more sunlight under DST, most people also experience more heat, which prompts many people to turn on the air conditioner during the warmer afternoon hours. Master Seaman, an appointment of Leading Seaman in the navy element of the Canadian Forces.

There is also a question whether the decrease in lighting costs justifies the increase in summertime air conditioning costs. Master recording, the original of a visual and/or sound recording, which is then mixed and/or cut into a template from which distributable copies are made. It is also noted that much effort is spent reminding everyone twice a year of the change, and thousands are inconvenienced by showing up at the wrong time when they forget. Master of the United College, the head of the United College at the University of St Andrews. The disruption in sleep patterns associated with setting clocks either forward or backward correlates with a spike in the number of severe auto accidents, as well as lost productivity as sleep-disrupted workers adjust to the schedule change. Master Mariner. Opponents claim that there is not enough benefit to justify the need to adjust clocks twice every year. Master Gunner, a Warrant Officer appointment in the British Army's Royal Artillery.

DST is not universally accepted; many localities do not observe it. Master Driver, a Warrant Officer appointment in the British Army's Royal Logistic Corps. (Stats from this article). Traditionally it applied to a craftsman who had completed an apprenticeship and set up in business on his own account. $28 million in traffic costs. Master craftsman, a person who has a high level of skill in a craft or art form. went on extended DST in 1974 and 1975 in response to the 1973 energy crisis, Department of Transportation studies found that observing DST in March and April saved 10,000 barrels of oil a day, and prevented about 2,000 traffic injuries and 50 fatalities saving about U.S. Master Corporal, an appointment of Corporal in the army and air force elements of the Canadian Forces.

When the U.S. Master-at-arms, a naval police officer, often addressed as "Master" in the Royal Navy. Other benefits cited include prevention of traffic injuries (by allowing more people to return home from work or school in daylight), and crime reduction (by reducing people's risk of being targets of crimes that are more common in dark areas). Master Aircrew, the highest non-commissioned rank held by aircrew in the Royal Air Force, equivalent to Warrant Officer in other branches. Most people plan outdoor activities during the increased hours of sunlight. Part of the master/slave configuration in Advanced Technology Attachment (ATA). Another perceived benefit of DST is increased opportunities for outdoor activities. The title of the heads of certain colleges at Oxford and Cambridge universities.

During the summer most people would wake up after the sun rises, regardless of whether daylight saving time is in effect or not, so there is no increased need for morning lighting to offset the afternoon drop in energy usage. This use is rare today, but survives in maestro. Part of the reason that it is normally observed in the late spring, summer, and early autumn is because during the winter months the amount of energy saved by moving sunset one hour later is negated by the increased need for morning lighting by moving sunrise by the same amount. A skilled (usually non-academic) instructor, as in Dance Master, Music Master, Fencing Master, Drawing Master, etc. United States Department of Transportation studies showed that DST reduces the country's electricity usage by one percent while DST is in effect. Another name for a slaveholder. Because people tend to observe the same bedtime year-round, by artificially moving sunset one hour later, the amount of energy used is theoretically reduced. A higher rank is grandmaster.

Theoretically, the amount of residential electricity needed in the evening hours is dependent both on when the sun sets and when people go to bed. The title above black belt in Korean martial arts, which allows the holder to operate a school (dojang). One of the major reasons given for observing DST is energy conservation. A spiritual teacher, guide or guru. Starting and ending dates are variable: normally, Brazilian DST starts at 00:00 on an October (rarely November) Sunday and ends at 00:00 on a February Sunday. A term once used to describe the male head of a household or a male property owner in some contexts. Brazil adopted DST for the first time in 1931, but uninterruptedly since 1985 in southern states (south, southeast regions and states of Goiás and Mato Grosso do Sul). Master (Peerage of Scotland), the male heir-apparent or heir-presumptive to a title in the Peerage of Scotland.

In specific years the starting and ending dates have been modified for political or climatic reasons. Master (form of address). The current law which affects the entire country was enacted in 1970, but it had observed the practice as early as 1927 when the country had been divided into two distinct time zones. Master (BDSM), a man who takes a dominant role in BDSM. Chile switches to DST at 24:00 on the second Saturday in October and reverts to Local Standard Time (LST) at 24:00 on the second Sunday the following March. Master (band), an American death metal band. Standard Time Zone Boundary in the State of Indiana (a 139 KB pdf file) has some history, public comments from each county, the final DOT determination, and the resulting time zone boundary.

