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Costco

Costco Wholesale Corporation NASDAQ: COST is the largest membership warehouse club chain in the world, and headquartered in Issaquah, Washington, United States, with its flagship warehouse #1 in nearby Seattle.

History

Costco's first location, opened in 1976 under the "Price Club" name, was housed in a Quonset hut in San Diego. Its unique model of serving primarily small-business owners proved very successful, prompting James Sinegal and Jeffrey Brotman to open the first Costco warehouse location in Seattle. This new venture proved very successful; Costco became the first company ever to grow from zero to $3 billion in sales in less than six years. In 1993, Costco and Price Club merged, forming "PriceCostco." The combined company had 206 locations generating $16 billion in annual sales and created the company's current structure. Costco's web site was first introduced in 1995, and it started conducting e-commerce in 1998 at Costco.com. In 1997, PriceCostco changed its name back to Costco, under which the company currently operates. Costco has also changed the site of its corporate headquarters from the city of Kirkland, Washington, to Issaquah, Washington.

Costco today

Patrons entering a typical Costco warehouse

As of July 2005 Costco has 456 locations:

  • 336 in the United States and Puerto Rico,
  • 65 in Canada,
  • 25 in Mexico,
  • 16 in the United Kingdom (1 additional store opening soon),
  • 5 in South Korea,
  • 5 in Japan, and
  • 4 in Taiwan.

Costco employs about 103,000 full- and part-time employees, and for fiscal year 2004, ended in August, the company's store sales rose 13% to $47.1 billion. Costco's closest competitor, Wal-Mart-owned Sam's Club, has two hundred more stores than Costco, yet routinely earns more than $1 billion less in revenues each year. As of 2005, Sinegal and Brotman act as Chief Executive Officer and President and Chairman, respectively.

Sales model

Typical Costco warehouse interior

Costco's success is a result of its focus on selling products at low prices, often at very high volume. These goods are usually bulk-packaged and sold primarily to large families, small businesses and small business owners' families. As a warehouse club, Costco is open to only members and their guests, except for purchases of liquor, gasoline and prescription drugs in some US states due to state law and liquor license restrictions. The food court where one can purchase fast food items such as hot dogs and pizza is open to both members and non-members. Memberships must be purchased in advance; the cheapest membership costs $45 for one year. Purchases made at Costco's website do not require a membership, however a 5% surcharge is added to purchases made by non-members. Purchases made with gift cards, called Costco cash also do not require a membership.

Costco is able to charge sometimes astonishingly low prices by keeping overhead low, returning savings to consumers. In fact, many senior executives, including Costco's CEO, use office furniture that was purchased from the Boeing Company when Costco was started. Costco doesn't have a public relations department either, believing it is unnecessary. The corporate jet is not used unless it is filled to capacity. The company's warehouses are sparsely decorated, with the exception of colorful marketing banners. Most products are delivered to the store on shipping pallets, and the pallets are used to display products for sale on the retail floor. This contrasts with other retailers who take the additional trouble to break down pallets and stock individual products on shelves. Costco caps its profit margin on most products at 14% and allows itself slightly higher margins only on its Kirkland Signature store brand (a name derived from its previous headquarters in Kirkland) with a strict 15% profit limit.

Besides frugality, Costco is also famous for its idiosyncratic inventory practices. Unlike many retailers, stores do not maintain a full range of every product type and every major brand within each product category. Rather, stores carry only a few very popular product categories and selected products within each category.

Costco concentrates more on overall value than the lowest possible price for its product range. Many of the products it stocks are high quality at a reasonable cost instead of inferior quality at a low price.

In some product categories, the company does not rotate products often, so customers can expect certain brands of snacks or beverages to be in stock indefinitely. In many other categories the company constantly seeks the best deals currently available, so products will appear and disappear over short periods of time. This encourages consumers to regularly visit their local warehouse for surprise deals.

Since Costco has such high sales volume and rapid inventory turnover, it is able to receive cash from the sale of a large portion of its inventory before it has to pay back its suppliers. This use of float is a major advantage in its own right; Costco is essentially borrowing money from their suppliers with no interest.

Employees

Costco is noted for providing full benefits and comparatively generous compensation to its employees. For instance, a cashier with four years of experience can earn more than $40,000 with full benefits, including medical, dental, Rx, disability, and life, and is even entitled to participate in a 401k program and purchase stock options.

