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Citroën

Citroën is a French automobile manufacturer, started in 1919 by André Citroën, today part of PSA Peugeot Citroën. Its headquarters are located in Paris, rue Fructidor.

Originally a mass-market car maker with relatively straightforward designs, Citroën shocked the world in 1934 with the innovative Traction Avant (front wheel drive) (1934-1956). Until the late 1980s the company had a reputation for approaching auto design in a unique way. Later significant models include the H Van (1947-1981, "HY"), 2CV (1948-1990, The "Ugly Duckling"), DS (1955-1975, "Goddess") and CX (1974-1989).

History

The story of Citroën begins with the founder of the company himself, André Citroën. After serving in the French army, he set up a gear-making business, which became identified with the "herringbone" or double helical gear, which is the origin of the Citroën "double chevron" trademark. In 1919, however, the business started to produce automobiles, beginning with the conventional Type A.

In 1924, Citroën began a relationship with American engineer Edward G. Budd. From 1899, Budd had worked to develop pressed-steel bodies for railroad cars, Pullman in particular. Budd went on to manufacture steel bodies for many automakers, Dodge being his first big auto client. In 1928, Citroën introduced the first all-steel body in Europe. By 1930, Budd had created a prototype for Citroën with a unibody and front wheel drive. It was this prototype that evolved into the Onze Légère and 7 CV (5 kW) Traction Avant of 1934. These cars would set the pattern to be followed thirty years later by the Mini, Volkswagen and nearly every other manufacturer.

In the beginning, the cars were successful. But soon competitors, who still used a wood structure for their bodies, introduced aerodynamic body designs on their cars. Citroën had no way to redesign the body of his cars and the cars began to be perceived as old-fashioned. The Citroëns sold in large quantities despite the stylistic drawback, but the car's low price was the main selling point and Citroën experienced heavy losses. That encouraged André Citroën to develop the Traction Avant, a car so innovative that to it the competition would have no response. Achieving quick development of the Traction Avant was, of course, expensive and contributed to the financial ruin of the company.

Citroën also sponsored some expeditions in Asia (Croisière Jaune) and Africa (Croisière Noire), intended to demonstrate the potential for motor vehicles to cross inhospitable regions. The expeditions conveyed scientists and journalists and were a publicity success.

In 1934, debt forced the company into foreclosure; it was then taken over by its biggest creditor, the tire company Michelin.

Citroën unveiled the 2CV at the Paris Salon in 1948. This car become a bestseller and even a 4wd version with 2 engines (Sahara)were sold in limited numbers.

1955 saw the introduction of the DS, which was the first full usage of Citroën's now legendary hydropneumatic suspension system that was first tested on the rear suspension of the last of the Tractions. The DS featured power steering, power brakes and suspension and, from 1968, directional headlights . The same high-pressure system was used to activate pistons located in the gearbox cover to shift the gears in the transmission (gearbox in British - in French transmission means driveshaft) and operate the clutch on their "Citromatic", Citroën's version of a semi-automatic transmission. This high-pressure hydraulic system would form the basis of many Citroën cars, including the SM, GS, CX, BX, XM, Xantia and C5. During Citroën's venture with Maserati the Citroën high pressure hydraulic system was used on several Maserati models for power clutch operation (Bora), power pedals adjustment (Bora), pop-up headlights (Bora, Merak) and brakes (Bora, Merak), and the entire Quattroporte II prototype, which was a four-door Citroën SM under the skin.

In 1965 Citroën took over the French carmaker Panhard in the hope of using Panhard's expertise in midsize cars to complement its own range of very small, cheap cars (e.g. 2CV/Ami) and large, expensive cars (e.g. DS/ID). In 1967 Citroën took control of Maserati, the Italian sports car maker and launched the sports car/Grand Tourer SM, which contained a V6 Maserati engine. This maneuver was unfortunately-timed, with the impending 1973 energy crisis soon to make GT manufacture unprofitable.

Huge losses caused by failure of the Maserati tie-up coupled with crippling warranty costs by the unreliable GS and high development cost of CX led to Peugeot taking over Citroën in 1976. The combined company was known as PSA Peugeot Citroën, PSA sold off Maserati to DeTomaso soon after.

In the 1980s, Citroën models were increasingly Peugeot-based. The BX of 1982 still used the hydropneumatic suspension system, but was powered by Peugeot-derived engines. By the late 1980s, PSA used extensive platform sharing. The XM, for example, used the same engines and floorpan as the Peugeot 605, and the Xantia of 1993 was identical under the skin to the Peugeot 406.

2004 Citroën C4 Coupe

Citroën developed a small car for production in Romania known as the Oltcit, which it also sold as the Citroën Axel.

