Flag of Denmark

In royal resolution of October 25, 1939 for the Danish Navy, it is stated that the Orlogsflag is a Splitflag with a deep red ("Kraprød" or "dybrød") colour. The patch only supported text messaging. Especially after 1870 the government generous and with little thought hand out approval to all kinds to institutions. This way both people thought they were talking to a middle user whose profile of course was entirely fake. From the mid 1800's to 1899 another bunch of institutions and private companies also received approval to use the Splitflag. The patch running the whole time would then partner up another call to the first caller, and send messages from the first person to the second, and vice versa. From about 1750 to early 1800's a number of ships / companies which the government has interests in, received approval to used the Splitflag. Within minutes generally another user would invariably try calling/chatting.

At the same time it is now allowed the Danish East India Company to use the Splitflag when past the equator. The integrity of the data, i.e. In 1741 it is re-stated that the regulation of 1690 is still very much in effect, that merchants ships may not use the Splitflag. The Skype server certifies each user's public key at log in. In 1685 an order, distributed to a number of cities in Slesvig, says that all ships must carry the Danish flag, and in 1690 all merchants ships is forbidden to use the Splitflag, with the exception of ships sailing in the East Indies, West Indies and at the coast of Africa. The proprietary session establishment protocol is efficient and prevents both man-in-the-middle and replay attacks. The first regulation regarding the Splitflag dates from 27 March, 1630, where King Christian IV orders that Norwegian "Defensionskibe" (merchants ships with guns) may only use the Splitflag if they are in war-service under Denmark. Skype uses 1536-bit RSA (2048-bit RSA for customers who have purchased any "paid services" such as voicemail) to secure the pairwise negotiation of an AES symmetric session key over an untrusted channel.

Any swallow-tail flag, no matter the color, is called a Splitflag provided it bears additional markings. Since a Skype connection may be routed through an intermediate peer, 256-bit AES encryption actively encodes the data stream of each call, or file transfer. Furthermore, the Orlogsflag is only described as such if it has no additional markings. This would seem to be an admission that Skype relies on security through obscurity. Same flag with markings has been approved for a few dozen companies and institutions over the years. Would he make Skype open-source? No - that would make its strong 1024 bit encryption and security vulnerable: "We could do it but only if we re-engineered the way it works and we don't have the time right now.". A few institutions have been allowed to fly the clean Orlogsflag. Niklas Zennstrom, co-founder of Skype, has admitted that the current security model would not withstand open-source scrutiny:.

There are though a few exceptions to this. Stronger HDD caching does not seem to improve the situation. The Orlogsflag with no markings, may only be used by the Royal Danish Navy. This can severely reduce the lifespan of the HDD when Skype is running for a long time. The Orlogsflag is a Splitflag with a deeper red colour and is only used on sea. In particular the continuous access pattern does not allow the disk to enter sleep or idle modes while Skype is active, even when offline. The Splitflag is a Danish flag ending in a swallow-tail, it is Dannebrog red, and is used on land. Although those accesses are small, extremely fast and safe in the short term, they can be extremely harmful in the long term.

The Splitflag or Orlogsflag have similar specifications, but legally, they are two different flags. This can be verified either by observing the HDD's activity LED or by using a file access monitor such as Filemon. That some confusion still exists in this matter can be seen from the regulation of May 4, 1927, which once again states that Danish merchant ships have to fly flags according to the regulation of 1748. Skype accesses the hard disk several times per minute. This regulation is still in effect today and thus the legal proportions of the National flag is today anywhere between 3:1:3 width / 3:1:4.5 length and 3:1:3 width / 3:1:5.25 length. If the EICAR test file is sent over Skype's file transfer service, every major antivirus product appears to catch the virus and halt its transmission or reception via Skype. So in May 1893 a new regulation to all chiefs of police, stated that the police should not intervene, if the two last fields in the flag were longer than 6/4 as long as these did not exceed 7/4, and provided that this was the only rule violated. Skype's file transfer function does not contain any programmatic interfaces to antivirus products, but Skype claims to have tested its product against antivirus "Shield" products.