Currently, Pulaski and Martin counties are reconsidering their bid to join the Central time zone. These counties are: Starke and Pulaski Counties in the Northwest, and Daviess, Dubois, Knox, Martin, Perry, and Pike in the Southwest. As a result of the review, the United States Department of Transportation moved eight more counties to the Central time zone, effective when DST begins on April 2, 2006. The bill to observe DST also required the governor to request federal review of the time zone divisions in the state.

On April 29, 2005, the Indiana legislature voted to begin observing daylight saving time statewide in 2006. From 1991 until April 1, 2006 the state had three kinds of time zones and DST observances:. Opponents claimed that daylight saving time created costs and inconvenience associated with changing clocks twice a year and had little or no real value. Some supporters claimed that some businesses had located out-of-state due to the time-related confusion.

Being out of sync with neighboring states and the national changing of clocks, supporters argued, had a negative economic impact on the state. In the past, neighboring communities sometimes ended up one or even two hours apart. DST has been a long-standing controversy in Indiana, not only as an agricultural state, but also because the border separating the Eastern and Central time zones divides the state. Hawaii does not observe DST.

However, the large Navajo Indian Reservation within it does. Most of Arizona does not observe DST. Certain types of information systems (those that schedule future events with reference to UTC, for example) are almost guaranteed to encounter serious desynchronization problems unless both computers and databases are carefully updated—in some cases by hand. More difficult to quantify is the amount of labor and money that may be spent correcting errors that arise due to a failure to update computers.

A two-minute procedure for updating a computer, multiplied by a hundred million computers, represents nearly 1700 years of full-time labor. In order to change the dates and times at which the automatic jump to or from DST occurs, these tables must be modified, which requires some sort of manual intervention by a human being in the great majority of cases. Most computers are programmed to adjust automatically for DST, but they do so based on static tables stored directly on the computer itself. An additional issue raised by this extension is that it requires reconfiguration of virtually every computer in the United States.

The extension was greeted by criticism from the airline industry and those concerned for the safety of children traveling to school in the dark before the late sunrise. (See this article, for example.). There is very little recent research on what the actual positive effects, if any, might be. Department of Energy information from the 1970s, the accuracy and relevance of which the DoE no longer stands by.

Proponents claimed that the extension would save "the equivalent of" 10,000 barrels of oil per day, but this figure was based on U.S. The change was introduced by the Energy Policy Act of 2005; the House had originally approved a motion that would have extended DST even further. Starting March 11, 2007, daylight saving time will be extended another four to five weeks, from the second Sunday of March to the first Sunday of November. In response to the 1973 energy crisis, daylight saving in the United States was begun earlier in both 1974 and 1975, commencing on the first Sunday in January (January 6) in the former year and the last Sunday in February (February 23) in the latter.

The law was amended again in 1986 to begin daylight saving time on the first Sunday in April, to take effect the following year. The law was amended in 1972 to permit states that straddle a time zone boundary to exempt the entire area of the state lying in one time zone. Any state that wanted to be exempt from daylight saving time could do so by passing a state law, provided that it exempt the entire state. federal Uniform Time Act of 1966 mandated that daylight saving time begin nationwide on the last Sunday of April and end on the last Sunday of October.

The U.S. This resulted in a patchwork where some areas observed DST while adjacent areas did not, and it was not unheard of to have to reset one's clock several times during a relatively short trip (e.g., bus drivers operating between Moundsville, West Virginia, and Steubenville, Ohio had to reset their watches seven times over 35 miles). States and localities were free to observe daylight saving time or not. federal law did not address daylight saving time.

From 1945 to 1966, U.S. This remained in effect until World War II began winding down and the requirement was removed on September 30, 1945. Daylight saving time was reinstated in the United States on February 9, 1942, again as a wartime measure to conserve resources. Beginning in 2007, it will start DST on the second Sunday in March, and change back to standard time on the first Sunday in November.