Citroën's ambitious attitude to engineering and styling was squeezed out in favor of Peugeot conservatism. The ubiquitous 2CV was finally killed off in 1990, production having moved from France to Portugal.

In spite of the problems between Peugeot and Citroën, Citroën has continued its tradition for innovation, exemplified by new vehicles such as the C2 and the Xsara Picasso. It has even expanded into new markets, for example in China where the C3 and Xsara are alongside the ZX Fukang and Elysée local models. The introduction of even newer models, such as the long-awaited XM replacement, the C6, indicates Citroën's continued commitment to innovation in the 21st century.

Proof of this good health, in 2005, for the first time in its history, Citroën is planned to reach a total worldwide production of 1,000,000 cars.

Passenger cars and vans

2002 Citroën Xsara Picasso.
  • 2CV (1948-1990)
  • 8CV Rosalie (1932-1935)
  • 10CV
  • Acadiane (1978-1987)
  • Ami 6 (1961-1971)
  • Ami 8 (1969-1979)
  • Ami Super (1973-1976)
  • Axel (1984-1988)
  • AX (1986-1998)
  • Berlingo (1996- )
  • BX (1982-1994)
  • CX (1974-1989)
  • C1 (2005- )
  • C2 (2004- )
  • C3 (2003- )
  • C4 (2004- )
  • C5 (2001- )
  • C6 (2005- )
  • C7 (2007- )
  • C8 (2002- )
  • C15 (1984-2005)
  • C25 (1981-1993)
  • C35 (1974-1992)
  • Dyane (1967-1984)
  • DS/ID (1955-1975)
  • Elysée ZX derivative for the Chinese market
  • Evasion (1994-2002)
  • FAF
  • GS and GSA (1970-1984)
  • H Van (1947-1981)
  • Jumpy (1995- )
  • Jumper (1994- )
  • LN (1976-1979)
  • LNA (1978-1986)
  • M35 (1970-1971)
  • Méhari (1968-1987)
  • Saxo (1995-2003 )
  • SM (1970-1975)
  • Traction Avant (1934-1957)
  • TUB (1939-1941)
  • Type A (1919-1921)
  • Type B (1921-1928)
  • Type C C2-C3 (1922-1926)
  • Type C C4-C6 (1928-1934)
  • Visa (1978-1988)
  • XM (1989-2000)
  • Xantia (1993-2001)
  • Xsara (1997- )
  • ZX (1991-1997)

Trucks

  • P45 (1934-1953)
  • P46
  • U23
  • 350 to 850 aka Belphegor

Prototypes and Concept Cars

  • Citroën Traction Avant 22CV
  • G Van
  • Prototype C or Coccinelle
  • C-60
  • Project F
  • Mini-Zup (1972)
  • GS Camargue (1972)
  • 2CV Pop (1973)
  • Prototype Y
  • C44 (1980)
  • Karin (1980)
  • Xenia (1981)
  • Eco 2000 (1984)
  • Eole Concept car (1986)
  • Zabrus Bertone Concept car (1986)
  • Activa (1988)
  • Activa II (1990)
  • Citella (1992)
  • Xanae Concept car 1994
  • Osmose Concept car
  • Tulip (1995)
  • C3 Lumière Concept car (1998)
  • C6 Lignage Concept car (1999)
  • Osée Pininfarina Concept car
  • Pluriel Concept car (1999)
  • C-Crosser Concept car (2001)
  • C-Airdream Concept car (2002)
  • C-Airlounge Concept car (2003)
  • C-SportLounge Concept car (2005)
  • C-Airplay Concept car (2005)

Miscellaneous

  • André Citroën's originally Dutch language family name was Citroen, meaning "lemon", as one of his grandfathers was a citrus seller ("limoenman") on Amsterdam's street markets. An old-fashioned nickname for Citroën cars is Citron (lemon, in French).
  • The company's famous "double chevron" logo derives from André Citroën's early business in gear-cutting the company pioneered mass production of double helically-cut gear teeth, which mesh together in a chevron.
  • Citroën is a major competitor in the World Rally Championship, winning the constructor title in 2003, 2004 and 2005. In 2004 and 2005, French driver Sébastien Loeb won the Driver's Championship driving the Citroën Xsara WRC.
  • Citroën also investigated in the early seventies the possibility to produce helicopters using the Wankel engines manufactured by its subsidiary Comotor. Some models, like the Citroën RE2, have been flight tested and still exist.