These perks are the highest in the industry and especially surprising considering Costco's price-centric sales strategy (similar to Wal-Mart's, a company criticized for its low pay and refusal to offer benefits to most employees). A recent estimate (New York Times, July 17, 2005) puts Costco's average pay at $17 per hour, or 42% higher than Walmart-owned "Sam's Club". Wall Street analyst Bill Dreher of Deutsche Bank criticized Mr. Sinegal in 2004, saying "it's better to be an employee or a customer than a shareholder." Sinegal counters that good wages and benefits more than pay for themselves by holding down employee turnover, reducing employee theft and by appealing to a certain percentage of affluent customers who appreciate that the low prices do not come at the workers' expense.

Products

Typical Costco food concession

Over the years, Costco has gradually expanded its range of products and services. Initially it preferred to sell only boxed products that could be dispensed by simply tearing the shrinkwrap off a pallet. It now sells many other products that are more difficult to handle, such as fresh produce, meat, seafood, fresh baked goods, flowers, clothing, books, software, home electronics, jewelry, art and furniture. Many stores have tire garages, pharmacies,Hearing Aid Centers, optometrists, photo processing and gas stations. Some locations have liquor stores which are usually separate in order to comply with liquor license restrictions. Costco also acts as a broker for services such as investment products and travel including air travel and cruise vacations. They have also introduced an automobile purchasing program where members can purchase new cars at specially arranged prices.

Costco has a very generous product return policy that allows customers to return most products indefinitely. Unlike other stores, Costco allows returns of opened media. Many people take advantage of this with DVDs, software and other media. Buyers effectively "rent" the product temporarily by buying and later returning it for a refund. Computers, which most retailers loathe to accept for a refund, have a six-month return period. Even the membership fee is fully refundable at any time.

Finally, Costco is well known for its hot dog stands. These began as stand-alone impromptu arrangements outside of warehouses but are now built directly into current warehouses as actual mini-restaurants. As a matter of fact, the price of the hot dog and soda is still the same price as it was when they first opened, $1.50, a price Jim Sinegal has stated will remain indefinitely. The hot dogs used are kosher and the brands used are Sinai Kosher or Hebrew National. The company has added other types of food, such as pizza, chicken bakes, chicken salad, smoothies, churros, pretzels and ice cream. The chicken strips found in chicken bakes are the same chicken strips used in the chicken salads. A yearly event (usually in mid-July) is pizza week, where $3 coupons are distributed for whole pizzas.

Criticism

Costco tore down the Casino de la Selva in Cuernavaca, Mexico, to build a store there and has faced opposition [1] from TIAA-CREF shareholders as well as its own shareholders [2]. Costco has issued a document [3] clearly leveled at the charges of mural damage and unnecessary tree removal.


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Costco has issued a document [3] clearly leveled at the charges of mural damage and unnecessary tree removal. Proof of this good health, in 2005, for the first time in its history, Citroën is planned to reach a total worldwide production of 1,000,000 cars. Costco tore down the Casino de la Selva in Cuernavaca, Mexico, to build a store there and has faced opposition [1] from TIAA-CREF shareholders as well as its own shareholders [2]. The introduction of even newer models, such as the long-awaited XM replacement, the C6, indicates Citroën's continued commitment to innovation in the 21st century. A yearly event (usually in mid-July) is pizza week, where $3 coupons are distributed for whole pizzas. It has even expanded into new markets, for example in China where the C3 and Xsara are alongside the ZX Fukang and Elysée local models. The chicken strips found in chicken bakes are the same chicken strips used in the chicken salads. In spite of the problems between Peugeot and Citroën, Citroën has continued its tradition for innovation, exemplified by new vehicles such as the C2 and the Xsara Picasso.

The company has added other types of food, such as pizza, chicken bakes, chicken salad, smoothies, churros, pretzels and ice cream. The ubiquitous 2CV was finally killed off in 1990, production having moved from France to Portugal. The hot dogs used are kosher and the brands used are Sinai Kosher or Hebrew National. Citroën's ambitious attitude to engineering and styling was squeezed out in favor of Peugeot conservatism. As a matter of fact, the price of the hot dog and soda is still the same price as it was when they first opened, $1.50, a price Jim Sinegal has stated will remain indefinitely. Citroën developed a small car for production in Romania known as the Oltcit, which it also sold as the Citroën Axel. These began as stand-alone impromptu arrangements outside of warehouses but are now built directly into current warehouses as actual mini-restaurants. The XM, for example, used the same engines and floorpan as the Peugeot 605, and the Xantia of 1993 was identical under the skin to the Peugeot 406.

