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The Chronicles of Narnia

The cover to an audio book edition of The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe by C. S. Lewis, with artwork by Leo and Diane Dillon

The Chronicles of Narnia is a series of seven fantasy novels for children written by C.S. Lewis. It is considered a classic of children's literature and is perhaps the author's best known work. More than 95 million copies of the books have been sold in 41 languages. Written by Lewis between 1950 and 1956, The Chronicles of Narnia contains Christian themes and borrows from Greek and Roman mythology as well as traditional English and Irish fairy tales. The books have been adapted for radio, television, stage and cinema. Pauline Baynes illustrated the original books in the series.

The Chronicles present the adventures of children who play central roles in the unfolding history of the realm of Narnia, a place where animals talk, magic is common, and good is fighting evil.

The books

The books that make up The Chronicles of Narnia are presented below in the order in which they were originally published (see reading order below). They are by far the most popular of C.S. Lewis' works having sold more than 95 million copies in 41 languages. (Guthmann 2005)

Spoiler warning: Plot and/or ending details follow.

The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe

The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, published in 1950 by C.S. Lewis, tells the story of four ordinary children, Peter, Susan, Edmund and Lucy Pevensie. They discover that a professor's wardrobe leads to the magical land of Narnia, and help to save it from the evil White Witch. They are helped in their quest by several creatures, including Aslan the Lion, the guardian of Narnia. The tale culminates in an epic battle against the forces of the witch.

Prince Caspian

Published in 1951, Prince Caspian: The Return to Narnia tells the story of the Pevensie children's second trip to Narnia where they discover that an evil king from Telmar has taken control of Narnia. This foreign ruler has tried to kill off the magical creatures of Narnia, but there are still many hiding in the remote corners of the land. The four children help the young Prince Caspian organize his army of Talking Beasts, and, with the help of the great lion Aslan, Narnia is once more freed of evil.

The Voyage of the Dawn Treader

Published in 1952, The Voyage of the Dawn Treader returns Edmund and Lucy Pevensie, along with their priggish cousin, Eustace Scrubb, to Narnia. Once there they accompany King Caspian on a voyage to find the seven lords who were banished when Caspian's evil uncle Miraz stole the throne. This perilous journey brings them face to face with many wonders and dangers as they sail toward Aslan's country at the end of the world.

The Silver Chair

Published in 1953, The Silver Chair is the first book without the Pevensie children. Instead, Aslan calls Eustace back to Narnia together with his fellow student Jill Pole. There they are given four clues to find Prince Rilian who is missing. Eustace and Jill face danger before finding Rilian and breaking him free from the spell of the Emerald Witch.

The Horse and His Boy

Published in 1954, The Horse and His Boy tells the story of Bree, a talking horse, and Shasta, a young boy, who have been held in bondage in a country to the South of Narnia. By chance, one day they meet and plan their return to Narnia and freedom. On their journey they discover that the Calormenes are about to invade Narnia and sound the alarm. This chronicle is set during the reign of the Pevensie Children as Kings and Queens of Narnia.

The Magician's Nephew

Published in 1955, the prequel The Magician's Nephew brings us back to the very beginning of Narnia where we learn how Aslan created the world and how evil first entered it. Many mysteries of Narnia are revealed as another group of children stumble into Narnia via an entirely different route.

The Last Battle

Published in 1956 and awarded the Carnegie Medal, The Last Battle chronicles the end of the world of Narnia. Jill and Eustace are returned to Narnia to help save it from treacherous invaders and a false Aslan.

Reading order

Fans of the series often have strong opinions over the correct ordering of the books. When the books were originally published, they were not numbered. The first American publisher, Macmillan, put numbers on the books in the order in which they were published. When HarperCollins took over the series, the books were renumbered using the internal chronological order, as suggested by Lewis's stepson, Douglas Gresham.


Gresham quoted Lewis's reply to a letter from an American fan in 1957 who was having an argument with his mother about the order:

Fans of the series who appreciate the original order believe that Lewis was only being polite to a child and that he could have changed the order in his lifetime had he so desired. (Brady 2005) It's clear from the texts that The Lion was the first book—and that The Magician's Nephew was not. For instance, in The Lion, when Aslan is first mentioned, Lewis says,

and the story ends,

Prince Caspian, which is subtitled "The Return to Narnia", refers to "the other story".

By contrast, in The Magician's Nephew, Lewis is filling in some of the back-story of the series. It begins,

and ends,

Another argument put forth by fans of the original order is that an early reading of The Magician's Nephew spoils much of the wonder felt upon discovering Narnia through the wardrobe in LWW. Story events such as the creation story, the origin of the White Witch, the active wood of which the wardrobe is made, and the identity of the professor are all described before the reader knows much about Narnia or the story of the White Witch. For this reason, many think that children are deprived of the mystery that could have existed for them had the original order been used. This argument hinges partly on the claim that Chronology is not equivalent to Narrative.

It is important to keep in mind that this dispute only applies to the first reading of the books. For re-reading, as Lewis said, "perhaps it does not matter very much". Ironically, Douglas Gresham, who pushed the publishers to reorder the books, is now the co-producer of the Narnia film series—which is being made in the original order.

Christian parallels

The Chronicles of Narnia contain many allusions to Christian ideas which are easily accessible to younger readers; however, the books are not weighty, and can be read for their adventure, colour, and mythological ideas alone. Because of this, The Chronicles of Narnia have become favourites with both children and adults, Christians and non-Christians.

Although he did not set out to do so, in the process of writing his fantasy works, Lewis (an adult convert to Christianity) found himself incorporating Christian theological concepts into his stories. As he wrote in Of Other Worlds:

Lewis, an expert on the subject of allegory, himself maintained that the books were not allegory, and preferred to call the Christian aspects of them "suppositional". This is similar to what we would now call alternative history. As he wrote in a letter to a Mrs. Hook in December of 1958:

With the release of 2005 Disney movie there has been renewed interest in the Christian parallels found in the books. Some find them distasteful, while noting that they are easy to miss if you are not familiar with Christianity. (Toynbee 2005) Alan Jacobs, author of The Narnian: The Life and Imaginaton of C.S. Lewis, says flatly that Lewis has become "a pawn in America's culture wars" (Jacobs 2005). Some Christians see the chronicles as excellent tools for Christian evangelism. (Kent 2005)

Many parts of the books may seem rather out-of-place, but make sense in light of the symbolism they carry. In the 5th book in the series, The Voyage of the Dawn Treader, Aslan turns from a lamb into a lion and tells the children that he brought them to Narnia to learn his other name on Earth. Christ was called the Lamb of God in Bible, and it is almost certain that he meant the name Jesus. Also, in The Silver Chair, the dead King Caspian is brought to Aslan's terriritory, where Caspian lay in a river. Aslan commands Eustace to prick his paw with a thorn, and Aslan lets the blood drop on Caspian, who in turn comes alive. This is symbolic of how only Jesus's blood when he died on the cross could bring man to heaven (and give them life), and the water that purifies. The thorn is symbolic of the crown of thorns, and that Eustace pricked his paw is symbolic of how man put Christ on the cross. In the Bible, Jesus is also referred to as the Lion of the Tribe of Judea.

Pagan influences

There are many Christians who feel that The Chronicles of Narnia promotes soft sell paganism and occultism, because of the recurring pagan themes and the heretical depictions of Christ as an anthropomorphic lion. Satyrs, fauns, centaurs, dwarves, werewolves, giants, and even the pagan god Bacchus and the Maenads are depicted in a positive light, when they are distinctly pagan motifs. Even an animistic "River god" is portrayed in a positive light. (Chattaway 2005), (Berit 2005) According to Josh Hurst from Christianity Today, "not only was Lewis hesitant to call his books Christian allegory, but the stories borrow just as much from pagan mythology as they do the Bible."(Hurst 2005) However, the mythological creatures in the stories are portrayed just as normal an animal as all the other, real species talking animals, and not in a pagan-religious light.[citation needed] The Pagan Gods seem to be under the rule of Aslan (and not as great) and perhaps were supposed to be seen as mortal. Therefore the Lion was was King over all in Narnia, including the pagan Gods, which is why many christians don't find the mythology offensive.[citation needed] In any case, most childrens fantasy contain mythological creatures.[citation needed]

Drew Trotter, PhD, president of the Center for Christian Study, noted that the producers of the film version of The Chronicles of Narnia felt that The Chronicles of Narnia closely follows the archetypal pattern of the monomyth as detailed in Joseph Campbell's The Hero With a Thousand Faces. [1] Joseph Campbell himself felt that the New Testament adhered to the archetypal monomyth and was but "one version of mythic stories that can be found in many cultures."[2] Both The Chronicles of Narnia and the New Testament are rife with Jungian archetypal imagery.