Citroën's winners of the European Car of the Year award

  • 1971: Citroën GS
  • 1975: Citroën CX
  • 1990: Citroën XM

Citroen's second and third placed entrants in European Car of the Year award

  • 1979: Citroën Visa
  • 1988: Citroën AX
  • 1994: Citroën Xantia
  • 2003: Citroën C3
  • 2005: Citroën C4

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Proof of this good health, in 2005, for the first time in its history, Citroën is planned to reach a total worldwide production of 1,000,000 cars. At the 2005 general election, all were held by the Labour Party, and are represented by Maria Eagle, Louise Ellman, Jane Kennedy, Peter Kilfoyle and Robert Wareing respectively. The introduction of even newer models, such as the long-awaited XM replacement, the C6, indicates Citroën's continued commitment to innovation in the 21st century. Liverpool has five parliamentary constituencies: Liverpool Garston, Liverpool Riverside, Liverpool Walton, Liverpool Wavertree and Liverpool West Derby. It has even expanded into new markets, for example in China where the C3 and Xsara are alongside the ZX Fukang and Elysée local models. Districts of Liverpool include:. In spite of the problems between Peugeot and Citroën, Citroën has continued its tradition for innovation, exemplified by new vehicles such as the C2 and the Xsara Picasso. The buildings of Liverpool not only attract tourists but also film makers, who regularly use Liverpool to double for many cities around the worlds and making it the second most filmed city in the UK.

The ubiquitous 2CV was finally killed off in 1990, production having moved from France to Portugal. This has led to a great increase in the provision of high quality services such as Hotels, restaurants and clubs. Citroën's ambitious attitude to engineering and styling was squeezed out in favor of Peugeot conservatism. Tourism is a major factor in the economy and will be of increasing importance in the run up to the Liverpool years as European Capital of Culture. Citroën developed a small car for production in Romania known as the Oltcit, which it also sold as the Citroën Axel. Growth in the areas of New Media has been helped by the existence of a relatively large Computer game development community. The XM, for example, used the same engines and floorpan as the Peugeot 605, and the Xantia of 1993 was identical under the skin to the Peugeot 406. The activities of the port have left the site with a communications infrastructure that had for a long time exceeded requirements.

By the late 1980s, PSA used extensive platform sharing. Like the rest of the United Kingdom the city has seen a large growth in service industries and has several major call centres. The BX of 1982 still used the hydropneumatic suspension system, but was powered by Peugeot-derived engines. The rate of Jobs growth was 9.2% compared with a national average of 4.9% for the same period, 1998-2002. In the 1980s, Citroën models were increasingly Peugeot-based. This compared with 5.8% for inner London and 5.7% for Bristol. The combined company was known as PSA Peugeot Citroën, PSA sold off Maserati to DeTomaso soon after. Between 1995 and 2001 GVA per head grew at 6.3% annum.

Huge losses caused by failure of the Maserati tie-up coupled with crippling warranty costs by the unreliable GS and high development cost of CX led to Peugeot taking over Citroën in 1976. The economy of Liverpool is beginning to recover from its long post WWII decline. This maneuver was unfortunately-timed, with the impending 1973 energy crisis soon to make GT manufacture unprofitable. See also List of films made in Liverpool. In 1967 Citroën took control of Maserati, the Italian sports car maker and launched the sports car/Grand Tourer SM, which contained a V6 Maserati engine. Liverpool appeared in the film 51st State starring Samuel L Jackson and Robert Carlyle. DS/ID). The independent media organisation Indymedia also covers Liverpool.

2CV/Ami) and large, expensive cars (e.g. John's Beacon which, along with the two cathedrals, dominates the city's skyline. In 1965 Citroën took over the French carmaker Panhard in the hope of using Panhard's expertise in midsize cars to complement its own range of very small, cheap cars (e.g. The last two are both based in St. During Citroën's venture with Maserati the Citroën high pressure hydraulic system was used on several Maserati models for power clutch operation (Bora), power pedals adjustment (Bora), pop-up headlights (Bora, Merak) and brakes (Bora, Merak), and the entire Quattroporte II prototype, which was a four-door Citroën SM under the skin. Radio stations include BBC Radio Merseyside, Juice FM and Radio City as well as Magic 1548. This high-pressure hydraulic system would form the basis of many Citroën cars, including the SM, GS, CX, BX, XM, Xantia and C5. The Daily Post, especially, serves a wider area, including north Wales.

The same high-pressure system was used to activate pistons located in the gearbox cover to shift the gears in the transmission (gearbox in British - in French transmission means driveshaft) and operate the clutch on their "Citromatic", Citroën's version of a semi-automatic transmission. The city has two daily newspapers: the Liverpool Daily Post in the morning and the evening Liverpool Echo, both published by the same company, the Trinity Mirror group. The DS featured power steering, power brakes and suspension and, from 1968, directional headlights . The city fares better with regards to other media. 1955 saw the introduction of the DS, which was the first full usage of Citroën's now legendary hydropneumatic suspension system that was first tested on the rear suspension of the last of the Tractions. Mersey Television is owned by All3Media. This car become a bestseller and even a 4wd version with 2 engines (Sahara)were sold in limited numbers. Liverpool is the home of the TV production company Mersey Television which formerly produced the now-defunct soap opera, Brookside, and currently produces Hollyoaks for Channel 4 and Grange Hill for the BBC.

