Daylight saving time

Nevertheless, the form "daylight savings time" appears without remark as to its nonstandardness in some dictionaries, including The American Heritage Dictionary. Also see September 11 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics). Most compound adjectives are joined with a hyphen, but "daylight-saving time," too, is nonstandard. . In the standard form of the name, "daylight saving" is a compound adjective (part of which is a participle) that modifies "time." A common variant is daylight savings time. Although this alternate form is frequently heard in speech, it is nonstandard and appears rarely in edited writing.
. This is especially important in autumn, just before the heating season causes an increase in home fires. It is usually the first day of the Coptic calendar and Ethiopian calendar (in the period AD 1900 to AD 2099).

For example, the Country Fire Authority of Victoria in Australia has been running a program called "Change Your Clock, Change Your Smoke Alarm Battery" for several years. There are 111 days remaining. Fire safety officials in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United States encourage citizens to use the two annual time changes as a reminder to check the batteries in home and office fire alarms and smoke detectors. September 11 is the 254th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (255th in leap years). Another common mnemonic of equal meaning is "spring ahead, fall behind.". Feast day of Saint Deiniol. This uses the word "fall" to mean "autumn"; while this usage has died out in British English, it is still very common in North American English. Proclaimed 9-1-1 Emergency Number Day by President Reagan on August 26 in 1987 and celebrated since then by some United States communities, particularly the local emergency services.

The mnemonic "spring forward, fall back" tells us how to reset clocks when the time changes, regardless of hemisphere (although it has to be remembered that spring and autumn occur during different months in the northern and southern hemispheres). Death anniversary of Muhammad Ali Jinnah, founder of Pakistan. Different people start their day at different times (office workers start their day later than factory workers, who start their day later than farm workers), regardless of daylight saving time. Sarmiento. Other critics suggest that DST is, at its heart, government paternalism and that people rise in the morning as a matter of choice because many people enjoy nighttime hours and their jobs do not require them to make the most of daylight. Latin America Teacher's Day, after the death of Argentine Domingo F. DST is particularly unpopular among people working in agriculture because the animals do not observe it, and thus the people are placed out of synchronization with the rest of the community, including school times, broadcast schedules, and the like. Patriot Day (USA) - Anniversary of the September 11 attacks.

Opponents point to the longer hours of darkness on winter mornings, especially in Scotland, the north of England and Northern Ireland which might well cause an increase in road accidents. Catalonia (Spain) - National Day. This would make winter evenings longer, thereby reducing traffic accidents and cases of seasonal affective disorder. New Year's Day in the Ethiopian calendar (Enkutatash). Alternatively, some would like Britain to adopt Central European Time and jump forward another hour during the summer (adopting a Single/Double Summer Time from Britain's perspective). Coptic Orthodox Church - Feast of Neyrouz, the New Year's Day in the Coptic calendar. Some campaigners in Britain would like the country to stay on British Summer Time (BST) all year round, or in other words, adopt Central European Time and abolish BST. RC Saints - Virgin of the Holy cave; Saint Deiniol, Our Lady of Coromoto, Protus & Hyacynthus.

Some studies do show that changing the clock increases the traffic accident rate.^[1] Following the spring shift to daylight saving time (when one hour of sleep is lost) there is a measurable increase in the number of traffic accidents that result in fatalities. 1923). For example, during a North American time change, an autumn night where clocks are reset from 3 AM summer to 2 AM winter time, times between 2AM and 3AM will occur twice, causing confusion in transport schedules, payment systems, etc. 2005 - Chris Schenkel, American sportscaster (b. No formal studies have been performed, but an enormous amount of time has been spent by software developers to deal with the fact that 2400 hours past 2pm is not necessarily 2pm 100 days later. 1939). It is also speculated that one of the benefits—more afternoon sun—would also actually increase energy consumption as people get into their cars to enjoy more time for shopping and the like. artist (emphysema) (b.

