This page will contain external links about bikini, as they become available.BikiniA woman wearing a bikiniA bikini or two-piece is a type of women's bathing suit, characterized by two separate parts—one covering the breasts, the other the groin (and optionally the buttocks), leaving an uncovered area between the two garments. The shapes of both parts of a bikini closely resemble women's underwear, and the lower part of a bikini can therefore range from the more revealing thong or g-string to briefs and the more modest square-cut shorts. Two-piece garments worn by women for athletic purposes have been observed on Greek urns and paintings, dated as early as 1400 BC. Modern originMicheline Bernardini wearing the first modern bikiniThe modern bikini was invented by engineer Louis Reard in Paris in 1946 (introduced on July 5), and named after Bikini Atoll, the site of nuclear weapon tests in the Marshall Islands, on the reasoning that the burst of excitement it would cause would be like the atomic bomb. Reard's suit was a refinement of the work of Jacques Heim who, two months earlier, had introduced the "Atome" (named for its size) and advertised it as the world's "smallest bathing suit". Reard split the "atome" even smaller, but could not find a model who would dare to wear his design. He ended up hiring Micheline Bernardini, a nude dancer from the Casino de Paris, as his model. Bikinis in modern cultureIt took fifteen years for the bikini to be accepted in the United States. In 1951 bikinis were banned from the Miss World Contest. In 1957, however, Brigitte Bardot's bikini in And God Created Woman created a market for the swimwear in the US, and in 1960, Brian Hyland's pop song "Itsy Bitsy Teenie Weenie Yellow Polka Dot Bikini" inspired a bikini-buying spree. Finally the bikini caught on, and by 1963, the movie Beach Party, starring Annette Funicello (emphatically not in a bikini, by mentor Walt Disney's personal request) and Frankie Avalon, led a wave of films that made the bikini a pop-culture symbol. People who are familiar with the history of Bikini Atoll—particularly opponents of nuclear proliferation—may find the etymology and use of the word "bikini" for a garment as inappropriate, as its tongue-in-cheek "explosive" reputation effectively reduces the significance of a serious historic humanitarian crisis—one that still influences the politics of the Marshall Islands—to a mere popular culture sex symbol in the minds of most people. The term two-piece is considered a neutral alternative. Evolution of the bikiniA woman wearing a string bikiniIn recent years, the term monokini has come into use for topless bathing by women: where the bikini has two parts, the monokini is the lower part. Where monokinis are in use, the word bikini may jokingly refer to a two-piece outfit consisting of a monokini and a sun hat. The term was coined by Rudi Gernreich. The tankini is a swimsuit combining a tank top and a bikini bottom. A string bikini is a more revealing alternative style where both top and bottom are reduced to triangles of cloth connected by strings. The lower part of the bikini was further reduced in size in the 1970s to the Brazilian thong, where the back of the suit is so thin that it disappears into the buttocks. Recently bikinis have been getting smaller. This trend started with the top piece, but after shrinking the top so much that it barely covers the nipples, swimsuit manufacturers have moved on to reducing the size of the bottom piece. One can see the trend toward reduction in the following styles: slingshot, mini, teardrop, minimini, micro, and, what could be called a double g-string, the minimicro. Sportswomen who play beach volleyball are required to wear two-pieces. Media depictionWomen usually wear a bikini when they are tanningThe obvious sex appeal of the apparel prompted numerous film and television productions as soon as public morals changed to accept it. They include the numerous surf movies of the early 1960s and the television series, Baywatch. Iconic portrayals of bikinis in movies include Ursula Andress as Bond girl Honey Ryder in Dr. No (1962), Raquel Welch as the prehistoric cavegirl in the 1966 film One Million Years B.C., and Phoebe Cates in the 1982 teen film Fast Times at Ridgemont High. These scenes were recently ranked 1, 86, and 84 in Channel 4 (UK)'s 100 Greatest Sexy