Citroën unveiled the 2CV at the Paris Salon in 1948. This arrangement has always been controversial locally and one which will likely become more so with the BBC decision to build new national facilities in Manchester, increasing Manchester's influence over regional media. In 1934, debt forced the company into foreclosure; it was then taken over by its biggest creditor, the tire company Michelin. The BBC's regional news is also based in Manchester. The expeditions conveyed scientists and journalists and were a publicity success. The ITV region which covers Liverpool is ITV Granada, which based in Manchester. Citroën also sponsored some expeditions in Asia (Croisière Jaune) and Africa (Croisière Noire), intended to demonstrate the potential for motor vehicles to cross inhospitable regions. Because no television broadcasters are based there, Liverpool could be seen as poorly represented in the media when compared with other major UK cities.

Achieving quick development of the Traction Avant was, of course, expensive and contributed to the financial ruin of the company. For a list of some noteworthy groups from the area, consult the list of famous bands from Liverpool. That encouraged André Citroën to develop the Traction Avant, a car so innovative that to it the competition would have no response. Liverpool has also played a large part in UK (and sometimes world) Pop Music culture since the 1960s. The Citroëns sold in large quantities despite the stylistic drawback, but the car's low price was the main selling point and Citroën experienced heavy losses. A great many famous names have been associated with Liverpool; for a list, see List of famous people from Liverpool. Citroën had no way to redesign the body of his cars and the cars began to be perceived as old-fashioned. In 2001 a plan to build new a light rail system, Merseytram, was developed, although after central Government refused to underwrite the project, it was cancelled in November 2005 due to spiralling costs.

But soon competitors, who still used a wood structure for their bodies, introduced aerodynamic body designs on their cars. A number of other railway lines, such as that from Edge Hill to Kirkdale, no longer see passenger services, or have been removed completely, such as the North Liverpool Extension Line. In the beginning, the cars were successful. From 1893 to 1956, the Liverpool docks were served by the Liverpool Overhead Railway. These cars would set the pattern to be followed thirty years later by the Mini, Volkswagen and nearly every other manufacturer. Historically, Liverpool had an extensive tram network; however, this was dismantled in the 1950s. It was this prototype that evolved into the Onze Légère and 7 CV (5 kW) Traction Avant of 1934. The city's main railway station for longer-distance services is Lime Street station.

By 1930, Budd had created a prototype for Citroën with a unibody and front wheel drive. It has two lines: the Northern Line, which runs to Southport, Ormskirk, Kirkby and Hunts Cross, and the Wirral Line, which runs through the Mersey Railway Tunnel and has branches to West Kirby, New Brighton, Ellesmere Port and Chester. In 1928, Citroën introduced the first all-steel body in Europe. The sections in the city centre are mostly underground. Budd went on to manufacture steel bodies for many automakers, Dodge being his first big auto client. Liverpool is served by the Merseyrail railway network. From 1899, Budd had worked to develop pressed-steel bodies for railroad cars, Pullman in particular. In 2002 716,000 passengers used the Port of Liverpool, with the Isle of Man and Ireland being the two most important passenger routes.

Budd. The airport was the starting point for many Beatles tours in the sixties, and image of the boys boarding planes there were seen throughout the world. In 1924, Citroën began a relationship with American engineer Edward G. The airport's logo consists of a sketch that Lennon had drawn of himself, and the words "Above us only sky", lyrics from his song Imagine. In 1919, however, the business started to produce automobiles, beginning with the conventional Type A. In 2001, Liverpool Airport, situated near Speke in the south of the city, was renamed Liverpool John Lennon Airport, in honour of the late Beatle John Lennon. After serving in the French army, he set up a gear-making business, which became identified with the "herringbone" or double helical gear, which is the origin of the Citroën "double chevron" trademark. In fact the song is now played on the ferryboats themselves every time they prepare to dock at Liverpool.