It was for this reason that Arizona rejected DST and opted to stay on standard time all year. 2004 - David Mann, U.S. Air conditioning often uses more energy than artificial lighting. 1933). When air conditioning was not widely available, the change did save energy; however, air conditioning is much more widespread now than it was several decades ago. 2004 - Fred Ebb, American lyricist (b. While many people use more sunlight under DST, most people also experience more heat, which prompts many people to turn on the air conditioner during the warmer afternoon hours. 1949).

There is also a question whether the decrease in lighting costs justifies the increase in summertime air conditioning costs. 2004 - Patriarch Peter VII of Alexandria (helicopter crash) (b. It is also noted that much effort is spent reminding everyone twice a year of the change, and thousands are inconvenienced by showing up at the wrong time when they forget. 1948). The disruption in sleep patterns associated with setting clocks either forward or backward correlates with a spike in the number of severe auto accidents, as well as lost productivity as sleep-disrupted workers adjust to the schedule change. 2003 - John Ritter, American actor (b. Opponents claim that there is not enough benefit to justify the need to adjust clocks twice every year. 1957).

DST is not universally accepted; many localities do not observe it. 2003 - Anna Lindh, Swedish Minister for Foreign Affairs (assassinated) (b. (Stats from this article). 1933). $28 million in traffic costs. 2002 - Johnny Unitas, American football player (b. went on extended DST in 1974 and 1975 in response to the 1973 energy crisis, Department of Transportation studies found that observing DST in March and April saved 10,000 barrels of oil a day, and prevented about 2,000 traffic injuries and 50 fatalities saving about U.S. 1922).

When the U.S. 2002 - Kim Hunter, American actress (b. Other benefits cited include prevention of traffic injuries (by allowing more people to return home from work or school in daylight), and crime reduction (by reducing people's risk of being targets of crimes that are more common in dark areas). 1955). Most people plan outdoor activities during the increased hours of sunlight. 2001 - Barbara Olson, American political commentator (9/11 attacks) (b. Another perceived benefit of DST is increased opportunities for outdoor activities. 1966).

During the summer most people would wake up after the sun rises, regardless of whether daylight saving time is in effect or not, so there is no increased need for morning lighting to offset the afternoon drop in energy usage. Juarbe, Jr., American firefighter, winner of Murder in Small Town X (9/11 attacks) (b. Part of the reason that it is normally observed in the late spring, summer, and early autumn is because during the winter months the amount of energy saved by moving sunset one hour later is negated by the increased need for morning lighting by moving sunrise by the same amount. 2001 - Angel L. United States Department of Transportation studies showed that DST reduces the country's electricity usage by one percent while DST is in effect. 1968). Because people tend to observe the same bedtime year-round, by artificially moving sunset one hour later, the amount of energy used is theoretically reduced. 2001 - Todd Beamer, passenger on United Airlines Flight 93 (9/11 attacks) (b.

Theoretically, the amount of residential electricity needed in the evening hours is dependent both on when the sun sets and when people go to bed. 1968). One of the major reasons given for observing DST is energy conservation. 2001 - Muhammad Atta, Egyptian terrorist (9/11 attacks) (b. Starting and ending dates are variable: normally, Brazilian DST starts at 00:00 on an October (rarely November) Sunday and ends at 00:00 on a February Sunday. 1946). Brazil adopted DST for the first time in 1931, but uninterruptedly since 1985 in southern states (south, southeast regions and states of Goiás and Mato Grosso do Sul). 2001 - David Angell, American sitcom creator (9/11 attacks) (b.

In specific years the starting and ending dates have been modified for political or climatic reasons. 1972). The current law which affects the entire country was enacted in 1970, but it had observed the practice as early as 1927 when the country had been divided into two distinct time zones. 1999 - Gonzalo Rodriguez, Uruguayan auto racing driver (b. Chile switches to DST at 24:00 on the second Saturday in October and reverts to Local Standard Time (LST) at 24:00 on the second Sunday the following March. 1913). Standard Time Zone Boundary in the State of Indiana (a 139 KB pdf file) has some history, public comments from each county, the final DOT determination, and the resulting time zone boundary. 1998 - Dane Clark, American actor (b.