A religious studies professor, Dennis R. MacDonald, PhD, who teaches at the Claremont School of Theology, has written numerous books stating that portions of the New Testament are actually derived from Classical pagan Greek literature like the Iliad and the Odyssey of Homer(MacDonald 2000), (MacDonald 2003) though the actual resemblance between the two are very mild, and in the stories are woven deep and unique biblical elements. Assuming that Lewis did indeed base aspects of The Chronicles of Narnia on the New Testament, Lewis might have, in fact, been infusing pagan symbolism, allegory, and supposition into The Chronicles of Narnia.

CS Lewis himself stated in an essay called Is Theism Important?:

Influences on Narnia

Writing

C. S. Lewis, author of the Narnia Chronicles

Lewis' early life has echoes within the Chronicles. Born in Belfast, Ireland in 1898, Lewis' family moved to a large house in the country when he was seven. The house contained long hallways and empty rooms, and Lewis and his brother invented make-believe worlds while exploring their home. Like Caspian and Tirian, Lewis lost his mother at an early age, and like Edmund, Jill and Eustace, he spent a long, miserable time in English boarding schools. During World War II, many children were evacuated from London because of air raids. Some of these children stayed with Lewis at his home in Oxford. (Wilson 2005)

Lewis was part of the Inklings, a literary discussion group associated with the University of Oxford, England. Its members included such notables as J. R. R. Tolkien, Charles Williams and Hugo Dyson. Readings and discussions of the members' unfinished works were the principal purposes of meetings. These readings and discussions were usually held on Thursday evenings in C. S. Lewis's college rooms at Magdalen College. The Inklings were also known to gather at a local pub, The Eagle and Child.

Name

According to Paul Ford's Companion to Narnia: There is no indication that Lewis was alluding to the ancient Umbrian city Nequinium, renamed Narnia (after the river Nar, a tributary of the Tiber) by the conquering Romans in 299 BC. However, since Lewis's first successes at Oxford were in the classics and ancient history, it is quite possible that he came across at least seven references to Narnia in Latin literature. (Ford 2005)

Narnia's influence on others

Influence on authors

A more recent British series of novels, Philip Pullman's His Dark Materials, has been seen as an "answer" to the Narnia books. Pullman's series favours science and reason over religion, wholly rejecting the themes of Christian theology which permeate the Narnia series, but has many of the same issues, subject matter, and types of characters (including talking animals) as the Chronicles of Narnia.

The short story The Problem of Susan[3] written by Neil Gaiman tells the story of Susan Pevensie long after the conclusion of Lewis' series (available in Flights: Extreme Visions of Fantasy edited by Al Sarrantonio). Additionally, Gaiman's Sandman graphic novel series, in its story arc entitled "A Game of You", features a Narnia-like "dream island".

Science fiction author Greg Egan's short story 'Oracle' depicts a parallel universe with an author nicknamed "Jack" who has written novels about the fictional Kingdom of Nesica, and whose wife is dying of cancer. The story uses several Narnian allegories to explore issues of religion and faith versus science and knowledge.

Influence on popular culture

As one would expect with any popular, long lived work, references to The Chronicles of Narnia are relatively common in pop-culture. References to the lion Aslan, travelling via wardrobe, and direct references to The Chronicles of Narnia occur in books, television, songs, games and graphic novels. Recently, Chris Parnell and Andy Samberg from Saturday Night Live did a skit where they rapped about a trip to see The Lion, The Witch, and The Wardrobe at a movie theater. In addition to appearances in mainstream pop-culture, references to Narnia are even more prevalent among Christian recording artists — for example, the Christian melodic metal band Narnia.

Criticism

C.S. Lewis and the Chronicles of Narnia series have received various criticisms over the years, much of it by fellow authors. Allegations of sexism centre around the description of Susan Pevensie in The Last Battle. Lewis characterizes Susan as being "no longer a friend of Narnia" and interested "in nothing nowadays except lipstick, nylons and invitations".

J.K. Rowling, author of the Harry Potter series, has said:

Philip Pullman author of the His Dark Materials trilogy, interprets it this way:

But others oppose this view, arguing that the "lipsticks, nylons and invitations" quote is taken out of context and that Susan is excluded from Narnia in The Last Battle specifically because she no longer believes in it. Moreover, in The Horse and his Boy, Susan's adulthood and sexual maturity is portrayed in a positive light. They also cite the positive roles of women in the series, like Lucy Pevensie and Aravis Tarkheena, who are main characters in the The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe and The Horse and His Boy, respectively. It is asserted that Lucy is the most admirable of the human characters, and that in general the girls come off better than the boys through the stories. (Anderson 2005), (Rilstone 2005), (Jacobs 2005)

In addition to the sexism accusation, Pullman has also implicated The Chronicles of Narnia series in fostering racism. He writes:

The racism critique is based on a perceived negative representation of other races and religions, particularly the Calormenes, as enemies of Aslan and Narnia (Hensher 1998). The Calormenes are described as dark-skinned people who wear turbans and pointy slippers and are armed with scimitars. This depiction has been cited as a blatant comparison to the traditional attire of Islam and Sikhism, although critics ignore the fact that the polytheistic Calormene religion bears no resemblance to Islam. The Calormenes worship a main "false god" Tash, who is portrayed as a stereotypical Satanic being requiring evil deeds and sacrifices from his followers.

There are Calormene characters portrayed in a positive light throughout the series. In The Horse and His Boy, one of the main characters, Aravis, is a female Calormene princess that ends up marrying an Archenlander prince of white ethnicity. In The Last Battle, the Calormene Emeth is accepted by Aslan although he is a worshiper of Tash. (Nelson 2005, pp. B14)

Lewis supporters point to the fact that Lewis writings have a particularly British Victorian era flavour that was much in fashion during his lifetime, but that may be seen as politically incorrect nowadays. The fact that Lewis and other similar-minded contemporaries such as J.R.R. Tolkien and Charles Williams remained popular over such a long period of time suggests to some that many of the criticisms which have been voiced are minority views, not thought to be significant by the reading public. O'Connor writes, "In his time, people thought it was amusing to make fun of other cultures. We don't. Read the stories, ask questions, and remember that the person who wrote this story was altogether too human."

Some of the criticism may be related to Narnia's Christian content. According to Jacobs, "Those who dislike Christianity itself can be far more harsh: Thus the English novelist Philip Hensher chastised Lewis a few years ago because his books 'corrupt the minds of the young with allegory,' and suggested (only half-jokingly, I think) that parents should give their children 'Last Exit to Brooklyn' to read rather than a Narnia tale."

The Narnia universe

Most of The Chronicles of Narnia take place in the world of Narnia. The Narnian world itself is one world in a multiverse of countless worlds including our own. Passage between these worlds is possible though rare and may be accomplished in various fashions. Visitors to Narnia observe that the passage of time while they are away is unpredictable. Narnia itself is populated by a wide variety of creatures most of whom would be recognizable to those familiar with Roman/Norse mythology and Irish/English fairy tales.

Narnia in other media

Television

The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe was first turned into a television series in 1967. The ten episodes, each thirty minutes long, were directed by Helen Standage. The screenplay was written by Trevor Preston. Unlike subsequent adaptations, it is currently unavailable to purchase for home viewing.