The story of Citroën begins with the founder of the company himself, André Citroën. There is also the Mersey Ferry, made famous by the song Ferry Cross the Mersey by Gerry and the Pacemakers. . There are three tunnels under the River Mersey: one railway tunnel, the Mersey Railway Tunnel, and two road tunnels, Queensway Tunnel and Kingsway Tunnel. Later significant models include the H Van (1947-1981, "HY"), 2CV (1948-1990, The "Ugly Duckling"), DS (1955-1975, "Goddess") and CX (1974-1989). The Liverpool Institute for Performing Arts which was set up by Sir Paul McCartney in 1996, to train artistes and technicians, in the building which formerly housed the Liverpool Institute for Boys. Until the late 1980s the company had a reputation for approaching auto design in a unique way. The University of Liverpool awarded the first ever Philosophy PhD in Robert Pirsig's Metaphysics of Quality to Anthony McWatt in July 2005.

Originally a mass-market car maker with relatively straightforward designs, Citroën shocked the world in 1934 with the innovative Traction Avant (front wheel drive) (1934-1956). The Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine was founded to address some of the problems created by trade, today it continues as a post graduate school and is one of only two institutions on planet Earth that house the de facto standard anti-venom repository. Its headquarters are located in Paris, rue Fructidor. Liverpool John Moores University is one of the polytechnics given university status in 1992 and is named after the owner of the Littlewoods retail group. Citroën is a French automobile manufacturer, started in 1919 by André Citroën, today part of PSA Peugeot Citroën. It also has a university college, Edge Hill College of Higher Education, which has re-located to Ormskirk in South-West Lancashire. 2005: Citroën C4. Liverpool has three universities, the University of Liverpool, Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Hope University.

2003: Citroën C3. Edward's College, a former private high school located in West Derby. 1994: Citroën Xantia. Another of Liverpool's notable senior schools is St. 1988: Citroën AX. Liverpool College[7] is the leading private school. 1979: Citroën Visa. One of Liverpool important early schools was The Liverpool Blue Coat School was founded in 1708 as a charitable school, it continues today.

1990: Citroën XM. Currently no specific Islamic secondary education is provided. 1975: Citroën CX. In Liverpool primary education is available in various forms supported by the state include secular, Church of England, Islamic, Jewish and Roman Catholic. 1971: Citroën GS. Sir Edwin Lutyens is represented by the completed crypt of his projected Metropolitan Cathedral, which was built to a simpler design by Frederick Gibberd. Some models, like the Citroën RE2, have been flight tested and still exist. Architects well represented in Liverpool: Giles Gilbert Scott, Peter Ellis, Harvey Lonsdale Elmes, and John Foster.

Citroën also investigated in the early seventies the possibility to produce helicopters using the Wankel engines manufactured by its subsidiary Comotor. The Anglican Cathedral has the longest nave, largest organ and heaviest and highest peal of bells in the world. In 2004 and 2005, French driver Sébastien Loeb won the Driver's Championship driving the Citroën Xsara WRC. Amongst its superlatives: Liverpool has the largest panel of stained glass in the world (in Liverpool Metropolitan Cathedral), the largest brick building in the world, and the first enclosed integrated dock system in the world. Citroën is a major competitor in the World Rally Championship, winning the constructor title in 2003, 2004 and 2005. In 2004 Liverpool's waterfront was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage site, the justification is Liverpool's importance in the development of world trading system and dock technology. The company's famous "double chevron" logo derives from André Citroën's early business in gear-cutting the company pioneered mass production of double helically-cut gear teeth, which mesh together in a chevron. The built environment of Liverpool contains over 2,500 listed buildings (26 Grade I and 85 Grade II*) it is the inheritance of high-minded public spirit since the later 18th century, largely with Dissenter impetus, that has resulted in more public sculpture than in any UK city aside from Westminster, more listed buildings than any city apart from London and, surprisingly, more Georgian houses than the City of Bath.

An old-fashioned nickname for Citroën cars is Citron (lemon, in French). They won the first Merseyside Derby. André Citroën's originally Dutch language family name was Citroen, meaning "lemon", as one of his grandfathers was a citrus seller ("limoenman") on Amsterdam's street markets. Everton have won nine league titles and the FA Cup five times, but have been in football's top flight for over 100 years, longer than any other team in the football league. C-Airplay Concept car (2005). Liverpool are historically the more successful of the two, having won 18 league titles, the European Cup five times and the FA Cup six times. C-SportLounge Concept car (2005). at Anfield.

C-Airlounge Concept car (2003). at Goodison Park and Liverpool F.C. C-Airdream Concept car (2002). Liverpool has two Premier League football clubs: Everton F.C. C-Crosser Concept car (2001). In light of Liverpool receiving Capital of Culture status, an effort has been created to bring the people of Liverpool together on an online dedicated Liverpool based forum called SpeakLiverpool. Pluriel Concept car (1999). In 2003, Liverpool was awarded status as European Capital of Culture for 2008 and property developer Grosvenor started a £750 million regeneration of part of the city centre.