Currently, Pulaski and Martin counties are reconsidering their bid to join the Central time zone. 1995 - Anita Harding, neurologist. These counties are: Starke and Pulaski Counties in the Northwest, and Daviess, Dubois, Knox, Martin, Perry, and Pike in the Southwest. 1924). As a result of the review, the United States Department of Transportation moved eight more counties to the Central time zone, effective when DST begins on April 2, 2006. 1994 - William Obanhein, police officer, mentioned in "Alice's Restaurant" (b. The bill to observe DST also required the governor to request federal review of the time zone divisions in the state. 1909).

On April 29, 2005, the Indiana legislature voted to begin observing daylight saving time statewide in 2006. 1994 - Jessica Tandy, American actress (b. From 1991 until April 1, 2006 the state had three kinds of time zones and DST observances:. 1912). Opponents claimed that daylight saving time created costs and inconvenience associated with changing clocks twice a year and had little or no real value. 1993 - Erich Leinsdorf, Austrian conductor (b. Some supporters claimed that some businesses had located out-of-state due to the time-related confusion. 1949).

Being out of sync with neighboring states and the national changing of clocks, supporters argued, had a negative economic impact on the state. 1990 - Myrna Mack, Guatemalan anthropologist (assassinated) (b. In the past, neighboring communities sometimes ended up one or even two hours apart. 1919). DST has been a long-standing controversy in Indiana, not only as an agricultural state, but also because the border separating the Eastern and Central time zones divides the state. 1988 - John Sylvester White, American actor (b. Hawaii does not observe DST. 1944).

However, the large Navajo Indian Reservation within it does. 1987 - Peter Tosh, Jamaican musician and singer (b. Most of Arizona does not observe DST. 1915). Certain types of information systems (those that schedule future events with reference to UTC, for example) are almost guaranteed to encounter serious desynchronization problems unless both computers and databases are carefully updated—in some cases by hand. 1987 - Lorne Greene, Canadian actor (b. More difficult to quantify is the amount of labor and money that may be spent correcting errors that arise due to a failure to update computers. 1905).

A two-minute procedure for updating a computer, multiplied by a hundred million computers, represents nearly 1700 years of full-time labor. 1985 - William Alwyn, English composer (b. In order to change the dates and times at which the automatic jump to or from DST occurs, these tables must be modified, which requires some sort of manual intervention by a human being in the great majority of cases. 1901). Most computers are programmed to adjust automatically for DST, but they do so based on static tables stored directly on the computer itself. 1984 - Jerry Voorhis, American politician (b. An additional issue raised by this extension is that it requires reconfiguration of virtually every computer in the United States. 1978 - Janet Parker, medical photographer, the final victim of smallpox.

The extension was greeted by criticism from the airline industry and those concerned for the safety of children traveling to school in the dark before the late sunrise. 1929). (See this article, for example.). 1978 - Georgi Markov, Bulgarian dissident (assassinated) (b. There is very little recent research on what the actual positive effects, if any, might be. 1908). Department of Energy information from the 1970s, the accuracy and relevance of which the DoE no longer stands by. 1973 - Salvador Allende, President of Chile (presumed suicide) (b.

Proponents claimed that the extension would save "the equivalent of" 10,000 barrels of oil per day, but this figure was based on U.S. 1883). The change was introduced by the Energy Policy Act of 2005; the House had originally approved a motion that would have extended DST even further. 1972 - Max Fleischer, American animator (b. Starting March 11, 2007, daylight saving time will be extended another four to five weeks, from the second Sunday of March to the first Sunday of November. 1894). In response to the 1973 energy crisis, daylight saving in the United States was begun earlier in both 1974 and 1975, commencing on the first Sunday in January (January 6) in the former year and the last Sunday in February (February 23) in the latter. 1971 - Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev, Soviet politician and leader (b.