Moments. In addition, a variant of the bikini popular in fantasy literature is a bikini that is made up of metal to serve as (admittedly rather impractical) armor (Sometimes referred to as a Chainmail Bikini). The character Red Sonja is a famous example. A re-enactment term for such usage, where sex appeal is more important than actual practicality is babes-at-arms (parody from "men-at-arms" for a fully armoured soldier). Images of Roman bikinisThis page about bikini includes information from a Wikipedia article. Additional articles about bikini News stories about bikini External links for bikini Videos for bikini Wikis about bikini Discussion Groups about bikini Blogs about bikini Images of bikini |
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The character Red Sonja is a famous example. The ubiquitous 2CV was finally killed off in 1990, production having moved from France to Portugal. In addition, a variant of the bikini popular in fantasy literature is a bikini that is made up of metal to serve as (admittedly rather impractical) armor (Sometimes referred to as a Chainmail Bikini). Citroën's ambitious attitude to engineering and styling was squeezed out in favor of Peugeot conservatism. These scenes were recently ranked 1, 86, and 84 in Channel 4 (UK)'s 100 Greatest Sexy Moments. Citroën developed a small car for production in Romania known as the Oltcit, which it also sold as the Citroën Axel. No (1962), Raquel Welch as the prehistoric cavegirl in the 1966 film One Million Years B.C., and Phoebe Cates in the 1982 teen film Fast Times at Ridgemont High. The XM, for example, used the same engines and floorpan as the Peugeot 605, and the Xantia of 1993 was identical under the skin to the Peugeot 406. Iconic portrayals of bikinis in movies include Ursula Andress as Bond girl Honey Ryder in Dr. By the late 1980s, PSA used extensive platform sharing. They include the numerous surf movies of the early 1960s and the television series, Baywatch. The BX of 1982 still used the hydropneumatic suspension system, but was powered by Peugeot-derived engines. The obvious sex appeal of the apparel prompted numerous film and television productions as soon as public morals changed to accept it. In the 1980s, Citroën models were increasingly Peugeot-based. Sportswomen who play beach volleyball are required to wear two-pieces. The combined company was known as PSA Peugeot Citroën, PSA sold off Maserati to DeTomaso soon after. One can see the trend toward reduction in the following styles: slingshot, mini, teardrop, minimini, micro, and, what could be called a double g-string, the minimicro. Huge losses caused by failure of the Maserati tie-up coupled with crippling warranty costs by the unreliable GS and high development cost of CX led to Peugeot taking over Citroën in 1976. This trend started with the top piece, but after shrinking the top so much that it barely covers the nipples, swimsuit manufacturers have moved on to reducing the size of the bottom piece. This maneuver was unfortunately-timed, with the impending 1973 energy crisis soon to make GT manufacture unprofitable. Recently bikinis have been getting smaller. In 1967 Citroën took control of Maserati, the Italian sports car maker and launched the sports car/Grand Tourer SM, which contained a V6 Maserati engine. The lower part of the bikini was further reduced in size in the 1970s to the Brazilian thong, where the back of the suit is so thin that it disappears into the buttocks. DS/ID). A string bikini is a more revealing alternative style where both top and bottom are reduced to triangles of cloth connected by strings. 2CV/Ami) and large, expensive cars (e.g. The tankini is a swimsuit combining a tank top and a bikini bottom. In 1965 Citroën took over the French carmaker Panhard in the hope of using Panhard's expertise in midsize cars to complement its own range of very small, cheap cars (e.g. The term was coined by Rudi Gernreich. During Citroën's venture with Maserati the Citroën high pressure hydraulic system was used on several Maserati models for power clutch operation (Bora), power pedals adjustment (Bora), pop-up headlights (Bora, Merak) and brakes (Bora, Merak), and the entire Quattroporte II prototype, which was a four-door Citroën SM under the skin. Where monokinis are in use, the word bikini may jokingly refer to a two-piece outfit consisting