Osée Pininfarina Concept car. The city is also home to several successful theatre companies, such as the Everyman & Playhouse and the Unity Theatre [6]. C6 Lignage Concept car (1999). Also from Liverpool is a writer, poet and author, who lives in Crosby, called John Haines, who uses the pen name Josh Rogan for fiction. C3 Lumière Concept car (1998). These three poets, sold more than a million copies of their first book of poetry The Liverpool Sound. Tulip (1995). The city also became well known for the Liverpool poets, of whom Roger McGough and the late Adrian Henri are among the best known.

Osmose Concept car. A flourishing orchestra, the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra performs in its own hall, the Philharmonic Hall. Xanae Concept car 1994. Despite widespead protest the work remained in place. Citella (1992). It was during this event in 2004 that Yoko Ono's work "My mother is beautiful" caused widespread public protest by exhibiting photographs of a naked woman's pubic area on the main shopping street. Activa II (1990). The festival generally runs from mid September to late November and comprises three main sections; the International, The Independents and New Contemporaries although many fringe events are timed to coincide.

Activa (1988). The Liverpool Biennial [5] is a festival of arts held (as the name implies) every two years. Zabrus Bertone Concept car (1986). The Tate Liverpool gallery houses the modern art collection of the Tate in the north of England. Eole Concept car (1986). Sudley House contains another major collection of pre 20th century art [4]. Eco 2000 (1984). Several pre-Raphaelites are among the important paintings in the Walker Art Gallery.

Xenia (1981). Liverpool has a vibrant artistic life. Karin (1980). They are noted for their distinctive accent and dialect, called Scouse. C44 (1980). Inhabitants of Liverpool are referred to as "Liverpudlians" and nicknamed "Scousers", though this term is often (erroneously) used to cover other Merseysiders. Prototype Y. For all of this period Liverpool's economy has grown faster than the national average and crime levels have remained lower than most other metropolitan areas in England and Wales, with recorded crime per head in Merseyside comparable to the national average — unusually low for an urban area.

2CV Pop (1973). A general economic and civic revival has been underway since the mid-nineties. GS Camargue (1972). Capitalising on the popularity of the 1960s pop group The Beatles and other groups of the Merseybeat era, tourism has also become a significant factor in Liverpool's economy. Mini-Zup (1972). In recent years, the city has emphasised its cultural attractions, winning the accolade of European Capital of Culture for 2008. Project F. A similar outpouring of grief and shock occurred in 1993 when two year-old James Bulger was killed by two ten year-old boys, Jon Venables and Robert Thompson, and again over the murders of Kenneth Bigley in 2004 and Anthony Walker in 2005.

C-60. It has since become clear that South Yorkshire Police made a range of mistakes at the game, though the senior officer in charge of the event retired soon after. Prototype C or Coccinelle. In particular this led to strong feeling in Liverpool because it was widely reported in the media that the Liverpool fans were at fault. G Van. This had a traumatic effect on people in both cities, and resulted in legally imposed changes in the way in which football fans have since been accommodated. Citroën Traction Avant 22CV. In 1989, 96 Liverpool fans died and many more were severely injured in the Hillsborough disaster at a football game in Sheffield.

350 to 850 aka Belphegor. Ultimately this led to 49 of the City's Councillors being removed from office by the unelected District Auditor, for refusing to make staff redundant or remove council services to reduce their spending. U23. The city council sank heavily into debt, as the City Council fought a campaign to prevent central government from reducing funding for local services. P46. Liverpool City Council was taken over by the far-left wing Militant group during the 1980s, under the de facto leadership of Derek Hatton (although Hatton was formally only Deputy Leader). P45 (1934-1953). In 1981 the infamous Toxteth Riots took place, during which, for the first time in the UK outside Northern Ireland, tear gas was used by police against civilians.

ZX (1991-1997). In the early 1980s unemployment rates in Liverpool were amongst the highest in the UK. Xsara (1997- ). The 1980s saw Liverpool's fortunes sink to their lowest point. Xantia (1993-2001). In 1974, it became a metropolitan district within the newly created metropolitan county of Merseyside. XM (1989-2000). Historically Liverpool was part of Lancashire, it became a county borough in 1888.

Visa (1978-1988). The advent of containerization meant that Liverpool's docks became largely obsolete. Type C C4-C6 (1928-1934). From the 1970s onwards Liverpool's docks and traditional manufacturing industries went into sharp decline. Type C C2-C3 (1922-1926). The city produced the distinctive Merseybeat sound, and, most famously, The Beatles. Type B (1921-1928). In the 1960s Liverpool became a centre of youth culture.