They also noted that the flag currently used had lengths, of the last two fields, anywhere between 7/4 to 13/6. When run on Microsoft Windows, Skype binds to three ports on the user's computer and directly manipulates Windows XP's built-in firewall to accommodate these network bindings. Any new flag would also quickly become unlawful, due to wear and tear. Since the Skype code is proprietary and closed source the security of the software cannot be readily established. Some interested in the matter made inquires into the issue and concluded that the 6/4 length would make the flag look blunt. The iLBC codec enables graceful speech quality degradation in the case of lost frames, which occurs in connection with lost or delayed IP packets. As late as 1892 it was stated in a series of regulations that the correct lengths of the two last fields in the flag were 6/4. The codec is designed for narrowband speech and results in a payload bit rate of 13.33 kbit/s with an encoding frame length of 30 ms and 15.20 kbit/s with an encoding length of 20 ms.

During the next about 150 years nobody paid much attention to actually abide fully to the proportions of the flag given in the 1748 regulation, not even the government. iLBC (Internet Low Bit-rate Codec) is a free speech codec suitable for most voice communication over IP. No official nuance definition of "Dannebrog rød" exists. [3]. The private company, Dansk Standard, regulation number 359 of 2005, defines the red colour of the flag as Pantone 186c. The Windows user interface was developed in Pascal using Delphi, while the Linux version is written in C++ with Qt and the Mac OS X version is written in Objective-C with Cocoa. The only available red fabric colour in 1748 was made of bracken root, which make a brownish red. The Skype API allows other programs to use the Skype network to get "white pages" information and manage calls.

According to the regulation of June 11, 1748 the colour was simply red, which is common known today as "Dannebrog rød" ("Dannebrog red"). The Skype client's application programming interface (API) exposes the network to software developers. To the best of knowledge, this regulation has never been revoked, however it is probably no longer done. The Skype code is closed source and the protocol is proprietary which has raised suspicion and drawn broad criticism from software developers and the VoIP user communities. the Knights Hospitaller). This fact is not clearly communicated, however, and seems to contradict the license agreement which would limit Skype's utilisation of the user's "processor and bandwidth [to the] purpose of facilitating the communication between [the user] and other Skype Software users" (section 4.1). John (a.k.a. The selection of intermediary computers is fully automatic, with individual users having no option to disable such use of their resources.

These had to carry the King's cypher logo in the center of the flag, to distinguish them from Maltese ships, due to the similarity of the flag of the Order of St. This, however, puts an extra burden on those who connect to the Internet without NAT, as their computers and network bandwidth may be used to route the calls of other users. A somewhat curious regulation came in 1758 concerning Danish ships sailing in the Mediterranean. Skype also routes calls through other Skype peers on the network, which allows it to traverse Symmetric NATs and firewalls, unlike most other VoIP programs (The two most common VoIP protocols, SIP and H323 are usually UDP and point-to-point, making NAT traversal problematic; see article). Both flags are identical. The Skype user directory is entirely decentralised and distributed among the nodes in the network, which means the network can scale very easily to large sizes (currently just over forty million users) without a complex and costly centralised infrastructure. This definition are the absolute proportions for the Danish national flag to this day, for both the civil version of the flag, "Stutflaget", as well as the merchant flag ("Handelsflaget"). The main difference between Skype and other VoIP clients is that it operates on a peer-to-peer model rather than the more traditional server-client model.

The quest to unite them into a specified flag law have been brought forth many times, especially in the 20th century, but it never amounted to anything. On 2006-01-05, version 2.0.0.69 of Skype was released. Denmark does not have a specified flag law, but various regulations and rules spread out over many documents, from King Christian IV's time till today, can be found. Its most significant new feature is the provision of centrally-stored contact lists so that a user's contact information is available from any computer that is connected to Skype (in other previous versions, contact information was stored on the local computer). The royal seal of King Erik VII from 1398 - the first combined coat of arms found in Denmark - shows the flag twice; the cross that separates the four coats-of-arms is the cross of the Dannebrog and the coat of arms representing Denmark show the three lions holding a Dannebrog banner. Skype Version 1.2 for Windows was released in March 23, 2005. From Queen Margaret I and King Erik VII time we also have a case that undisputedly links Dannebrog to Denmark. This feature is only supported when running Windows XP.

This image from "Wapenboek Gelre" is near identical found in an old coats of arms book from the 15th century now located in the National Archives of Sweden, ("Riksarkivet"). Skype 2.0 has a Skype Video Calling feature which has been implemented to enable videoconferencing. This image has been used to acknowledge a previously disputed theory that the cross found in Valdemar Atterdag's coats of arms located in his Danælog seal ("Rettertingsseglet") from 1356 is indeed the cross from the Danish flag. Skype supports group chat with an interface similar to IRC. This is the earliest known undisputed colour rendering of the Dannebrog. This can be purchased separately and is automatically bundled in with SkypeIn. The text left of the coat of arms says “die coninc van denmarke” (The King of Denmark). This service allows callers to leave voice-mail messages for Skype users who are not online, on another call or otherwise indisposed.