Finally, Costco is well known for its hot dog stands. By the late 1980s, PSA used extensive platform sharing. Even the membership fee is fully refundable at any time. The BX of 1982 still used the hydropneumatic suspension system, but was powered by Peugeot-derived engines. Computers, which most retailers loathe to accept for a refund, have a six-month return period. In the 1980s, Citroën models were increasingly Peugeot-based. Buyers effectively "rent" the product temporarily by buying and later returning it for a refund. The combined company was known as PSA Peugeot Citroën, PSA sold off Maserati to DeTomaso soon after.

Many people take advantage of this with DVDs, software and other media. Huge losses caused by failure of the Maserati tie-up coupled with crippling warranty costs by the unreliable GS and high development cost of CX led to Peugeot taking over Citroën in 1976. Unlike other stores, Costco allows returns of opened media. This maneuver was unfortunately-timed, with the impending 1973 energy crisis soon to make GT manufacture unprofitable. Costco has a very generous product return policy that allows customers to return most products indefinitely. In 1967 Citroën took control of Maserati, the Italian sports car maker and launched the sports car/Grand Tourer SM, which contained a V6 Maserati engine. They have also introduced an automobile purchasing program where members can purchase new cars at specially arranged prices. DS/ID).

Costco also acts as a broker for services such as investment products and travel including air travel and cruise vacations. 2CV/Ami) and large, expensive cars (e.g. Some locations have liquor stores which are usually separate in order to comply with liquor license restrictions. In 1965 Citroën took over the French carmaker Panhard in the hope of using Panhard's expertise in midsize cars to complement its own range of very small, cheap cars (e.g. Many stores have tire garages, pharmacies,Hearing Aid Centers, optometrists, photo processing and gas stations. During Citroën's venture with Maserati the Citroën high pressure hydraulic system was used on several Maserati models for power clutch operation (Bora), power pedals adjustment (Bora), pop-up headlights (Bora, Merak) and brakes (Bora, Merak), and the entire Quattroporte II prototype, which was a four-door Citroën SM under the skin. It now sells many other products that are more difficult to handle, such as fresh produce, meat, seafood, fresh baked goods, flowers, clothing, books, software, home electronics, jewelry, art and furniture. This high-pressure hydraulic system would form the basis of many Citroën cars, including the SM, GS, CX, BX, XM, Xantia and C5.

Initially it preferred to sell only boxed products that could be dispensed by simply tearing the shrinkwrap off a pallet. The same high-pressure system was used to activate pistons located in the gearbox cover to shift the gears in the transmission (gearbox in British - in French transmission means driveshaft) and operate the clutch on their "Citromatic", Citroën's version of a semi-automatic transmission. Over the years, Costco has gradually expanded its range of products and services. The DS featured power steering, power brakes and suspension and, from 1968, directional headlights . Sinegal in 2004, saying "it's better to be an employee or a customer than a shareholder." Sinegal counters that good wages and benefits more than pay for themselves by holding down employee turnover, reducing employee theft and by appealing to a certain percentage of affluent customers who appreciate that the low prices do not come at the workers' expense. 1955 saw the introduction of the DS, which was the first full usage of Citroën's now legendary hydropneumatic suspension system that was first tested on the rear suspension of the last of the Tractions. Wall Street analyst Bill Dreher of Deutsche Bank criticized Mr. This car become a bestseller and even a 4wd version with 2 engines (Sahara)were sold in limited numbers.

A recent estimate (New York Times, July 17, 2005) puts Costco's average pay at $17 per hour, or 42% higher than Walmart-owned "Sam's Club". Citroën unveiled the 2CV at the Paris Salon in 1948. These perks are the highest in the industry and especially surprising considering Costco's price-centric sales strategy (similar to Wal-Mart's, a company criticized for its low pay and refusal to offer benefits to most employees). In 1934, debt forced the company into foreclosure; it was then taken over by its biggest creditor, the tire company Michelin. For instance, a cashier with four years of experience can earn more than $40,000 with full benefits, including medical, dental, Rx, disability, and life, and is even entitled to participate in a 401k program and purchase stock options. The expeditions conveyed scientists and journalists and were a publicity success. Costco is noted for providing full benefits and comparatively generous compensation to its employees. Citroën also sponsored some expeditions in Asia (Croisière Jaune) and Africa (Croisière Noire), intended to demonstrate the potential for motor vehicles to cross inhospitable regions.