Type A (1919-1921). Declines in manufacturing and dock activity struck the city particularly hard. TUB (1939-1941). By 1985 the population had fallen to 460,000. Traction Avant (1934-1957). However, the city has been suffering since the 1950s with the loss of numerous employers. SM (1970-1975). Significant rebuilding followed the war, including massive housing estates and the Seaforth Dock, the largest dock project in Britain.

Saxo (1995-2003 ). John Lennon, one of the founding members of The Beatles, was born in Liverpool during an air-raid on October 9, 1940. Méhari (1968-1987). Although 'only' 2,500 people were killed, almost half the homes in the metropolitan area sustained some damage and 11,000 were totally destroyed. M35 (1970-1971). During World War II there were eighty air-raids on Merseyside, with an especially concentrated series of raids in May 1941 which interrupted operations at the docks for almost a week. LNA (1978-1986). The population of the city exceeded 850,000 in 1930.

LN (1976-1979). In 1884, 1900 and 1929, Eisteddfod were held in Liverpool. Jumper (1994- ). Liverpool was also home to a large Welsh population and was sometimes referred to as the Capital of North Wales. Jumpy (1995- ). Inspired by an old Venetian custom, Liverpool was 'married to the sea' in September 1928. H Van (1947-1981). The area of Gerard, Hunter, Lionel and Whale streets, off Scotland Road, was referred to as Little Italy.

GS and GSA (1970-1984). Aside from the large Irish community in Liverpool, there were other pockets of cultural diversity. FAF. However, it was changed to depart from Southampton instead. Evasion (1994-2002). The maiden voyage of Titanic was originally planned to depart from Liverpool, as Liverpool was its port of registration and the home of owners White Star Line. Elysée ZX derivative for the Chinese market. Bridget's alleged memoirs, which surfaced in the 1970s, said that Adolf stayed with them in 1912-1913, though this is much disputed and many believe the memoirs to be a forgery.[2] [3].

DS/ID (1955-1975). Adolf Hitler's half-brother Alois and his Irish sister-in-law Bridget Dowling are known to have lived in Upper Stanhope Street in the 1910s. Dyane (1967-1984). [1]. C35 (1974-1992). The formerly independent urban districts of Allerton, Childwall, Little Woolton and Much Woolton were added in 1913, and the parish of Speke added in 1932. C25 (1981-1993). During the first part of the 20th century Liverpool continued to expand, pulling in emigrants from Europe.

C15 (1984-2005). Liverpool was granted city status in 1880. C8 (2002- ). The last Confederate ship, the CSS Alabama, was built at Birkenhead on the Mersey and the CSS Shenandoah surrendered there. C7 (2007- ). When the American Civil War broke out Liverpool became a hot bed of intrigue. C6 (2005- ). George's Hall, Lime Street Station etc.).

C5 (2001- ). Liverpool expanded significantly in the 19th century and a number of major buildings were constructed (St. C4 (2004- ). By 1851, approximately 25% of the city was Irish-born. C3 (2003- ). During the 1840's, the Irish began arriving by the thousands due to the Great Famine 1845-1849. C2 (2004- ). By the beginning of the 19th century, 40% of the world's trade was passing through the docks at Liverpool.

C1 (2005- ). Liverpool's black community dates from this period and grew rapidly, reaching a population of 10,000 within five years. CX (1974-1989). Substantial profits from the slave trade helped the town grow and prosper. BX (1982-1994). The first wet dock in Britain was built in Liverpool in 1715. Berlingo (1996- ). In the 18th century, as trade from the West Indies was added to that of Ireland and Europe, Liverpool began to grow.

AX (1986-1998). From that time may be traced the rapid progress of population and commerce, until Liverpool had become the second metropolis of Great Britain. Axel (1984-1988). In 1699 Liverpool was made a parish on its own by Act of Parliament, separate from that of Walton-on-the-Hill, with two parish churches. Ami Super (1973-1976). Neither is there any remarkable occurrence recorded of it except the siege of it by Prince Rupert, in the English Civil Wars in 1644, some traces of which were discovered when the foundation of the Liverpool Infirmary was sunk, particularly the marks of the trenches thrown up by the prince, and some cartouches, etc., left behind by the besiegers. Ami 8 (1969-1979). From this time until the end of the next century, Liverpool made but a slow progress in the extent of its trade and in the number of its inhabitants.