On the right horn is a Danish banner. Skype Voicemail was released on March 10, 2005. On page 55 verso we find the Danish coat-of-arms with a helmet on top with horns. For example, someone who does business in both San Francisco and Helsinki could create a local telephone number in each city, and callers from those locations would pay cheap or free local rates. It is now located on the Royal Library of Brussels (the "Bibliothèque royale Albert Ier"). Users can have multiple SkypeIn phone numbers bound to the same account (a separate subscription is required for each). The book displays some 1700 coats-of-arms from all over Europe, in colour. Cost is €30 for a twelve-month subscription, or €10 for a three-month subscription.

Most historians claim that the book was written by Geldre Claes Heinen. (Although France, Germany and Switzerland give SkypeIn numbers only to residents). The earliest source that indisputably links the red flag with a white cross to a Danish King, and to the realm itself, is found in a Dutch register of coats-of-arms “Wapenboek Gelre”, written between 1340 and 1370 (some sources say 1378 or 1386). Beta released on March 10, 2005, SkypeIn permits users to subscribe to numbers in UK, USA, France, Hong Kong, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Sweden, Estonia, Switzerland, Poland and Brazil. The national Coat of Arms of Estonia, three blue lions on a golden shield, is almost identical to the Coat of Arms of Denmark, and its origin can be traced directly back to King Valdemar II and Danish rule in Estonia 1219-1346. SkypeIn allows Skype users to receive calls on their computers dialed by regular phone subscribers to regular phone numbers. Efforts to trace it from Estonia back to Denmark have, however, been in vain. In European Union countries, Luxembourg VAT of 15% is added to the charge, which makes the actual prices closer to €0.02 per minute.

The symbol later became the coat-of-arms of the city. The current deposit is either €10 or €25, which automatically expires after 180 days of inactivity — a timer is reset after each successful SkypeOut connect. In Tallinn, a coat-of-arms resembling the flag is found on several buildings and can be traced back to the middle of the 15th century where it appears in the coat-of-arms of the "Die Grosse Gilde", a sort of merchant consortium which greatly influenced the city's development. Credit, which is necessary to use SkypeOut, is usually purchased via credit card, personal check or money order, or online services such as PayPal or Moneybookers. An obvious place to look for documentation is in the Estonian city of Tallinn, the site of the legendary battle. The Global Rate which is the one used for many countries, including nearly all First World countries, is currently 1.7 euro cents per minute. However, if one examines the few existing foreign sources about Denmark from the 13th to 15th centuries, it is apparent that, at least from foreign point of view; the national symbol of Denmark was not a red-and-white banner but the royal coat of arms (three blue lions of a golden shield.) This coat of arms remains in use to this day. This way, a SkypeOut user will be billed the same for a call placed to a telephone number in London, whether the user is calling from his/her computer in London itself, or from a different country.

In the 19th and early 20th century, these images were used by many Danish historians, with a good flair of nationalism, trying to date the origins of the flag to 1219. This rating method is used due to the fact that calls are rated the same regardless of place of origin. However, several coins, seals and images exist, both foreign and domestic, from the 13th to 15th centuries and even earlier, showing flags similar to the Dannebrog. Unlike international long-distance calls made from conventional telephones, which are traditionally rated according to the relative distance between countries, SkypeOut bills all calls according to the level of telecommunications liberalisation of the destination country, the volume of calls made from and to a given country, and access charges such as those to mobile (cell) phones. Whether the flag has its origins in a divine sign, a banner of a military order, an ecclesiastical banner, or perhaps something entirely different, Danish literature is no help before the early 15th century. SkypeOut is a paid feature of the Skype Internet telephony service, which allows Skype users to call virtually any non-computer-based landline or mobile telephone in the world. Danish literature of the 13th and 14th centuries remains suspiciously quiet about the national flag. Conferences of up to five users are supported.

Since King Valdamar II was married to the Portuguese princess, Berengaria, it is not unthinkable that the origin of the story, if not the flag, was the Spanish tale or a similar tale, which again might have been inspired by an even older legend. The basic computer-to-computer service allows users to speak, to send instant messages or to send files to one another from their computers via the Internet at no cost. Basically, these are all variations of the same legend. . In Estonia it is the Danish colours, and in Jerusalem the English colours. [2]. In Spain, the colours of the Pope appears in the sky, in Finland the Swedish colours. In September 2005, in a deal generally criticised by many as overpriced [1], eBay acquired the company for $US 2.6 billion in cash and stock, plus an additional 1.5 billion in rewards if goals are met by 2008.