The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe was turned into an animated television special in 1979. It was a co-production of Bill Melendez (Charlie Brown) and the Children's Television Workshop (Sesame Street and The Electric Company). The screenplay was by David D. Connell. It won the Emmy award for Outstanding Animated Program that year.

The Chronicles of Narnia were turned into a series of successful BBC television miniseries in 1988–1990 (see The Chronicles of Narnia (TV miniseries)). They were nominated for a total of 14 awards, including an Emmy in the category of Outstanding Children's Program. Only The Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe, Prince Caspian, The Voyage of the Dawn Treader, and The Silver Chair were filmed. The four miniseries were later edited into three feature-length films (combining Prince Caspian and The Voyage of the Dawn Treader) and released on DVD.

Radio

The critically acclaimed BBC Radio 4 dramatization was produced in the 1980s. Collectively titled Tales of Narnia it covers the entire series and is approximately 15 hours long.

Between 1999 and 2002 Focus on the Family produced radio dramatizations of all 7 books[4]. Production included a cast of over 100 actors, an original orchestral score and cinema-quality digital sound design. Total running time is slightly over 22 hours. Douglas Gresham, the stepson of C.S. Lewis, hosts the series. From the Focus on the Family website:

Stage

In 1998 the Royal Shakespeare Theatre premiered The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe. Dramatized by Adrian Mitchell and originally directed by Adrian Noble with revival directed by Lucy Pitman-Wallace, the production was well received and ran during the holiday season from 1998 to 2002.[5] The London Evening Standard wrote:

There are also other dramatisations including musicals of The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe and The Magician's Nephew that have been performed in various community playhouses in recent years. Adaptations were created by Irita Kutchmy [6]; Jules Tasca, Thomas Tierney & Ted Drachman[7]; Adrian Mitchell[8]; Joseph Robinette[9]; and Aurand Harris[10].

Cinema

The Pevensie children in the film version of The Lion, The Witch, and the Wardrobe

A film version of The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, titled The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, produced by both Walt Disney Pictures and Walden Media, was released in December 2005. It was directed by Andrew Adamson. The screenplay was written by Ann Peacock. Principal photography for the film took place in Poland, Czech Republic and New Zealand. The movie achieved critical and box office success, and it seems likely that Disney will produce a sequel The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian with an expected release date of December 2007.

Music

A musical retelling of the The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe was released in 1980 by Contemporary Christian group 2nd Chapter of Acts. It was titled The Roar of Love.

Further reading

  • Duriez, Colin. A Field Guide to Narnia. InterVarsity Press, 2004.
  • Ford, Paul. Companion to Narnia, Revised Edition. HarperSanFrancisco, revised edition 2005.
  • Ditchfield, Christin. A Family Guide to Narnia: Biblical Truths in C.S. Lewis's the Chronicles of Narnia. Crossway Books, 2003.
  • Bruner, Kurt & Ware, Jim. Finding God in the Land of Narnia. Tyndale House Publishers, 2005.
  • Williams, Thomas. The Heart of the Chronicles of Narnia: Knowing God Here by Finding Him There. W Publishing Group, 2005.
  • Wagner, Richard. C.S. Lewis & Narnia For Dummies. For Dummies, 2005.
  • A Guide for Using The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe in the Classroom. Teacher Created Resources, 2000.
  • The Lion, Witch & Wardrobe Study Guide. Progeny Press, 1993.
  • The Magician's Nephew Study Guide. Progeny Press, 1997.
  • Prince Caspian Study Guide. Progeny Press, 2003.
  • Jacobs, Alan. The Narnian: The Life and Imagination of C.S. Lewis. HarperSanFrancisco, 2005.

References

  • Martindale, Wayne & Root, Jerry (1990), The Quotable Lewis, Tyndale House, ISBN 0-8423-5115-9
  • Dorsett, Lyle & Mead, Marjorie (1996), C. S. Lewis' Letters to Children, Scribner, ISBN 0-6848-2372-1
  • Smith, Neil (2005), "Narnia Christian link played down", BBC News
  • Pullman, Philip (1998), "The Darkside of Narnia", The Guardian [11]
  • Hensher, Philip (1998), "Don't let your children go to Narnia: C.S. Lewis's books are racist and misogynist", The Independent(London)
  • Nelson, Michael (2005), "For the Love of Narnia", The Chronicle of Higher Education, vol. 52, no. 15, pp. B14
  • Grossman, Lev (2005), "J.K. Rowling Hogwarts And All", Time, vol. 166, no. 4
  • Swinton, Tilda (2005), "Narnia Christian link played down", BBC News
  • Anderson, R.J. (2005), "The Problem with Susan", Parabolic Extensions
  • Rilstone, Andrew (2005), "Lipstick on My Scholar", The Life and Opinions of Andrew Rilstone
  • OConnor, Kyrie (2005), "5th Narnia book may not see big screen", The Indianapolis Star
  • Toynbee, Polly (2005), "Narnia represents everything that is most hateful about religion", The Guardian
  • Kent, Keri Wyatt (2005), "Talking Narnia to Your Neighbors", Christianity Today, no. November/December
  • Gopnik, Adam (2005), "Prisoner of Narnia", The New Yorker
  • Brady, Erik (2005), "A Closer Look at the World of 'Narnia'", The USA Today
  • Ford, Paul (2005), Companion to Narnia, Revised Edition, Harper, SanFrancisco, ISBN 0-0607-9127-6
  • Wilson, Tracy (2005), "How Narnia Works", How Stuff Works
  • Guthmann, Edward (2005), "'Narnia' tries to cash in on dual audience", San Francisco Chronicle
  • Jacobs, Alan (2005), "The professor, the Christian, and the storyteller", The Boston Globe
  • Lewis, C.S. (1994), God in the Dock: Essays on Theology and Ethics, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 0802808689
  • Kjos, Berit (2005), Narnia: Blending Truth and Myth, Kjos Ministries
  • MacDonald, Dennis R. (2000), The Homeric Epics and the Gospel of Mark, IISBN 0300080123
  • MacDonald, Dennis R. (2003), Does the New Testament Imitate Homer?, IISBN 0300097700
  • Chattaway, Peter T. (2005), Narnia 'baptizes' - and defends - pagan mythology, Canadian Christianity, ISBN
  • Hurst, Josh (2005), Nine Minutes of Narnia, Christianity Today
  • Campbell, Joseph (1991), The Masks of God: Occidental Mythology, ISBN 014019441X
  • Campbell, Joseph (1972), The Hero With a Thousand Faces, ISBN 0691017840

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It was titled The Roar of Love. This deficiency was the focus of an extended passage in the Douglas Adams novel The Long Dark Tea-Time of the Soul. A musical retelling of the The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe was released in 1980 by Contemporary Christian group 2nd Chapter of Acts. Until the early 1990s, pizza delivery was relatively unavailable in England. The movie achieved critical and box office success, and it seems likely that Disney will produce a sequel The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian with an expected release date of December 2007. Pizza has also been used in teaching fractions and in computer games, such as Pizza Tycoon. Principal photography for the film took place in Poland, Czech Republic and New Zealand. Pizza was the food of choice of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles.

The screenplay was written by Ann Peacock. Pizza plays a prominent role in other films, such as Loverboy, Mystic Pizza and Spike Lee's Do the Right Thing. It was directed by Andrew Adamson. In the film Splendor in the Grass, set in 1929, the character Bud Stamper visits a New Haven pizzeria (see also apizza) as a freshman at Yale University, and has to ask the waitress, "What is pizza?" In the 1920s, pizza would have been virtually unknown to a non-Italian Midwesterner. A film version of The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, titled The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, produced by both Walt Disney Pictures and Walden Media, was released in December 2005. Recently, frozen pizzas with a rising-crust have appeared on the market. Adaptations were created by Irita Kutchmy [6]; Jules Tasca, Thomas Tierney & Ted Drachman[7]; Adrian Mitchell[8]; Joseph Robinette[9]; and Aurand Harris[10]. Frozen pizzas are generally considered inferior in quality to pizzeria-made pizzas, though there are some exemplary frozen pizzas.