Ami 6 (1961-1971). In 1571 the inhabitants of Liverpool sent a memorial to Queen Elizabeth, praying relief from a subsidy which they thought themselves unable to bear, wherein they styled themselves "her majesty's poor decayed town of Liverpool." Some time towards the close of this reign, Henry Stanley, 4th Earl of Derby, on his way to the Isle of Man, stayed at his house at Liverpool called the Tower; at which the corporation erected a handsome hall or seat for him in the church, where he honoured them several times with his presence. Acadiane (1978-1987). A number of battles for the town were waged during the English Civil War, including an eighteen-day siege in 1644. 10CV. In the middle of the 16th century the population of Liverpool was only around 500, and the port was regarded as subordinate to Chester until the 1650s. 8CV Rosalie (1932-1935). For four centuries, Liverpool was relatively unimportant.

2CV (1948-1990). Initially it served as a dispatch point for troops sent to Ireland, soon after Liverpool Castle was built, which was removed in 1726. It is thought that the king wanted a port in the district that was free from the control of the earl of Chester. The origins of the city are usually dated from August 1207 when letters patent were issued by King John advertising the establishment of a new borough at Liverpool, and inviting settlers to come and take up holdings there. Other origins of the name have been suggested, including 'elverpool', a reference to the large number of eels in the Mersey.

In 1190 the place was known as 'Liuerpul', meaning a pool or creek with muddy water. .
. It faces Wallasey and Birkenhead across the River Mersey.

The city's urban area runs directly into Bootle and Crosby in Sefton, Huyton and Prescot in Knowsley. Liverpool has a varied topography being built across a ridge of hills rising up to a height of around 70 metres above sea-level at Everton Hill. Liverpool is situated along the eastern side of the Mersey Estuary, with the city centre located about 5 miles inland from the Irish Sea. Liverpool is Great Britain's 5th-biggest city.

Liverpool is one of England's core cities. In the year 2008, Liverpool will hold the European Capital of Culture title. and Liverpool F.C. In sporting terms, it is home to the internationally-known football clubs Everton F.C.

Whilst it has lost most of its manufacturing base, Liverpool is still internationally famous as a port. The population of the borough in 2002 was 441,477, and that of the Merseyside conurbation was 1,362,026. The city is governed by Liverpool City Council, one of five councils within the Metropolitan county of Merseyside. Liverpool is a city and metropolitan borough in Northwest England.

Walton, Wavertree, West Derby, Woolton. Toxteth, Tuebrook. St Michael's Hamlet, Sefton Park, Speke, Stoneycroft. Old Swan.

Netherley, Norris Green. Mossley Hill. Kirkdale, Knotty Ash. Kensington.

Hunts Cross. Garston, Gateacre, Grassendale. Fairfield, Fazakerley. Edge Hill, Everton.

Dingle. Childwall, Clubmoor, Cressington, Croxteth. Broadgreen. Aigburth, Allerton, Anfield.

The 51st State (2002). Revengers Tragedy (2002). Going Off Big Time (2000). Liam (2000).

Three Businessmen (1999). Rich Deceiver (1995). An Awfully Big Adventure (1995). Priest (1994).

Dark Summer (1994). Blood on the Dole (1994). The Bullion Boys (1993). The Long Day Closes (1992).

Dancin' Thru the Dark (1990). Shirley Valentine (1989). The Fruit Machine (1988). Distant Voices, Still Lives (1988).

No Surrender (1985). Letter to Brezhnev (1985). Educating Rita (1983) (Filmed in Dublin). Gumshoe (1971) starring Albert Finney.

The Reckoning (1969). Ferry 'Cross The Mersey (1965) Gerry & The Pacemakers. Beyond This Place (1959). Violent Playground (1958).

The Magnet (1950) filmed in New Brighton & Liverpool. Waterfront (1949). Penny Paradise (1938). The Arrest of Goudie (1901) arguably the world's first filmed crime reconstruction by Mitchell and Kenyon.

Church of Our Lady and Saint Nicholas the seafarers church and Liverpool parish church. Church of St Luke, Liverpool. Princes Road Synagogue. Liverpool Metropolitan Cathedral of Christ the King (Roman Catholic),.

Liverpool Cathedral (Anglican). Gustav Adolfus Kyrka The Swedish Seamen's Church. Greek Orthodox Church of St Nicholas. Unity.

Royal Court. The Playhouse. Philharmonic Hall. Neptune.

Everyman. Empire. Williamson's tunnels. William Brown Library.

Wellington's Column. Walker Art Gallery. Town-Hall. The Beatles Story.

Stanley Dock Tobacco Warehouse. St George’s Hall. Quiggins. Port of Liverpool Building.

Pier Head. The Philharmonic Dining Rooms. Oriel Chambers design by Peter Ellis. Museum of Liverpool Life.

Merseyside Maritime Museum. Liverpool University. Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine. Liverpool John Moores University.

Royal Liver Building. Lime Street Station. Cunard Building. Cast Iron Shore.

Bluecoat Arts Centre. Albert Dock.