The similarities to the legends is obvious. Skype users can speak to other Skype users for free, call traditional telephone numbers for a fee (SkypeOut), receive calls from traditional phones for a fee (SkypeIn), and receive voicemail messages for a fee. The English flag, the Saint George's Cross is also claimed to have appeared in the sky during a critical battle, in this case in Jerusalem during the crusades. The system has a reputation for working across different types of network connections (including firewalls and NAT) because voice packets are routed by the combined users of the free desktop software application. Probably a later invention to counter the legendary origins of the Danish flags, but never the less of the same nature. The Skype Group is headquartered in Luxembourg with offices also in London and Tallinn. Likewise an almost identical Swedish tale from the 18th century about a yellow cross on blue appearing in 1157 during a Swedish battle in Finland. Skype (IPA pronunciation: /skaɪp/, rhymes with type) is a proprietary peer-to-peer Internet telephony (VoIP) network, founded by Niklas Zennström and Janus Friis, the creators of KaZaA and competing against established open VoIP protocols like SIP or H.323.

Bruhn mentions a battle (also mentioned by Fabricius) taking place on September 10, 1217 between Christian knights and Moor warriors on the Iberian Peninsula near the castle Alcazar, where it is said that a golden cross on white appeared in the sky, to bring victory to the Christians.
. Similar tales of appearances in the sky at critical moments, particularly of crosses, can be found all over Europe. the information flow implemented by Skype is unknown; though encryption is used, it is unknown where traffic goes. She claims that it is neither the battle nor the banner that is central to the tale, but rather the cross in the sky. Skype implements some kind of "peer-to-peer" network over client machines, with clients on fast connections becoming major exchange points; since research centers typically have very high speed connections, machines running Skype in those centers may generate very high traffic; some networks were reportedly nearly saturated by Skype traffic;. A much different theory is briefly discussed by Fabricius and elaborated more by Helga Bruhn in a book from 1949. Skype is a proprietary software program using undocumented protocols, and laws prohibit reverse-engineering it;.

All these theories centre on two battles in Estonia, whether it is in Fellin (1208) or Lyndanisse (1219), and thus try to explain the origin in relation to the tale brought forth over 300 years after the event. This is the main contributor to its poor performance. He repeats the story about the flag being planted in front of Bishop Theodorik's tent which the enemy mistakenly attacks believing it to be the tent of the King. reliance on a network (the Internet) over which there is little or no control of quality of service (QoS). The banner would then already be known in Estonia. dropout and fizz;. That is based on his tireless efforts to expand Christianity to the Baltic countries and that under his initiative and supervision several smaller crusades had already been conducted in Estonia. time lag, often around 0.5 seconds, but occasionally up to two or three seconds, apparently caused by distant remote routing or the low bandwidth of either or both parties;.

P. February 3, 2006: Skype becomes fully integrated with popular online message board Bebo allowing registered users to call and IM eachother directly from their profiles. The Danish church-historian L. January 19, 2006: Skype 2.0 official release. The white on red warrior-cloak cannot be traced until later. January 6, 2006: Skype 2.0 general release is announced. The Knights Hospitaller is a monk-order and used black dresses. December 1, 2005: Skype launches Skype 2.0 in beta for Windows, a major new feature is videotelephony to other Skype users [4].

Adolf Ditlev Jørgensen does not give an explanation how the white Maltese cross on red of the Knights Hospitaller, found its way to the Danish flag of 1219, given the fact that in that time it was a white cross on black. October 18, 2005: eBay completes purchase of Skype (announcement). He claims that the origin of the legend of the falling flag comes from this confusion in the battle. September 12, 2005: eBay announces purchase of Skype (see GAMEY). Adolf Ditlev Jørgensen explains that it was Bishop Theodorik who carried the flag, well planted outside his tent, thus as an already well-known Knights Hospitaller symbol in Livonia, the enemy thought this was the King's symbol and mistakenly stormed Bishop Theodorik tent. September 2005: SkypeOut Banned in South China. In the contemporary writing of the priest Henry of Livonia from Riga it is said that Bishop Theodorik was killed during the 1219 battle, as the enemy stormed his tent, thinking it was the King's tent. August 31, 2005: Skype launches the new "1.4 beta" containing improved sound and call forwarding.