There are also other dramatisations including musicals of The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe and The Magician's Nephew that have been performed in various community playhouses in recent years. In Japan, where full-size ovens are a rarity in the home, pizza toast is a popular version. Dramatized by Adrian Mitchell and originally directed by Adrian Noble with revival directed by Lucy Pitman-Wallace, the production was well received and ran during the holiday season from 1998 to 2002.[5] The London Evening Standard wrote:. In some countries, creations such as pita pizza, bagel pizza, and tortilla pizza are popular, especially with children. In 1998 the Royal Shakespeare Theatre premiered The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe. In home-made pizza, there are many variations on the bread used for crust. From the Focus on the Family website:. Greek pizza, like Chicago-style pizza, is baked in a pan rather than directly on the bricks of the pizza oven.

Lewis, hosts the series. Another option is grilled pizza, in which the crust is baked directly on a barbecue grill. Douglas Gresham, the stepson of C.S. When making pizza at home, it can be baked on a "pizza stone" in a regular oven to imitate the effect of a brick oven. Total running time is slightly over 22 hours. On deck ovens, the pizza can be slid into the oven on a long paddle called a peel and baked directly on the hot bricks or baked on a screen (a round metal pan that has holes in it like a screen). Production included a cast of over 100 actors, an original orchestral score and cinema-quality digital sound design. In restaurants, pizza can be baked in a gas deck (stone bricks above the heat source) oven, an electric deck oven, a conveyor belt oven or, in the case of more expensive restaurants, a wood- or coal-fired brick oven.

Between 1999 and 2002 Focus on the Family produced radio dramatizations of all 7 books[4]. Some pizzas are now made with a cheese-filled crust. Collectively titled Tales of Narnia it covers the entire series and is approximately 15 hours long. The crust can be very thick as in Chicago-style pizza or almost non-existent as in the Roman pizza. The critically acclaimed BBC Radio 4 dramatization was produced in the 1980s. Pizza may be baked with a thin bread bottom (Italian or "hand-tossed" style) or with thicker bread (pan pizza). The four miniseries were later edited into three feature-length films (combining Prince Caspian and The Voyage of the Dawn Treader) and released on DVD. "Supreme" pizzas typically include a thick layer of many different toppings.

Only The Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe, Prince Caspian, The Voyage of the Dawn Treader, and The Silver Chair were filmed. Breakfast pizzas are topped with ingredients such as scrambled eggs. They were nominated for a total of 14 awards, including an Emmy in the category of Outstanding Children's Program. Pizzas can also be made without meat for vegetarians, and without cheese for vegans. The Chronicles of Narnia were turned into a series of successful BBC television miniseries in 1988–1990 (see The Chronicles of Narnia (TV miniseries)). These pizzas consist of the same basic design but include an exceptionally diverse choice of ingredients, such as anchovies, egg, pineapple, grilled lamb, coconut, sauerkraut, eggplant, lamb, couscous, chicken, fish, and shellfish, meats done in ethnic styles such as Moroccan lamb, kebab or even chicken tikka masala, and non-traditional spices such as curry and Thai sweet chili. It won the Emmy award for Outstanding Animated Program that year. In recent years, pizza has become an international food since the toppings can be extensively varied to meet local variations in taste.

Connell. Lately, frozen pizzas with completely raw ingredients have also begun to appear. The screenplay was by David D. Traditionally the dough is somewhat pre-baked and other ingredients are also sometimes pre-cooked. It was a co-production of Bill Melendez (Charlie Brown) and the Children's Television Workshop (Sesame Street and The Electric Company). Modified corn starch is commonly used as a moisture barrier between the sauce and crust. The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe was turned into an animated television special in 1979. The main challenges include preventing the sauce from combining with the dough and producing a crust that can be frozen and reheated without becoming rigid.

Unlike subsequent adaptations, it is currently unavailable to purchase for home viewing. Considerable amounts of food technology has gone into the creation of palatable frozen pizzas. The screenplay was written by Trevor Preston. Pizza is also found in supermarkets as a frozen food. The ten episodes, each thirty minutes long, were directed by Helen Standage. These national pizza chains often coexist with locally-owned pizza restaurants. The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe was first turned into a television series in 1967. Even Pizza Hut has shifted its emphasis away from pizza parlors and toward home delivery.

Narnia itself is populated by a wide variety of creatures most of whom would be recognizable to those familiar with Roman/Norse mythology and Irish/English fairy tales. Today, the pizza business is dominated by companies that specialize in home delivery, including Domino's, Little Caesar's, and Papa John's. Visitors to Narnia observe that the passage of time while they are away is unpredictable. Some later entrants to the dine-in pizza market were Happy Joe's, California Pizza Kitchen, and Round Table Pizza. Passage between these worlds is possible though rare and may be accomplished in various fashions. Some leading early pizza chains were Shakey's Pizza (inventor of the term pizza parlor; formerly, the term pizzeria was preferred) and Pizza Hut, both founded in 1954, in Sacramento and Wichita, respectively. The Narnian world itself is one world in a multiverse of countless worlds including our own. With its rising popularity in the 1950s, especially in the US, pizza became a component of the growing chain-restaurant industry.

Most of The Chronicles of Narnia take place in the world of Narnia. The American troops involved in the Italian campaign took their appreciation for the dish back home. According to Jacobs, "Those who dislike Christianity itself can be far more harsh: Thus the English novelist Philip Hensher chastised Lewis a few years ago because his books 'corrupt the minds of the young with allegory,' and suggested (only half-jokingly, I think) that parents should give their children 'Last Exit to Brooklyn' to read rather than a Narnia tale.". Although the birthplace of modern day pizza is Naples, local bakers were at a loss to satisfy the demand from American soldiers. Some of the criticism may be related to Narnia's Christian content. The international breakthrough came after World War II. Read the stories, ask questions, and remember that the person who wrote this story was altogether too human.". At this point in time in the U.S., pizza consumption was still limited mostly to Italian immigrants.

We don't. The D'Amore family brought pizza to Los Angeles in 1939. O'Connor writes, "In his time, people thought it was amusing to make fun of other cultures. Boston was introduced to pizza in 1926 by Anthony Polcari when he opened Pizzeria Regina in Boston's North End. Tolkien and Charles Williams remained popular over such a long period of time suggests to some that many of the criticisms which have been voiced are minority views, not thought to be significant by the reading public. Frank Pepe Pizzeria Napoletana opened in New Haven in 1925. The fact that Lewis and other similar-minded contemporaries such as J.R.R. In 1924, Totonno left Lombardi's to open his own pizzeria on Coney Island called Totonno's.

Lewis supporters point to the fact that Lewis writings have a particularly British Victorian era flavour that was much in fashion during his lifetime, but that may be seen as politically incorrect nowadays. On November 10th, 2005, Lombardi's celebrated its 100th anniversary by selling pizzas at the 1905 price, 5 cents, for the whole day. B14). It was closed in 1984 and then reopened in 1994 a block down, at 32 Spring Street. (Nelson 2005, pp. The price for an entire pizza was 5 cents, but since many people couldn't afford the cost of a whole pie, they could rather say how much they could pay and they were given a slice corresponding to the amount offered (not unlike the method by which pizza is often sold in Italy today). In The Last Battle, the Calormene Emeth is accepted by Aslan although he is a worshiper of Tash. Their pizza became so popular, Lombardi opened the first US pizzeria in 1905 at 53 1/3 Spring Street [4], naming it simply Lombardi's.