This use of float is a major advantage in its own right; Costco is essentially borrowing money from their suppliers with no interest. Achieving quick development of the Traction Avant was, of course, expensive and contributed to the financial ruin of the company. Since Costco has such high sales volume and rapid inventory turnover, it is able to receive cash from the sale of a large portion of its inventory before it has to pay back its suppliers. That encouraged André Citroën to develop the Traction Avant, a car so innovative that to it the competition would have no response. This encourages consumers to regularly visit their local warehouse for surprise deals. The Citroëns sold in large quantities despite the stylistic drawback, but the car's low price was the main selling point and Citroën experienced heavy losses. In many other categories the company constantly seeks the best deals currently available, so products will appear and disappear over short periods of time. Citroën had no way to redesign the body of his cars and the cars began to be perceived as old-fashioned.

In some product categories, the company does not rotate products often, so customers can expect certain brands of snacks or beverages to be in stock indefinitely. But soon competitors, who still used a wood structure for their bodies, introduced aerodynamic body designs on their cars. Many of the products it stocks are high quality at a reasonable cost instead of inferior quality at a low price. In the beginning, the cars were successful. Costco concentrates more on overall value than the lowest possible price for its product range. These cars would set the pattern to be followed thirty years later by the Mini, Volkswagen and nearly every other manufacturer. Rather, stores carry only a few very popular product categories and selected products within each category. It was this prototype that evolved into the Onze Légère and 7 CV (5 kW) Traction Avant of 1934.

Unlike many retailers, stores do not maintain a full range of every product type and every major brand within each product category. By 1930, Budd had created a prototype for Citroën with a unibody and front wheel drive. Besides frugality, Costco is also famous for its idiosyncratic inventory practices. In 1928, Citroën introduced the first all-steel body in Europe. Costco caps its profit margin on most products at 14% and allows itself slightly higher margins only on its Kirkland Signature store brand (a name derived from its previous headquarters in Kirkland) with a strict 15% profit limit. Budd went on to manufacture steel bodies for many automakers, Dodge being his first big auto client. This contrasts with other retailers who take the additional trouble to break down pallets and stock individual products on shelves. From 1899, Budd had worked to develop pressed-steel bodies for railroad cars, Pullman in particular.

Most products are delivered to the store on shipping pallets, and the pallets are used to display products for sale on the retail floor. Budd. The company's warehouses are sparsely decorated, with the exception of colorful marketing banners. In 1924, Citroën began a relationship with American engineer Edward G. The corporate jet is not used unless it is filled to capacity. In 1919, however, the business started to produce automobiles, beginning with the conventional Type A. Costco doesn't have a public relations department either, believing it is unnecessary. After serving in the French army, he set up a gear-making business, which became identified with the "herringbone" or double helical gear, which is the origin of the Citroën "double chevron" trademark.

In fact, many senior executives, including Costco's CEO, use office furniture that was purchased from the Boeing Company when Costco was started. The story of Citroën begins with the founder of the company himself, André Citroën. Costco is able to charge sometimes astonishingly low prices by keeping overhead low, returning savings to consumers. . Purchases made with gift cards, called Costco cash also do not require a membership. Later significant models include the H Van (1947-1981, "HY"), 2CV (1948-1990, The "Ugly Duckling"), DS (1955-1975, "Goddess") and CX (1974-1989). Purchases made at Costco's website do not require a membership, however a 5% surcharge is added to purchases made by non-members. Until the late 1980s the company had a reputation for approaching auto design in a unique way.

Memberships must be purchased in advance; the cheapest membership costs $45 for one year. Originally a mass-market car maker with relatively straightforward designs, Citroën shocked the world in 1934 with the innovative Traction Avant (front wheel drive) (1934-1956). The food court where one can purchase fast food items such as hot dogs and pizza is open to both members and non-members. Its headquarters are located in Paris, rue Fructidor. As a warehouse club, Costco is open to only members and their guests, except for purchases of liquor, gasoline and prescription drugs in some US states due to state law and liquor license restrictions. Citroën is a French automobile manufacturer, started in 1919 by André Citroën, today part of PSA Peugeot Citroën. These goods are usually bulk-packaged and sold primarily to large families, small businesses and small business owners' families. 2005: Citroën C4.

Costco's success is a result of its focus on selling products at low prices, often at very high volume. 2003: Citroën C3. As of 2005, Sinegal and Brotman act as Chief Executive Officer and President and Chairman, respectively. 1994: Citroën Xantia. Costco's closest competitor, Wal-Mart-owned Sam's Club, has two hundred more stores than Costco, yet routinely earns more than $1 billion less in revenues each year. 1988: Citroën AX. Costco employs about 103,000 full- and part-time employees, and for fiscal year 2004, ended in August, the company's store sales rose 13% to $47.1 billion. 1979: Citroën Visa.