of a monokini and a sun hat. This high-pressure hydraulic system would form the basis of many Citroën cars, including the SM, GS, CX, BX, XM, Xantia and C5. In recent years, the term monokini has come into use for topless bathing by women: where the bikini has two parts, the monokini is the lower part. The same high-pressure system was used to activate pistons located in the gearbox cover to shift the gears in the transmission (gearbox in British - in French transmission means driveshaft) and operate the clutch on their "Citromatic", Citroën's version of a semi-automatic transmission. The term two-piece is considered a neutral alternative. The DS featured power steering, power brakes and suspension and, from 1968, directional headlights . People who are familiar with the history of Bikini Atoll—particularly opponents of nuclear proliferation—may find the etymology and use of the word "bikini" for a garment as inappropriate, as its tongue-in-cheek "explosive" reputation effectively reduces the significance of a serious historic humanitarian crisis—one that still influences the politics of the Marshall Islands—to a mere popular culture sex symbol in the minds of most people. 1955 saw the introduction of the DS, which was the first full usage of Citroën's now legendary hydropneumatic suspension system that was first tested on the rear suspension of the last of the Tractions. Finally the bikini caught on, and by 1963, the movie Beach Party, starring Annette Funicello (emphatically not in a bikini, by mentor Walt Disney's personal request) and Frankie Avalon, led a wave of films that made the bikini a pop-culture symbol. This car become a bestseller and even a 4wd version with 2 engines (Sahara)were sold in limited numbers. In 1957, however, Brigitte Bardot's bikini in And God Created Woman created a market for the swimwear in the US, and in 1960, Brian Hyland's pop song "Itsy Bitsy Teenie Weenie Yellow Polka Dot Bikini" inspired a bikini-buying spree. Citroën unveiled the 2CV at the Paris Salon in 1948. In 1951 bikinis were banned from the Miss World Contest. In 1934, debt forced the company into foreclosure; it was then taken over by its biggest creditor, the tire company Michelin. It took fifteen years for the bikini to be accepted in the United States. The expeditions conveyed scientists and journalists and were a publicity success. He ended up hiring Micheline Bernardini, a nude dancer from the Casino de Paris, as his model. Citroën also sponsored some expeditions in Asia (Croisière Jaune) and Africa (Croisière Noire), intended to demonstrate the potential for motor vehicles to cross inhospitable regions. Reard split the "atome" even smaller, but could not find a model who would dare to wear his design. Achieving quick development of the Traction Avant was, of course, expensive and contributed to the financial ruin of the company. Reard's suit was a refinement of the work of Jacques Heim who, two months earlier, had introduced the "Atome" (named for its size) and advertised it as the world's "smallest bathing suit". That encouraged André Citroën to develop the Traction Avant, a car so innovative that to it the competition would have no response. The modern bikini was invented by engineer Louis Reard in Paris in 1946 (introduced on July 5), and named after Bikini Atoll, the site of nuclear weapon tests in the Marshall Islands, on the reasoning that the burst of excitement it would cause would be like the atomic bomb. The Citroëns sold in large quantities despite the stylistic drawback, but the car's low price was the main selling point and Citroën experienced heavy losses. . Citroën had no way to redesign the body of his cars and the cars began to be perceived as old-fashioned. Two-piece garments worn by women for athletic purposes have been observed on Greek urns and paintings, dated as early as 1400 BC. But soon competitors, who still used a wood structure for their bodies, introduced aerodynamic body designs on their cars. The shapes of both parts of a bikini closely resemble women's underwear, and the lower part of a bikini can therefore range from the more revealing thong or g-string to briefs and the more modest square-cut shorts. In the beginning, the cars were successful. A bikini or two-piece is a type of women's bathing suit, characterized by two separate parts—one covering the breasts, the