In The Horse and His Boy, one of the main characters, Aravis, is a female Calormene princess that ends up marrying an Archenlander prince of white ethnicity. An employee of his, Antonio Totonno Pero (also an Italian immigrant) began making pizza for the store to sell. There are Calormene characters portrayed in a positive light throughout the series. An Italian immigrant to the US in 1897 named Gennaro Lombardi opened a small grocery store in New York's Little Italy. The Calormenes worship a main "false god" Tash, who is portrayed as a stereotypical Satanic being requiring evil deeds and sacrifices from his followers. Teresa) and an even more decided popular favour, establishing itself as a daily course, dinner and supper of the Neapolitans. This depiction has been cited as a blatant comparison to the traditional attire of Islam and Sikhism, although critics ignore the fact that the polytheistic Calormene religion bears no resemblance to Islam. Pizza met the aristocratic taste (the King of Naples Ferdinando II of Borbone greatly enjoyed the pizza made by 'Ntuono Testa at Salita S.

The Calormenes are described as dark-skinned people who wear turbans and pointy slippers and are armed with scimitars. e basta così"), but then the world's first true pizzeria, Antica Pizzeria Port'Alba, opened in Naples and is still in business today at Via Port'Alba 18. The racism critique is based on a perceived negative representation of other races and religions, particularly the Calormenes, as enemies of Aslan and Narnia (Hensher 1998). Until about 1830, pizza was sold from open-air stands and street vendors out of pizza bakeries (including "Pietro.. He writes:. The pizza was very patriotic and resembled the Italian flag with its colors of green (basil leaves), white (mozzarella), and red (tomatoes), and was named Pizza Margherita in honor of the Queen and set the standard by which today's pizza evolved and spread worldwide. In addition to the sexism accusation, Pullman has also implicated The Chronicles of Narnia series in fostering racism. Anna di palazzo, 1-2 - Napoli - [3] ) baked a special pizza especially for the visit of the King Umberto I and Queen Margherita of Savoy.

(Anderson 2005), (Rilstone 2005), (Jacobs 2005). and that's enough", established in 1780 and still in activity; now called "Pizzeria Brandi" - Via Chiaia, Salita S. It is asserted that Lucy is the most admirable of the human characters, and that in general the girls come off better than the boys through the stories. e basta così" (literally "Peter.. They also cite the positive roles of women in the series, like Lucy Pevensie and Aravis Tarkheena, who are main characters in the The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe and The Horse and His Boy, respectively. In 1889, Raffaele Esposito who worked in the pizzeria "Pietro.. Moreover, in The Horse and his Boy, Susan's adulthood and sexual maturity is portrayed in a positive light. The first dynasties of Neapolitan pizza makers (Italian: pizzaioli) originate in these years: modern pizza is attributed to baker Raffaele Esposito of Naples in the Italian region of Campania.

But others oppose this view, arguing that the "lipsticks, nylons and invitations" quote is taken out of context and that Susan is excluded from Narnia in The Last Battle specifically because she no longer believes in it. Pizza became a tourist attraction, and visitors to Naples ventured into the poorer areas of the city to try the local specialty. Philip Pullman author of the His Dark Materials trilogy, interprets it this way:. However, by the late 18th century even the poor of the area around Naples added it as an ingredient to their yeast-based flat bread, and the dish gained in popularity. Rowling, author of the Harry Potter series, has said:. The tomato was first believed to be poisonous (as some other fruits of the nightshade family are), when it came to Europe in the 16th century. J.K. The crust of pizza is very similar to focaccia bread common in Italian cuisine today.

Lewis characterizes Susan as being "no longer a friend of Narnia" and interested "in nothing nowadays except lipstick, nylons and invitations". The tomato was still unknown in Europe and the Indian water buffalo, whose milk is used to make the real mozzarella cheese, had not yet been imported to Campania, the area around Napoli (Naples). Allegations of sexism centre around the description of Susan Pevensie in The Last Battle. Though several kinds of flat bread made with flour, often cooked with oil and spices, were familiar to ancient Romans and popular in all the Mediterranean area, they were considerably different from pizza as it is known today. Lewis and the Chronicles of Narnia series have received various criticisms over the years, much of it by fellow authors. Further evidence is found in Pompeii, the city "frozen in time" since 79 CE, where archaeologists have excavated shops that closely resemble modern pizzerias. C.S. In the 3rd century BCE, the first history of Rome, written by Marcus Porcius Cato, mentions a "flat round of dough dressed with olive oil, herbs, and honey baked on stones".

In addition to appearances in mainstream pop-culture, references to Narnia are even more prevalent among Christian recording artists — for example, the Christian melodic metal band Narnia. Such products arguably have their first written mention in Book VII of Virgil's Aeneid:. Recently, Chris Parnell and Andy Samberg from Saturday Night Live did a skit where they rapped about a trip to see The Lion, The Witch, and The Wardrobe at a movie theater. The history of food items which may have served as the roots of modern pizza can be traced to the Greek colonies of Magna Graecia (southern Italy). References to the lion Aslan, travelling via wardrobe, and direct references to The Chronicles of Narnia occur in books, television, songs, games and graphic novels. . As one would expect with any popular, long lived work, references to The Chronicles of Narnia are relatively common in pop-culture. Pizza can also be purchased in grocery stores or supermarkets (usually but not always frozen); in many countries, pizza can also be ordered by phone (or, increasingly, via the Web) to be delivered, hot and ready to eat, to the home.

The story uses several Narnian allegories to explore issues of religion and faith versus science and knowledge.
A restaurant which serves pizza is called pizzeria (from Italian); in the US, the name pizza parlor is also used. Science fiction author Greg Egan's short story 'Oracle' depicts a parallel universe with an author nicknamed "Jack" who has written novels about the fictional Kingdom of Nesica, and whose wife is dying of cancer. The term was originally used to refer to a range of dough-based dishes, and is thought to be derived from pinza ← Latin pincere "to mash up".[1] [2]. Additionally, Gaiman's Sandman graphic novel series, in its story arc entitled "A Game of You", features a Narnia-like "dream island". The word "pizza" is from the Italian word pizza (IPA: /pittsa/), with plural form pizze (IPA: /pit:tse/). The short story The Problem of Susan[3] written by Neil Gaiman tells the story of Susan Pevensie long after the conclusion of Lewis' series (available in Flights: Extreme Visions of Fantasy edited by Al Sarrantonio). Pizza is normally eaten hot (typically at lunch or dinner), but leftovers are often eaten cold.

Pullman's series favours science and reason over religion, wholly rejecting the themes of Christian theology which permeate the Narnia series, but has many of the same issues, subject matter, and types of characters (including talking animals) as the Chronicles of Narnia. sauces made with spinach or onions). A more recent British series of novels, Philip Pullman's His Dark Materials, has been seen as an "answer" to the Narnia books. In some pizza recipes (so-called "white pizzas") the tomato sauce is omitted, or replaced with another sauce (e.g. (Ford 2005). The crust is traditionally plain but may also be seasoned with butter, garlic, or herbs; or stuffed, with cheese, for example. However, since Lewis's first successes at Oxford were in the classics and ancient history, it is quite possible that he came across at least seven references to Narnia in Latin literature. Various other foodstuffs may be added to this design as toppings, most typically:.

According to Paul Ford's Companion to Narnia: There is no indication that Lewis was alluding to the ancient Umbrian city Nequinium, renamed Narnia (after the river Nar, a tributary of the Tiber) by the conquering Romans in 299 BC. The cheese is usually mozzarella or sometimes a mixture of several specialty cheeses. The Inklings were also known to gather at a local pub, The Eagle and Child. In its native form, a pizza (occasionally, pizza pie) is an oven-baked, flat, usually circular bread covered with tomato sauce and cheese with optional toppings. Lewis's college rooms at Magdalen College. "When the moon hits your eye like a big pizza pie,That's Amore." sung by Dean Martin, reached US number 2 in 1953. S. Borders are sometimes optionally filled with cheddar or catupiry.

These readings and discussions were usually held on Thursday evenings in C. In São Paulo, Brazil, pizzas are often made without cheese (if they are not cheese flavoured), emphasizing the topping ingredients. Readings and discussions of the members' unfinished works were the principal purposes of meetings. In India, pizza toppings include curry and other traditional sauces or chunks of tandoori chicken. Tolkien, Charles Williams and Hugo Dyson. Some pizzas include ingredients such as beans, beef, poblano pepper, jalapeño pepper, corn nibblets, chorizo, onion, etc. R. In Mexico, pizza is often enjoyed dipped in ketchup and/or hot sauce.