Through the end of 2006, the United States starts its DST on the first Sunday in April, and changes back to standard time on the last Sunday in October. state of Arizona, which also does not observe DST. The Mexican state of Sonora does not observe DST because it borders on the U.S. Mexico has adopted DST nationwide, even in its tropical regions, because of its increasing economic ties to the United States.

Since April 2004, Cuba has remained on DST. Cuba always starts its DST on April 1 but the end date varies. Saskatchewan Government Relations gives further details on Saskatchewan's time policies. Lloydminster and its immediately surrounding region in Saskatchewan use the same timekeeping routine used by Alberta, DST with Mountain Standard Time.

The charter of the city of Lloydminster, which is bisected by the Saskatchewan–Alberta border, gives it a special exception (among areas in Saskatchewan) to use DST. Observationally, this is equivalent to the province being on Mountain Daylight Time year-round, though officially the province is considered to be part of the Central time zone. (This policy was implemented when the Saskatchewan Time Act was passed in 1966, to solve the problems that arose when time zones varied from town to town.) Thus, in the summer months Saskatchewan is in sync with Mountain Daylight Time and in the winter months it is in sync with Central Standard Time. Saskatchewan is bisected by 105° west meridian, the central meridian of the Mountain Standard Time Zone (UTC−7), yet clocks are kept at UTC−6 all year long.

The province of Saskatchewan is the largest part of that country that does not use DST, that is, it does not adjust clocks in spring and fall. The remaining provinces and territories will continue change time on the first Sunday of April and last Sunday of October unless they change their legislation. In 2007, their DST will start on the second Sunday of March, and return to standard time on the first Sunday in November. rules (The Calgary Sun).

The governments of Ontario, Manitoba, Quebec, and Alberta have pledged to change their daylight saving rules to match the new U.S. In Canada, time is under provincial and territorial jurisdiction, not federal. Also, in 1988, they experimented with Double Daylight Time, when the clocks went ahead by two hours, instead of the usual one hour. The Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador is an exception in that the time changes take place at 00:01 local standard time and 00:01 local daylight time respectively.

In 2007, the starting and ending dates for DST will change in the United States and parts of Canada (see below). North America generally follows the same procedure, going by local time in each zone, each time zone switching at 02:00 LST (local standard time) to 03:00 LDT (local daylight time) on the first Sunday in April, and again from 02:00 LDT to 01:00 LST on the last Sunday in October. Polar or near-polar locations such as Iceland often opt out, as summer in these locations usually brings nearly uninterrupted daylight. With Iceland observing UTC all year round, despite being at a longitude which would indicate UTC-1, the country may be said to be on continuous DST.

Thus in Moscow (local time = UTC+3 in winter, UTC+4 in summer), daylight-saving time commences at 23:00 UTC on the day before the last Sunday in March, and ends at 23:00 UTC on the day before the last Sunday in October. In Russia, however, although the changeover dates are the same, clocks are moved forward or back at 02:00 winter time in all zones. (See also: European Summer Time). from local times of 01:00/02:00/03:00 to 02:00/03:00/04:00 in March, and vice versa in October.

In the West European (UTC), Central European (UTC+1), and East European (UTC+2) time zones the change is simultaneous: on both dates the clocks are changed everywhere at 01:00 UTC, i.e. All countries in Europe, except Iceland as noted below, observe daylight-saving time and change on the same date: moving clocks forward one hour on the last Sunday in March and back one hour on the last Sunday in October. The Department of Internal Affairs gives further historical information on their website. In New Zealand, daylight saving time begins at 2am (standard time) on the first Sunday in October each year, and ends at 2am (standard time) on the third Sunday of March.

See the Australian time zones article or this site for maps and further information on standard and daylight saving time in Australia. Queensland experimented with it for a year or two in the early 1970s, but it was not popular and was abandoned. Western Australia, Northern Territory and Queensland do not have daylight saving. Tasmania starts DST earlier than the others, usually near the beginning of October.

New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania, Australian Capital Territory and South Australia apply daylight saving time. Some states/territories implement it and some do not. In Australia, daylight saving time is a state/territory-based initiative. It has not used DST since then.