Furthermore he claims that Bishop Theodorik, already a part initiator of the order in Livonia, the Livonian Brothers of the Sword, had the idea of starting a similar order in Estonia and that he was the original instigator of Bishop Albert of Buxhoeveden inquiry to King Valdemar II in 1218, that set the whole Danish participation in the Baltic crusades in motion. June 19, 2005: Ten billion minutes of voice conversation served. He supports his theory with that the order came to Denmark in the latter half of the 12th century and during the next centuries spread to major cities, like Odense, Viborg, Horsens, Ribe and their headquarters in Slagelse, so by the time of the Baltic crusade, the symbol was already a known symbol in Denmark. May 18, 2005: Three million online at once. A theory brought forth by the Danish historian Adolf Ditlev Jørgensen in 1875 in his book Danebroges Oprindelse, is that the Danish flag is the banner of the Knights Hospitaller. April 15, 2005: Downloaded more than 100 million times. Moreover, it is unlikely that the pope would send such a banner, given the fact that they already had one, namely the banner of the Knights Hospitaller (Danish: "Johanitterne"). March 11, 2005: Software has been downloaded 84 million times and 5.98 billion talk minutes served.

It is unlikely that the very fair and loyal archbishop would do such a thing behind the king's back. March 11, 2005: Skype press release reports 1 million Skype-out users and 29 million registered users. He suggested that it was not a pope banner to the King but a pope banner to the Churchly legate in the North, more specifically to archbishop Andreas Sunesøn, which he - without the knowledge of the King – brought with him on the King's crusade in the Baltic countries, in an effort to make the army take on a Christian symbol (over the king's symbol) and thereby strengthen the power of the church. March 10, 2005: SkypeIn Public Beta starts. A similar theory was suggested by Danish explorer, adventurer and Captain Johan Støckel in the early 20th century. February 14, 2005: First reached 2 million online. On the other hand, the letter in question might simply have been lost. October 20, 2004: First time 1 million Skype users are online at once.

Being granted a banner by the Pope would have been a great honour, but despite the many letters of the popes relating to the crusades, none of them mentions granting a banner to a King of Denmark. July 27, 2004: Release of Version 1.0 for Windows. One would though imagine that if this story was true, some kind of record ought to exist of the event and presumably Danish historians would not have failed to mention it in some way. June 27, 2004: SkypeOut credits first available for purchase on Skype website. Other kings and lords certainly received such banners. Credits by voucher only. The Danish historian Caspar Paludan-Müller in 1873 in his book "Sagnet om den himmelfaldne Danebrogsfane" put forth the theory that it is a banner sent by the Pope to the Danish King to use in his crusades in the Baltic countries. June 15, 2004: Beta release of version 0.98.0.28 with first support for SkypeOut.

Other origin theories have been put forth in the late 19th and early 20th century. August 29, 2003: First public beta version released. Many of these legends are apparently built on earlier ones. April 23, 2003: Skype.com and Skype.net domain names registered. If the flag of 1208 or 1219 ever existed. Royalty-free codec. Historically, it is of course impossible to prove or disprove that these records speak of the same flag. Computational complexity in a range of G.729A.

A historian from Slesvig, Ulrik Petersen (1656-1735), wrote in the late 17th century that the flag hung in Slesvig cathedral till about 1660 until it simply crumbled away, thus ending its more than 400-year-old story. Basic quality higher than G.729A, high robustness to packet loss. Henrik Rantzau states in his writing of 1576 that the flag was brought to Slesvig city and placed in the cathedral, following its return. Bitrate 13.33 kbit/s (399 bits, packetised in 50 bytes) for the frame size of 30 ms and 15.2 kbit/s (303 bits, packetised in 38 bytes) for the frame size of 20 ms. A priest and historian from Dithmarschen, Johan Neocorus, wrote in 1598 that the banner captured in 1500, was brought to the church in Wohrden and hung there for the next 59 years, until it was returned to the Danes as part of the peace settlement in 1559. This is however not the end of the story.

This "Danmarckis Hoffuitbanner" was probably nothing short of the "Banner of the Realm'" (Rigsbanner), the Dannebrog.. This young man was Peder Skram. It was saved only by the combined efforts of the banner-carrier Mogens Gyldenstierne, taking multiple wounds, and a young man coming to his rescue. He writes that the "Danish head banner" ("Danmarckis Hoffuitbanner") was nearly captured by the Swedes.