R. In Hong Kong, Pizza Hut customers may choose to have their pizzas dressed with Thousand Island dressing instead of tomato sauce. Its members included such notables as J. In addition, sweet potato puree in a circular ring near the edge of the crust is very popular. Lewis was part of the Inklings, a literary discussion group associated with the University of Oxford, England. In South Korea, kimchi and bulgogi are used as toppings, as well as many of the toppings used in Japan. (Wilson 2005). [7] The Japanese dish okonomiyaki is occasionally referred to in English as "Japanese pizza", although its ingredients, preparation method, and taste are substantially different from traditional pizza.

Some of these children stayed with Lewis at his home in Oxford. [6] Another variation is rice pizza, substituting baked rice for the crust. During World War II, many children were evacuated from London because of air raids. Salad pizza, a pizza topped with tossed salad, is occasionally seen. Like Caspian and Tirian, Lewis lost his mother at an early age, and like Edmund, Jill and Eustace, he spent a long, miserable time in English boarding schools. Tabasco sauce is often used as a condiment. The house contained long hallways and empty rooms, and Lewis and his brother invented make-believe worlds while exploring their home. In Japan, pizza toppings may include corn, diced potatoes, scrambled eggs, mayonnaise, Camembert cheese, curry sauce, and various kinds of seafood.

Born in Belfast, Ireland in 1898, Lewis' family moved to a large house in the country when he was seven. "Hawaiian pizza" (see above) is the most popular topping combination in Australia, accounting for 20 percent of all sales. Lewis' early life has echoes within the Chronicles. In Australia, a commonly sold style is the Aussie pizza, which is topped with ham, bacon, cheese and egg. CS Lewis himself stated in an essay called Is Theism Important?:. A pizza with mushrooms, pepperoni, and green bell pepper is referred to as "all-dressed". Assuming that Lewis did indeed base aspects of The Chronicles of Narnia on the New Testament, Lewis might have, in fact, been infusing pagan symbolism, allegory, and supposition into The Chronicles of Narnia. In Quebec, the same topping combination is called a 'Québécois Pizza'.

MacDonald, PhD, who teaches at the Claremont School of Theology, has written numerous books stating that portions of the New Testament are actually derived from Classical pagan Greek literature like the Iliad and the Odyssey of Homer(MacDonald 2000), (MacDonald 2003) though the actual resemblance between the two are very mild, and in the stories are woven deep and unique biblical elements. In Canada, the topping combination of bacon, pepperoni and mushrooms is called 'Canadian Pizza' . A religious studies professor, Dennis R. In Scotland, a "pizza supper" commonly sold in fish and chip shops consists of a portion of fried chips (french fries) and a frozen pizza which has been deep fried rather than baked. [1] Joseph Campbell himself felt that the New Testament adhered to the archetypal monomyth and was but "one version of mythic stories that can be found in many cultures."[2] Both The Chronicles of Narnia and the New Testament are rife with Jungian archetypal imagery. This style also is sometimes called "bakery pizza." A similar product is made in bakeries in Italy. Drew Trotter, PhD, president of the Center for Christian Study, noted that the producers of the film version of The Chronicles of Narnia felt that The Chronicles of Narnia closely follows the archetypal pattern of the monomyth as detailed in Joseph Campbell's The Hero With a Thousand Faces. It is usually (but not always) wrapped in individual strips (hence the name).

Therefore the Lion was was King over all in Narnia, including the pagan Gods, which is why many christians don't find the mythology offensive.[citation needed] In any case, most childrens fantasy contain mythological creatures.[citation needed]. It has a minimal amount of cheese and is served cold. (Chattaway 2005), (Berit 2005) According to Josh Hurst from Christianity Today, "not only was Lewis hesitant to call his books Christian allegory, but the stories borrow just as much from pagan mythology as they do the Bible."(Hurst 2005) However, the mythological creatures in the stories are portrayed just as normal an animal as all the other, real species talking animals, and not in a pagan-religious light.[citation needed] The Pagan Gods seem to be under the rule of Aslan (and not as great) and perhaps were supposed to be seen as mortal. Rhode Island's strip pizza, commonly sold in bakeries, consists of thick, chewy dough and is topped with a very thick tomato sauce. Even an animistic "River god" is portrayed in a positive light. Brier Hill is the city's historically Italian area. Satyrs, fauns, centaurs, dwarves, werewolves, giants, and even the pagan god Bacchus and the Maenads are depicted in a positive light, when they are distinctly pagan motifs. Youngstown, Ohio's "Brier Hill Pizza" features a thick sauce topped with a mixture of Parmesan and Romano cheese and green peppers.

There are many Christians who feel that The Chronicles of Narnia promotes soft sell paganism and occultism, because of the recurring pagan themes and the heretical depictions of Christ as an anthropomorphic lion. In Dayton, Ohio, the local preference is for pizza with thin crust and a light sauce cut into small squares. In the Bible, Jesus is also referred to as the Lion of the Tribe of Judea. This type of pizza is usually served cold, and is topped only with a light layer of Pecorino Romano cheese. The thorn is symbolic of the crown of thorns, and that Eustace pricked his paw is symbolic of how man put Christ on the cross. In Utica, New York, a type of pizza called tomato pie is common. This is symbolic of how only Jesus's blood when he died on the cross could bring man to heaven (and give them life), and the water that purifies. In Buffalo, New York, pizza is made with a thicker, doughier crust than traditional New York style pizza, with a slightly thicker and sweeter sauce, mozzarella cheese and (usually) pepperoni cooked until it is burned and crispy on the edges.

Aslan commands Eustace to prick his paw with a thorn, and Aslan lets the blood drop on Caspian, who in turn comes alive. Louis, Missouri, Saint Louis-style pizza is made with a thin crispy crust, often heavily seasoned with salt and oregano, topped with provel cheese, and served in small squares rather than pie-like slices. Also, in The Silver Chair, the dead King Caspian is brought to Aslan's terriritory, where Caspian lay in a river. In St. Christ was called the Lamb of God in Bible, and it is almost certain that he meant the name Jesus. Made popular by the originating restaurant, BeauJo's, it is piled high with toppings and kept from spilling over by a large, hand-rolled crust that can also be used as an in-pie dessert. In the 5th book in the series, The Voyage of the Dawn Treader, Aslan turns from a lamb into a lion and tells the children that he brought them to Narnia to learn his other name on Earth. In Colorado, a type of pizza, called mountain pie, is a regional favorite.

Many parts of the books may seem rather out-of-place, but make sense in light of the symbolism they carry. In Baltimore, Maryland, pizza is traditionally served with a thick, doughy crust and a heavy amount of sauce. (Kent 2005). Sourdough crust pizza is the type most commonly associated with San Francisco, however. Some Christians see the chronicles as excellent tools for Christian evangelism. In San Francisco, California, the Indian Pizza (see below) has become a source of pride. Lewis, says flatly that Lewis has become "a pawn in America's culture wars" (Jacobs 2005). The canonical New Haven-style pizza is a white clam pie.

(Toynbee 2005) Alan Jacobs, author of The Narnian: The Life and Imaginaton of C.S. This thin-crust pizza originated with the Frank Pepe Pizzeria Napoletana in the Wooster Square neighborhood of New Haven. Some find them distasteful, while noting that they are easy to miss if you are not familiar with Christianity. In New Haven, Connecticut, the local specialty is known as apizza. With the release of 2005 Disney movie there has been renewed interest in the Christian parallels found in the books. In Long Island, New York, aka the birthplace of the "pizza bagel", which substitutes bread with a half sliced bagel, but otherwise has normal toppings and ingredients. Hook in December of 1958:. Pizza Puffs are dough pouches, usually deep fried, filled with the ingredients of a pizza, such as cheese, pizza sauce, sausage, and pepperoni.