As of July 2005 Costco has 456 locations:. 1990: Citroën XM. Costco has also changed the site of its corporate headquarters from the city of Kirkland, Washington, to Issaquah, Washington. 1975: Citroën CX. In 1997, PriceCostco changed its name back to Costco, under which the company currently operates. 1971: Citroën GS. Costco's web site was first introduced in 1995, and it started conducting e-commerce in 1998 at Costco.com. Some models, like the Citroën RE2, have been flight tested and still exist.

In 1993, Costco and Price Club merged, forming "PriceCostco." The combined company had 206 locations generating $16 billion in annual sales and created the company's current structure. Citroën also investigated in the early seventies the possibility to produce helicopters using the Wankel engines manufactured by its subsidiary Comotor. This new venture proved very successful; Costco became the first company ever to grow from zero to $3 billion in sales in less than six years. In 2004 and 2005, French driver Sébastien Loeb won the Driver's Championship driving the Citroën Xsara WRC. Its unique model of serving primarily small-business owners proved very successful, prompting James Sinegal and Jeffrey Brotman to open the first Costco warehouse location in Seattle. Citroën is a major competitor in the World Rally Championship, winning the constructor title in 2003, 2004 and 2005. Costco's first location, opened in 1976 under the "Price Club" name, was housed in a Quonset hut in San Diego. The company's famous "double chevron" logo derives from André Citroën's early business in gear-cutting the company pioneered mass production of double helically-cut gear teeth, which mesh together in a chevron.

. An old-fashioned nickname for Citroën cars is Citron (lemon, in French). Costco Wholesale Corporation NASDAQ: COST is the largest membership warehouse club chain in the world, and headquartered in Issaquah, Washington, United States, with its flagship warehouse #1 in nearby Seattle. André Citroën's originally Dutch language family name was Citroen, meaning "lemon", as one of his grandfathers was a citrus seller ("limoenman") on Amsterdam's street markets. 4 in Taiwan. C-Airplay Concept car (2005). 5 in Japan, and. C-SportLounge Concept car (2005).

5 in South Korea,. C-Airlounge Concept car (2003). 16 in the United Kingdom (1 additional store opening soon),. C-Airdream Concept car (2002). 25 in Mexico,. C-Crosser Concept car (2001). 65 in Canada,. Pluriel Concept car (1999).

336 in the United States and Puerto Rico,. Osée Pininfarina Concept car. C6 Lignage Concept car (1999). C3 Lumière Concept car (1998). Tulip (1995).

Osmose Concept car. Xanae Concept car 1994. Citella (1992). Activa II (1990).

Activa (1988). Zabrus Bertone Concept car (1986). Eole Concept car (1986). Eco 2000 (1984).

Xenia (1981). Karin (1980). C44 (1980). Prototype Y.

2CV Pop (1973). GS Camargue (1972). Mini-Zup (1972). Project F.

C-60. Prototype C or Coccinelle. G Van. Citroën Traction Avant 22CV.

350 to 850 aka Belphegor. U23. P46. P45 (1934-1953).

ZX (1991-1997). Xsara (1997- ). Xantia (1993-2001). XM (1989-2000).

Visa (1978-1988). Type C C4-C6 (1928-1934). Type C C2-C3 (1922-1926). Type B (1921-1928).

Type A (1919-1921). TUB (1939-1941). Traction Avant (1934-1957). SM (1970-1975).

Saxo (1995-2003 ). Méhari (1968-1987). M35 (1970-1971). LNA (1978-1986).

LN (1976-1979). Jumper (1994- ). Jumpy (1995- ). H Van (1947-1981).

GS and GSA (1970-1984). FAF. Evasion (1994-2002). Elysée ZX derivative for the Chinese market.

DS/ID (1955-1975). Dyane (1967-1984). C35 (1974-1992). C25 (1981-1993).

C15 (1984-2005). C8 (2002- ). C7 (2007- ). C6 (2005- ).

C5 (2001- ). C4 (2004- ). C3 (2003- ). C2 (2004- ).

C1 (2005- ). CX (1974-1989). BX (1982-1994). Berlingo (1996- ).

AX (1986-1998). Axel (1984-1988). Ami Super (1973-1976). Ami 8 (1969-1979).

Ami 6 (1961-1971). Acadiane (1978-1987). 10CV. 8CV Rosalie (1932-1935).

2CV (1948-1990).