The law was amended again in 1986 to begin daylight saving time on the first Sunday in April, to take effect the following year. Woolman, American airline magnate. The law was amended in 1972 to permit states that straddle a time zone boundary to exempt the entire area of the state lying in one time zone. E. Any state that wanted to be exempt from daylight saving time could do so by passing a state law, provided that it exempt the entire state. 1966 - C. federal Uniform Time Act of 1966 mandated that daylight saving time begin nationwide on the last Sunday of April and end on the last Sunday of October. Service, Scottish-born Canadian poet.

The U.S. 1958 - Robert W. This resulted in a patchwork where some areas observed DST while adjacent areas did not, and it was not unheard of to have to reset one's clock several times during a relatively short trip (e.g., bus drivers operating between Moundsville, West Virginia, and Steubenville, Ohio had to reset their watches seven times over 35 miles). 1956 - Billy Bishop, Canadian pilot in World War I. States and localities were free to observe daylight saving time or not. 1950 - Jan Smuts, South African soldier and statesman. federal law did not address daylight saving time. 1948 - Muhammad Ali Jinnah, founder of Pakistan.

From 1945 to 1966, U.S. 1932 - Franciszek Żwirko and Stanisław Wigura, Polish pilots (plane crash). This remained in effect until World War II began winding down and the requirement was removed on September 30, 1945. 1931 - Salvatore Maranzano, crime boss. Daylight saving time was reinstated in the United States on February 9, 1942, again as a wartime measure to conserve resources. 1882). Beginning in 2007, it will start DST on the second Sunday in March, and change back to standard time on the first Sunday in November. 1921 - Subramanya Bharathy, Tamil poet (b.

Through the end of 2006, the United States starts its DST on the first Sunday in April, and changes back to standard time on the last Sunday in October. 1888 - Domingo Faustino Sarmiento, President of Argentina. state of Arizona, which also does not observe DST. 1851 - Sylvester Graham, American nutritionist. The Mexican state of Sonora does not observe DST because it borders on the U.S. 1843 - Joseph Nicollet, mathematician and explorer. Mexico has adopted DST nationwide, even in its tropical regions, because of its increasing economic ties to the United States. 1823 - David Ricardo, economist.

Since April 2004, Cuba has remained on DST. 1704). Cuba always starts its DST on April 1 but the end date varies. 1760 - Louis Godin, French astronomer (b. Saskatchewan Government Relations gives further details on Saskatchewan's time policies. 1665). Lloydminster and its immediately surrounding region in Saskatchewan use the same timekeeping routine used by Alberta, DST with Mountain Standard Time. 1721 - Rudolf Jakob Camerarius, German botanist and physician (b.

The charter of the city of Lloydminster, which is bisected by the Saskatchewan–Alberta border, gives it a special exception (among areas in Saskatchewan) to use DST. 1596). Observationally, this is equivalent to the province being on Mountain Daylight Time year-round, though officially the province is considered to be part of the Central time zone. 1680 - Emperor Go-Mizunoo of Japan (b. (This policy was implemented when the Saskatchewan Time Act was passed in 1966, to solve the problems that arose when time zones varied from town to town.) Thus, in the summer months Saskatchewan is in sync with Mountain Daylight Time and in the winter months it is in sync with Central Standard Time. 1621). Saskatchewan is bisected by 105° west meridian, the central meridian of the Mountain Standard Time Zone (UTC−7), yet clocks are kept at UTC−6 all year long. 1680 - Roger Crab, English Puritan political writer (b.

The province of Saskatchewan is the largest part of that country that does not use DST, that is, it does not adjust clocks in spring and fall. 1611). The remaining provinces and territories will continue change time on the first Sunday of April and last Sunday of October unless they change their legislation. 1677 - James Harrington, English politicial philosopher (b. In 2007, their DST will start on the second Sunday of March, and return to standard time on the first Sunday in November. 1577). rules (The Calgary Sun). 1599 - Beatrice Cenci, Italian noblewoman executed for conspiring to kill her father (b.