Pakistan experimented with DST in 2002 going from +5:00 to +6:00. For more on this subject, see Israeli Daylight Saving Law. Israel's Daylight Saving Time rules have changed repeatedly in recent years; there has been trouble reaching a consensus regarding Gregorian calendar end dates for DST as they are dependant on Jewish Holidays, which follow the lunar Hebrew calendar. Israel adopts Daylight Saving Time on the last Friday before April 2 at 02:00, and returns to standard time at 02:00 of the Sunday of the month of Tishrei between Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur.

Thus, DST in Iran starts on the first day of Farvardin (around 21-22 March) and ends on the first day of Mehr (around 22 September). Iran uses the Persian calendar. India used DST briefly during its wars with Pakistan and China. The PRC now uses one universal time zone for all of the nation from Urumqi in the northwest to Fujian in the southeast; the size of the nation was a major factor why DST was not considered practical in China.

The People's Republic of China experimented with DST from 1986, but abandoned it in the 1990s. Egypt operates Daylight-Saving Time between the last Friday in April and the last Thursday in September when the clocks are 3 hours ahead of Greenwich Mean Time (GMT+3). In the Southern Hemisphere, the beginning and ending dates are switched (thus the time difference between, e.g., the United Kingdom and Chile may be three, four, or five hours). DST commonly begins in the Northern Hemisphere on either the first Sunday in April or the last Sunday in March, and ends on the last Sunday in October.

With a few exceptions, switchovers between standard time and daylight saving time generally occur in the early morning hours of a Sunday morning, presumably because doing so then causes less disruption than a change on a weekday would. The dates of the beginning and ending of DST also vary by country. The amount of the time shift varies, but one hour is the most common. state in the tropics, does not observe DST.

Hawaii, the only U.S. Daylight saving time is generally a temperate zone practice; day lengths in the tropics do not vary enough to justify DST. The law, however, proved so unpopular (mostly because people rose and went to bed earlier than in current times) that the law was later repealed. It was observed for seven months in 1918 and 1919.

Congress established several time zones (which were already in use by railroads and most cities since 1883) and made daylight saving time official (which went into effect on March 31) for the remainder of World War I. Then on March 19, 1918, the U.S. Shortly afterward, the United Kingdom followed suit, first adopting DST between May 21 and October 1, 1916. The idea of daylight saving time was first put into practice by the German government during the First World War between April 30 and October 1, 1916.

It was first seriously proposed by William Willett in the "Waste of Daylight", published in 1907, but he was unable to get the British government to adopt it despite considerable lobbying. (Read the full text.) However, the article was humorous; Franklin was not proposing DST, but rather that people should get up and go to bed earlier. It is sometimes asserted that DST was first proposed by Benjamin Franklin in a letter to the editors of the Journal of Paris. .

Note that the term commonly used in the United States, daylight savings time, is incorrect, for both historic (the correct name as provided by the act which inaugurated it in the United States is daylight saving time) and grammatical reasons. DST is most commonly used in temperate regions, due to the considerable variation in the amount of daylight versus darkness through the seasons in those regions. This is intended to provide a better match between the hours of daylight and the active hours of work and school. The official time is adjusted forward, (usually) one hour from its official standard time, remaining that way for the duration of the spring and summer months.

Daylight saving time (also called DST) is a term used for a system intended to "save" daylight (It is also known as summer time in both Britain and Europe). American Journal of Public Health 85, 92–95. (1995) Daylight saving time and motor vehicle crashes: the reduction in pedestrian and vehicle occupant fatalities. et al.

^  Ferguson, S.A. Their observance of DST was unofficial in this case, as a strict reading of the Uniform Time Act would not allow for this situation, but by observing DST, they remained synchronized with the greater Louisville and Cincinnati metropolitan areas. 2 counties near Cincinnati, Ohio and 3 counties near Louisville, Kentucky were on Eastern Standard time but did observe DST. 5 northwestern counties near Chicago, Illinois and 5 southwestern counties near Evansville, Indiana were on Central Standard Time and did use DST.

77 counties — most of the state — were on Eastern Standard Time but did not use DST.