As he wrote in a letter to a Mrs. Grilled pizza, invented in Providence, Rhode Island, uses a fairly thin crust cooked on a grill; the toppings are placed on the baked side after the pizza has cooked for a bit and flipped over. This is similar to what we would now call alternative history. Ham and pineapple is also a popular topping combination in Australia although, notably, not in Hawaii, this type is also common within the EU as Pizza Hawaii. Lewis, an expert on the subject of allegory, himself maintained that the books were not allegory, and preferred to call the Christian aspects of them "suppositional". A style referred to as "The Perfect Pizza" consists of Hawaiian-style on one half and pepperoni on the other. As he wrote in Of Other Worlds:. Hawaiian pizza has Canadian bacon and pineapple toppings and is especially popular in the Western United States.

Although he did not set out to do so, in the process of writing his fantasy works, Lewis (an adult convert to Christianity) found himself incorporating Christian theological concepts into his stories. Plain olive oil is the predominant sauce. Because of this, The Chronicles of Narnia have become favourites with both children and adults, Christians and non-Christians. It has a thicker, chewier crust and is baked in a pan in the pizza oven, instead of directly on the bricks. The Chronicles of Narnia contain many allusions to Christian ideas which are easily accessible to younger readers; however, the books are not weighty, and can be read for their adventure, colour, and mythological ideas alone. Greek pizza is a variation popular in New England. Ironically, Douglas Gresham, who pushed the publishers to reorder the books, is now the co-producer of the Narnia film series—which is being made in the original order. In Rome, the term pizza bianca refers to a type of bread topped only with olive oil.

For re-reading, as Lewis said, "perhaps it does not matter very much". Most commonly, the toppings consist only of mozzarella and ricotta cheese. It is important to keep in mind that this dispute only applies to the first reading of the books. White pizza (pizza bianca) uses no tomato sauce, often substituting pesto or dairy products such as sour cream. This argument hinges partly on the claim that Chronology is not equivalent to Narrative. California-style pizza (often termed in the United States gourmet pizza) refers to pizzas with non-traditional ingredients, especially those that use a considerable amount of fresh produce. For this reason, many think that children are deprived of the mystery that could have existed for them had the original order been used. Louis-style Pizza chains are Imo's Pizza and Cecil Whittaker's Pizzeria.

Story events such as the creation story, the origin of the White Witch, the active wood of which the wardrobe is made, and the identity of the professor are all described before the reader knows much about Narnia or the story of the White Witch. The two largest St. Another argument put forth by fans of the original order is that an early reading of The Magician's Nephew spoils much of the wonder felt upon discovering Narnia through the wardrobe in LWW. Sauces tend to have a sweetness to them, some more noticeably than others. and ends,. Despite its thin crust, it can be layered deeply with many different toppings. It begins,. It is often salty and seasoned with more oregano than other pizza types.

By contrast, in The Magician's Nephew, Lewis is filling in some of the back-story of the series. Louis pizza is somewhat crisp and cannot be folded easily, and is typically cut into three- or four-inch squares instead of the pie-like wedges typical of other pizza. Prince Caspian, which is subtitled "The Return to Narnia", refers to "the other story". The crust of a St. and the story ends,. The pizza has a thin, round crust, as opposed to Chicago's deep-dish style or New York's pan-style. For instance, in The Lion, when Aslan is first mentioned, Lewis says,. Louisan provel cheese used instead of (or rarely in addition to) the mozzarella common to other styles of pizza.

(Brady 2005) It's clear from the texts that The Lion was the first book—and that The Magician's Nephew was not. Louis-style pizza is the distinctively St. Fans of the series who appreciate the original order believe that Lewis was only being polite to a child and that he could have changed the order in his lifetime had he so desired. It is also sometimes duplicated in other areas of the Midwest.The most notable characteristic of St.
Gresham quoted Lewis's reply to a letter from an American fan in 1957 who was having an argument with his mother about the order:. Louis-style pizza is a distinct style of pizza popular in Saint Louis, Missouri and its surrounding areas. When HarperCollins took over the series, the books were renumbered using the internal chronological order, as suggested by Lewis's stepson, Douglas Gresham. St.

The first American publisher, Macmillan, put numbers on the books in the order in which they were published. Deep dish pizza was purportedly invented and first served in 1943 at Pizzeria Uno, which is still operating along with its twin restaurant, Pizzeria Due, in the River North neighborhood. When the books were originally published, they were not numbered. Some versions (usually referred to as "stuffed") have two layers of crust with the sauce on top. Fans of the series often have strong opinions over the correct ordering of the books. It reverses the order of ingredients, using crust, cheese, filling, then sauce on top. Jill and Eustace are returned to Narnia to help save it from treacherous invaders and a false Aslan. Chicago-style pizza, or deep dish pizza contains a crust which is formed up the sides of a deep dish pan.

Published in 1956 and awarded the Carnegie Medal, The Last Battle chronicles the end of the world of Narnia. Many pizza establishments in the New York metropolitan area offer two varieties of pizza: "Neapolitan", or "regular", made with a relatively thin, circular crust and served in wedge-shaped slices, and "Sicilian", made with a thicker, rectangular crust and served in large, rectangular slices. Many mysteries of Narnia are revealed as another group of children stumble into Narnia via an entirely different route. This style of pizza tends to dominate the Northeastern states and is very similar to the basic style common through the United States and known simply as pizza. Published in 1955, the prequel The Magician's Nephew brings us back to the very beginning of Narnia where we learn how Aslan created the world and how evil first entered it. The slices are sometimes eaten folded in half, as its size and flexibility may otherwise make it unwieldy to eat by hand. This chronicle is set during the reign of the Pevensie Children as Kings and Queens of Narnia. It is traditionally hand-tossed and light on sauce.

On their journey they discover that the Calormenes are about to invade Narnia and sound the alarm. New York-style pizza is a style originally developed in New York City, where pizza is often sold in oversized, thin and flexible slices. By chance, one day they meet and plan their return to Narnia and freedom. American pizzas:

    . Published in 1954, The Horse and His Boy tells the story of Bree, a talking horse, and Shasta, a young boy, who have been held in bondage in a country to the South of Narnia. Pizza Hut's Sicilian Pizza, introduced in 1994, is not an authentic example of the style as only garlic, basil, and oregano are mixed into the crust. Eustace and Jill face danger before finding Rilian and breaking him free from the spell of the Emerald Witch. Sicilian Pizza in the United States is typically a different variety of product made with a thick crust characterized by rectangular share and topped with tomato sauce and cheese (and optional toppings).

    There they are given four clues to find Prince Rilian who is missing. An authentic recipe uses neither cheese nor anchovies. Instead, Aslan calls Eustace back to Narnia together with his fellow student Jill Pole. Sicilian-style pizza has its toppings baked directly into the crust. Published in 1953, The Silver Chair is the first book without the Pevensie children. Four Cheeses Pizza: tomato, mozzarella, other cheeses;. This perilous journey brings them face to face with many wonders and dangers as they sail toward Aslan's country at the end of the world. Pizza Quattro Stagioni ("Four Seasons Pizza"): same ingredients for the Capricciosa, but ingredients not mixed;.

    Once there they accompany King Caspian on a voyage to find the seven lords who were banished when Caspian's evil uncle Miraz stole the throne. Pizza Capricciosa ("Caprice Pizza"): mozzarella, tomato, mushrooms, artichokes, cooked ham, olives, oil (in Rome raw ham is used and half hard-boiled egg is added ;. Published in 1952, The Voyage of the Dawn Treader returns Edmund and Lucy Pevensie, along with their priggish cousin, Eustace Scrubb, to Narnia. Pizza with Ham and Mushrooms: tomato, mozzarella, ham, mushrooms;. The four children help the young Prince Caspian organize his army of Talking Beasts, and, with the help of the great lion Aslan, Narnia is once more freed of evil. Pizza Viennese: tomato, mozzarella, German sausage, oregano, oil;. This foreign ruler has tried to kill off the magical creatures of Narnia, but there are still many hiding in the remote corners of the land. Pizza Romana (in Naples): tomato, mozzarella, anchovies, oregano, oil;.