The governments of Ontario, Manitoba, Quebec, and Alberta have pledged to change their daylight saving rules to match the new U.S. 1315). In Canada, time is under provincial and territorial jurisdiction, not federal. 1349 - Bonne of Luxembourg, queen of John II of France (b. Also, in 1988, they experimented with Double Daylight Time, when the clocks went ahead by two hours, instead of the usual one hour. 1269). The Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador is an exception in that the time changes take place at 00:01 local standard time and 00:01 local daylight time respectively. 1298 - Philip of Artois, French soldier (b.

In 2007, the starting and ending dates for DST will change in the United States and parts of Canada (see below). 1279 - Robert Kilwardby, Archbishop of Canterbury. North America generally follows the same procedure, going by local time in each zone, each time zone switching at 02:00 LST (local standard time) to 03:00 LDT (local daylight time) on the first Sunday in April, and again from 02:00 LDT to 01:00 LST on the last Sunday in October. 1105). Polar or near-polar locations such as Iceland often opt out, as summer in these locations usually brings nearly uninterrupted daylight. 1161 - Queen Melisende of Jerusalem (b. With Iceland observing UTC all year round, despite being at a longitude which would indicate UTC-1, the country may be said to be on continuous DST. 1999).

Thus in Moscow (local time = UTC+3 in winter, UTC+4 in summer), daylight-saving time commences at 23:00 UTC on the day before the last Sunday in March, and ends at 23:00 UTC on the day before the last Sunday in October. 1981 - Dylan Klebold, American mass murderer (d. In Russia, however, although the changeover dates are the same, clocks are moved forward or back at 02:00 winter time in all zones. 1978 - Ed Reed, American football player. (See also: European Summer Time). 1977 - Matthew Stevens, Welsh snooker player. from local times of 01:00/02:00/03:00 to 02:00/03:00/04:00 in March, and vice versa in October. 1977 - Ludacris, American rapper.

In the West European (UTC), Central European (UTC+1), and East European (UTC+2) time zones the change is simultaneous: on both dates the clocks are changed everywhere at 01:00 UTC, i.e. 1976 - Elephant Man, Jamaican musician. All countries in Europe, except Iceland as noted below, observe daylight-saving time and change on the same date: moving clocks forward one hour on the last Sunday in March and back one hour on the last Sunday in October. 1971 - Richard Ashcroft, British singer. The Department of Internal Affairs gives further historical information on their website. 1968 - Kay Hanley, American musician. In New Zealand, daylight saving time begins at 2am (standard time) on the first Sunday in October each year, and ends at 2am (standard time) on the third Sunday of March. 1967 - Harry Connick, Jr., American singer.

See the Australian time zones article or this site for maps and further information on standard and daylight saving time in Australia. 1967 - Maria Bartiromo, Financial Broadcast Journalist. Queensland experimented with it for a year or two in the early 1970s, but it was not popular and was abandoned. 1965 - David Roe, English snooker player. Western Australia, Northern Territory and Queensland do not have daylight saving. 1965 - Moby, American musician. Tasmania starts DST earlier than the others, usually near the beginning of October. 1965 - Paul Heyman, American professional wrestling promoter, manager, and writer.

New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania, Australian Capital Territory and South Australia apply daylight saving time. 1965 - Bashar al-Assad, The current President of Syria. Some states/territories implement it and some do not. 1964 - Victor Wooten, American musician. In Australia, daylight saving time is a state/territory-based initiative. 1964 - Roxann Dawson, American actress. It has not used DST since then. 1964 - Ellis Burks, baseball player.

Pakistan experimented with DST in 2002 going from +5:00 to +6:00. 1963 - Virginia Madsen, American actress. For more on this subject, see Israeli Daylight Saving Law. 1962 - Kristy McNichol, American actress. Israel's Daylight Saving Time rules have changed repeatedly in recent years; there has been trouble reaching a consensus regarding Gregorian calendar end dates for DST as they are dependant on Jewish Holidays, which follow the lunar Hebrew calendar. 1962 - Filip Dewinter Belgian politician. Israel adopts Daylight Saving Time on the last Friday before April 2 at 02:00, and returns to standard time at 02:00 of the Sunday of the month of Tishrei between Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur. 1962 - Elizabeth Daily, American actress.