An indication that we are dealing with multiple flags, are the 1570 writings of Niels Hemmingsøn regarding a bloody battle between Danes and Swedes near the Swedish town of Uppsala in 1520. In fact, the entire letter gives the impression that the lost battle was noting more than an "unfortunate affair". In a letter dated 22 February 1500 to Oluf Stigsøn, King John describes the battle, but does not mention the loss of an important flag. However, it is more questionable if he indeed was carrying the "original" flag.

It is quite plausible that the king’s personal banner as well as the leading banner of the army were both lost, as the battle was led by the King himself. Sources from Dithmarschen, written shortly after the battle of 1500, do mention banners, including the Royal banner, being captured from the Danes, but there is no mention of Dannebrog or the "original" flag. He notes that the flag was in a poor condition when returned. In 1576, the son of Johan Rantzau, Henrik Rantzau, also writes about the war and the fate of the flag.

Both claims that this was the original flag, and consequently both writers knew the legend of the falling flag. This legend is found in two sources, Hans Svanning's History of King John from 1558-1559 and Johan Rantzau's History about the Last Dithmarschen War, from 1569. In the capitulation terms it is stated that all Danish banners lost in 1500 were to be returned. In 1559, King Frederik II recaptured it during his own Dithmarschen campaign.

The flag was lost in a devastating defeat on 17 February 1500. According to tradition, the original flag from the Battle of Lyndanisse was used in the small campaign of 1500 when King Hans tried to conquer Dithmarschen (in western Holstein in north Germany). The story of the original flag has a continuation that many Danes are not aware of. Some historians believe that the story by Petrus Olai refers to a source from the first half of the 15th century, making this the oldest reference to the falling flag.

Whether or not these records describe a truly old oral story in existents at that time, or a 16th century invented story, is not currently determined. In another record by Petrus Olai called "Danmarks Tolv Herligheder" (Twelve Splendours of Denmark), in splendour number nine, the same story is re-told almost to the word, however a paragraph has been inserted correcting the year to 1219. The Danes were all but defeated when a lamb-skin banner depicting a white cross falls from the sky and miraculously leads to a Danish victory. This record describes a battle in 1208 near a place called "Felin" during the Estonia campaign of King Valdemar II.

The second source is the writing of the Franciscan monk Petrus Olai (Peder Olsen) of Roskilde, from 1527. He also mentions that this flag, falling from the sky during the Russian campaign of King Valdemar II, is the very same flag that King Eric of Pomerania took with him when he left the country in 1440 after being deposed as King. It is not mentioned in connection to the campaign of King Valdemar II in Estonia, but in connection with a campaign in Russia. The first is found in Christiern Pedersen's "Danske Krønike", which is a sequel to Saxo’s Gesta Danorum, written 1520-1523.

This story originates from two written sources from the early 16th century. Though no historical support exists for the flag story in the Fellin battle either, it is not difficult to understand how a small and unknown place is replaced with the much grander battle of Reval from the Estonia campaign of King Valdemar II. The first record of the legend dates from more than 300 years after the campaign, and the first record connects the legend to a much smaller battle, though still in Estonia; the battle of Fellin (Viljandi) in 1208. No historical record supports this legend.

The legend says that during the Battle of Lyndanisse, also known as the Battle of Valdemar (Danish: "Volmerslaget"), near Reval (Tallinn) in Estonia, on 15 June 1219, the flag fell from the sky during a critical stage, resulting in Danish victory. The legend of the flag is very popular among Danes, but most consider it to be a legend though a beautiful one. . The royal Danish yacht is named after the flag.

During the Danish-Norwegian personal union, the Dannebrog was also the flag of Norway and continued to be, with slight modifications, until Norway adopted its current flag in 1821. The cross design of the Danish flag was subsequently adopted by the other Nordic countries: Sweden, Norway, Finland, and Iceland. The national flag of Denmark, the Dannebrog, is red with a white Scandinavian cross that extends to the edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side. DS 359:2005 ’Flagdug’, Dansk Standard, 2005.

Hagerups, Copenhagen 1919. Lund, Forlaget H. D. Danebrog - Danmarks Palladium, E.

Dannebrog, Helga Bruhn, Forlaget Jespersen og Pios, Copenhagen 1949. Dannebrog - Vort Flag, Lieutenant Colonel Thaulow, Forlaget Codan, Copenhagen 1943.