    Published in 1951, Prince Caspian: The Return to Narnia tells the story of the Pevensie children's second trip to Narnia where they discover that an evil king from Telmar has taken control of Narnia. Strange enough, there is no such "Pizza Napoletana" in Naples and no "Pizza Romana" in Rome. The tale culminates in an epic battle against the forces of the witch. In Rome a "Pizza Napoletana" is topped with tomato, mozzarella, anchovies and oil (thus, what in Naples is called "Pizza Romana", in Rome is called "Pizza Napoletana"). They are helped in their quest by several creatures, including Aslan the Lion, the guardian of Narnia. It is mostly cooked in a wood-fired oven which gives pizza its unique flavour and taste. They discover that a professor's wardrobe leads to the magical land of Narnia, and help to save it from the evil White Witch. 2) In Pizza Restaurants (Pizzerie), where it is served in a dish in its traditional round shape, it features a very thin crust compared to Neapolitan recipe.

    Lewis, tells the story of four ordinary children, Peter, Susan, Edmund and Lucy Pevensie. When purchased, it is usually cut with scissors or knife and priced by weight. The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, published in 1950 by C.S. The crust similar to that of an English Muffin and mostly cooked in an electric oven. (Guthmann 2005). Pizza is cooked in long, rectangular baking pans and relatively thin (1-2cm). Lewis' works having sold more than 95 million copies in 41 languages. Lazio style: Pizza in Lazio (Rome), as well as in many other parts of Italy is available in 2 different "flavours": 1) In take-away shops so-called "Pizza Rustica" or "Pizza a Taglio".

    They are by far the most popular of C.S. Little sauce is used and a popular topping is strips of Prosciutto. The books that make up The Chronicles of Narnia are presented below in the order in which they were originally published (see reading order below). Veneto style: Pizza in Veneto (Venice, Padova) is very thin (0.5cm), crispy in the outer ring but soft, almost flimsy, in the inner portion. . Pizza Margherita Extra: tomato, buffalo mozzarella from Campania in listels, basil and oil. The Chronicles present the adventures of children who play central roles in the unfolding history of the realm of Narnia, a place where animals talk, magic is common, and good is fighting evil. Pizza Margherita: tomato, mozzarella in listels, basil and oil;.

    Pauline Baynes illustrated the original books in the series. Pizza marinara: with tomato, garlic, oregano and oil;. The books have been adapted for radio, television, stage and cinema. This admit only three official variants:

      . Written by Lewis between 1950 and 1956, The Chronicles of Narnia contains Christian themes and borrows from Greek and Roman mythology as well as traditional English and Irish fairy tales. Neapolitan pizza has also gained in Italy the status of "guaranteed traditional speciality". More than 95 million copies of the books have been sold in 41 languages. When cooked, it should be soft and fragrant.

      It is considered a classic of children's literature and is perhaps the author's best known work. The pizza must be baked for 60–90 seconds in a 485 °C (905 °F) stone oven with an oak-wood fire. Lewis. After the rising process, the dough must be formed by the right hand and the first two fingers of the left without the help of a rolling pin or other mechanical device, and may be no more than 3 mm (1/8 in) thick. The Chronicles of Narnia is a series of seven fantasy novels for children written by C.S. The dough must be kneaded by hand or with an approved mixer that moves in a clockwise direction. Campbell, Joseph (1972), The Hero With a Thousand Faces, ISBN 0691017840. For proper results, strong flour with high protein content (as used for bread-making rather than cakes) must be used.

      Campbell, Joseph (1991), The Masks of God: Occidental Mythology, ISBN 014019441X. The genuine Neapolitan pizza dough consists of Italian wheat flour (type 0 and/or 00), natural Neapolitan yeast or brewer's yeast, and water. Hurst, Josh (2005), Nine Minutes of Narnia, Christianity Today. According to the rules proposed by the Associazione vera pizza napoletana and other sources quoted by the BBC [5], and the legal EU document with the Vera Pizza Napoletana Specification in translation. (2005), Narnia 'baptizes' - and defends - pagan mythology, Canadian Christianity, ISBN. Neapolitan pizza (pizza Napoletana). Chattaway, Peter T. Italian pizzas:

        .

        (2003), Does the New Testament Imitate Homer?, IISBN 0300097700. mushrooms. MacDonald, Dennis R. meat, seafood or fish products, sausage, (especially pepperoni or salami), ham, bacon, ground beef, anchovies and shrimp. (2000), The Homeric Epics and the Gospel of Mark, IISBN 0300080123. vegetables such as bell peppers, asparagus, broccoli, olives, onions. MacDonald, Dennis R. herbs and seasonings such as basil, oregano, and garlic.

        Kjos, Berit (2005), Narnia: Blending Truth and Myth, Kjos Ministries. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 0802808689. B. (1994), God in the Dock: Essays on Theology and Ethics, Wm.

        Lewis, C.S. Jacobs, Alan (2005), "The professor, the Christian, and the storyteller", The Boston Globe. Guthmann, Edward (2005), "'Narnia' tries to cash in on dual audience", San Francisco Chronicle. Wilson, Tracy (2005), "How Narnia Works", How Stuff Works.

        Ford, Paul (2005), Companion to Narnia, Revised Edition, Harper, SanFrancisco, ISBN 0-0607-9127-6. Brady, Erik (2005), "A Closer Look at the World of 'Narnia'", The USA Today. Gopnik, Adam (2005), "Prisoner of Narnia", The New Yorker. November/December.

        Kent, Keri Wyatt (2005), "Talking Narnia to Your Neighbors", Christianity Today, no. Toynbee, Polly (2005), "Narnia represents everything that is most hateful about religion", The Guardian. OConnor, Kyrie (2005), "5th Narnia book may not see big screen", The Indianapolis Star. Rilstone, Andrew (2005), "Lipstick on My Scholar", The Life and Opinions of Andrew Rilstone.

        (2005), "The Problem with Susan", Parabolic Extensions. Anderson, R.J. Swinton, Tilda (2005), "Narnia Christian link played down", BBC News. 4.

        166, no. Rowling Hogwarts And All", Time, vol. Grossman, Lev (2005), "J.K. B14.

        15, pp. 52, no. Nelson, Michael (2005), "For the Love of Narnia", The Chronicle of Higher Education, vol. Lewis's books are racist and misogynist", The Independent(London).

        Hensher, Philip (1998), "Don't let your children go to Narnia: C.S. Pullman, Philip (1998), "The Darkside of Narnia", The Guardian [11]. Smith, Neil (2005), "Narnia Christian link played down", BBC News. Lewis' Letters to Children, Scribner, ISBN 0-6848-2372-1.

        S. Dorsett, Lyle & Mead, Marjorie (1996), C. Martindale, Wayne & Root, Jerry (1990), The Quotable Lewis, Tyndale House, ISBN 0-8423-5115-9. HarperSanFrancisco, 2005.

        Lewis. The Narnian: The Life and Imagination of C.S. Jacobs, Alan. Progeny Press, 2003.

        Prince Caspian Study Guide. Progeny Press, 1997. The Magician's Nephew Study Guide. Progeny Press, 1993.

        The Lion, Witch & Wardrobe Study Guide. Teacher Created Resources, 2000. A Guide for Using The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe in the Classroom. For Dummies, 2005.

        Lewis & Narnia For Dummies. C.S. Wagner, Richard. W Publishing Group, 2005.

        The Heart of the Chronicles of Narnia: Knowing God Here by Finding Him There. Williams, Thomas. Tyndale House Publishers, 2005. Finding God in the Land of Narnia.

        Bruner, Kurt & Ware, Jim. Crossway Books, 2003. Lewis's the Chronicles of Narnia. A Family Guide to Narnia: Biblical Truths in C.S.

        Ditchfield, Christin. HarperSanFrancisco, revised edition 2005. Companion to Narnia, Revised Edition. Ford, Paul.

        InterVarsity Press, 2004. A Field Guide to Narnia. Duriez, Colin.