Thus, DST in Iran starts on the first day of Farvardin (around 21-22 March) and ends on the first day of Mehr (around 22 September). 1957 - Brad Bird, American animator. Iran uses the Persian calendar. 1950 - Barry Sheene, British motorcyclist. India used DST briefly during its wars with Pakistan and China. 1948 - John Martyn, English musician. The PRC now uses one universal time zone for all of the nation from Urumqi in the northwest to Fujian in the southeast; the size of the nation was a major factor why DST was not considered practical in China. 1945 - Felton Perry, American actor.

The People's Republic of China experimented with DST from 1986, but abandoned it in the 1990s. 1945 - Franz Beckenbauer, German footballer. Egypt operates Daylight-Saving Time between the last Friday in April and the last Thursday in September when the clocks are 3 hours ahead of Greenwich Mean Time (GMT+3). 1944 - Everaldo, Brazilian football player. In the Southern Hemisphere, the beginning and ending dates are switched (thus the time difference between, e.g., the United Kingdom and Chile may be three, four, or five hours). 1943 - Raymond Villeneuve, Canadian terrorist. DST commonly begins in the Northern Hemisphere on either the first Sunday in April or the last Sunday in March, and ends on the last Sunday in October. 1943 - Mickey Hart, American drummer (Grateful Dead).

With a few exceptions, switchovers between standard time and daylight saving time generally occur in the early morning hours of a Sunday morning, presumably because doing so then causes less disruption than a change on a weekday would. 1942 - Lola Falana, American singer. The dates of the beginning and ending of DST also vary by country. Solicitor General. The amount of the time shift varies, but one hour is the most common. 1940 - Theodore Olson, U.S. state in the tropics, does not observe DST. 1940 - Brian de Palma, American film director.

Hawaii, the only U.S. 1939 - Charles Geschke, American inventor and businessman. Daylight saving time is generally a temperate zone practice; day lengths in the tropics do not vary enough to justify DST. 2000). The law, however, proved so unpopular (mostly because people rose and went to bed earlier than in current times) that the law was later repealed. 1935 - Gherman Titov, cosmonaut (d. It was observed for seven months in 1918 and 1919. 1935 - Arvo Pärt, Estonian composer.

Congress established several time zones (which were already in use by railroads and most cities since 1883) and made daylight saving time official (which went into effect on March 31) for the remainder of World War I. 2002). Then on March 19, 1918, the U.S. Pierce, American author and activist (d. Shortly afterward, the United Kingdom followed suit, first adopting DST between May 21 and October 1, 1916. William L. The idea of daylight saving time was first put into practice by the German government during the First World War between April 30 and October 1, 1916. 1933 - Dr.

It was first seriously proposed by William Willett in the "Waste of Daylight", published in 1907, but he was unable to get the British government to adopt it despite considerable lobbying. 2002). (Read the full text.) However, the article was humorous; Franklin was not proposing DST, but rather that people should get up and go to bed earlier. 1927 - Vernon Corea, Sri Lankan broadcaster (d. It is sometimes asserted that DST was first proposed by Benjamin Franklin in a letter to the editors of the Journal of Paris. 1996). . David Schine, American businessman (d.

Note that the term commonly used in the United States, daylight savings time, is incorrect, for both historic (the correct name as provided by the act which inaugurated it in the United States is daylight saving time) and grammatical reasons. 1927 - G. DST is most commonly used in temperate regions, due to the considerable variation in the amount of daylight versus darkness through the seasons in those regions. 2000). This is intended to provide a better match between the hours of daylight and the active hours of work and school. 1924 - Tom Landry, American football coach (d. The official time is adjusted forward, (usually) one hour from its official standard time, remaining that way for the duration of the spring and summer months. 1923 - Dharmsamrat Paramhans Swami Madhavananda, Hindu guru.

Daylight saving time (also called DST) is a term used for a system intended to "save" daylight (It is also known as summer time in both Britain and Europe). 1996). American Journal of Public Health 85, 92–95. 1917 - Jessica Mitford, British writer (d. (1995) Daylight saving time and motor vehicle crashes: the reduction in pedestrian and vehicle occupant fatalities. 1989). et al. 1917 - Ferdinand Marcos, President of the Philippines (d.