other the groin (and optionally the buttocks), leaving an uncovered area between the two garments. These cars would set the pattern to be followed thirty years later by the Mini, Volkswagen and nearly every other manufacturer. It was this prototype that evolved into the Onze Légère and 7 CV (5 kW) Traction Avant of 1934. By 1930, Budd had created a prototype for Citroën with a unibody and front wheel drive. In 1928, Citroën introduced the first all-steel body in Europe. Budd went on to manufacture steel bodies for many automakers, Dodge being his first big auto client. From 1899, Budd had worked to develop pressed-steel bodies for railroad cars, Pullman in particular. Budd. In 1924, Citroën began a relationship with American engineer Edward G. In 1919, however, the business started to produce automobiles, beginning with the conventional Type A. After serving in the French army, he set up a gear-making business, which became identified with the "herringbone" or double helical gear, which is the origin of the Citroën "double chevron" trademark. The story of Citroën begins with the founder of the company himself, André Citroën. . Later significant models include the H Van (1947-1981, "HY"), 2CV (1948-1990, The "Ugly Duckling"), DS (1955-1975, "Goddess") and CX (1974-1989). Until the late 1980s the company had a reputation for approaching auto design in a unique way. Originally a mass-market car maker with relatively straightforward designs, Citroën shocked the world in 1934 with the innovative Traction Avant (front wheel drive) (1934-1956). Its headquarters are located in Paris, rue Fructidor. Citroën is a French automobile manufacturer, started in 1919 by André Citroën, today part of PSA Peugeot Citroën. 2005: Citroën C4. 2003: Citroën C3. 1994: Citroën Xantia. 1988: Citroën AX. 1979: Citroën Visa. 1990: Citroën XM. 1975: Citroën CX. 1971: Citroën GS. Some models, like the Citroën RE2, have been flight tested and still exist. Citroën also investigated in the early seventies the possibility to produce helicopters using the Wankel engines manufactured by its subsidiary Comotor. In 2004 and 2005, French driver Sébastien Loeb won the Driver's Championship driving the Citroën Xsara WRC. Citroën is a major competitor in the World Rally Championship, winning the constructor title in 2003, 2004 and 2005. The company's famous "double chevron" logo derives from André Citroën's early business in gear-cutting the company pioneered mass production of double helically-cut gear teeth, which mesh together in a chevron. An old-fashioned nickname for Citroën cars is Citron (lemon, in French). André Citroën's originally Dutch language family name was Citroen, meaning "lemon", as one of his grandfathers was a citrus seller ("limoenman") on Amsterdam's street markets. C-Airplay Concept car (2005). C-SportLounge Concept car (2005). C-Airlounge Concept car (2003). C-Airdream Concept car (2002). C-Crosser Concept car (2001). Pluriel Concept car (1999). Osée Pininfarina Concept car. C6 Lignage Concept car (1999). C3 Lumière Concept car (1998). Tulip (1995). Osmose Concept car. Xanae Concept car 1994. Citella (1992). Activa II (1990). Activa (1988). Zabrus Bertone Concept car (1986). Eole Concept car (1986). Eco 2000 (1984). Xenia (1981). Karin (1980). C44 (1980). Prototype Y. 2CV Pop (1973). GS Camargue (1972). Mini-Zup (1972). Project F. C-60. Prototype C or Coccinelle. G Van. Citroën Traction Avant 22CV. 350 to 850 aka Belphegor. U23. P46. P45 (1934-1953). ZX (1991-1997). Xsara (1997- ). Xantia (1993-2001). XM (1989-2000). Visa (1978-1988). Type C C4-C6 (1928-1934). Type C C2-C3 (1922-1926). Type B (1921-1928). Type A (1919-1921). TUB (1939-1941). Traction Avant (1934-1957). SM (1970-1975). Saxo (1995-2003 ). Méhari (1968-1987). M35 (1970-1971). LNA (1978-1986). LN (1976-1979). Jumper (1994- ). Jumpy (1995- ). H Van (1947-1981). GS and GSA (1970-1984). FAF. Evasion (1994-2002). Elysée ZX derivative for the Chinese market. DS/ID (1955-1975). Dyane (1967-1984). C35 (1974-1992). C25 (1981-1993). C15 (1984-2005). C8 (2002- ). C7 (2007- ). C6 (2005- ). C5 (2001- ). C4 (2004- ). C3 (2003- ). C2 (2004- ). C1 (2005- ). CX (1974-1989). BX (1982-1994). Berlingo (1996- ). AX (1986-1998). Axel (1984-1988). Ami Super (1973-1976). Ami 8 (1969-1979). Ami 6 (1961-1971). Acadiane (1978-1987). 10CV. 8CV Rosalie (1932-1935). 2CV (1948-1990). |