^  Ferguson, S.A. 1983). Their observance of DST was unofficial in this case, as a strict reading of the Uniform Time Act would not allow for this situation, but by observing DST, they remained synchronized with the greater Louisville and Cincinnati metropolitan areas. 1913 - Paul "Bear" Bryant, American football coach (d. 2 counties near Cincinnati, Ohio and 3 counties near Louisville, Kentucky were on Eastern Standard time but did observe DST. 1969). 5 northwestern counties near Chicago, Illinois and 5 southwestern counties near Evansville, Indiana were on Central Standard Time and did use DST. 1903 - Theodor Adorno, German sociologist (d.

77 counties — most of the state — were on Eastern Standard Time but did not use DST. 2000). 1899 - Jimmie Davis, composer (d. 1930). Lawrence, English novelist (d.

1885 - D.H. 1929). 1865 - Rainis, Latvian poet and playwright (d. 1910).

Henry, American writer (d. 1862 - O. 1918). 1838 - John Ireland, American Catholic archbishop (d.

1870). 1836 - Fitz Hugh Ludlow, American author (d. 1904). 1825 - Eduard Hanslick, German music critic (d.

1888). 1816 - Carl Zeiss, German lens maker (d. 1895). 1798 - Franz Ernst Neumann, German mineralogist and physicist (d.

1790). 1723 - Johann Bernhard Basedow, German educational reformer (d. 1779). 1711 - William Boyce, English composer (d.

1748). 1700 - James Thomson, Scottish poet (d. 1741). 1681 - Johann Gottlieb Heineccius, German jurist (d.

1675). 1611 - Henri de la Tour d'Auvergne, Vicomte de Turenne, Marshal of France (d. 1585). 1524 - Pierre de Ronsard, French poet (d.

1605). 1522 - Ulisse Aldrovandi, Italian naturalist (d. 1204). 1182 - Minamoto no Yoriie, Japanese shogun (d.

2005 - The State of Israel officially declares an end to military rule in the Gaza Strip after 38 years of occupation. 2004 - Petros VII, the (Greek Orthodox) Patriarch of Alexandria and his company are killed in an unexplained helicopter crash outside Mount Athos, Greece. 2003 - Swedish foreign minister Anna Lindh dies after being assaulted and fatally wounded on September 10. In total, almost 3,000 are killed.

2001 - The September 11 attacks destroy the World Trade Center in New York City, part of The Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia, and down a passenger airliner in Pennsylvania. See S11. 2000 - Activists protest against the World Economic Forum meeting in Melbourne, Australia. 1999 - Tennis: Serena Williams, 2 weeks short of her 18th birthday, wins her first Grand Slam tournament when she became US Open champion, becoming the first African American woman to win a Grand Slam tournament since Althea Gibson in 1958.

Congress accusing President Bill Clinton of 11 possible impeachable offenses. 1998 - Independent counsel Kenneth Starr sends a report to the U.S. 1997 - Scotland votes to re-establish its own Parliament on the 700th anniversary of the Battle of Stirling Bridge, after 290 years of union with England. 1996 - Union Pacific Railroad purchases Southern Pacific Railroad.

1992 - Hurricane Iniki, one of the most damaging hurricane in United States history during its time, devastates the State of Hawai'i, especially the islands of Kaua'i and Oahu. Bush delivers a nationally televised speech in which he threatens the use of force to remove Iraqi soldiers from Kuwait, which Iraq had recently invaded. W. 1990 - President George H.

From Hungary thousands of East Germans throng to Austria and West Germany. 1989 - The iron curtain opens between the communist Hungary and Austria. 1987 - Reggae musician Peter Tosh is murdered in his own home in Kingston. 1987 - CBS Evening News anchor Dan Rather, angry over being preempted for a tennis match, marches off the set, leaving affiliates with six minutes of an empty news desk.

1987 - 9-1-1 Emergency Number Day. 1985 - Baseball: Pete Rose gets his 4,192nd career base hit, breaking Ty Cobb's record which stood for over 60 years. 1981 - The Pee-wee Herman Show airs as a special on HBO. 1973 - A military coup in Chile headed by General Augusto Pinochet topples the democratically elected President Salvador Allende.

1972 - Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) in America begins regular service. 1971 - The Egyptian Constitution becomes official. 1970 - The Ford Pinto is introduced. 1965 - The 1st Cavalry Division of the United States Army arrives in Vietnam.

1962 - The Beatles record their debut single, Love Me Do. 1961 - Formation of the World Wildlife Fund. promulgates the Sharon Statement. Buckley, Jr.

1960 - Young Americans for Freedom meeting at home of William F. 1955 - Dedication of the first Temple of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Europe, the Bern Switzerland Temple. 1948 - Henri Queuille becomes Prime Minister of France. 1944 - World War II: the first allied troops of the US Army cross the western border of Nazi Germany.

1943 - World War II: start of the liquidation of the Ghettos in Minsk and Lida by the Nazis. 1943 - World War II: German troops occupy Corsica and Kosovo-Metohija. 1941 - World War II: US Navy ordered to attack German U-boats. 1941 - Ground broken for the construction of The Pentagon.

1940 - George Stibitz pioneers the first remote operation of a computer. 1932 - Franciszek Żwirko and Stanisław Wigura, Polish Challenge 1932 winners, killed in a plane crash as their RWD 6 crashed into the ground during a storm. 1931 - Salvatore Maranzano is murdered by Charles Luciano's hitmen. 1926 - An assassination attempt on Benito Mussolini fails.

1922 - One of the Herald Sun of Melbourne, Australia's predecessor papers The Sun News-Pictorial is founded. 1922 - The British Mandate of Palestine begins. 1921 - Motion picture star Fatty Arbuckle is arrested for rape. 1919 - US Marines invade Honduras.

1918 - Baseball: The Boston Red Sox won the World Series; they would do so again on October 27, 2004 after 86 years. The bridge initially collapsed on August 29, 1907. 1916 - The Quebec Bridge collapses for a second time, killing 11 men. 1914 - Australia invades New Britain, defeating a German contingent there.

1911 - Middle Tennessee State University is founded in Murfreesboro, Tennessee, as Middle Tennessee Normal School. 1897 - After months of pursuit, generals of Menelik II of Ethiopia capture Gaki Sherocho, the last king of Kaffa, bringing an end to that ancient kingdom. 1893 - First World Parliament of Religions conference held. 1888 - Death of the Argentine politician Domingo Sarmiento, after whom the Latin American Teacher's Day was chosen.

1869 - Work completed on the Wallace Monument. 1857 - The Mountain Meadows Massacre: Mormon settlers and Paiutes massacre 120 pioneers at Mountain Meadows, Utah. 1847 - Stephen Foster's most memorable song, Oh! Susanna, is first performed at a saloon in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 1814 - The Battle of Plattsburgh.

1789 - Alexander Hamilton is appointed as first Secretary of the Treasury. 1786 - The Beginning of the Annapolis Convention. 1777 - Battle of Brandywine - Major American Revolutionary war victory for British in Chester County, Pennsylvania. 1776 - British-American peace conference on Staten Island fails to stop nascent American Revolution.

1714 - Barcelona surrenders to Spanish and French Bourbonic armies in the War of the Spanish Succession. 1709 - Battle of Malplaquet: Great Britain, Netherlands and Austria fight against France. 1649 - Siege of Drogheda ends: Oliver Cromwell's English Parliamentarian troops take the town and massacre its garrison. 1690 - Expulsion order announced against the Moriscos of Valencia; beginning of the expulsion of all Spain's Moriscos.

1609 - Henry Hudson lands on Manhattan island. 1541 - Santiago, Chile, is destroyed by indigenous warriors. 1297 - Battle of Stirling Bridge: Scots led by William Wallace defeat the English. 1226 - The Catholic practice of Perpetual adoration begins.